METHODS AND APPARATUS FOR CAPTURING IMAGES USING OPTICAL CHAINS AND/OR FOR USING CAPTURED IMAGES

Abstract

Methods and apparatus relating to image capture of image portions using optical chains with non-parallel optical axis are described. In some embodiments different portions of a scene area of interest captured by different optical chains operating in parallel are combined. The use of multiple optical chains in parallel facilitates generation of an image with a higher overall pixel count than would be possible using a single sensor of one of the optical chains and/or with more light capture than would be captured using a single one of the optical chains.

Description

FIELD

The present application relates to image capture and generation methods and apparatus and, more particularly, to methods and apparatus related to camera devices including multiple optical chains and/or controlling the capture of images using multiple optical chains.

BACKGROUND

High quality digital cameras have to a large extent replaced film cameras. However, like film cameras, with digital cameras much attention has been placed by the camera industry on the size and quality of lenses which are used on the camera. Individuals seeking to take quality photographs are often encouraged to invest in large bulky and often costly lenses for a variety of reasons. Among the reasons for using large aperture lenses is their ability to capture a large amount of light in a given time period as compared to smaller aperture lenses. Telephoto lenses tend to be large not only because of their large apertures but also because of their long focal lengths. Generally, the longer the focal length, the larger the lens. A long focal length gives the photographer the ability to take pictures from far away.

In the quest for high quality photos, the amount of light which can be captured is often important to the final image quality. Having a large aperture lens allows a large amount of light to be captured allowing for shorter exposure times than would be required to capture the same amount of light using a small lens. The use of short exposure times can reduce blurriness especially with regard to images with motion. The ability to capture large amounts of light can also facilitate the taking of quality images even in low light conditions. In addition, using a large aperture lens makes it possible to have artistic effects such as small depth of field for portrait photography.

While large lenses have many advantages with regard to the ability to capture relatively large amounts of light compared to smaller lenses, they can be used to support large zoom ranges which may be implemented using optical or digital techniques, and often allow for good control over focus, there are many disadvantages to using large lenses.

Large lenses tend to be heavy requiring relatively strong and often large support structures to keep the various lenses of a camera assembly in alignment. The heavy weight of large lenses makes cameras with such lenses difficult and bulky to transport. Furthermore, cameras with large lenses often need a tripod or other support to be used for extended periods of time given that the sheer weight of a camera with a large lens can become tiresome for an individual to hold in a short amount of time.

In addition to weight and size drawbacks, large lenses also have the disadvantage of being costly. This is because of, among other things, the difficulty in manufacturing large high quality optics and packaging them in a manner in which they will maintain proper alignment over a period of time which may reflect the many years of use a camera lenses is expected to provide.

In digital cameras, the photosensitive electronics used as the sensor, e.g., light sensing device, is often either a charge coupled device (CCD) or a complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) image sensor, comprising a large number of single sensor elements, each of which records a measured intensity level.

In many digital cameras, the sensor array is covered with a patterned color filter mosaic having red, green, and blue regions in an arrangement. A Bayer filter mosaic is one well known color filter array (CFA) for arranging RGB color filters on a square grid of photo sensors. Its particular arrangement of color filters is used in many digital image sensors. In such a filter based approach to capturing a color image, each sensor element can record the intensity of a single primary color of light. The camera then will normally interpolate the color information of neighboring sensor elements, through a process sometimes called demosaicing, to create the final image. The sensor elements in a sensor array using a color filter are often called “pixels”, even though they only record 1 channel (only red, or green, or blue) of the final color image due to the filter used over the sensor element.

In cameras, round or circular lenses (lens element) through which light can pass, e.g., lenses with round apertures, are commonly used. This allows light to pass through the lens equaling in both vertical and horizontal directions (actually any direction). Elements in a optical chain in which one or more round lenses are used are often of sufficient size to pass enough light to record a sharp image at the sensor of the camera. For a lens, the optical axis is the line passing through the center of the lens and perpendicular to the plane of the lens. When a lens assembly is constructed out of more than one lens element, the elements are typically arranged so that they all share a common optical axis which is also the optical axis of the lens assembly. In a typical optical chain, e.g., camera module, the optical axis also passes through the center of the sensor. Light traveling along the optical axis of a lens assembly or camera module is not bent by any lens along the path and continues to travel along the optical axis in a straight line. If all the lens elements are circular, then such a camera module has cylindrically symmetry around the optical axis. In most cameras, the optical elements of a camera are arranged in a linear configuration with optical axis passing through an outer lens in a straight line to the sensor. Such a configuration can result in relatively thick cameras, e.g., cameras having a large front to back distance or depth. In cameras with large optics and/or which support mechanical zoom, the camera thickness can be significant with the camera often being several inches thick and far too deep to store in a pocket or even in some cases a purse.

Cameras and other optical systems are often discussed in terms of focal length. The focal length of an optical system is a measure of how strongly the system converges or diverges light. For an optical system in air, it is the distance over which initially collimated rays are brought to a focus. A system with a shorter focal length has greater optical power than a system with a long focal length; that is, it bends the rays more strongly, bringing them to a focus in a shorter distance. Longer focal length (lower optical power), often achieved using large lenses, leads to higher magnification, e.g., zoom, and a narrower angle (field) of view. Accordingly, an optical chain, e.g., camera module, with a large, e.g., long, focal length will capture an image corresponding to a smaller portion of a scene area than an optical chain at the same location with a smaller focal length. It should be appreciated that for the same sensor size, an optical chain with a shorter focal length or higher optical power is associated with a wider angle of view than an optical chain with a longer focal length and will thus capture an image corresponding to a larger portion of a scene area at the same distance from the optical chain than an optical chain at the same position with a larger focal length.

Focal length of a lens element is generally not a function of lens size, e.g., diameter in the case of lens element lenses with round apertures, e.g., round areas through which light can pass. In an optical chain or other optical device the focal length of the device, is sometimes referred to as the effective focal length, since the focal length of the device will depend on the one or more optical elements, e.g., lenses, which make up the device and their interaction. To take good quality sharp pictures requires larger aperture lens elements (larger diameter lenses) when the effective focal length is large.

The use of large focal length lenses and optical chains with large focal lengths is often desirable because of the amount of zoom (magnification) that they can provide. However, the use of optical components which are commonly used to produce an optical chain with a large focal length tends to lead to a thick camera particularly in the case where the optical components are arranged so that the light along the optical axis passes in a straight line from the outermost lens to the sensor which is used to capture an image based on the light passing through a lens.

From the above discussion is should be appreciated that there is a need for methods and apparatus which allow a camera to use one or multiple optical chains to capture images and/or to use images captured by a device including multiple optical chains.

SUMMARY

Methods and apparatus relating to image capture of image portions using optical chains with non-parallel optical axis are described. In some embodiments an exemplary camera device includes a plurality of optical chains with at least some of the optical chains arranged and/or controlled such that their corresponding optical axes are not parallel. In some embodiments the optical axis of an optical chain is changed by controlling a light redirection device corresponding to the optical chain. In some embodiments different portions of a scene area of interest are captured by different optical chains operating in parallel. In some embodiments the captured images are combined to generate a composite image of the scene area of interest. The combining may and in some embodiments is performed using depth information generated from an image captured by an optical chain which captures the entire scene area of interest. The depth information may be generated using the image of the entire scene area of interest along with one or more other images of the scene area of interest or portions of the scene area of interest. The use of multiple optical chains in parallel facilitates generation of an image with a higher overall pixel count than would be possible using a single sensor of one of the optical chains and/or with more light capture than would be captured using a single one of the optical chains.

An exemplary method of capturing in accordance with one embodiment comprises: interest, the first optical chain having a first optical axis and a first outermost lens (e.g., the lens furthest along the light path from the sensor of the optical chain), capturing, using a second optical chain of the camera, a second image of a second portion of the scene area of interest, the second optical chain having a second optical axis which is not parallel to the first optical axis and a second outermost lens which is different from the first outermost lens (e.g., each optical chain having a physically disjoint and non-overlapping entrance pupil due to each optical chain having, in some embodiments, a different outer lens) and capturing, using a third optical chain of the camera, a third image, the third optical chain having a focal length that is smaller than at least one of the first or second optical chain.

An exemplary camera device implemented accordance with one embodiment comprises: a first optical chain having a first optical axis and a first outermost lens, a second optical chain having a second optical axis which is not parallel to the first optical axis and a second outermost lens which is different from the first outermost lens, and a third optical chain, the third optical chain having a focal length that is smaller than at least one of the first or second optical chains.

In some embodiments an exemplary camera device includes a non-transitory computer readable medium comprising computer executable instructions, the non-transitory computer readable medium comprises: instructions, which when executed by a processor, control a first optical chain of the camera to capture a first image of a first portion of a scene area of interest, the first optical chain having a first optical axis and a first outermost lens; and instructions, which when executed by the processor, control a second optical chain of the camera to capture a second image of a second portion of the scene area of interest, the second optical chain having a second optical axis which is not parallel to the first optical axis and a second outermost lens which is different from the first outermost lens; and instructions, which when executed by the processor, control a third optical chain of the camera to capture a third image, the third optical chain having a focal length that is smaller than at least one of the first or second optical chains, the third image including the scene area of interest.

While many embodiments and features have been discussed in the above summary, it should be appreciated that many of the novel features described herein can be used independent of other novel features. Thus while various exemplary embodiments have been described, the application is not limited to the particular exemplary embodiments or combinations of features described in particular exemplary embodiments.

Numerous additional features and embodiments are described in the detailed description which follows.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an exemplary apparatus, e.g., a camera device, implemented in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 2 illustrates a frontal view of an apparatus implemented in accordance with an exemplary embodiment which incorporates multiple optical chains, e.g., camera modules, in accordance with the present invention with lenses which are viewable from the front of the camera.

FIG. 3, which is a side view of the exemplary apparatus of FIG. 2, illustrates further details of the exemplary apparatus.

FIG. 4A illustrates a camera device implemented in accordance with another embodiment.

FIG. 4B illustrates the optical chains of the camera device shown in FIG. 4A, as implemented in one particular exemplary embodiment, in greater detail.

FIG. 5 illustrates an exemplary optical chain, e.g., camera module, which may be used as one of the optical chains included in the camera device of FIG. 1, FIG. 8, FIG. 12A or various other embodiments.

FIG. 6 is a prospective view of an exemplary camera including multiple camera modules in accordance with one feature of the invention with its cover retracted to allow the camera modules to capture images.

FIG. 7 is illustrates the camera of FIG. 6 with the cover in closed position thereby covering the camera front.

FIG. 8 is a frontal view of a camera device similar to the one of FIG. 6 with a better view of the camera modules so that the arrangement of the lenses of the individual camera modules can be better appreciated.

FIG. 9 is an illustration of the camera device of FIG. 8 but without the camera case being shown allowing for better appreciation of the arrangement of lenses on the front of the camera device.

FIG. 10 is a side view of the camera device of FIG. 7 from which it can be seen that the camera has a depth D1 and a height H.

FIG. 11 illustrates the arrangement of lenses shown in FIGS. 8 and 9 in greater detail.

FIG. 12A illustrates an arrangement of optical chains, e.g., camera modules, used in one embodiment to implement a camera device of the type shown in FIGS. 6 and 8 with the lens arrangement shown in FIG. 11.

FIG. 12B illustrates a perspective view of a camera device of the type shown in FIG. 8, with the arrangement of various optical chains and elements of the optical chains in the camera device shown in greater detail.

FIGS. 12C, 12D, 12E and 12F illustrate how a first portion of an optical axis of an optical chain shown in FIG. 12B can be changed by altering the position, e.g., angle, of a light redirection device which is part of the optical chain.

FIG. 13A shows a camera module with a lens that has a non-circular aperture and a light redirection device, e.g., mirror, which can be and is used in various camera device embodiments shown in FIGS. 14-17.

FIG. 13B is a drawing illustrating an exemplary arrangement of a plurality of optical chains (OCs) in a camera and the configuration and arrangement of the elements of each of the optical chains, in accordance with an exemplary embodiment.

FIG. 14 illustrates an exemplary camera device which uses non-circular lenses for the optical chains having large focal lengths and circular lenses for optical chains which have smaller focal lengths.

FIG. 15 is a diagram of the front of the camera device shown in FIG. 14 without the camera case.

FIG. 16 is a side view of the camera device of FIG. 14 from which it can be seen that the camera has a depth D2 and a height H, where D2 is less than D1 which is the depth of the camera device shown in FIGS. 6-9.

FIG. 17A illustrates an arrangement of camera modules used in one embodiment to implement a camera device of the type shown in FIG. 14 with the lens arrangement shown in FIG. 15.

FIG. 17B illustrates a perspective view of a camera device of the type shown in FIG. 14, with the arrangement of various optical chains and elements of the optical chains in the camera device shown in greater detail.

FIG. 18 shows a round aperture corresponding to an exemplary lens with a round opening such as the lenses which may and sometimes are used in the FIG. 12A embodiment.

FIG. 19 shows the frequency characteristics which are expected from a lens of the type shown in FIG. 18 with the frequency information being the same or similar in both dimensions.

FIG. 20 shows how, in the case of a round aperture, the length of the opening through which light passes is the same in both dimensions of the plane in which the lens opening exists.

FIG. 21 shows an exemplary non-round, e.g., oval, aperture with the shading used to show the relative amount of frequency information in each of the horizontal and vertical directions which will be captured with it being clear from the figure that more frequency information is available in the vertical direction than in the horizontal direction thereby resulting in higher frequency information being captured and available in the longer dimension of the aperture than in the narrower dimension.

FIG. 22 shows a comparison of the lengths of the non-round aperture in the vertical (Y) and horizontal (X) directions, with the vertical dimension being the longer of the two dimensions in the FIG. 22 example.

FIG. 23 shows how, by combining image information from multiple non-round lenses oriented in different directions, image information approximating the information expected to be obtained from a round lens can be achieved with more information being available towards the center of the combined image than at various edge locations due to the overlapping of multiple individual images which are combined in the FIG. 23 example to generate a composite image.

FIG. 24 shows how a lens with a round aperture can be cut or masked to produce a lens having a non-round aperture, e.g., approximating that of an oval or oblong shape.

FIG. 25 shows the aperture resulting form cutting or masking a round lens, e.g., a lens with a round aperture, as shown in FIG. 24.

FIG. 26 shows how using a light redirection device to redirect light 90 degrees in combination with an outer lens having a round aperture normally requires a camera depth, e.g., thickness, equal to or greater than the diameter of the lens with the round aperture.

FIG. 27 shows how, in some embodiments, use of a lens with a non-round, e.g., oval, aperture in combination with a light redirection device which redirects light by 90 degrees can allow for use of lenses which are longer in one dimension than the camera is deep.

FIG. 28 shows how the length of the light path of a camera module including a non-round aperture can be longer than the depth of the camera with the light redirection device being capable of being positioned at one end of the camera device.

FIG. 29 shows an example in which multiple light redirection devices are used in a camera module to allow for a relatively long light travel path and thus focal length while allowing the sensor to be positioned on either the back or front of the camera depending on which way the light is redirected as it passes through a camera module.

FIG. 30 shows how multiple lenses with non-circular apertures can be used in a single exemplary camera device to collect high frequency information in multiple directions so that high frequency information is available in each of a plurality of directions when combining images to generate a composite image.

FIG. 31 shows an exemplary scene including a scene area which may have its image captured by camera modules of a camera implemented in accordance with one or more embodiments of the invention.

FIG. 32 shows how different camera modules of a camera including multiple camera modules, some of which have different focal lengths, may capture different size portions of a scene area of interest.

FIG. 33 shows how different camera modules of a camera including multiple camera modules as shown in FIG. 32 may capture different portions of the scene area of interest shown in FIG. 31.

FIG. 34 shows different image captured by a camera having modules capturing scene areas of the sizes shown in FIG. 33 and their relationship to one another which facilitates combing of the images to generate a composite image.

FIGS. 35, 36, 37, 38 and 39 show various aspects relating to rolling shutter control of the reading of sensors of different optical chains in a coordinated manner so that the images captured by the different sensors can be easily combined.

FIG. 40 is an exemplary method of capturing images using multiple camera modules and combining the images in accordance with one exemplary embodiment.

FIG. 41, which comprises the combination of FIG. 41A and FIG. 41B, is a flow chart showing the steps of an exemplary method of operating a camera device to scan a scene of interest and generate a composite image there from.

FIG. 42 shows the steps of a method of capturing a scene of interest using a plurality of camera modules in a synchronized manner.

FIG. 43 shows the steps of a method of capturing a scene of interest using a plurality of camera modules in a synchronized manner in accordance with another exemplary embodiment.

FIG. 44 shows the steps of a method of capturing images using a plurality of camera modules in a synchronized manner in accordance with an exemplary embodiment.

FIG. 45 is a flowchart illustrating a method of capturing images using a camera device in accordance with an exemplary embodiment.

FIG. 46 is a flowchart illustrating a method of capturing images in accordance with an exemplary embodiment.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplary camera device 100 such as a digital camera, notepad with camera functionality, or cell phone with camera functionality, implemented in accordance with one exemplary embodiment of the present invention. The camera device 100, in some embodiments, is a portable device. In other embodiments, the camera device 100 is a fixed device such as a wall mounted camera.

FIG. 1 illustrates the camera device 100 in block diagram form showing the connections between various elements of the apparatus 100. The exemplary camera device 100 includes a display device 102, a light emitter module 104, an input device 106, an input state detection module 148, an exposure and readout controller 150, e.g., a rolling shutter controller 150, a light control device 152, memory 108, a processor 110, a hardware assembly of modules 180, a wireless and/or wired interface 114, e.g., a cellular interface, a WIFI interface, and/or a USB interface, an I/O interface 112, an accelerometer module 122, 3 axis gyro 192, and a bus 116 which are mounted in a housing represented by the rectangular box touched by the line leading to reference number 100. The light emitter module 104 includes light emitting elements which maybe LEDs (Light Emitting Diodes) or other types of light emitting elements which can be individually controlled so that all the light emitting elements need not be on at the same time. The input device 106 may be, and in some embodiments is, e.g., keypad, touch screen, or similar device that may be used for inputting information, data and/or instructions. The accelerometer module 122 includes accelerometer 1124, accelerometer 2, 126 and accelerometer 3128 which are arrayed on perpendicular axis providing a 3 axis accelerometer module. Thus, the accelerometer module 122 can measure along 3 independent axis. Similarly, the 3-axis gyro 192, which includes 194, 196 and 198 can measure rotation along each of 3 different axis. The output of the accelerometer module 122 and the gyro module 192 can, and in some embodiments is, monitored with changes in accelerometer and gyro output being interpreted and checked over time by processor 110 and/or zoom control module, e.g., zoom controller 140 to detect changes in acceleration indicating motion in one or more directions. In some embodiments the input device 106 includes at least one zoom control button that can be used to enable or disable camera zoom functionality. In some such embodiments when the zoom control button is in a depressed state the camera zoom function is enabled while when the button is in a un-depressed state the camera zoom function is disabled. The input state detection module 148 is configured to detect the state of the input device, e.g., the zoom control button, to detect whether the button is in a depressed state or undepressed state. In some embodiments there is a status register in the camera device 100 that includes a bit indicating the state of the zoom control button detected by the state detection module 148, e.g., whether it is in the depressed state indicating that zoom is enabled or whether it is undepressed indicating that zoom is disabled.

The display device 102 may be, and in some embodiments is, a touch screen, used to display images, video, information regarding the configuration of the camera device, and/or status of data processing being performed on the camera device. In the case where the display device 102 is a touch screen, the display device 102 serves as an additional input device and/or as an alternative to the separate input device, e.g., buttons, 106. As will be discussed in some embodiments zooming operation can be controlled by pressing a zoom control sensor, e.g., a touch sensor. In some embodiments when the camera user touches the zoom control sensor the zoom functionality is enabled. For example a finger on the touch sensor activates/enables the zoom functionality. The I/O interface 112 couples the display 102 and input device 106 to the bus 116 and interfaces between the display 102, input device 106 and the other elements of the camera which can communicate and interact via the bus 116.

In addition to being coupled to the I/O interface 112, the bus 116 is coupled to the memory 108, processor 110, an optional autofocus controller 132, the wireless and/or wired interface 114, a zoom control module 140, and a plurality of optical chains 130, e.g., X optical chains also referred to herein as camera modules. In some embodiments X is an integer greater than 2, e.g., 3, 4, 7 or a larger value depending on the particular embodiment. The plurality of camera modules 130 may be implemented using any of the various camera module sets and/or arrangements described in the present application. For example, in some embodiments the camera device 100 is implemented using a set of camera modules as shown in FIG. 12A while in other embodiments the camera device 100 is implemented using the module arrangement shown in FIG. 13B or FIG. 17A or any one of the other Figures included in this application. Images captured by individual optical chains in the plurality of optical chains 130 can, and in various embodiments are, stored in memory 108, e.g., as part of the data/information 120 and processed by the processor 110, e.g., to generate one or more composite images.

The X camera modules 131 through 133 may, and in various embodiments do, include camera modules having different focal lengths. Multiple camera modules may be provided at a given focal length. For example, multiple camera modules having a 35 mm equivalent focal length to a full frame DSLR camera, multiple camera modules having a 70 mm equivalent focal length to a full frame DSLR camera and multiple camera modules having a 140 mm equivalent focal length to a full frame DSLR camera are included in an individual camera device in some embodiments. The various focal lengths are exemplary and a wide variety of camera modules with different focal lengths may be used. The camera device 100 is to be considered exemplary. To the extent that other references are made to a camera or camera device with regard to some of the other figures, it is to be understood that at least in some embodiments the camera device or camera will include the elements shown in FIG. 1 even if the elements are not shown in a particular figure or embodiment. While in some embodiments all of the elements shown in FIG. 1 are included in the camera device or camera, in other embodiments a subset of the elements shown in FIG. 1 are included and the illustration of the elements in FIG. 1 is not intended to imply that a particular element is essential or necessary in all embodiments.

As will be discussed below images from different camera modules captured at the same time or during a given time period can be combined to generate a composite image, e.g., an image having better resolution, frequency content and/or light range than an individual image captured by a single one of the camera modules 131, 133.

Multiple captured images and/or composite images may, and in some embodiments are, processed to form video, e.g., a series of images corresponding to a period of time. The interface 114 couples the internal components of the camera device 100 to an external network, e.g., the Internet, and/or one or more other devices e.g., memory or stand alone computer. Via interface 114 the camera device 100 can and does output data, e.g., captured images, generated composite images, and/or generated video. The output may be to a network or to another external device for processing, storage and/or to be shared. The captured image data, generated composite images and/or video can be provided as input data to another device for further processing and/or sent for storage, e.g., in external memory, an external device or in a network.

The interface 114 of the camera device 100 may be, and in some instances is, coupled to a computer so that image data may be processed on the external computer. In some embodiments the external computer has a higher computational processing capability than the camera device 100 which allows for more computationally complex image processing of the image data outputted to occur on the external computer. The interface 114 also allows data, information and instructions to be supplied to the camera device 100 from one or more networks and/or other external devices such as a computer or memory for storage and/or processing on the camera device 100. For example, background images may be supplied to the camera device to be combined by the camera processor 110 with one or more images captured by the camera device 100. Instructions and/or data updates can be loaded onto the camera via interface 114 and stored in memory 108.

The lighting module 104 in some embodiments includes a plurality of light emitting elements, e.g., LEDs, which can be illuminated in a controlled manner to serve as the camera flash with the LEDs being controlled in groups or individually, e.g., in a synchronized manner based on operation of the rolling shutter and/or the exposure time. For purposes of discussion module 104 will be referred to as an LED module since in the exemplary embodiment LEDs are used as the light emitting devices but as discussed above the invention is not limited to LED embodiments and other light emitting sources may be used as well. In some embodiments the LED module 104 includes an array of light emitting elements, e.g., LEDs. In some embodiments the light emitting elements in the LED module 104 are arranged such that each individual LED and/or a group of LEDs can be illuminated in a synchronized manner with rolling shutter operation. Light emitting elements are illuminated, in some but not all embodiments, sequentially, so that different portions of an area are illuminated at different times so that the full area need not be consistently lighted during image capture. While all lighting elements are not kept on for the full duration of an image capture operation involving the reading out of the full set of pixel elements of a sensor, the portion of area which is having its image captured, e.g., the scan area, at a given time as a result of the use of a rolling shutter will be illuminated thanks to synchronization of the lighting of light emitting elements with rolling shutter operation. Thus, various light emitting elements are controlled to illuminate at different times in some embodiments based on the exposure time and which portion of a sensor will be used to capture a portion of an image at a given time. In some embodiments the light emitting elements in the LED module 104 include a plurality of sets of light emitting elements, each set of light emitting elements corresponding to a different image area which it illuminates and which is captured by a different portion of the image sensor. Lenses may, and in some embodiments are used to direct the light from different light emitting elements to different scene areas which will be captured by the camera through the use of one or more camera modules.

The rolling shutter controller 150 is an electronic shutter that controls reading out of different portions of one or more image sensors at different times. Each image sensor is read one row of pixel values at a time and the various rows are read in order. As will be discussed below, the reading out of images captured by different sensors is controlled in some embodiments so that the sensors capture a scene area of interest, also sometimes referred to as an image area of interest, in a synchronized manner with multiple sensors capturing the same image area at the same time in some embodiments.

While an electronic rolling shutter is used in most of the embodiments, a mechanical rolling shutter may be used in some embodiments.

The light control device 152 is configured to control light emitting elements (e.g., included in the LED module 104) in a synchronized manner with the operation of the rolling shutter controller 150. In some embodiments the light control device 152 is configured to control different sets of light emitting elements in the array to emit light at different times in a manner that is synchronized with the timing of the rolling shutter 150. In some embodiments the light control device 152 is configured to control a first set of light emitting elements corresponding to a first image area to output light during a first time period, the first time period being determined based on the timing of the rolling shutter and being a period of time during which a first portion of the sensor is exposed for image capture. In some embodiments the light control device 152 is further configured to control a second set of light emitting elements corresponding to a second image area to output light during a second time period, the second time period being determined based on the timing of the rolling shutter and being a period of time during which a second portion of the sensor is exposed for image capture. In some embodiments the first time period includes at least a portion of time which does not overlap the second time period.

In some embodiments the light control device 152 is further configured to control an Nth set of light emitting elements corresponding to an Nth image area to output light during a third time period, said Nth time period being determined based on the timing of the rolling shutter and being a period of time during which an Nth portion of the sensor is exposed for image capture, N being an integer value corresponding to the total number of time periods used by said rolling shutter to complete one full read out of total image area.

In some embodiments the light control device 152 is further configured to control the second set of light emitting elements to be off during said portion of time included in the first period of time which does not overlap said second period of time. In some embodiments the light control device is configured to determine when the first set and said second set of light emitting elements are to be on based on an exposure setting. In some embodiments the light control device is configured to determine when said first set and said second set of light emitting elements are to be on based on an amount of time between read outs of different portions of said sensor. In some embodiments the different sets of light emitting elements in the plurality of light emitting elements are covered with different lenses. In some such embodiments the light control device 152 is further configured to determine which sets of light emitting elements to use based on an effective focal length setting being used by the camera device.

The accelerometer module 122 includes a plurality of accelerometers including accelerometer 1124, accelerometer 2126, and accelerometer 3128. Each of the accelerometers is configured to detect camera acceleration in a given direction. Although three accelerometers 124, 126 and 128 are shown included in the accelerometer module 122 it should be appreciated that in some embodiments more than three accelerometers can be used. Similarly the gyro module 192 includes 3 gyros, 194, 196 and 198, one for each axis which is well suited for use in the 3 dimensional real world environments in which camera devices are normally used. The camera acceleration detected by an accelerometer in a given direction is monitored. Acceleration and/or changes in acceleration, and rotation indicative of camera motion, are monitored and processed to detect one or more directions, of motion e.g., forward camera motion, backward camera motion, etc. As discussed below, the acceleration/rotation indicative of camera motion can be used to control zoom operations and/or be provided in some cases to a camera mount which can then take actions such as rotating a camera mount or rotating a camera support to help stabilize the camera.

The camera device 100 may include, and in some embodiments does include, an autofocus controller 132 and/or autofocus drive assembly 134. The autofocus drive assembly 134 is, in some embodiments, implemented as a lens drive. The autofocus controller 132 is present in at least some autofocus embodiments but would be omitted in fixed focus embodiments. The autofocus controller 132 controls adjustment of at least one lens position in one or more optical chains used to achieve a desired, e.g., user indicated, focus. In the case where individual drive assemblies are included in each optical chain, the autofocus controller 132 may drive the autofocus drive of various optical chains to focus on the same target.

The zoom control module 140 is configured to perform a zoom operation in response to user input.

The processor 110 controls operation of the camera device 100 to control the elements of the camera device 100 to implement the steps of the methods described herein. The processor may be a dedicated processor that is preconfigured to implement the methods. However, in many embodiments the processor 110 operates under direction of software modules and/or routines stored in the memory 108 which include instructions that, when executed, cause the processor to control the camera device 100 to implement one, more or all of the methods described herein. Memory 108 includes an assembly of modules 118 wherein one or more modules include one or more software routines, e.g., machine executable instructions, for implementing the image capture and/or image data processing methods of the present invention. Individual steps and/or lines of code in the modules of 118 when executed by the processor 110 control the processor 110 to perform steps of the method of the invention. When executed by processor 110, the data processing modules 118 cause at least some data to be processed by the processor 110 in accordance with the method of the present invention. The assembly of modules 118 includes a mode control module which determines, e.g., based on user input which of a plurality of camera device modes of operation are to be implemented. In different modes of operation, different camera modules 131, 133 may and often are controlled differently based on the selected mode of operation. For example, depending on the mode of operation different camera modules may use different exposure times. Alternatively, the scene area to which the camera module is directed and thus what portion of a scene is captured by an individual camera module may be changed as will be discussed below with regard to FIGS. 5 and 34 depending on how the images captured by different camera modules are to be used, e.g., combined to form a composite image and what portions of a larger scene individual camera modules are to capture during the user selected or automatically selected mode of operation. In some embodiments, the operations performed by the processor when executing the instructions from one or more assembly of modules is instead performed by a hardware module which performs the same functionality and is included in the hardware assembly of modules.

The resulting data and information (e.g., captured images of a scene, combined images of a scene, etc.) are stored in data memory 120 for future use, additional processing, and/or output, e.g., to display device 102 for display or to another device for transmission, processing and/or display. The memory 108 includes different types of memory for example, Random Access Memory (RAM) in which the assembly of modules 118 and data/information 120 may be, and in some embodiments are stored for future use. Read only Memory (ROM) in which the assembly of modules 118 may be stored for power failures. Non-volatile memory such as flash memory for storage of data, information and instructions may also be used to implement memory 108. Memory cards may be added to the device to provide additional memory for storing data (e.g., images and video) and/or instructions such as programming. Accordingly, memory 108 may be implemented using any of a wide variety of non-transitory computer or machine readable mediums which serve as storage devices.

Having described the general components of the camera device 100 with reference to FIG. 1, various features relating to the plurality of optical chains 130 will now be discussed with reference to FIGS. 2 and 3 which show the camera device 100 from front and side perspectives, respectively. Dashed line 101 of FIG. 2 indicates a cross section line.

Box 117 represents a key and indicates that OC=optical chain, e.g., camera module, and each L1 represents an outermost lens in an optical chain. Box 119 represents a key and indicates that S=sensor, F=filter, L=lens, L1 represents an outermost lens in an optical chain, and L2 represents an inner lens in an optical chain. While FIG. 3 shows one possible implementation of optical chains, as will be discussed below, other embodiments are possible and the optical chains may include one or more light redirection elements in addition to the elements shown in FIG. 3. The lenses of different optical chains may have different shapes, e.g., with round apertures being used for some lenses and non-round apertures being used for other lenses. However, in some embodiments lenses with round apertures are used for each of the optical chains of a camera device.

FIG. 2 shows the front of the exemplary camera device 100. Rays of light 131, which is light toward the front of the camera assembly, shown in FIG. 1 may enter the lenses located in the front of the camera housing. From the front of camera device 100, the camera device 100 appears as a relatively flat device with the outer rectangle representing the camera housing and the square towards the center of the camera representing the portion of the front camera body in which the plurality of optical chains 130 is mounted. Note that while outer lenses shown in FIG. 2 are shown as having circular apertures which are the same size, as will be discussed below different size lenses may be used for different optical chains, e.g., depending on the focal length with optical chains having larger focal lengths normally including outer lenses with larger apertures than optical chains with small focal lengths.

FIG. 3, which shows a side perspective of camera device 100, illustrates three of the seven optical chains (OC 1121, OC 7145, OC 4133) of the set of optical chains 130, display 102 and processor 110. OC 1121 includes an outer lens L1103, a filter 123, an inner lens L2125, and a sensor 127. In some embodiments the OC 1121 further includes lens drive (LD) 129 for controlling the position of lens L2125 for zooming and/or auto focus operation purposes. The exposure and read out controller 150 is not shown in the figure but is used for controlling the read out of rows of pixel values form the sensors' 127, 151 and 139 in a synchronized manner, e.g., taking into consideration the scene area being captured by the individual sensors. The LD 129 includes a motor or other drive mechanism which can move the lens, barrel or cylinder housing one or more lenses, or sensor, to which it is connected thereby allowing for an alteration to the light path by moving one or more elements relative to the other elements of the optical chain to which the LD is coupled. While the LD 129 is shown coupled, e.g., connected, to the lens L2125 and thus can move the position of the lens L2, e.g., as part of a zooming or autofocus operation, in other embodiments the LD 129 is coupled to a cylindrical or barrel shape component which is part of the optical chain or to the sensor 127. Thus, the lens drive can alter the relative position of a lens to the sensor 127, e.g., to change the distance between the sensor 127 and the lens 125 as part of a zooming and/or focus operation. OC 7145 includes an outer lens L1115, a filter 147, an inner lens L2149, and a sensor 151. OC 7145 further includes LD 153 for controlling the position of lens L2149. The LD 153 includes a motor or other drive mechanism which can move the lens, barrel, cylinder, sensor or other optical chain element to which it is connected.

OC 4133 includes an outer lens L1109, a filter 135, an inner lens L2137, and a sensor 139. OC 4133 includes LD 141 for controlling the position of lens L2137. The LD 141 includes a motor or other drive mechanism and operates in the same or similar manner as the drives of the other optical chains. While only three of the OCs are shown in FIG. 3 it should be appreciated that the other OCs of the camera device 100 may, and in some embodiments do, have the same or similar structure and/or may include other elements such as light redirection devices. Thus, differences between the multiple optical chains of the camera device 100 are possible and, in some embodiments, are present to allow for a variety of focal lengths to be supported in a single camera device through the use of multiple optical chains which can be operated in parallel.

FIG. 3 and the optical chains (OCs), also sometimes referred to as camera modules, illustrated therein are illustrative of the general structure of OCs used in various embodiments. However, numerous modifications and particular configurations are possible. While reference to elements of FIG. 3 may be made, it is to be understood that the OCs (camera modules) in a particular embodiment will be configured as described with regard to the particular embodiment and that various different camera modules are often used in single camera device. FIG. 5 and FIG. 13A show optical chains, e.g., camera modules, which include light redirection devices. Such modules can be used alone or in combination with other modules such as the ones shown in FIGS. 3 and 4A or other figures of the present application.

While a filter may be of a particular color or used in some optical chains, filters need not be used in all optical chains and may not be used in some embodiments. In embodiments where the filter is expressly omitted and/or described as being omitted or an element which allows all light to pass, while reference may be made to the OCs of FIG. 3 it should be appreciated that the filter will be omitted in an embodiment where it is indicated to be omitted or of such a nature that it allows a broad spectrum of light to pass if the embodiment is indicated to have a broadband filter. While in the OCs of FIG. 3 light redirection devices (R), e.g., mirrors or prisms are not shown, as will be discussed below, in at least some embodiments one or more mirrors are included in OCs for light to be redirected, e.g., to increase the length of the optical path or make for a more convenient internal component configuration. It should be appreciated that each of the OCs 121, 145, 133, shown in FIG. 3 will have their own optical axis. In the example, each optical axis passes through the center of the lens 103, 115, or 109 at the front of the optical chain and passes through the OC to the corresponding sensor 127, 151, 139.

While the processor 110 is not shown being coupled to the LD, and sensors 127, 151, 139 it is to be appreciated that such connections exist and are omitted from FIG. 3 to facilitate the illustration of the configuration of the exemplary OCs.

As should be appreciated the number and arrangement of lens, filters and/or mirrors can vary depending on the particular embodiment and the arrangement shown in FIG. 3 is intended to be exemplary and to facilitate an understanding of various features rather than to be limiting in nature.

The front of the plurality of optical chains 130 is visible in FIG. 2 with the outermost lens of each optical chain appearing as a circle represented using a solid line (OC 1 L1103, OC 2 L1105, OC 3 L1107, OC 4 L1109, OC 5 L1111, OC 6 L1113, OC 7 L1115). In the FIG. 2 example, the plurality of optical chains 130 include seven optical chains, OC 1121, OC 2157, OC 3159, OC 4133, OC 5171, OC 6173, OC 7145, which include lenses (OC 1 L1103, OC 2 L1105, OC 3 L1107, OC 4 L1109, OC 5 L1111, OC 6 L1113, OC 7 L1115), respectively, represented by the solid circles shown in FIG. 2. The lenses of the optical chains are arranged to form a pattern which is generally circular in the FIG. 2 example when viewed as a unit from the front. While a circular arrangement is used in some embodiments, non-circular arrangements are used and preferred in other embodiments. In some embodiments while the overall pattern is generally or roughly circular, different distances to the center of the general circle and/or different distances from one lens to another is intentionally used to facilitate generation of a depth map and block processing of images which may include periodic structures such as repeating patterns without the need to identify edges of the repeating pattern. Such repeating patterns may be found in a grill or a screen.

The overall total light capture area corresponding to the multiple lenses of the plurality of optical chains OC 1 to OC 7, also sometimes referred to as optical camera modules, can, in combination, approximate that of a lens having a much larger opening but without requiring a single lens having the thickness which would normally be necessitated by the curvature of a single lens occupying the area which the lenses shown in FIG. 2 occupy.

While gaps are shown between the lens openings of the optical chains OC 1 to OC 7, it should be appreciated that the lenses may be made, and in some embodiments are, made so that they closely fit together minimizing gaps between the lenses represented by the circles formed by solid lines. While seven optical chains are shown in FIG. 2, it should be appreciated that other numbers of optical chains are possible. For example, as shown in FIGS. 12A and 17A seventeen camera modules are used in a single camera device in some embodiments. Camera devices including even larger numbers of optical chains are also possible.

The use of multiple optical chains has several advantages over the use of a single optical chain. Using multiple optical chains allows for noise averaging. For example, given the small sensor size there is a random probability that one optical chain may detect a different number, e.g., one or more, photons than another optical chain. This may represent noise as opposed to actual human perceivable variations in the image being sensed. By averaging the sensed pixel values corresponding to a portion of an image, sensed by different optical chains, the random noise may be averaged resulting in a more accurate and pleasing representation of an image or scene than if the output of a single optical chain was used.

Given the small size of the optical sensors (e.g., individual pixel elements) the dynamic range, in terms of light sensitivity, is normally limited with the sensors becoming easily saturated under bright conditions. By using multiple optical chains corresponding to different exposure times the dark portions of a scene area can be sensed by the sensor corresponding to the longer exposure time while the light portions of a scene area can be sensed by the optical chain with the shorter exposure time without getting saturated. Pixel sensors of the optical chains that become saturated as indicated by a pixel value indicative of sensor saturation can be ignored, and the pixel value from the other, e.g., less exposed, optical chain can be used without contribution from the saturated pixel sensor of the other optical chain. Weighting and combining of non-saturated pixel values as a function of exposure time is used in some embodiments. By combining the output of sensors with different exposure times a greater dynamic range can be covered than would be possible using a single sensor and exposure time.

FIG. 3 is a cross section perspective of the camera device 100 shown in FIGS. 1 and 2. Dashed line 101 in FIG. 2 shows the location within the camera device to which the cross section of FIG. 3 corresponds. From the side cross section, the components of the first, seventh and fourth optical chains are visible.

As illustrated in FIG. 3 despite including multiple optical chains the camera device 100 can be implemented as a relatively thin device, e.g., a device less than 2, 3 or 4 centimeters in thickness in at least some embodiments. Thicker devices are also possible, for example devices with telephoto lenses, and are within the scope of the invention, but the thinner versions are particularly well suited for cell phones and/or tablet implementations. As will be discussed below, various techniques such as the use of light redirection elements and/or non-circular lenses can be used in conjunction with small sensors, such as those commonly used in handheld cameras, to support relatively large focal lengths, e.g., camera modules of 150 mm equivalent focal length to a full frame DSLR camera, 300 mm equivalent focal length to a full frame DSLR camera or above in a relatively thin camera device format.

As illustrated in the FIG. 3 diagram, the display device 102 may be placed behind the plurality of optical chains 130 with the processor 110, memory and other components being positioned, at least in some embodiments, above or below the display and/or optical chains 130. As will be discussed below, and as shown in FIG. 3, each of the optical chains OC 1121, OC 7145, OC 4133 may, and in some embodiments do, include an outer lens L1, an optional filter F, and a second optional lens L2 which proceed a sensor S which captures and measures the intensity of light which passes through the lens L1, filter F and second lens L2 to reach the sensor S. The filter may be a color filter or one of a variety of other types of light filters or may be omitted depending on the particular optical chain embodiment or configuration.

Note that while supporting a relatively large light capture area and offering a large amount of flexibility in terms of color filtering and exposure time, the camera device 100 shown in FIG. 3 is relatively thin with a thickness that is much less, e.g., ⅕th, 1/10th, 1/20th or even less than the overall side to side length or even top to bottom length of the camera device visible in FIG. 2.

FIG. 4A illustrates a camera device 200 implemented in accordance with the invention. The FIG. 4 camera device 200 includes many or all of the same elements shown in the device 100 of FIGS. 1-3. Exemplary camera device 200 includes a plurality of optical chains (OC 1205, OC 2207, . . . , OC X 209, a processor 211, memory 213 and a display 215, coupled together. OC 1205 includes outer lens L1251, a light redirection element R 252, a hinge (or mirror) drive HD 291, filter 253, inner lens L2255, sensor 1257, and LD 259. The HD 291 can be used to move a position of a hinge to which the light redirection device (R) 252, e.g., mirror, is mounted and thus move the mirror to change the scene area to which the module 205 is directed without moving the lens 251. Moving (e.g., rotating about a hinge) the mirror 252 to change the scene area to which the module 205 is directed is especially useful in an embodiment where the outer lens 251 is a plane piece of glass or a plastic piece with no optical power as is the case in some embodiments.

The optical chains shown in FIG. 4A can be arranged in various positions within the camera 200. The elements in FIG. 4B which are the same as those shown in FIG. 4A are identified using the same references numbers and will not be described again. FIG. 4B shows the configuration of the optical chains in an arrangement where light enters via the front or face of the camera 200 and is redirected to sensors 257, 269, 281, of the first through third camera modules respectively, mounted on the inside top portion of the camera housing which forms the outer portion of camera 200.

As can be seen in the FIG. 4B embodiment, light entering in the horizontal dimension is redirected upward in the vertical. For example, light entering through outer lens 251 of the first optical chain 205 is redirected upward by mirror 252 so that it passes though filter 253 and inner lens 255 as it travels towards sensor 257. An optical chain such as the first optical chain 205, that has a light redirection element, such as the element 252, can be divided, for purposes of discussion, into two parts, Part A and Part B. Part A consists of all those elements in the optical chain that are in the light path before the light redirection element 252 and Part B consists of all the optical elements (including the image sensor) that are in the light path after the light redirection element. The optical axis of the optical chain 205 as seen from outside the camera is the optical axis 291 of Part A. Light traveling into the optical chain 205 along the optical axis 291 will be redirected upward along the optical axis 293 of Part B of the first optical chain.

In one particular exemplary embodiment of the optical chain 205, Part A contains no optical elements with any optical power, e.g., Part A contains plane glass or filters but no lenses. In this case the optical axis of the optical chain as seen from outside the camera is simply along a light path that gets redirected along the optical axis 293 of Part B by the light redirection element. In some embodiments one or more lenses 255 are included in Part B of the optical chain which have an optical power. Thus, it should be appreciated that in at least some embodiments the outer lens 251 may be implemented as a flat or relatively flat lens which does not protrude from the surface of the camera 200. This reduces the risk of scratches and also reduces the possibly that the outer lens will get caught when inserting or removing it from a pocket or case as might be the case if the lens protruded from the camera.

It should be appreciated that the optical axis of the second and third camera modules are similar to that of the first optical module 205 and that the components of the optical chains may also be grouped into two parts, Part A which corresponds to components proceeding the mirror of the optical chain and Part B which corresponds to components subsequent the mirror of the optical chain. From the perspective of the optical path of an optical chain, the optical path like the components may be grouped as Part A and Part B with the mirror providing the transition point between Part A of an optical path and Part B of the optical path.

In some but not all embodiments, processor 211 of camera device 200 of FIG. 4A is the same as or similar to processor 110 of device 100 of FIG. 1, memory 213 of device 200 of FIG. 4A is the same as or similar to the memory 108 of device 100 of FIG. 1, the zoom control module 214 of device 200 is the same as or similar to the zoom control module 140 of device 100, the accelerometer module 216 of device 200 is the same as or similar to the accelerometer module 122 of device 100 and display 215 of device 200 of FIG. 4A is the same as or similar to the display 102 of device 100 of FIG. 1.

OC 2207 includes outer lens L1263, light redirection device 231, hinge drive 293, filter 265, inner lens L2267, sensor 2269, and LD 271. OC N 209 includes outer lens L1275, light redirection device 235, hinge drive 295, filter 277, inner lens L2279, sensor N 281, and LD 283. The exposure and read out controller 150 controls sensors to read out, e.g., rows of pixel values, in a synchronized manner while also controlling the exposure time. In some embodiments the exposure and read out controller 150 is a rolling shutter controller including an exposure controller 287 and a sensor read out controller 289. An autofocus controller 152 is included to control the lens drives 259, 271 and 283 in some embodiments.

In the FIG. 4A embodiment the optical chains (optical chain 1205, optical chain 2207, . . . , optical chain N 209) are shown as independent assemblies with the lens drive of each module being a separate LD element (LD 259, LD 271, LD 283), respectively. Each of the LDs shown adjusts the position of the corresponding lens to which it is connected as part of a zooming and/or focus operation. In some embodiments the LD controls the position of a lens and/or sensor in which case the LD is connected to both a lens support mechanism or lens and the sensor.

In FIG. 4A, the structural relationship between the mirror and various lenses and filters which precede the sensor in each optical chain can be seen more clearly than in some of the other figures. While four elements, e.g. two lenses (see columns 201 and 203 corresponding to L1 and L2, respectively), a light redirection device R (see col. 217), and the filter (corresponding to column 202) are shown in FIG. 4A before each sensor, it should be appreciated that a much larger combinations (e.g., numbers) of lenses, light redirection elements and/or filters may precede the sensor of one or more optical chains with anywhere from 2-10 elements being common and an even larger number of elements being used in some embodiments, e.g., high end embodiments and/or embodiments supporting a large number of filter and/or lens options. Furthermore it should be appreciated that all illustrated elements need not be included in all optical chains. For example, in some embodiments optical chains having relatively short focal lengths may be implemented without the use of a light redirection element being used, e.g., to redirect the light by 90 degrees, since the optical chain with a short focal length can be implemented in a straight but still relatively compact manner given the short focal length.

In some but not all embodiments, optical chains are mounted in the camera device with some, e.g., the shorter focal length optical chains extending in a straight manner from the front of the camera device towards the back. However, in the same camera, longer focal length camera modules may and sometimes do include light redirection devices which allow at least a portion of the optical path of a camera module to extend sideways allowing the length of the optical axis to be longer than the camera is deep. The use of light redirection elements, e.g., mirrors, is particularly advantageous for long focal length camera modules given that the overall length of such modules tends to be longer than that of camera modules having shorter focal lengths. A camera may have a wide variety of different camera modules some with light redirection elements, e.g., mirrors, and others without mirrors. Filters and/or lenses corresponding to different optical chains may, and in some embodiments are, arranged in planes, e.g. the apertures of the outermost lenses may be configured in a plane that extends parallel to the face of the camera, e.g., a plane in which the front of the camera both extends vertically and horizontally when the camera is in a vertical direction with the top of the camera both being up.

FIG. 5 shows an optical chain, e.g., camera module, 500 which is used in various exemplary embodiments. A plurality of optical chains of the type illustrated in FIG. 5 are used in a camera device such as camera 600 discussed in detail below. The camera module 500 is an optical chain which includes an outer lens 512, a light redirection device, e.g., mirror, 510 positioned behind the lens 512, a hinge drive 516, a mirror hinge 508, a first cylindrical module portion 506, a second cylindrical module portion 504, a sensor 502 and a lens drive 514. Light enters the optical chain 500 via the lens 512 and is redirected by the mirror 510 so that it reaches the sensor 502 at the back of the optical chain. The first and second cylindrical portions 504, 506 can house one or more lenses or filters as well as other optical components through which light may pass before reaching the sensor 502. While the mirror 510 is normally used to redirect light 90 degrees so that light entering through the lens 512 (which may be positioned on the face of the camera) along it's optical axis will be redirected along the optical axis of Part B of the optical chain 500 so that is travels towards the side of the camera allowing for the optical chain 500 to effectively use the side to side distance of the camera device in which the optical chain 500 is mounted, the hinge drive 516 may move the position of the hinge 508 and thus the mirror 510 to alter the angle of redirection so that it varies from 90 degrees. Thus, the direction in which the optical chain 500 effectively points may be altered by moving all or a portion of the hinge 508 and mirror 510 without moving the lens 512. In some embodiments, the axis of the hinge is perpendicular to the Part B of the optical axis and parallel to the place of the front face of the camera 600. In some embodiments, the lens 512 is plane glass with no optical power.

The hinge drive may be implemented using a motor or other mechanical mechanisms which can be used to drive or change the position of the mirror 510 and/or hinge 508 which connects the mirror to the other components of the camera module such as cylindrical portion 506.

The cylindrical or barrel portions 504, 506 may be moved by drive 514 so that they slide relative to each other, e.g., barrel portion 504 may be moved so that it moves further into or out of the barrel portion 506 thereby altering the distance from the lens 512 to the sensor 502 as part of a focus or zoom operation.

It should be appreciated that the optical chain 500 allows for relatively long optical chains to be positioned in a camera device which has a depth which is less than the overall length of the optical chain 500. The camera module 500 is particular well suited for implementing camera devices which include multiple optical chains but which are still intended to be relatively thin to facilitate storage in a pocket or other storage device.

FIG. 6 is a perspective view of a camera device 600 which includes a plurality of the optical chains, e.g., camera modules of the type shown in FIG. 5. The camera 600 includes a cover 602 which is flexible and can be slid to the side to form a hand grip and to expose the lens area 604. In the FIG. 6 embodiment, the lens area 604 includes a plurality of outer lenses each represented by a circle. Larger circles correspond to optical chains with larger apertures and focal lengths than the optical chains with smaller lenses. The FIG. 6 embodiment includes a total of 17 optical chains corresponding to three different focal lengths. There are 5 of the small focal length optical chains as can be seen by the 5 smallest circles in the lens area 604, 5 medium focal length optical chains as can be seen by the 5 medium sized circles representing the outer lenses of the 5 medium focal length optical chains and 7 long focal length optical chains as can be seen by the seven larger circles shown in the FIG. 6 lens area 604. The focal length relationship between the smallest and largest optical chains, in one embodiment is such that the smallest focal length is ¼ the focal length of the largest optical chain and ½ the focal length of the medium focal length optical chains. For example, the small, medium and large focal length optical chains may, and in one embodiment do, have equivalent full frame DSLR focal lengths of 35 mm, 70 mm and 140 mm respectively. It should be appreciated that such a difference in focal lengths will result in the 35 mm camera module capturing a scene area approximately four times larger than the area captured by the 70 mm camera module and 16 times the size of the scene area captured by the camera module having the 140 mm focal length. While not shown in FIG. 6, it should be appreciated that camera device 600 may and in some embodiments does include the same or similar elements as camera device 100 and camera device 200 of FIGS. 1 and 4A. Thus it should be appreciated that camera device 600 includes various elements such as the processor 110/211, memory 108/213, zoom controller 140/214, exposure and read out controller 150, accelerometer, gyro, autofocus controller 132 etc., and various other elements discussed above with regard to camera devices 100 and 200.

By using camera modules having different focal lengths to capture portion of a scene area of interest, and by then combining the images as done in various embodiments, the composite image can have a higher overall pixel count than any one individual sensor. Accordingly, even when the sensors used by different camera modules having different focal lengths have the same pixel count, the number of pixels of the composite image can be far higher than the number of pixels of an individual sensor.

In some embodiments, as will be discussed below, different portions of a scene area of interest are captured by different ones of the camera modules having the largest focal length. The camera modules with medium or small focal lengths are then used to capture larger portions of a scene area of interest where the larger scene area of interest may correspond to a complete scene area of interest, e.g., in the case of the camera modules of the camera device using the smallest supported focal length. Overlapping images are captured by image sensors of different camera modules. Based on known spatial information about position of the camera modules on the camera device, e.g., the distance between the outer lenses of the different camera modules and/or the angle at which the each of the individual camera modules (which capture an image to be combined) points, depth information is generated. Using the depth information images captured by different camera modules are combined to form a composite image as will be discussed further below. Note that the images can, and in some embodiments are, combined without generating depth information in a scene or scene area. In some such embodiments an image covering the scene area of interest is first chosen as a reference image. The composite image is then generated from the perspective captured in the reference image. In one such embodiment, a chosen small block of pixels in the reference image is combined with a matching collection of pixels in each image included in a chosen subset of other images. The combining is performed such that each pixel in the reference-image-block is combined with the matching pixel (or interpolated pixel if the image portions match with the non-integer pixel shift) in each of the images in the subject. The combination can be a weighted sum of pixels values, where the weights are assigned based on the quality of the image to which the pixel belongs. This combined block of pixels now becomes a corresponding block of the composite image. The process is repeated for the other blocks of the reference image to generate the entire composite image. Note that images taken with the camera modules with different focal lengths then the reference image have different magnifications. In this case these images should first be appropriately scaled to have the same magnification as the reference image before above process is carried out. The composite image generated by combining multiple images as above as likely to have better SNR then the reference image which was selected of the basis of the image combining used to generate the composite image.

The camera device of FIG. 6 with its 17 different camera modules corresponding to three different focal lengths is particularly well suited for combining captured images to generate a composite image as will be discussed in detail below.

FIG. 7 illustrates the camera device 600 of FIG. 6 with the camera case in the closed position. Note that the flexible case 602 serves as a cover which can protect the lens area 604 and the lenses included therein when the camera is not in use.

FIG. 8 is a frontal view of the camera device 600 and the lens arrangement of the camera device with the 15 outer lenses being clearly visible as circles in the lens area 604. Note that the diameter of the smallest lenses is d which correspond to the camera modules having the smallest focal length, the outer lenses corresponding to the medium focal length modules have a diameter 2d, and the camera modules having the largest focal length have a diameter 4d. This results in the camera modules having the same ‘f stop’ or ‘f number’ given the focal length relationship f1 being ¼ the largest focal length (f3) and one half the focal length of the medium focal length f2 of the camera modules having a medium focal length. The ‘f number’ is the ratio of the focal length to the aperture diameter and determines the diffraction limit of the camera modules. The smaller the f number, the less likely it is that the camera module will be diffraction limited. Smaller f numbers usually corresponded to larger optical complexity in the camera module. Small lenses with 5 or 6 molded plastic elements these days can be manufactured in a cost effective manner for f numbers around 2.4. Accordingly, in some embodiments plastic lenses made of multiple plastic elements are used.

FIG. 9 is a simplified illustration of the camera device 600 with the case, controls and other features being omitted to allow a better appreciation of the lens configuration and lens area.

FIG. 10 is a side view 1000 of the camera device 600. As shown in FIG. 10, the camera device has a height H (not including control buttons) and a depth D1. D1 is equal to or greater than the diameter D of the aperture of the largest lens shown in FIG. 6. As will be discussed below, depending on the embodiment, the diameter of outer lenses with round apertures can have an impact on the minimum depth of the camera in the case where light redirection elements, e.g., mirrors, are used to redirect light. In this case the minimum depth of the camera must be greater than this diameter. If this is not the case the actual module aperture will be smaller than the diameter of the outer lens and a smaller outer lens could have been used.

FIG. 11 shows an enlarged version 1100 of the outer lens arrangement of the camera 600. In FIG. 11 the outer lenses of the three different sizes can be clearly seen with the largest diameter lenses corresponding to camera modules having the largest focal length and thus zoom, e.g., magnification.

FIG. 12A is a diagram 1200 showing how the 17 optical chains, e.g., camera modules, of the camera 600 can be arranged within the body of the camera 600. The seven optical chains 1202, 1206, 1210, 1212, 12161220, 1222 with the largest lenses and largest supported focal lengths are implemented using optical chains of the type shown in FIG. 5. Similarly, the five camera modules 1204, 1208, 1214, 1218, 1224 with the medium diameter lenses and medium supported focal lengths are also implemented using optical chains of the type shown in FIG. 5. The five optical chains 1226, 1228, 1230, 1232 and 1234 having the smallest diameter outer lenses and smallest focal lengths are implemented using optical chains which do not use mirrors and extend straight toward the back of the camera. Optical chains of the type used in the FIG. 3 embodiment may be used for the optical chains 1226, 1228, 1230, 1232 and 1234. However, it should be appreciated that optical chains of the type illustrated in FIG. 5 maybe and in some embodiments are, used as the optical chains 1226, 1228, 1230, 1232 and 1234.

From the FIG. 12A example which may be considered as a frontal view with the front of the camera housing removed to allow viewing of the camera modules, it can be seen how a larger number of camera modules can be incorporated into a single camera device 600 allowing for the simultaneous and/or synchronized capture of multiple images of the same or different portions of a scene area using a single camera. The camera device can then combine multiple images to generate a composite image having image attributes and/or qualities such as a number of pixels which exceeds that possible using a single one of the camera modules of the camera 600.

FIG. 12B illustrates a perspective view 1250 of the camera device 600 showing the arrangement of various optical chains in the camera device and the elements of the optical chains in the camera device in greater detail. Thus FIG. 12B presents a more detailed illustration of the plurality of optical chains (OCs) 1202, 1204, 1206, 1208, 1210, 1212, 1214, 1216, 1218, 1220, 1222, 1224, 1226, 1228, 1230, 1232 and 1234 having various corresponding focal lengths as discussed with regard to FIG. 12A in detail.

As illustrated in FIG. 12B, the camera 600 has a depth D1 which represents the thickness of the camera 600 from the front surface of the camera (indicated by arrow 1223) to the back/rear surface of the camera (indicated by arrow 1227). While not shown in the FIG. 12B in some embodiments the camera device 600 includes the same or similar elements as the camera device of FIGS. 1 and/or 4A.

In some embodiments the elements included in the optical chains 1202, 1206, 1210, 1212, 1216, 1220, 1222, 1204, 1208, 1214, 1218, 1224 are similar to those discussed above with regard to FIGS. 4B and 5 while the elements included in the optical chains 1226, 1228, 1230, 1232 and 1234 are similar to those discussed above with regard to FIG. 3. In the embodiment of FIG. 12B each OC uses a round outer lens.

The OC 1202 includes an outer lens 1203, a light redirection device 1205, e.g., mirror, positioned behind the lens 1203, a first inner lens 1207, a filter 1213, a second inner lens 1215, and a sensor 1217. In some embodiments the OCs 1202, 1206, 1210, 1212, 1216, 1220, 1222 have the same focal length (largest focal length compared to other OCs in FIG. 12) and use similar elements such as the mirror, filter, sensor etc. Accordingly, the elements corresponding to OCs 1206, 1210, 1212, 1216, 1220, 1222 have been identified using the same reference numerals used for identifying similar elements in the OC 1202 but with the reference numbers in these OCs followed by a prime (′), double prime (″), triple prime (′″) etc. For example, OC 1206 includes an outer lens 1203′, a light redirection device 1205′, e.g., mirror, positioned behind the lens 1203′, a first inner lens 1207′, a filter 1213′, a second inner lens 1215′, and a sensor 1217′. The OC 1210 includes an outer lens 1203″, a light redirection device 1205″, a first inner lens 1207″, a filter 1213″, a second inner lens 1215″, and a sensor 1217″. The OC 1212 includes an outer lens 1203′″, a light redirection device 1205′″, a first inner lens 1207′″, a filter 1213′″, a second inner lens 1215′″, and a sensor 1217′″. The OC 1216 includes an outer lens 1203″″, a light redirection device 1205″″, a first inner lens 1207″″, a filter 1213″″, a second inner lens 1215″″, and a sensor 1217″″. The OC 1220 includes an outer lens 1203′″″, a light redirection device 1205′″″, a first inner lens 1207′″″, a filter 1213′″″, a second inner lens 1215′″″, and a sensor 1217′″″. The OC 1222 includes an outer lens 1203″″″, a light redirection device 1205″″″, a first inner lens 1207″″″, a filter 1213″″″, a second inner lens 1215″″″, and a sensor 1217″″″.

Similarly the elements corresponding to OCs 1204, 1208, 1214, 1218, 1224 which have the same focal lengths (intermediate) have been identified using the same reference numerals. The OC 1204 includes an outer lens 1233, a light redirection device 1235, e.g., mirror, positioned behind the lens 1233, a first inner lens 1237, a filter 1243, a second inner lens 1245, and a sensor 1247. Optical chain 1208 includes an outer lens 1233′, a light redirection device 1235′, e.g., mirror, positioned behind the lens 1233′, a first inner lens 1237′, a filter 1243′, a second inner lens 1245′, and a sensor 1247′. OC 1214 includes an outer lens 1233″, a light redirection device 1235″, a first inner lens 1237″, a filter 1243″, a second inner lens 1245″, and a sensor 1247″. OC 1218 includes an outer lens 1233′″, a light redirection device 1235′″, a first inner lens 1237′″, a filter 1243′″, a second inner lens 1245′″, and a sensor 1247′″ and the OC 1224 includes an outer lens 1233″″, a light redirection device 1235″″, a first inner lens 1237″″, a filter 1243″″, a second inner lens 1245″″, and a sensor 1247″″.

As discussed with regard to FIG. 4B, an optical chain such as the optical chain 1202 (or OCs 1206, 1210, 1212, 1216, 1220, 1222, 1204, 1208, 1214, 1218, 1224), that has a light redirection element, such as the element 1205, can be divided, for purposes of discussion, into two parts. The optical axis of the optical chain 1202 as seen from outside of the front of the camera is the optical axis of a first part 1201 (entering the OC from the front 1223 of the camera 600 via the outer lens 1203). Light traveling into the optical chain 1202 along the optical axis is redirected by the redirection element 1205 and traverses a second part 1209 of the first optical chain and reaches the sensor 1217. Similarly, the optical axis of the optical chain 1204 includes a first part 1211 and a second part 1219 after light redirection by the redirection element 1235, the optical axis of the optical chain 1206 includes a first part 1221 and a second part 1229, the optical axis of the optical chain 1208 includes a first part 1231 and a second part 1239, the optical axis of the optical chain 1210 includes a first part 1241 and a second part 1249, the optical axis of the optical chain 1212 includes a first part 1251 and a second part 1259, the optical axis of the optical chain 1214 includes a first part 1261 and a second part 1269, the optical axis of the optical chain 1216 includes a first part 1271 and a second part 1279, the optical axis of the optical chain 1218 includes a first part 1278 and a second part 1288, the optical axis of the optical chain 1220 includes a first part 1281 and a second part 1289, the optical axis of the optical chain 1222 includes a first part 1291 and a second part 1299, and the optical axis of the optical chain 1224 includes a first part 1292 and a second part 1298.

The other optical chains OCs 1226, 1228, 1230, 1232 and 1234 (smallest focal length OCs) while each having an outermost lens 1252, 1253, 1254, 1255, and 1256 respectively through which light enters, the OCs 1226, 1228, 1230, 1232 and 1234 do not have light redirection elements in the FIG. 12B example. While not shown in FIG. 12B the OCs 1226, 1228, 1230, 1232 and 1234 each has an optical axis which is perpendicular to the front face 1223 of the camera 600.

The function of the various elements of an OC such as the outer and inner lenses, mirror, filters and sensors, has been discussed earlier, for example in the discussion of FIGS. 4B and 5. Since the function of the elements of the OCs shown in FIG. 12B is the same or similar to that discussed with regard to FIGS. 4A-4B and 5, the discussion will not be repeated.

Light enters each of the OCs 1202, 1206, 1210, 1212, 1216, 1220, 1222, 1204, 1208, 1214, 1218, 1224 via their respective outer lenses and is redirected by their respective redirection elements so that it reaches the respective sensors at the back of each of the optical chains. In many cases the outer lens through which the light enters the OC is referred to as the entrance pupil via which the light enters. For example, light entering through outer lens 1203 of the optical chain 1202 (e.g., from the front 1223 of the camera 600 as indicated by the first optical axis 1201) is redirected by mirror 1205 so that it passes through the first inner lens 1207, the filter 1213 and the second inner lens 1215 as it travels towards sensor 1217. More or less number of elements, e.g., lenses, filters etc., may be included in each of the OCs in some embodiments. Different optical chains may use different lenses while still using a sensor of the same shape and/or resolution as the other optical chains in the camera device 600.

It should be appreciated that the light redirection elements, e.g., such as a hinged mirror or other light redirection device such as a prism, positioned behind the lens of an OC can be moved and/or rotated which results in changing of the optical axis of the OC seen from outside the outer lens of the corresponding OC. That is the optical axis of an optical chain as seen from outside the camera (discussed above as the optical axis of a first part such as optical axes 1201, 1211, 1231 etc.) can be changed by controlling the light redirection elements of the corresponding OC. Thus it should be appreciated that while in FIG. 12B example the optical axes 1201, 1211, 1221, 1231, . . . 1298, 1299 appear to be parallel, in some embodiments by controlling the light redirection element such as the mirror placed behind the outer lens in the corresponding optical chains, the optical axes can be changed such that the optical axes of one or more OCs are not parallel to each other. The ability to change the optical axis of the optical chain by controlling the movement of a mirror, provides the same effect as if the camera is being pointed in a given direction, e.g., to take pictures in that direction, and thus provides the ability to capture images from different perspectives without actually moving the camera device.

FIGS. 12C through 12E which show optical chain 1210 with the light redirection device 1205″ at different positions is exemplary of how the first part 1241 of an optical path may be altered by altering the position of the light redirection device 1205″. The OC 1210 includes an outer lens 1203″, a light redirection device 1205″, e.g., mirror, positioned behind the lens 1203″, a first inner lens 1207″, a filter 1213″, a second inner lens 1215″, and a sensor 1217″.

In FIG. 12C the angle of the mirror is inclined upward resulting in the first portion 1241 of the optical path to be angled to the left. As should be appreciated by raising the mirror 1205″ to this position a different image area will be observed and captured by the sensor 1217″ than when the light redirection device 1205″ is inclined at 45 degrees relative to the bottom of the optical chain module 1210, which will coincide to the rear of the camera in which the module is mounted assuming the lens 1203″ is facing the front of the camera.

Assuming that in the FIG. 12D configuration, i.e., when the plain mirror 1205″ is at a 45 degree angle and the image directed to the sensor corresponds to the center portion of a scene area, changing the position, e.g., angle, of the mirror 1205″ will alter the portion of a scene area captured by the sensor 1217″. FIG. 12E illustrates how the first portion 1241 can be directed to the right by lowering the angle of mirror 1205″ while FIG. 12F shows how the portion of the scene which will be captured and be changed further by lowering the angle of the mirror 1205″ even further.

While raising the angle of the light redirection device as shown in FIG. 12C is supported in some embodiments, in other embodiments angles of 45 degrees and less are supported. In such embodiments the maximum depth of the camera need not be increased to support the ability to raise the light redirection device beyond the 45 degree angle.

It should be appreciated that by altering the position of the light redirection devices of the modules shown in FIG. 12B the image areas captured by the modules with light redirection devices can be changed without moving the module itself. For optical chain modules arranged parallel to a 45 degree angle across the face of the camera, such as modules 1208, 1210, 1212, 1214, 1218, 1220, 1202, 1204, changing the angle of the light redirection device effectively moves the image capture area, e.g., from directly in front of the center of the camera or from capturing a corner quadrant of a scene area of interest for example, to some other portion of the scene area. In cases where the camera module is arranged along or parallel the 45 degree angle extending form one corner of the front face of the camera device 1250 to another corner of the camera device 1250 changing the mirror position will have the effect of sliding the image area being captured along the 45 degree diagonal. Thus, when the camera modules are located along the 45 degree bias of the front of the camera, the image capture area may be shifted so that a quadrant of a large image area is captured rather than a center portion of the large image area via simple movement of the light redirection devices of modules arranged along the 45 degree angle with respect to the front face of the camera. The images capture area may be effectively slide from the center to a corner quadrant, or vise versa, by altering the angle of the light rejection device 1205″ as shown in FIGS. 12C through 12D.

Different optical chains, depending on their mirror positions and focal length, can, and in some embodiments are, used to capture different portions of a scene area of interest. The image areas which are captured may, and often do, overlap but need not overlap. Overlap of areas captured by different camera modules facilities combining of the images captured by the different modules.

For example consider the following discussion regarding one embodiment where the optical axes of at least some optical chains are not parallel. While for discussion purposes we refer to FIG. 12B and use the reference numbers corresponding to the elements shown in FIG. 12B, it is understood for the discussion of this particular embodiment that unlike the FIG. 12B example, the optical axes of two or more optical chains (as seen from outside the outermost lens of the optical chains) are not parallel to each other and may not be perpendicular to the front face of the camera. A camera device implemented in accordance with this embodiment includes a first optical chain, e.g., a first OC 1202, of a camera having a first optical axis and a first outermost lens and a second optical chain, e.g., a second OC 1208 or OC 1210, of the camera having a second optical axis which is not parallel to the first optical axis and a second outermost lens which is different from the first outermost lens. The first optical chain, can be and in some embodiments is, used to capture a first image of a first portion of a scene area of interest and the second optical chain, can be and in some embodiments is, used to capture a second image of a second portion of the scene area of interest. In some such embodiments the first and second optical axes are not perpendicular to the front face of the camera, e.g., such as front (1223) face of camera 600. In some embodiments in addition to the first and second optical chains, the exemplary camera includes a third optical chain, e.g., OC 1228, having a third optical axis and a third outermost lens 1253 which is separate from the first and second outermost lenses (e.g., 1203 and 1203″). In some embodiments the third optical chain has a focal length which is smaller than a focal length of at least one of the first or second optical chains. In some embodiments the third optical chain is used to capture a third image, the third image including the scene area of interest, e.g., image of the entire scene area of interest. In some embodiments the third optical axis is perpendicular to the front face 1223 of the camera. In some embodiments the third optical axis is not parallel to either of the first optical or the second optical axis. In some embodiments the second optical chain has a second focal length and the first optical chain has a first focal length, the second focal length is smaller than said first focal length. In some other embodiments the first and second focal lengths are the same. In some embodiments the third optical chain has a third focal length which is smaller than the first and second focal lengths.

In some embodiments in addition to the first, second and third optical chains, the camera includes a fourth optical chain, e.g., OC 1234, having a fourth outermost lens, e.g., lens 1256, which is separate from said first, second and third outermost lenses. In some embodiments the fourth optical chain is used to capture a fourth image, the fourth image including a second image of the scene area of interest, e.g., entire scene area of interest. In some embodiments the fourth optical chain has a fourth optical axis, and the third and fourth optical axes are parallel to each other. In some embodiments the third and fourth optical axes are not parallel to the first or second optical axis.

In some embodiments the camera further includes a fifth optical chain, e.g., OC 1220, having a fifth optical axis which is not parallel to the first and second optical axes and a sixth optical chain, e.g., OC 1212, having a sixth optical axis which is not parallel to the first, second, or fifth optical axis. In some embodiments the fifth optical chain is used to capture a fifth image and the sixth optical chain is used to capture a sixth image, the fifth image being an image of a third portion of the scene area of interest and the sixth image being an image of a fourth portion of the scene area of interest. In some embodiments the camera further includes a seventh optical chain, e.g., OC 1216, having the same focal length as the first optical chain, a seventh image, said seventh optical chain having an optical axis perpendicular to the face (1223) of the camera.

In some embodiments the camera 600 includes a processor (e.g., processor 110, 211) configured to generate a composite image by combining at least the first and second images. In some embodiments the processor is configured to generate the composite image from the first, second, third, fourth, fifth and sixth images. In some embodiments the processor is configured to generate the composite image from the first, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth and seventh images. In some embodiments the processor is further configured to control storage of the generated composite image in the device memory, e.g., memory 108, and/or output of the composite image on a display, e.g., display 102, and/or transmission of the captured images or the composite image to another device via an interface such as interface 114.

FIG. 13A shows an exemplary optical chain, e.g., a camera module, 1300 which is similar in construction to the camera module 500 shown in FIG. 5 but which uses a non-round, e.g., oval, outer lens 1312 and a rectangular mirror 1310 as a light redirection device. The optical chain 1300 is used in various exemplary embodiments. The camera module 1300 is an optical chain which includes an outer lenses 1312 which, in some but not all embodiments, is plane glass with no optical power, a light redirection device, e.g., mirror, 1310 positioned behind the lens 1312, a hinge drive 1316, a mirror hinge 1308, a first cylindrical module portion 1306, a second cylindrical module portion 1304, a sensor 1302 and a lens drive 1313. In some embodiments the cylindrical module portions may not be exactly cylindrical as the cross section in some embodiments maybe oval rather than circular. However even with oval cross sections the portions appear generally cylindrical in shape and thus will be referred to as cylindrical portions. Light enters the camera module 1300 via the lens 1312 and is redirected by the mirror 1310 so that it reaches the sensor 1302 at the back of the optical chain. The first and second cylindrical module portions 1304, 1306 can house one or more lenses or filters as well as other optical components through which light may pass before reaching the sensor 1302. While the outer lens 1312 has a non-round aperture, the sensor 1302 may be the same shape and/or type as used in the FIG. 5 embodiment. Thus while different optical chains may use different lenses they may still use a sensor of the same shape and/or resolution as the other optical chains in the camera device.

The advantages of using an optical chain having a non-round aperture in terms of potential camera thickness will be apparent in view of the discussion which follows.

FIG. 13B illustrates an exemplary arrangement of a plurality of optical chains (OCs) in a camera device 1320 including a camera housing 1322. In addition to the arrangement of the optical chains inside the camera, the configuration and arrangement of the internal elements of each of the optical chains is also shown in greater detail. While one exemplary arrangement with six OCs is shown in FIG. 13B, it should be appreciated that the optical chains can be arranged in various other positions within the camera 1320. As illustrated in FIG. 13B, the camera 1320 has a depth D which represents the thickness of the camera 1320 from the front surface of the camera (indicated by arrow 1321) to the back/rear surface of the camera (indicated by arrow 1325). It should be appreciated that FIG. 13B shows a perspective view of camera device 1320 so that various features of the camera device 1320 such as camera housing 1322, thickness (D) 1323, front and rear surfaces 1321 and 1325 can be better appreciated. In some embodiments the camera device 1320 includes the same or similar elements as the camera device of FIGS. 1 and/or 4A.

The plurality of optical chains shown in FIG. 13B includes OC 1324, OC 1326, OC 1328, OC 1330, OC 1332 and OC 1333. The elements included in each of the various optical chains shown are similar to those discussed above with regard to FIG. 4A and FIG. 13A. In the embodiment of FIG. 13B each OC uses a non-round, e.g., oval, outer lens.

The OC 1324 includes an outer lens 1334, a light redirection device 1335, e.g., mirror, positioned behind the lens 1334, a first inner lens 1336, a filter 1338, a second inner lens 1340, and a sensor 1342. The OC 1326 includes an outer lens 1344, a light redirection device 1345 positioned behind the lens 1344, a first inner lens 1346, a filter 1348, a second inner lens 1350, and a sensor 1352. The OC 1328 includes an outer lens 1354, a light redirection device 1355 positioned behind the lens 1354, a first inner lens 1356, a filter 1358, a second inner lens 1360, and a sensor 1362. Similarly, OC 1330 includes an outer lens 1364, a light redirection device 1365 positioned behind the lens 1364, a first inner lens 1366, a filter 1368, a second inner lens 1370, and a sensor 1372. The OC 1332 includes an outer lens 1374, a light redirection device 1375 positioned behind the lens 1374, a first inner lens 1376, a filter 1378, a second inner lens 1380, and a sensor 1382. The OC 1333 includes an outer lens 1384, a light redirection device 1385 positioned behind the lens 1384, a first inner lens 1386, a filter 1388, a second inner lens 1390, and a sensor 1392.

As discussed with regard to FIG. 4B, an optical chain such as the optical chain 1324 shown in FIG. 13B, that has a light redirection element, such as the element 1335, can be divided, for purposes of discussion, into two parts. The optical axis of the optical chain 1324 as seen from outside the camera is the optical axis of a first part 1331 (entering the OC from the front of the camera 1320 via the outer lens 1334). Light traveling into the optical chain 1324 along the optical axis is redirected by the redirection element 1335 and traverses a second part 1339 of the first optical chain and reaches the sensor 1342. Similarly, the optical axis of the optical chain 1326 includes a first part 1341 and a second part 1349 after light redirection by the redirection element 1345, the optical axis of the optical chain 1328 includes a first part 1351 and a second part 1359, the optical axis of the optical chain 1330 includes a first part 1361 and a second part 1369, the optical axis of the optical chain 1332 includes a first part 1371 and a second part 1379 and the optical axis of the optical chain 1333 includes a first part 1381 and a second part 1389.

In some particular embodiments, the camera 1320 has a plurality of optical chains/camera modules such as the OCs 1324 through 1333 having lenses with non-circular (also referred as non-round) apertures. In one such embodiment the camera 1320 includes a first optical chain, e.g., OC 1324, that uses the lens 1336 whose non-circular aperture has a length less than or equal to D (camera thickness) in a first direction along the direction of the thickness of the camera and a length larger than D along a second direction perpendicular to the direction of the thickness of the camera. In various embodiments the first lens is the lens closest to the light redirection element on the second optical axis portion, e.g., lens 1336. In some such embodiments the camera 1320 further includes a second optical chain, e.g., OC 1326, that uses a lens 1346 whose non-circular aperture has a length less than or equal to D in the first direction along the direction of the thickness of the camera and a length larger than D along a third direction perpendicular to the first direction. In some such embodiments the second and third directions are at an angle of 90 degrees with respect to each other. In some such embodiments the camera 1320 further includes a third optical chain, e.g., OC 1333, that uses the lens 1386 whose non-circular aperture has a length less than or equal to D in a first direction along the direction of the thickness of the camera and a length larger than D along a fourth direction perpendicular to the first direction, the first, second and third directions being different. In some such embodiments the second and third directions are at an angle of 90 degrees with respect to each other and the second and fourth direction are at an angle between 30 degrees and 60 degrees (e.g., 45 degrees) with respect to each other. In some embodiments the first light redirection device is a mirror. In some embodiments the first light redirection device is a prism. In some embodiments the first light redirection device is a 45 degree angled plane mirror which redirects light by 90 degrees.

The function of the various elements of an OC such as the outer and inner lenses, mirror, filters and sensors, has been discussed earlier, for example in the discussion of FIGS. 4A and 13A. Since the function of the elements of the OCs shown in FIG. 13B is the same or similar and thus the discussion will not be repeated in detail.

Light enters each of the OCs 1324 through 1333 via their respective outer lenses and is redirected by their respective redirection elements so that it reaches the respective sensors at the back of each of the optical chains. In many cases the outer lens through which the light enters the OC is referred to as the entrance pupil via which the light enters. For example, light entering through outer lens 1334 of the optical chain 1324 (e.g., from the front of the camera 1320 as indicated by the first optical axis 1331) is redirected by mirror 1335 so that it passes through the first inner lens 1336, the filter 1338 and the second inner lens 1340 as it travels towards sensor 1342. More or less number of elements, e.g., lenses, filters etc., may be included in each of the OCs in some embodiments. Different optical chains may use different lenses while still using a sensor of the same shape and/or resolution as the other optical chains in the camera device.

FIG. 14 shows a camera device 1400 which is similar to the camera device 600 but which uses lenses with non-round apertures for large focal length optical chains. In various embodiments the lenses with non-round apertures are included as part of various optical chains in a camera housing 1402. The use of lenses with non-round, e.g., oval, apertures is visible in lens area 1404. While the non-round lenses have the same maximum length in one dimension as the round lenses used in FIG. 6 they are smaller in the other direction, e.g., the direction perpendicular to the direction of maximum aperture extent. Different orientations of the lenses with the non-round apertures is intentionally used to allow for the capture of high frequency information in addition to low frequency information in a variety of directions. The camera 1400 is similar to the camera 1320 illustrated in FIG. 13B, however in FIG. 13B a particular arrangement of the optical chains/camera modules with non-round apertures is illustrated while in FIG. 14 the camera 1400 includes optical chains some of which use lenses with round apertures and some other use lenses with non-round apertures as can be seen. The plurality of various optical chains illustrated in FIG. 13B and discussed above can be used in the camera 1400.

While not shown in FIG. 14, it should be appreciated that camera device 1400 may and sometimes does include the same or similar elements as camera device 100 and camera device 200 of FIGS. 1 and 4A. Thus it should be appreciated that camera device 1400 includes various elements such as the processor 110/211, memory 108/213, zoom controller 140/214, exposure and read out controller 150, accelerometer, gyro, autofocus controller 152 etc., and various other elements discussed above with regard to camera devices 100 and 200.

FIG. 15 is a simplified frontal view 1500 of the camera 1400 with the lens area 1404 clearly shown. As can be seen more clearly in FIG. 15, the lens area 1404 of the camera shows outer lens apertures some of which are round while various others are non-round. As discussed above, such a combination allows for capturing of high frequency information in addition to low frequency information in a various directions.

FIG. 16 is a side view 1600 of the camera device 1400. In the side view 1600 of the camera 1400 the front surface 1602 and rear surface 1604 of the camera 1400 is also shown. Note that while the camera height H is the same as in the FIG. 10 example which corresponds to the camera device 600, the camera device 1400 is implemented with a depth D2 which is less than D1 and which, in some embodiments, is less than the length of the oval apertures in the direction of maximum extent. In the FIG. 14 embodiment by using lenses with oval apertures for the camera modules having the largest focal length, the camera depth is not constrained by the maximum dimension of the largest aperture dimension and can be less than the maximum length the of the aperture.

While large or the largest aperture lenses included in a camera such as the camera 1400 may affect the minimum thickness of a camera due to the physical size of the large lenses or light redirection devices associated therewith, it is often possible to support smaller apertures using round lenses while using the non-round lenses for the larger apertures. This is because the light redirection devices corresponding to the smaller round lenses may not be as large and deep as mirrors which would otherwise be required to redirect light of larger round apertures within the body of the camera by 90 degrees. In some embodiments a combination of large lenses with non-round apertures and smaller lenses with round apertures is used. This approach is used in some embodiments including the one shown in FIG. 17.

FIG. 17A shows an arrangement 1700 of optical chains, e.g., camera modules which may be used to implement the camera device 1400. The optical chains (OCs) of the type shown in FIGS. 5 and 13A may be used in the FIG. 17 embodiment but the implementation is not limited to the use of such optical chains. Note that lenses with round apertures are used for the optical chains 1704, 1708, 1714, 1718, 1724 having medium focal lengths and optical chains 1726, 1728, 1730, 1732 and 1734 having small focal lengths. Lenses having non-round apertures are used for the optical chains 1702, 1706, 1710, 1712, 1716, 1720, 1722, having large focal lengths. The particular arrangement and angle of the non-round apertures can be beneficial as will be apparent from the discussion of FIGS. 18 to 23. Each of the optical chains 1704, 1708, 1714, 1718, and 1724 use lenses with round apertures and include elements which are the same or similar to the elements discussed in detail with regard to FIG. 5. Similarly, each of the optical chains 1702, 1706, 1710, 1712, 1716, 1720, 1722 use lenses with non-round apertures and include elements which are the same or similar to the elements discussed in detail with regard to FIG. 13A.

In one embodiment, an optical chain (OC) such as OC 1722, is a first optical chain having a first focal length and a first non-circular lens, and another optical chain, e.g., OC 1706, is a second optical chain having a second focal length and a second non-circular lens. In some embodiments the first and second focal lengths are the same. In some other embodiments the first and second focal lengths are different. In some embodiments the first non-circular lens extends in the first direction by an amount which is greater than a depth of the camera 1400, e.g., depth D2 shown in FIG. 16. In some embodiments the first optical chain includes a first sensor, and the second optical chain includes a second sensor, e.g., such as sensor 1302 of FIG. 13A. In some embodiments the camera 1400 further includes a processor, e.g., such as processor 110 or 211, coupled to the first and second sensors for combining images captured by the first and second sensors to generate a composite image. In some embodiments the first optical chain includes a first light redirection element and the second optical chain includes a second light redirection element, e.g., such as the light redirection element 1310 of FIG. 13A. In some such embodiments the first light redirection element extends in at least one direction by an amount which is greater than the depth of the camera, and the second light redirection element extends in at least one direction by an amount which is greater than the depth of the camera. In some embodiments the first and second light redirection elements are plane mirrors. In some embodiments the first and second light redirection elements are prisms. In some embodiments the first and second focal lengths are equal to or greater than 70 mm and the third focal length is less than 70 mm. In some embodiments the first and second sensors have the same number of pixels, and the third optical chain includes a third sensor having the same number of pixels as the first and second sensors.

In some embodiments an optical chain using round aperture lens, e.g., OC 1704 or 1728, is a third optical chain having a third focal length and including a round lens, the third focal length being less than the first or second focal lengths. In some embodiments the first non-circular lens, corresponding to the first optical chain 1722, is longer in a first direction than in a second direction which is perpendicular to the first direction, and the second non-circular lens, corresponding to the second optical chain 1706, is longer in a third direction than in a fourth direction, the fourth direction being perpendicular to the third direction. In some embodiments the first and third directions are different. In some embodiments the first direction extends in a first plane and the third direction is in the same plane as the first plane. In some embodiments the plane corresponds to a front of the camera 1400.

In some embodiments another camera module, e.g., 1710, is a fourth optical chain having a fourth focal length and a third non-circular lens, the fourth focal length being larger than the third focal length. In some such embodiments the third non-circular lens is longer in a fifth direction than in a sixth direction, the sixth direction being perpendicular to the fifth direction. In some such embodiments the first, third, and fifth directions are different by at least 20 degrees.

FIG. 17B illustrates a perspective view 1750 of the camera device 1400, with the arrangement of various optical chains and elements of the optical chains in the camera device shown in greater detail.

FIG. 17B illustrates a perspective view 1750 of the camera device 1400 showing the arrangement of various optical chains in the camera device and the elements of the optical chains in the camera device in greater detail. Thus FIG. 17B presents a more detailed illustration of the plurality of optical chains (OCs) 1702, 1704, 1706, 1708, 1710, 1712, 1714, 1716, 1718, 1720, 1722, 1724, 1726, 1728, 1730, 1732 and 1734 having various corresponding focal lengths as discussed with regard to FIG. 17A in detail.

As illustrated in FIG. 17B, the camera 1400 has a depth D2 which represents the thickness of the camera 1400 from the front surface (indicated by arrow 1723) of the camera to the back/rear surface of the camera (indicated by arrow 1727). While not shown in the FIG. 17B in some embodiments the camera device 1400 includes the same or similar elements as the camera device of FIGS. 1 and/or 4A.

In some embodiments the elements included in the optical chains 1702, 1706, 1710, 1712, 1716, 1720, 1722, are similar to those discussed above with regard to FIG. 13B. The optical chains 1704, 1708, 1714, 1718, 1724 and the elements included in these optical chains are similar to those discussed with regard to OCs 1204, 1208, 1214, 1218, 1224 discussed above with regard to FIG. 12B while the optical chains 1726, 1728, 1730, 1732 and 1734 and the elements included therein are similar to those discussed with regard to OCs 1226, 1228, 1230, 1232 and 1234 and the OCs discussed with regard to FIG. 3. In the illustrated embodiment of FIG. 17B some of the OCs use a non-circular outer lens while other OCs use round outer lenses.

The OC 1702 includes a non circular outer lens 1703, a light redirection device 1705, e.g., mirror, positioned behind the lens 1703, a first inner lens 1707 (non circular), a filter 1713, a second inner lens 1715, and a sensor 1717. In some embodiments the OCs 1702, 1706, 1710, 1717, 1716, 1720, 1722 have the same focal length (largest focal length compared to other OCs in FIG. 17) and use similar elements such as the mirror, filter, sensor etc. Accordingly, the elements corresponding to OCs 1706, 1710, 1717, 1716, 1720, 1722 have been identified using the same reference numerals used for identifying similar elements in the OC 1702 but with the reference numbers in these OCs followed by a prime (′), double prime (″), triple prime (′″) etc. For example, OC 1706 includes a non circular outer lens 1703′, a light redirection device 1705′, e.g., mirror, positioned behind the lens 1703′, a first non circular inner lens 1707′, a filter 1713′, a second inner lens 1715′, and a sensor 1717′. The OC 1710 includes a non circular outer lens 1703″, a light redirection device 1705″, a first non circular inner lens 1707″, a filter 1713″, a second inner lens 1715″, and a sensor 1717″. The OC 1712 includes a non circular outer lens 1703′″, a light redirection device 1705′″, a first non circular inner lens 1707′″, a filter 1713′″, a second inner lens 1715′″, and a sensor 1717′″. The OC 1716 includes a non circular outer lens 1703″″, a light redirection device 1705″″, a first non circular inner lens 1707″″, a filter 1713″″, a second inner lens 1715″″, and a sensor 1717″″. The OC 1720 includes a non circular outer lens 1703′″″, a light redirection device 1705′″″, a first non circular inner lens 1707′″″, a filter 1713″″, a second inner lens 1715′″″, and a sensor 1717′″″. The OC 1722 includes a non circular outer lens 1703″″″, a light redirection device 1705″″″, a first non circular inner lens 1707″″″, a filter 1713″″″, a second inner lens 1715″″″, and a sensor 1717″″″.

In some embodiments the optical chains 1704, 1708, 1714, 1718, 1724 have the same focal lengths (intermediate). The OC 1704 includes an outer lens 1733, a light redirection device 1735, e.g., mirror, positioned behind the lens 1733, a first inner lens 1737, a filter 1743, a second inner lens 1745, and a sensor 1747. The elements corresponding to OCs 1708, 1714, 1718, 1724 which have the same focal length as OC 1704 have been identified using the same reference numerals used for identifying similar elements in the OC 1704 but with the reference numbers in these OCs followed by a prime (′), double prime (″), etc. As shown, optical chain 1708 includes an outer lens 1733′, a light redirection device 1735′, e.g., mirror, positioned behind the lens 1733′, a first inner lens 1737′, a filter 1743′, a second inner lens 1745′, and a sensor 1747′. OC 1714 includes an outer lens 1733″, a light redirection device 1735″, a first inner lens 1737″, a filter 1743″, a second inner lens 1745″, and a sensor 1747″. OC 1718 includes an outer lens 1733′″, a light redirection device 1735′″, a first inner lens 1737′″, a filter 1743′″, a second inner lens 1745′″, and a sensor 1747′″ and the OC 1724 includes an outer lens 1733″″, a light redirection device 1735″″, a first inner lens 1737″″, a filter 1743″″, a second inner lens 1745″″, and a sensor 1747″″.

As discussed earlier, an optical chain such as the OC 1702 (or OCs 1706, 1710, 1712, 1716, 1720, 1722, 1704, 1708, 1714, 1718, 1724), that has a light redirection element, such as the element 1705, can be divided, for purposes of discussion, into two parts. The optical axis of the optical chain 1702 as seen from outside of the front of the camera is the optical axis of a first part 1701 (entering the OC from the front 1723 of the camera 1400 via the outer lens 1703). Light traveling into the optical chain 1702 along the optical axis is redirected by the redirection element 1705 and traverses a second part 1709 of the first optical chain and reaches the sensor 1717. Similarly, the optical axis of the optical chain 1704 includes a first part 1711 and a second part 1719 after light redirection by the redirection element 1735, the optical axis of the optical chain 1706 includes a first part 1721 and a second part 1729, the optical axis of the optical chain 1708 includes a first part 1731 and a second part 1739, the optical axis of the optical chain 1710 includes a first part 1741 and a second part 1749, the optical axis of the optical chain 1717 includes a first part 1751 and a second part 1759, the optical axis of the optical chain 1714 includes a first part 1761 and a second part 1769, the optical axis of the optical chain 1716 includes a first part 1771 and a second part 1779, the optical axis of the optical chain 1718 includes a first part 1778 and a second part 1788, the optical axis of the optical chain 1720 includes a first part 1781 and a second part 1789, the optical axis of the optical chain 1722 includes a first part 1791 and a second part 1799, and the optical axis of the optical chain 1724 includes a first part 1792 and a second part 1798.

The other optical chains OCs 1726, 1728, 1730, 1732 and 1734 (smallest focal length OCs) while each having an outermost lens 1752, 1753, 1754, 1755, and 1756 respectively through which light enters, the OCs 1726, 1728, 1730, 1732 and 1734 do not have light redirection elements in the FIG. 17B example. While not shown in FIG. 17B, the OCs 1726, 1728, 1730, 1732 and 1734 each has an optical axis which is perpendicular to the front face 1723 of the camera 1400.

The function of the various elements of an OC such as the outer and inner lenses, mirror, filters and sensors, has been discussed earlier, for example with regard to FIGS. 4B and 5. Since the function of the elements of the OCs shown in FIG. 17B is the same or similar to that discussed with regard to FIGS. 4A-4B and 5, the discussion will not be repeated.

Light enters each of the OCs 1702, 1706, 1710, 1717, 1716, 1720, 1722, 1704, 1708, 1714, 1718, 1724 via their respective outer lenses and is redirected by their respective redirection elements so that it reaches the respective sensors at the back of each of the optical chains. In many cases the outer lens through which the light enters the OC is referred to as the entrance pupil via which the light enters. For example, light entering through outer lens 1703 of the optical chain 1702 (e.g., from the front 1723 of the camera 1400 as indicated by the first optical axis 1701) is redirected by mirror 1705 so that it passes through the first inner lens 1707, the filter 1713 and the second inner lens 1715 as it travels towards sensor 1717. More or less number of elements, e.g., lenses, filters etc., may be included in each of the OCs in some embodiments. Different optical chains may use different lenses while still using a sensor of the same shape and/or resolution as the other optical chains in the camera device 1400. It should be appreciated that the use of optical chains with non-circular lenses arranged in the manner illustrated in FIG. 17B provides several advantages and allows implementation of a thin camera with optical chains have various different focal lengths.

It should be appreciated that the light redirection elements, e.g., such as a hinged mirror, positioned behind the lens of an OC can be moved and/or rotated which results in changing of the optical axis of the OC seen from outside the outer lens of the corresponding OC. That is the optical axis of an optical chain as seen from outside the camera (discussed above as the optical axis of a first part such as optical axes 1701, 1711, 1731 etc.) can be changed by controlling the light redirection elements of the corresponding OC. Thus it should be appreciated that while in FIG. 17B example the optical axes 1701, 1711, 1721, 1731, . . . 1798, 1799 appear to be parallel, in some embodiments by controlling the light redirection element such as the mirror placed behind the outer lens in the corresponding optical chains, the optical axes can be changed such that the optical axes of one or more OCs are not parallel to each other. The ability to change the optical axis of the optical chain by controlling the movement of a mirror, provides the same effect as if the camera is being pointed in a given direction, e.g., to take pictures in that direction, and thus provides the ability to capture images from different perspectives without actually moving the camera device.

FIG. 18 shows a round aperture 1800 corresponding to an exemplary lens with a round opening such as the lenses which may and sometimes are used in the FIGS. 12A and 12B embodiment.

FIG. 19 shows the possible frequency characteristics which are expected from a well designed (diffraction limited) lens with a round aperture 1800 of the type shown in FIG. 18 with the frequency information being uniform in both vertical and horizontal directions (actually any direction). The uniform frequency characteristics in the vertical and horizontal dimension will allow for the same or similar frequency characteristics and thus resolutions in both the vertical and horizontal dimensions. While the number of pixels or pixel elements of a sensor can affect resolution, the number of picture elements of a sensor or image should not be confused with resolution which relates to the ability of a viewer to distinguish between different features of an image. Resolution quantifies how close lines can be to each other and still be visibly resolved. Resolution units can be tied to physical sizes such as lines per mm, lines per inch and/or to the overall size of an image such, e.g., lines per picture height.

Given the generally uniform frequency response of a lens with a round aperture, a view of an image captured using a round lens should be able to identify vertical and horizontal lines equally well.

FIG. 20 shows how, in the case of a round aperture 1800, the length of the opening through which light passes is the same in both dimensions of the plane in which the lens opening exists. As shown, the length of the opening in the vertical direction L₁ equals the length of the opening in the horizontal direction L₂. As should be appreciated this is not the case where a lens has a non-round aperture, e.g., an oval, oblong or other non-round shaped aperture through which light passes.

FIG. 21 shows an exemplary non-round, e.g., oval, aperture 2100, with the shading being used to show the relative amount of frequency information in each of the horizontal and vertical directions which will be captured. being clear from the figure that more frequency information is available in the vertical direction than in the horizontal direction thereby resulting in higher frequency information being captured and available in the longer dimension, e.g., dimension of maximum extent, of the aperture than in the narrower dimension.

In general, the performance of even the best designed lenses is limited by their aperture size because of the diffraction limit. The larger the aperture, the better a well-designed lens should be able to perform in terms of capturing detail. In other words, the larger the aperture the greater is the resolution that is possible. The captured resolution can be expressed in the frequency domain as in FIG. 19. A larger radius of the circle in FIG. 19 indicates more captured high frequency information in all spatial directions of the image, e.g., horizontal, vertical or slanted. It is important to note that even when a camera module is not diffraction limited and the above may not apply, it is sometimes still desirable to use a larger aperture because a larger aperture area captures more light in a given period of time making the images less grainy or noisy when the exposure time is limited as is often the case when a subject which is to have its image captured is in motion.

If the aperture is not round but oval, for a well-designed diffraction limited lens there is correspondingly more detail captured along the direction of the longer oval dimension than the direction of the shorter oval dimension.

FIG. 22 shows a comparison of the lengths of the non-round aperture 2100 in the vertical (Y) and horizontal (X) directions, with the vertical dimension being the longer of the two dimensions in the FIG. 22 example. As shown, the length of the opening through which light passes in the vertical direction L_Y is greater than the length of the opening in the horizontal direction L_X.

FIG. 23 is a diagram 2300 showing how, by combining image information from multiple non-round lenses with oval apertures 2100, 2100′, 2100″, 2100′″ oriented in different directions, image information approximating the information expected to be obtained from a lens (with radius equal to the bigger oval dimension) with a round aperture 1800 can be achieved with more information being available towards the center of the combined image than at various edge locations due to the overlapping of multiple individual images which are combined in the FIG. 23 example to generate a composite image. The capture of high frequency information through the use of multiple non-round lenses at different angles to each other and combining the images helps make up for the lack of high frequency information captured by an individual non-round lens. It should be appreciated that while the resolution that can be achieved by combining images captured with lenses having apertures as shown in FIG. 23 can approximate that of an image captured using a round lens, the composite image may have a larger dynamic range in terms of luminance information in the regions of image overlap than would be obtained using a single round lens to capture the same image. This is because the different lenses each capture light in the center region. It should be appreciated that a composite image generated by combining images captured using lens having apertures as shown in FIG. 23, in accordance with one embodiment of the invention, will result in a high quality center image portion and lower quality towards the edges of the composite image. This image quality fall off is similar to what might be expected if a single high quality lens were used with the image quality normally being better towards the center of the lens than towards the edges of the lens.

Accordingly, it should be appreciated that a composite image generated by combining images captured using lenses with apertures as shown in FIG. 23 can result in a composite image of similar or better quality in at least some respects than might be obtained by capturing an image using a single round lens with a similar maximum aperture dimension in a direction of maximum extent of the aperture.

FIG. 24 shows how a lens with a round aperture 1800 can be cut or masked to produce a lens having a non-round aperture, e.g., approximating that of an oval or oblong shape. Such an embodiment allows for the capture of the most or a significant amount of light for a given max aperture.

FIG. 25 shows the aperture 2500 resulting from cutting or masking a round lens, e.g., a lens with a round aperture 1800, to produce a lens having an aperture as shown in FIG. 24, e.g., an oblong aperture approximating an oval aperture.

Lenses of the type shown in FIG. 25 are used as the non-round lenses of camera devices in some embodiments. Thus, while shown as oval lenses in some embodiments of the camera device of FIG. 14, lenses with non-oval apertures of the type shown in FIG. 25 are used.

FIG. 26 is a diagram of a camera 2600 that includes a housing 2610 having a front side 2614, top 2612, bottom 2616 and rear or back 2618. A round lens corresponding to round aperture 2606 is mounted in the front 2614 of the housing 2610. FIG. 26 shows how using a light redirection device 2604, e.g., mirror, to redirect light 90 degrees in combination with an outer lens having a round aperture 2606 normally requires a camera depth, e.g., thickness, equal to or greater than the diameter of the lens and corresponding aperture 2606 which is part of the lens. In some embodiments of the invention the lens is simply a round flat piece of plastic or glass. The round aperture 2606 is shown in FIG. 26 on the front of the camera device 2600 through the use of dashed lines. Light passing through the round aperture 2606 will be reflected at 90 degrees by the mirror 2604 up towards the sensor 2602 mounted at the top of the camera 2600. Note the front to rear distance RD of the light redirection device mounted in the camera and the height RH of the light redirection device in the FIG. 26 example are equal with both being greater than or equal to the diameter Lx of the round aperture 2606. As a result, the depth of the camera 2600 is equal to or greater than the diameter of the round aperture 2606.

FIG. 27 is a diagram of a camera 2700 that includes a housing 2710 having a front side 2714, top 2712, bottom 2716 and rear or back 2718. A non-round lens corresponding to non-round, e.g., oval, aperture 2706 is mounted in the front 2714 of the housing 2710. FIG. 27 shows how using a light redirection device 2704, e.g., mirror, to redirect light 90 degrees in combination with an outer lens having a non-round, e.g., oval, aperture 2706 can allow for use of lenses which are longer in one dimension than the camera is deep. Note that the sensor 2702 is mounted on the top 2712 of the camera 2700 (parallel to the top portion of the camera housing) in the same position as the sensor 2602 in the FIG. 26 embodiment but that the mirror 2704 can now be implemented using a mirror with a flat rectangular surface which is less deep than the mirror 2604 used in the FIG. 26 embodiment. It is also worth pointing out that while a rectangular mirror is used for simplicity, an oval mirror can also be used and can also act as the aperture stop in some embodiments. It should be appreciated that use of non-round, e.g., oval, aperture in some embodiments allows for thinner camera, e.g., camera with less thickness than a camera with round aperture with diameter equal to the maximum dimension of the oval aperture.

FIG. 28 is a diagram of a camera 2800 that includes a housing 2810 having a front side 2814, top 2812, bottom 2816 and rear or back 2818. A non-round lens corresponding to non-round, e.g., oval, aperture 2806 is mounted in the front 2814 of the housing 2810. FIG. 28 shows how in the camera 2800 the length of the light path of an optical chain including a non-round aperture 2806 can be longer than the depth of the camera 2800 with the light redirection device 2804 being capable of being positioned at one end, e.g., the bottom end 2816, of the camera device 2800. It should be appreciated that the positioning of the light redirection device 2804 and the sensor 2802 near the opposite ends of the camera 2800 allows for ample space for additional oval aperture lenses and light redirection devices.

FIG. 29 shows an example of a camera 2900 in which multiple light redirection devices 2904, 2901 are used in an optical chain, e.g., camera module, to allow for a relatively long light travel path and thus focal length while allowing a sensor 2902 to be positioned on either the back 2918 or front 2914 of the camera depending on which way the light is redirected as it passes through a camera module which includes a lens mounted in the front of the camera corresponding to aperture 2906, first light redirection device 2904, second light redirection device 2901 and sensor 2902. Note that in the FIG. 29 outer lens of the camera module is positioned near the bottom 2916 of the camera 2900 as is the first light redirection device 2904 while the second light redirection device 2901 is positioned near the top 2912 of the camera 2900. While the sensor 2902 is shown mounted on the inside back 2918 of the camera 2900 in other embodiments, e.g., where the second light redirection device 2901 directs light towards the front of the camera, the sensor 2902 is mounted on the inside front of the camera housing 2910.

FIG. 30 is an illustration of a camera device 3000 that includes 4 optical chains with non-circular outer lenses and apertures. For purposes of simplicity as with FIGS. 27-29 in the FIG. 30 embodiment a single reference number is used to represent both the non-circular lens and its corresponding non-circular aperture. The light enters the outer non-circular apertures of the lenses via the front of the camera and is redirected to corresponding sensors via one or more light redirection devices position under the outer lenses (e.g., lenses 3001, 3011, 3021 and 3031) as indicated in the figure by “X”.

The camera device 3000 includes a first optical chain including non-circular lens 3001 which has an oval aperture, a light redirection element 3003, a light path 3005 and a sensor 3007. Light enters the first optical chain and traverses a first portion of the first light path 3005 before impinging on the mirror 3003 and being redirected 90 degrees or approximately 90 degrees towards the sensor 3007.

The camera device 3000 further includes a second optical chain including a second non-circular lens 3011 which has an oval aperture, a second light redirection element 3013, a second light path 3015 and a second sensor 3017. Light enters the second optical chain and traverses a first portion of the second light path 3015 before impinging on the mirror 3013 and being redirected 90 degrees or approximately 90 degrees towards the second sensor 3017.

The camera device 3000 further includes a third optical chain including a third non-circular lens 3021 which has an oval aperture, a third light redirection element 3023, a third light path 3025 and a third sensor 3027. Light enters the third optical chain and traverses a first portion of the third light path 3025 before impinging on the mirror 3023 and being redirected 90 degrees or approximately 90 degrees towards the third sensor 3027.

The camera device 3000 further includes a fourth optical chain including a fourth non-circular lens 3031 which has an oval aperture, a fourth light redirection element 3033, a fourth light path 3035 and a fourth sensor 3037. Light enters the fourth optical chain and traverses a first portion of the fourth light path 3035 before impinging on the fourth mirror 3033 and being redirected 90 degrees or approximately 90 degrees towards the fourth sensor 3027.

Note that while the four lenses and corresponding apertures 3001, 3011, 3021, 3031 are located on the front face of the camera 3000, they are intentionally positioned so that the longest extent of each aperture is at a different angle relative to the bottom of the camera housing which during use will normally coincide with the horizontal direction.

FIG. 30 shows how multiple lenses 3001, 3011, 3021, 3031 with non-circular apertures can be used in a single exemplary camera device 3000 to collect high frequency information in multiple directions so that high frequency information, and thus high resolution, is available in each of a plurality of directions when combining images to generate a composite image. While the camera modules shown in FIG. 30 are shown utilizing a large portion of the space within the camera device for their individual light paths with the light paths crossing, it should be appreciated that the optical chains can, and in some embodiments are, implemented as individual self contained modules which have light paths which do not cross.

Such sealed self contained light modules can be particularly desirable in some embodiments where dust and/or other concerns over contamination may be an issue such as in camera embodiments intended for outdoor and/or beach use where dust and/or sand are of a concern.

FIG. 31 shows an exemplary scene 3102 including a scene area 3104 which may have all or portions of its image captured by camera modules of a camera implemented in accordance with one or more embodiments of the invention. The exemplary scene 3102 includes a view of mountains 3112, birds 3113, a person 3106 and a house 3108. While the scene 3102 covers a very large area the scene area of interest 3104 includes the person 3106 and house 3108. It should be pointed out that while reference is made to a ‘scene’ or ‘scene area’ such references are not to be interpreted as the physical scene which is 3 dimensional, but it should be interpreted as the 2 dimensional projection or representation of the physical scene obtained by capturing an image of the scene using an ideal camera. Any reference to the area of a scene is to be interpreted as the area in such a 2 dimensional projection. In such a projection even a small object that is sufficiently close to the camera can appear to have a large area given its proximity to the camera while a distant object will appear smaller than an equally sized object closer to the camera.

FIG. 32 is a drawing 3200 showing how different optical chains, e.g., camera modules, of a camera, such as the camera device 600 of FIG. 6 or the camera device 1400 of FIG. 14, in which each camera device includes multiple optical chains (as shown in FIGS. 12A and 17A), some of which have different focal lengths, can capture different size portions of a scene area of interest 3202 (which may correspond to scene area of interest 3104 shown in FIG. 31).

For purposes of discussion, the capture and combining of images corresponding to different scene areas will be explained using the camera device 600 by referring to FIG. 12A which shows the arrangement of optical chains in camera 600.

Consider for purposes of discussion that the camera device 600 includes the 17 modules arranged as shown in FIG. 12A. As previously discussed in the FIG. 12A example, three different focal lengths, f1, f2 and f3 are used where f1<f2<f3; f1 is ½ f2; and f2 is ½ f3.

For purposes of discussion the first through seventh camera modules 1202, 1206, 1210, 1212, 12161220, 1222, respectively, are the modules with the largest lenses (and thus largest apertures in various embodiments) and largest supported focal lengths (f3). For simplicity in the discussion below, it is further assumed that the distances between the various camera modules is much smaller than the distance between the camera and all the objects in the scene. This is however not a limitation of the described invention but meant only to make the explanation easier to follow.

The five medium sized camera modules which are the eighth through 12th camera modules correspond to reference numbers 1204, 1208, 1214, 1218, 1224, respectively and have medium diameter lenses and medium supported focal lengths (f2).

The five camera modules which are the 13th through 17th camera modules correspond to reference numbers 1226, 1228, 1230, 1230 and 1234 and have the smallest diameter outer lenses and smallest focal length (f1).

It should be appreciated that the camera modules with the largest focal length f3 will capture the smallest portion of a scene area of interest given that they provide the greatest magnification. Assuming that camera modules of the different focal lengths use sensors with the same total pixel count, the modules with the larger focal length (f3) will provide an image with a higher pixel to scene area ratio since more pixels will be used to capture an image of a smaller scene area than will be the case with the medium (f2) and small focal length (f1) camera modules.

It should be appreciated that given the difference in magnification between the modules with different focal lengths (f1, f2, f3) the scene area captured by the small focal length (f1) camera modules will correspond to portion of the scene area of interest which is approximately 16 times the size of the portion the scene area of interest which is captured by the camera modules with the largest (f3) focal length. The portion of the scene area of interest captured by camera modules with the intermediate focal length (f2) will be 4 times the size of the portion of the scene area of interest captured by the camera modules with the largest focal length (f3) and ¼ the size of the portion of the scene area of interest captured by the camera modules with the smallest focal length (f1).

The relationship between the scene areas captured by camera modules corresponding to the f1 and f2 focal lengths can be appreciated in the context of the FIG. 32 example which shows 7 distinct scene areas.

In the FIG. 32 example scene area of interest is identified by reference 3202. diagonals 3250 and 3260 are shown so that the relationship between the different areas and how they correspond to each other can be better appreciated. The first scene area 3204 and fourth scene area 3210 are of similar size or are of the same size and correspond to the full scene area of interest 3202 which corresponds to the exemplary scene area of interest 3102 shown in FIG. 31. For purposes of explanation consider that the first and fourth scene areas are captured by optical chains having the focal length f1, i.e., by smaller focal length optical chains. Assume for discussion purposes that (f1) camera module 1228 is used to capture the first scene area 3204 and that (f1) camera module 1232 is used to capture the fourth scene area 3210. Note that the actual image captured by 1228 and 1232 may be of a slightly larger scene area to ensure that the scene area of interest is captured.

We will also assume that f2 camera module 1204 is used to capture the second scene area, that (f2) camera module 1208 is used to capture the third scene area, that (f2) camera module 1218 is used to capture the fifth scene area, that (f2) camera module 1214 is used to capture the sixth scene area 3214 and that (f2) camera module 1224 is used to capture the seventh scene area 3216. Again as with the capture of the other scene areas, the actual images captured by the modules 1204, 1208, 1218, 1214 and 1224 may be of slightly larger scene areas to ensure that the respective second 3206, third 3208, fifth 3212, sixth 3214 and seventh 3216 scene areas are fully contained in the captured images.

Note that the relative position of the outer lenses of the camera modules shown in drawing 1200 are known and fixed. However, in some embodiments the modules 1204, 1208, 1218, 1214 and 1224 are the same or similar in there elements and function to the module 500 in FIG. 5 which includes a mirror 510 that can be driven, e.g., moved or rotated by the hinge (mirror) drive 516 to change the angle of the mirror 510. While the mirror drive 516 can rotate the mirror around the hinge axis and thus change its angle, the hinge 508 prevents motion in other directions and thus the optical axis (outside the camera) rotates in a plane perpendicular to the axis of the hinge. When the mirror 510 is at a 45 degree angle, the light entering the lens 512 along it's optical axis is deflected 90 degrees into the optical axis of Part B of the module 500. While we describe here a mirror 510 that is hinged and can rotate along an axis, in some other embodiments the place of the mirror is moved to a different plane such that this motion is not constrained to be rotation along any fixed axis. In this case the optical axis of the camera module can be made to point in any desired direction (towards any point in the scene of interest).

While some modules use mirror that are movable and hinged, in other embodiments one or more of the camera modules are implemented with fixed position mirrors allowing the moveable hinge 508 and mirror drive 516 to be omitted. For example, in one embodiment the camera modules used to capture the full scene area of interest have fixed mirrors while the camera modules used to capture small portions of the scene area of interest each include a movably hinged mirror. While combinations of camera modules with some having fixed mirrors and others having movable mirrors can be used, in at least one embodiment each of the multiple camera modules included in an exemplary camera device have movable mirrors.

The mirror/hinge drive 516 is controlled by the processor 110 depending on the particular mode of camera operation. Thus, when a user selects a first mode of operation one or more camera modules may have their mirrors at a first angle while during another mode of operation, e.g., a module in which images are to captured and combined as shown in FIG. 34, one or more camera modules will have their mirror driven to a different position under control of the processor 110. The particular mode of camera device operation may be determined based on user input by the processor 110 operating under control of the mode control module 111 or directly by the mode control module 111 when the mode control module is implemented in hardware.

If mirrors in each of 1204, 1208, 1218, 1214 and 1224 are at 45 degrees, each module looks directly out of the front face of the camera and their optical axes are all parallel. In this case each of the modules will take an image of essentially the same scene area, the Seventh Scene Area of FIG. 32. To capture an image of the Second Scene Area with module 1204, the hinged mirror 510 of module 1204 needs to be adjusted so that the optical axis of camera module 1204 points towards the center of the second scene area 3206. Note that the module 1204 is positioned in the camera 1200 in such a manner that as the mirror rotates around the hinge, the location in the scene area of interest 3202 that the optical axis points to moves along the diagonal 3250 of 3202. Similarly, the mirror for camera module 1214 needs to be adjusted to capture the Sixth Scene Area. Note that in FIG. 12, camera modules 1204, 1214 are arranged proximate, e.g., along or adjacent, the diagonal 3250 while camera modules 1208, 1218 are located proximate, e.g., along or adjacent, the diagonal 3260. Rotating the mirror in 1214, e.g., changing the angle and thus incline of the mirror, makes the module's optical axis move along the diagonal 3250. Mirrors of modules 1208 and 1218 are similarly angled, e.g., rotated, to capture images of the Third (3208) and Fifth (3212) Scene Areas respectively. In the case of modules 1208, 1218 the optical axes move along diagonal 3260 of the scene area of interest. The module 1224 used to capture the seventh image area 3216 points at the center of the scene area of interest 3202 so it's mirror is maintained at 45 degrees.

It should be appreciated from the above discussion that it is particularly beneficial to have at least some camera modules arranged along diagonals 3250 and 3260. These modules have the Part B of their optical axis parallel to one of these two diagonals. Thus, the arrangement of modules 1210, 1220, 2202, 1212 with the largest apertures along diagonals and also the arrangement of medium aperture modules 1204, 1214, 1208, 1208 along the same diagonals but offset from the other modules for space reasons, is an intentional design choice because it facilitates image capture and combining in some embodiments and modes of operation.

Based on the overlapping scene areas, e.g., 3210 and 3204 a depth map is generated, e.g., by the processor included in the camera. In some embodiments the depth of an object in the scene can be determined by examining the relative positions of an object in the images captured by different modules. In at least some embodiments the depth map is used, e.g., in combination with information about the relative position of the outer lenses of the different optical chains and/or optical axis of the optical chains in combining images captured by the different optical chains to form a composite image. The use of the depth information in the generation of the composite image allows for the correction of parallax, perspective and/or other image distortions that may occur or which are present in the images.

In the FIG. 32 example, 7 distinct scene areas are shown for purposes of explaining the invention. Each of the 7 scene areas may be, and in some embodiments is, captured by a different optical chain of the camera device 600 shown in drawing 1200 prior to being combined. The camera modules, as will be discussed below, can capture images at the same time, e.g., in parallel. However, in some embodiments as will be discussed below where rolling shutters are used the camera modules are controlled to capture portions of the scene area of interest in a synchronized manner so that all the different camera modules which capture a given portion of a scene area of interest will capture the given portion at the same time.

It should be appreciated that by combing seven images corresponding to the seven different scene area portions shown in FIG. 32 to generate a composite image, it is possible to generate a composite image with four times the pixel count of a single image sensor. For example, if each of the image portions is captured by a camera module using an 8 mega pixel sensor, the composite image corresponding to the scene area of interest shown in FIG. 32 would have an overall pixel count of 32 megapixels since the second, third, fifth and sixth scene area would each be captured by a different 8 megapixel sensor and thus contribute 8 megapixels to the composite image. The actual resolution could be slightly lower if the captured images are slightly larger than the corresponding scene areas.

While the sensors used to capture the first and fourth scene areas are not likely to result in an increase in the overall pixel count of the composite image since they correspond to the same image area as that captured by the combination of sensors used to capture the second, third, fifth and sixth scene areas, they provide for increased light capture than would be possible without the use of the f1 lenses and also provide important information which allows for the generation a depth map and which provide images of the overall scene area which can be used in aligning and stitching together the images corresponding to the second, third, fifth and sixth scene areas as part of the process of generating the composite image.

The (f3) camera module, e.g., 1216, is used to capture the seventh scene area. The center of the seventh scene area coincides with the center of the image area of interest. Since practically most lenses have the least aberrations and best image quality at the center of their field of view, this ensures that the center of the scene area of interest is imaged at high quality by the camera module capturing the seventh scene area. The imaging of the seventh scene area also increases the total amount of light energy captured at the center of the scene area of interest. This allows the composite image generated from the captured images to have its best quality (high resolution and minimum noise) at the center of the scene area of interest.

It should be appreciated that images captured by single lens camera are often better at the center than at the edges due to optical aberrations and vignetting being greater near the edge of the field than at the center. The composite image generated in accordance with some embodiment will show a similar high quality at the center of the image with the possibility of lower quality towards the edges of the composite image. Given that this effect is similar to that of conventional single lens cameras, it should be appreciated that the composite images will be similar to but potentially of higher quality than images captured by a single camera module.

FIG. 33 shows how the different image portions captured in the FIG. 32 example may relate to the exemplary scene area of interest shown in FIG. 31 to give a better understanding of the invention. Each of the image portions of the scene area of interest captured by different modules, as discussed in FIG. 32, are identified in FIG. 33 with the same reference number followed by a prime (′). For example 3202′ shows the full captured scene area of interest that includes the scene of interest, 3206′ is the second scene area and relates to one portion of the scene area of interest, 3208′ is the third scene area and relates to another portion of the scene area of interest, 3210′ is the fourth scene area and includes the full scene area of interest, 3212′ is the fifth scene area and relates to another portion of the scene area of interest, 3214′ is the sixth scene area and relates to another portion of the scene area of interest and 3216′ is the seventh scene area and relates to the center portion of the scene area of interest. How each of the captured image portions relate to the exemplary scene area of interest shown in FIG. 31 can be better appreciated from FIG. 33.

FIG. 34 is a drawing 3400 showing different image portions captured by a camera having optical chains, e.g., camera modules, corresponding to three different focal lengths, e.g., (f1, f2 and f3). As discussed in various sections above, in some embodiments each of the optical chains in a camera includes a corresponding image sensor that captures light when an image portion is captured by the corresponding optical chain. In one embodiment a first optical chain including a first sensor captures a first image of a scene of interest 3404 (shown as a medium size rectangle 3404). A second optical chain including a second sensor captures an image portion 3406 (shown as a small size rectangle 3406) of the scene of interest, a third optical chain including a third sensor captures another image portion 3408 of the scene of interest, a fifth optical chain including a fifth sensor captures another image portion 3410 of the scene of interest, a sixth optical chain including a sixth sensor captures another image portion 3412 of the scene of interest and a seventh optical chain including a seventh sensor captures another image portion 3414 of the scene of interest. Furthermore, a fourth optical chain including a fourth sensor captures an image 3402 that includes the entire scene of interest. In one embodiments the focal length of the second, third, fifth, sixth, and seventh optical chains is the same (f3) and is greater than the focal length (f2) of the first optical chain that captures scene area of interest 3404 and the focal length (f1) the fourth optical chain that captures the scene area 3402. In one such embodiment the focal length of the various optical chains are such that f1<f2<f3.

While one embodiment is discussed above, it should be appreciated that various different variations are possible. In one such different embodiment, the different image portions shown in FIG. 34 are captured by a camera having optical chains corresponding to two different focal lengths, e.g., (f1, f2), where image portions 3406, 3408, 3410, 3412, 3414 are captured by optical chains having a focal length (e.g., f2) which is greater than a focal length (e.g., f1) of the optical chain that captures image portions 3402 and 3404. In one such embodiment, f2 is twice f1. FIG. 34 and the image portions shown therein will be used in explaining how rolling shutters corresponding to different camera modules can be controlled in a coordinated manner to facilitate combining of images captured by different camera modules in a way that reduces or minimize motion related (camera or subject related) distortions that may be introduced if each of the camera module sensors were independently (asynchronously) operated to capture the image portions. The read out from the sensors of the camera modules in a coordinated manner helps in minimizing distortions due to uncoordinated asynchronous image capturing by different optical chains and the captured images can be combined easily.

The above discussed image capture operations performed by various sensors included in corresponding optical chains as discussed above may, and in some embodiments is, performed by a camera such as camera 1400 including optical chains arranged as illustrated in FIG. 17. In another embodiment the image capture operations performed by the sensors included in corresponding optical chains as discussed above is performed by the camera 600 including optical chains arranged as illustrated in FIG. 12.

FIG. 35 shows how sensors of four optical chains, e.g., camera modules, using rolling shutters can be used in combination to capture a scene area of interest in a manner that facilitates combining of the captured images with one or more images captured by another optical chain having a smaller focal length which captures a larger portion of the same scene area of interest. Drawings 706, 708, 710 and 712 illustrate how exemplary image sensors corresponding different optical chains are controlled to perform a read out from one edge to another (e.g., top to bottom) as part of image capture operation. For example, drawing 706 shows the second image sensor discussed with regard to FIG. 34 that has N rows of pixel elements that can be read out, e.g., from top to bottom, as part of capturing the image portion 3406 (shown in FIG. 34) by a second optical chain to which the image sensor shown in 706 corresponds. Drawing 708 shows a third image sensor, discussed above with regard to FIG. 34, that has N rows of pixel elements that can be read out from top to bottom as part of capturing image portion 3408 by the third optical chain to which the image sensor shown in 708 corresponds. Similarly 710 and 712 show fifth and sixth sensors each with N rows of pixel elements, capturing image portions 3410 and 3412 shown in FIG. 34. The read out from the sensors shown in drawings 706, 708 starts synchronously at the same time and read out from the sensors shown in drawings 710, 712 starts together when the read out from sensors shown in drawings 710, 712 ends.

FIG. 36 shows how a sensor corresponding to a optical chain, e.g., first optical chain discussed with regard to FIG. 34, having a focal length half or approximately half that of the optical chains (second, third, fifth and sixth optical chains discussed with regard to FIG. 34) used to capture the image portions 3406, 3408, 3410 and 3412 shown in FIG. 34, can be controlled so that the optical chain with the smaller focal length captures all or portions of scene of interest in a synchronized manner with multiple optical chains having a larger focal length. Drawing 3600 shows the first sensor with N rows of pixel elements that can be read out in a manner synchronized with the read out of pixel rows corresponding to other sensors corresponding to optical chains with larger focal length shown in FIG. 35. While drawing 3600 illustrates that the first sensor corresponding to the relatively smaller focal length has N rows of pixel elements, it should be appreciated that the rectangle in drawing 3600 does not show or represent the physical size of the first sensor.

FIGS. 35, 36, 37, 38 and 39 show various aspects relating to rolling shutter control of the reads of sensors of different camera modules in a coordinated manner so that the images captured by the different sensors can be easily combined. As should be appreciated in embodiments where rolling shutters are used rows of pixel values are read out sequentially. In the FIGS. 35, 36, 37, 38 and 39, it is assumed that each sensor includes the same number of rows of pixel elements, e.g., N rows. Accordingly, for the purposes of discussing these figures, N is the number of rows of pixel values on a sensor and to facilitate a discussion of the rolling shutter control it is assumed that the sensor of different camera modules have the same number of rows of pixel elements. While the sensors have N rows of pixel elements, in some embodiments a joint read of rows is permitted in which case the sensor operates as if it has N/M rows of pixel elements where M is the joint read factor, e.g., the number of rows which are read out jointly, e.g., summed and read out, thereby producing the same number of pixel values as the read out of a single row of pixel elements. A joint read operation has the advantage that a full read out of the sensor can be completed in 1/Mth the time it would take to read out the sensor if individual rows are read separately.

It should be appreciated that in case of an electronic rolling shutter implementation, the rows of the image sensor are read out in sequence. The time taken to read each row is quite small but the number of rows can be large and the minimum time taken to read the entire image can be as much 50 milliseconds or more. Since the row read time is small, we shall assume that all the pixels in a given row are read (nearly) simultaneously. The integration of light for a given row of pixels begins when the row is reset (opening curtain) and ends when the row is read out (closing curtain). The exposure duration is the duration between the row reset time and row reading time. The exposure instant or (capture time) of a given row can be defined as the time at which that row is read out. More precisely the exposure instant may be considered as the average of the row reset and row read times. Clearly scene areas corresponding to different rows of an image sensor are captured at different times. When portions of a given scene area of interest are captured by multiple camera modules, each implementing an electronic rolling shutter, with the intention of combining the multiple captured images to create one image, motion related artifacts can be observed if the rolling shutters of the various modules are not synchronized. In order to minimize these artifacts, the rolling shutters of the camera modules are synchronized such that the images of any given point of the scene area are captured by the different sensors at (nearly) the same instant.

Assuming it takes a time period T_R to read a row of pixel values, to complete a full read of a sensor having N rows, it will take a time period of N times T_R. If multiple sensors corresponding to different portions of the scene area are operated to capture the images as quickly as possible, it is possible that combining the images would result in artifacts due to portions of a scene captured at different times being combined.

It should be appreciated that to avoid such temporal (motion related) artifacts it is desirable to have different sensors capture the same portion of a scene area at the same time. It should also be appreciated that when combining images from multiple camera modules having a large focal length with one or more images captured by camera modules with a smaller focal length (and thus which capture a larger part of a scene) it may be desirable for some of the larger focal length modules to capture portions of the scene sequentially, e.g., as if a rolling shutter was being controlled across a larger sensor having a number of rows which is equal to some combination of the number of rows of the sensors of the camera modules with the larger focal length and which thus capture an image corresponding to the smaller portion of a scene.

FIG. 35 illustrates how the N rows of pixel elements shown in drawings 706, 708, 710, 712 corresponding to four sensors each of which corresponds to a different camera module can be read out sequentially. Note that the rows of pixel elements corresponding to the four sensors shown in drawings 706, 708, 710, 712 can capture four different portions of a scene such as scene portions 3406, 3408, 3410 and 3412.

Assume for purposes of discussion that the rows of pixel elements shown in drawings 706, 708, 710, 712 correspond to sensors of the second, third, fifth and sixth optical chains each of which has a focal length f3. As will be discussed below, f3 is twice a focal length f2 of a first optical chain that captures scene of interest 3404 and four times a focal length f1 of a fourth optical chain that captures scene area 3402 in some embodiments. Thus the optical chains using the focal length f3 will provide relatively high magnification but capture a smaller portion of a scene than the optical chains using the focal length f2 or the focal length f1. The optical chains using the focal length f3 will capture an image of a scene area ¼ the size of the optical chains having the focal length f2 and 1/16 the size of optical chains having the focal length f1. While drawing 3500 illustrates that the sensors, corresponding to the larger focal length optical chains that capture portions of scene of interest, have N rows of pixel elements, it should be appreciated that the rectangles in drawings 706, 708, 710, 712 do not show or represent the physical size of the sensors but rather the relative size of the image area captured by the sensor.

This relationship of focal length to scene area capture size is represented in FIGS. 34, 35, 36 and 37 by the relative sizes of the rows of pixel elements shown. Thus, it should be appreciated that while the actual size of the pixel elements may be the same, in each of the sensors, the size of the portion of the scene to which the captured pixel values correspond depends on the focal length of the camera module in which the particular sensor is included.

For purposes of discussion, it will be assumed that drawings 706, 708, 710, 712 of FIG. 35 show rows of pixel elements corresponding to four sensors corresponding to optical chains having the focal length f3. It is also assumed that the sensor corresponding to drawing 706 approximately captures a top left portion of a scene of interest, the sensor corresponding to drawing 708 approximately captures a top right portion of the scene or interest, the sensor corresponding to drawing 710 approximately captures lower left portion of the scene of interest while the sensor corresponding to drawing 712 approximately captures a lower right portion of the scene of interest.

Assuming the sensor corresponding to the drawing 706 is a second sensor S2, The readout of the first line of pixel row 1 will be completed by the time indicated by RS2L1 which stands for Read Sensor 2 Line 1. Similar annotation is use to indicate the point at which the readout of lines of pixel elements of other sensors is completed with time corresponding to the vertical axis of FIGS. 35-39 and increasing from top to bottom of the figure. The read out of Sensor 3 corresponding to drawing 708 will be completed at the same point in time as the readout out of RS2L1. Note that in the FIG. 35 example, there is no overlap between the image areas captured by the four sensors S2, S3, S5, S6 with the readout out of Sensor S5 being completed as if it corresponded to the next pixel row following the last pixel row of sensor S2. It should be noted that if sensors had rows of pixel values corresponding to overlapping image portions they would be read out at the same time but the FIG. 35 example assumes no overlap in captured image areas which is not the case in many embodiments.

For purposes of discussion, it will be assumed that T_R is the time to read one row of pixel values from any one of the sensors used in the FIG. 35 example. Since each sensor in the example includes N rows, the time required to fully read any one of the N sensors is N T_R. Thus, the readout of row (line N) of the first and thirds sensors S2, S3 will be completed at time NTR while the readout of the last row (line N) of sensors S5 and S6 will be completed at time 2 NTR.

If the sensors included different numbers of rows of pixels the total readout time would of course depend on the number of rows in the sensor.

While it might seem desirable to read out the sensors in the same time period N T_R, when the images from the different sensors are being read out using a rolling shutter it may be desirable to control the sensors so that pixel rows corresponding to sensors shown in drawings 710, 712 are read out following a read out of pixel rows corresponding to sensors shown in drawings 706, 708. In this manner, the read out will occur sequentially as if the pixel rows corresponding to drawings 706, 710 were part of a single rolling shutter. This approach which is used in some embodiments allows for the composite image to be similar to what would have been obtained using a single larger sensor with 2 N rows of pixel elements rather than two separate sensors each with N rows. Avoiding the temporal discontinuity that might occur between the last row of one sensor and the first row of the next sensor can thus have advantages when combining images captured by sensors corresponding to different portions of an image.

Thus, it should be appreciated that the sensors of the four camera modules using rolling shutters corresponding to row of pixel elements shown in drawing 706, 708, 710, 712 can be used in combination to capture a scene area of interest in a manner that facilitates combining of the captured images.

The captured images can be combined together to form a composite image of a larger scene area and with one or more images of the larger scene area. The images of the larger scene area can, and in some embodiments are captured by camera modules having a smaller focal length, e.g., a focal length f2, which captures a larger portion of the same scene.

FIG. 36 shows how a sensor corresponding to an optical chain, e.g., camera module, having a focal length f2, which is half or approximately half the focal length f3 of the camera modules used to capture scene areas represented by the sets of rows of pixel elements shown in FIG. 35, can be controlled so that the optical chain with the smaller focal (f2) length captures portions of scene of interest in a synchronized manner with multiple optical chains having a longer focal length. In FIG. 36, the rate at which rows of pixel values are read out is reduced by a factor which is based on the relative ratio of the focal length to one or more other supported focal lengths.

Since focal length f2 is ½ that of f3, the sensor corresponding to drawing 3600 including N pixel element rows capture substantially the same image portions of the scene that are captured by the sensors of the FIG. 35 example, the read out rate of the pixel rows is reduced by a factor of 2, that is, one pixel elements row will be read out in time period 2T_R. Thus the read out of the sensor corresponding to drawing 3600 that includes N pixel element rows will take a total time period of N(2T_R) to complete a full read out of the pixel rows which is the same amount of time that will be used by the combination of the sensors corresponding to drawings 706, 710 to be fully read out. Assuming FIG. 36 corresponds to a sensor S1, the readout of the first row of pixel values of S1 will be completed at time 2TR which corresponds to the point in time indicated by the indicator RS1L1 which stands for Read Sensor 1 Line 1. Thus, in such an embodiment where the read out of the pixel rows of FIGS. 35 and 36 are synchronized, the sensor S1 having pixel element rows shown in drawing 3600 will begin its read out at the same time the sensor S2 corresponding to drawing 706 and Sensor S3 which corresponds to drawing 708 begin their read outs of their first rows of pixel elements. Sensor S1 will complete the read out of its N rows of pixel elements at or near the same time the last row of pixel elements shown in drawings 710 and 712 are read out. Thus, sensor S1 will begin its readout of pixel rows and end its pixel row readout in a manner that is synchronized with the sensors to which FIG. 35 corresponds.

While the readout of sensor S1 could have been completed in time NT_R if the sensor was read out at the same per row read out rate as the sensors S2, S3, S5, S6, this would result in the undesirable effect of sensors corresponding to different optical chains capturing the same portion of an image area at different times which can lead to temporal artifacts in a composite image generated from images including an object moving at a high rate of motion. Such temporal artifacts are reduced or avoided by the synchronized image capture technique described herein.

FIG. 37 shows how a sensor, S4, corresponding to an optical chain (e.g., fourth optical chain discussed with regard to FIG. 34) having a focal length (e.g., f1) one fourth or approximately one fourth the focal length f3 of the camera modules used to capture the images shown in FIG. 35 can be controlled so that the corresponding optical chain captures portion of scene of interest in a synchronized manner with multiple camera modules having larger focal lengths.

Since focal length (e.g., f1) of the optical chain to which the sensor of drawing 3700 corresponds is ¼ that of f3, the sensor of drawing 3700 including N pixel element rows capture substantially the same image portions of the scene that are captured by the sensors of the FIGS. 35 and 36 example, the read out rate of the N pixel rows of the sensor of drawing 3700 is reduced by a factor of 4, that is, one pixel elements row will be read out in time period 4T_R. In FIG. 37 drawing 3700 shows the sensor having N pixel element rows which is controlled to read out one row of pixel values every time period having a duration 4 T_R taking into consideration that the sensor covers a scene portion which is 4 times larger in the vertical dimension than the sensor corresponding to drawing 706 of FIG. 35. While drawing 3700 illustrates that the sensor corresponding to the optical chain with small focal length f1 has N rows of pixel elements, it should be appreciated that the rectangle in drawing 3700 does not show or represent the physical size of the sensor. The size of the sensors (including pixel elements) in the various optical chains may be the same.

As should be appreciated, the read out of the first line of sensor S4 will be completed at time RS4L1 with the Nth line being read out at time RS4LN. Note that given that the readout rate of a row of pixel values occurs once every 4 TR in FIG. 37 to maintain synchronization with the sensor readouts shown in FIGS. 35 and 36, the readout of sensor S4 will occur at time 4NT_R assuming a start time of 0.

FIG. 38 shows the row readout timing relationships between the sensors used in the FIGS. 35, 36 and 37 embodiments in greater detail when they are used together in a synchronized manner. For illustration and discussion purposes, the same image and/or image portions captured by various optical chains as shown in FIG. 34 and discussed in the corresponding description above, have been used in FIGS. 38-39 for reference. Accordingly, the same reference numbers have been used. Block 3402 represents a scene area captured by a sensor corresponding to a optical chain with focal length f1. Block 3404 represents portion of the scene area 3402 which is captured by a sensor with focal length f2. Blocks 3406, 3410, 3408, 3412 and 3414 represent blocks of a scene area captured by different camera modules having a focal length f3 which provides the highest magnification in the FIG. 38 example with the smallest portion of the scene area being captured.

FIG. 39 shows a particular example similar to that shown in FIG. 38 but where the number of rows N is selected to be 6, that is, each of the sensor includes 6 rows of pixel elements, e.g., N=6, with the understanding that the number of rows in most sensors will be much higher. Thus, FIG. 39 is shown for exemplary purposes to illustrate how synchronization may be achieved for a simple case where N=6 and each sensor in the example is of the same size but corresponding to optical chains with different focal lengths.

It should be appreciated from FIG. 39 that when sensors capture images corresponding to the same portions of a scene area, the readouts will occur in parallel. Once a line of pixel values is read out, the next readout will not occur until the synchronization read out control indicates that the next row of unread pixel values is to be read out.

When a sensor corresponds to an image area for which there is no other sensor, the sensor will read out its row of pixel values while the other sensors refrain from performing a read out operation. For example, in the FIG. 39 example, sensor S4 which has the smallest focal length and captures the largest image area will read out its first row of pixel values while sensors S1, S2, S3 and S6 refrain from reading out pixel values. However, when a sensor captures a portion of an image area which is also captured by other sensors it will read out the pixel values in a manner that is synchronized to closely coincide with the readout of the sensor or sensors capturing the same image area. For example, during the time period extending from Time RS3L3 to time RS4L4, sensor S1, Sensor S2 and Sensor S3 will also perform pixel readouts. The number of readouts performed during this time period will depend on the row readout rate of the sensor with sensors corresponding to optical chains have a larger focal length reading out multiple rows of pixel values in the time period in which sensor S4 reads out a single row of pixel values.

Note that T_R which is a unit of time indicating the minimum amount of time used to read a row of pixel elements may be expressed in milliseconds or any other suitable unit of time. Thus, the vertical axis is intended to show time progressing from the top to the bottom based on assumption that the scan of the scene area and read out of the sensors starts at the top and proceeds towards the bottom. While a top to bottom scan direction is shown for purposes of the example, this is not critical or important to the timing synchronization features.

It should be appreciated that while the method of synchronizing readout rates based on focal lengths of the optical chain to which a sensor corresponds have been explained in the simple case where the sensors are of the same size and include the same number of rows, the methods are well suited for use with optical chains which use different size sensors and/or sensors with different numbers of rows of pixel values. As should be appreciated such differences, if present can, and in some embodiments are, taken into consideration as to the start and stop times as well at the readout rate to be used to control the readout of the sensors in a manner which will achieve synchronized image capture of an image area of interest by multiple optical chains, e.g., camera modules. Furthermore overlap in the image areas captured by different modules can be taken into consideration when determining the start times for reading out of different sensors which may correspond to partially overlapping image areas.

For example if sensor S5 of the FIG. 35 example captured an image area which overlapped image portions captured by some of the last rows of sensor S2, the readout of the first row of S5 pixel elements would occur in parallel with the row of pixel elements of sensor S2 which captured the same image portion. In such an embodiment the readout of some but not all of the rows of pixel elements of S5 would follow the completion of the read out of sensor S2 due to the partial overlap in image areas which were being captured by S2 and S5.

While FIGS. 36 to 39 have been used to explain how the read out rate of sensors corresponding to camera modules with small focal lengths can be slowed down to synchronize them to the image capture and pixel read out of sensors corresponding to camera modules with larger focal lengths, where maximizing pixel count in an image is not of top priority, joint reads of pixel rows can, and in some embodiments is, used to speed up the read out of the sensors corresponding to the higher focal length camera modules. During a joint read of a group of M rows, the sensor uses analog circuitry to sum the corresponding pixels of each of the M rows before digitization and reading. A joint read of M rows typically takes the same time as reading a single row thereby speeding up the reading speed by a factor of M. Such an approach allows for synchronized rolling shutter control capture of a scene area of interest in a time period equal to the time period required to read out a single sensor. While such an approach may result in a lower overall image pixel count in a composite image, e.g., with the pixel count of the composite image being reduced in some cases to the pixel count of a single sensor, such an approach may be desirable in cases where motion of an object in the image being captured is present since the motion may introduce artifacts if the overall image capture period is increased since the object will move further in the capture time period than if the capture occurred in a shorter time period.

FIG. 40 is an exemplary method of capturing images using multiple optical chains, e.g., camera modules, and combining the images in accordance with one exemplary embodiment.

FIG. 40 shows a flowchart 4000 illustrating the steps of an exemplary method of controlling an imaging device, e.g., such as that shown in FIGS. 6, 8 and/or 14, that includes at least one sensor with a rolling shutter to generate a composite image in accordance with an exemplary embodiment. The camera device implementing the method of flowchart 4000 can and sometimes does include the same or similar elements as the camera device 100 of FIG. 1 and device 200 of FIG. 4A.

The method of flowchart 4000 can be, and in some embodiments is, performed using a camera device such as the camera 100 of FIG. 1. In some embodiments the camera 100 is a battery operated handheld device. The exemplary method starts in step 4002, e.g., when a user of a camera device, e.g., camera 100, presses a button or takes another action to trigger the capture of an image of a scene area of interest. For the purposes of discussion consider that the camera device includes a plurality of optical chains, e.g., camera modules, and each of the camera modules can be independently operated and controlled. For purposes of discussion, the capture and combining of images corresponding to different scene areas will be explained by referring to the optical chains illustrated in FIG. 12A and using that as the basis of the example. As previously discussed in FIG. 12A example, three different focal lengths, f1, f2 and f3 are used where f1<f2<f3.

Operation proceeds from step 4002 to steps 4004, 4006, 4008, 4010, 4012, 4014 and 4016 which involve image capture operations. The image capture operations may and in some embodiments are performed in a synchronized manner. In at least some synchronized embodiments the images captured by some by not necessarily all of the different optical chains correspond to the same or an overlapping time period. In other embodiments image capture is not synchronized but multiple one of the captured images are captured during the same or an overlapping time period. In still other embodiments as least some images are captured sequentially, e.g., in rapid succession. Sequential image capture may, and in some embodiments are used for capturing images corresponding to different portions of a scene area. In step 4004 a first optical chain, e.g., a first camera module 1228, of the camera having a first focal length (f1) is operated to capture a first image of a scene area of interest. In some embodiments the scene area of interest may be slightly smaller than the full image capture area. Operation proceeds from step 4004 to step 4018.

In step 4006 a second image of a second scene area is captured using a second optical chain of the camera, e.g., optical chain 1204, having a second focal length (f2) which is greater than the first focal length (f1), the second scene area being a first portion of the scene area of interest. In various embodiments the second optical chain captures a part, e.g., quarter or half, portion of the scene area of interest. Operation proceeds from step 4006 to step 4018.

In step 4008 a third image of a third scene area is captured using a third optical chain of the camera, e.g., optical chain 1208, having a third focal length (f2) which is greater than the first focal length, at least a portion of the third scene area being non-overlapping with the second scene area, the third scene area being a second portion of the scene area of interest. Thus in some embodiments the third optical chain captures a part, e.g., another quarter, portion of the scene area of interest. Operation proceeds from step 4008 to step 4018. In some embodiments the first, second and third optical chains have outer lenses on a front face of the camera. In some but not all embodiments, the outer most lens of the optical chain is a plane glass or plastic lens with zero optical power.

In step 4010 a fourth image is captured using a fourth optical chain of the camera, e.g., optical chain 1234, having a fourth focal length which is equal to or smaller than f1, the fourth image being of the scene area of interest. In some embodiments the fourth focal length is the same or smaller than the first focal length. Operation proceeds from step 4010 to step 4018.

In step 4012 a fifth image of a fifth scene area is captured using a fifth optical chain of the camera, e.g., optical chain 1218, having a fifth focal length which is greater than the first focal length (f1), the fifth scene area being a third portion of the scene area of interest. Thus the fifth optical chain captures a part, e.g., quarter or half, portion of the scene area of interest. Operation proceeds from step 4012 to step 4018.

In step 4014 a sixth image of a sixth scene area is captured using a sixth optical chain of the camera, e.g., optical chain 1214, having a sixth focal length which is greater than the first focal length, the sixth scene area being a fourth portion of the scene area of interest. Operation proceeds from step 4014 to step 4018.

In step 4016 a seventh image of a seventh scene area is captured using a seventh optical chain of the camera, e.g., optical chain 1224, having a seventh focal length which is greater than the first focal length, the seventh scene area being at the center of the scene area of interest. Operation proceeds from step 4016 to step 4018.

In some embodiments the first and fourth focal lengths are the same. In some embodiments the second, third, fifth and sixth focal lengths are the same. In some embodiments the seventh focal length is the same as the second, third, fifth and sixth focal lengths. In some embodiments the union, e.g., combination, of the second, third, fifth and sixth scene areas includes the scene area of interest.

Returning now to step 4018. Step 4018 is performed in some but not necessarily all embodiments. In step 4018 depth information, for a portion of the scene area of interest which is included in at least two of the captured images, is generated. Thus in some embodiments to generate the depth map information for a portion of the scene area of interest, at least two captured images of the same scene area of interest are used. In some embodiments step 4018 includes step 4020. In such embodiments at least the first and fourth captured images are used to generate the depth information as shown in step 4020. While the first and fourth captured images are used to generate the depth information in one embodiment, other captured images may also be used in generating the depth information. In various embodiments the depth information is generated by a processor, e.g., such as the processor 110 or 211, included in the camera.

In various embodiments the second, third, fifth, sixth and seventh optical chains are arranged in such a manner that the images of the portion of the scene taken by these optical chains are from different spatially separated entrance pupils and thus have different perspectives. Combining such images with different perspectives introduces artifacts, e.g., parallax. To minimize and/or alleviate the effect of such artifacts from a composite image generated using the various images captured by these different optical chains, the depth information is used which provides for parallax correction when combing the images to avoid distortions of the composite image due to the different perspectives.

Operation proceeds from step 4018 to step 4022. In step 4022 a composite image is generated from at least the first, second and third captured images. In some embodiments the step of generating a composite image includes step 4024 where depth information is used in generating the composite image. In such embodiments the composite image is generated from at least the first, second and third captured images as a function of the generated depth information, e.g., depth information generated in step 4018. While depth information is used in generating a composite image in some embodiments, the use of depth information in not necessary in all embodiments for generating a composite image. In some embodiments the step 4022 of generating the composite image further includes using the fourth, fifth, sixth and seventh captured images to generate the composite image as illustrated in step 4026 shown. The composite image includes an image of the scene area of interest. In various embodiments the generated composite image is an image of the scene area of interest. Operation proceeds from step 4022 to step 4028. In step 4028 one or more captured images, e.g., first, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth and/or seventh image, and/or the composite image is stored, e.g., in a device memory and/or output, e.g., to a display device and/or to an external device via an interface.

In some exemplary embodiment an imaging device such as e.g., the camera device 100, is used to implement the method of flowcharts 4000. In one such embodiment the plurality of optical chains 130 of the camera device 100 include optical chains arranged in the manner as illustrated in FIG. 12A with more detailed arrangements and elements (e.g., sensors, filters) of the optical chains further shown in FIG. 12B. Thus in such an embodiment the plurality of optical chains 130 include optical chains 1202 through 1234 discussed with regard to FIG. 12A. In another embodiment the plurality of optical chains 130 of the camera device 100 include optical chains of the type and arrangement as illustrated in FIG. 17A. In such an embodiment the plurality of optical chains 130 include optical chains 1702 through 1734 discussed with regard to FIGS. 17A and 17B.

In some exemplary embodiments the processor 110 is configured to generate a composite image by combining two or more images captured by the optical chains as discussed above. In one embodiment the processor 110 is configure to generate a composite image from at least a first image of a scene area of interest captured by the first optical chain, a second image of a second scene area which is a first portion of the scene area of interest captured using the second optical chain, and a third image of a third scene area captured using the third optical chain, the third scene area being a second portion of the scene area of interest, at least a portion of the third scene area being non-overlapping with the second scene area.

In some embodiments the processor 110 is configured to generate depth information for a portion of the scene area of interest which is included in at least two of the captured images. In some embodiments the processor 110 is further configured to generate the depth information using at least the first image captured by the first optical chain and a fourth captured image captured by the fourth optical chain, the fourth image being of the scene area of interest. In some such embodiments the processor 110 is further configured to generate the composite image as a function of said depth information. In some embodiments the fourth optical chain has a fourth focal length which is equal to or smaller than the first focal length of the first optical chain. In some embodiments the processor 110 is further configured to control storage of the one or more captured images and/or the generated composite image in the memory 108 and/or output of the one or more captured images and/or composite image on the display 102 and/or transmission of the captured images or the composite image to another device via an interface such as interface 114.

It should be appreciated that various features and/or steps of method 4000 relate to improvements in cameras and/or image processing even though such devices may use general purpose processors and/or image sensors. While one or more steps of the method 4000, such as the steps of generating depth information and generating composite image, have been discussed as being performed by a processor, e.g., processor 110, 211, it should be appreciated that one or more of the steps of the method 4000 may be, and in some embodiments are, implemented by dedicated circuitry, e.g., ASICs, FPGAs and/or other application specific circuits which improve the efficiency, accuracy and/or operational capability of the imaging device performing the method. In some embodiments, dedicated hardware, e.g., circuitry, and/or the combination of dedicated hardware and software are utilized in implementing one or more steps of the method 4000 therein providing additional image processing efficiency, accuracy and/or operational capability to the imaging device, e.g., camera, implementing the method.

FIG. 41 which comprises the combination of FIGS. 41A and 41B, is a flowchart 4100 illustrating the steps of an exemplary method of operating an imaging device, e.g., such as that shown in FIGS. 6, 8 and/or 14, that includes at least one image sensor with a rolling shutter to scan a portion of a scene area of interest in accordance with an exemplary embodiment. The camera device implementing the method of flowchart 4100 can and sometimes does include the same or similar elements as the camera device of FIG. 1 and FIG. 4A.

The exemplary method starts in step 4102, e.g., with a user initiating the capture of a scene area of interest on a camera device which causes the camera device, e.g., camera device 100, to initiate a scan and thus image capture of the scene area of interest by one or more optical chains. For the purposes of discussion consider that the camera device includes a plurality of image sensors wherein each sensor is a part of an optical chain, e.g., first through X^th sensors being included in a first through X^th optical chain respectively. Operation proceeds from step 4102 to step 4104. In step 4104 a plurality of image sensors included in the camera are controlled to scan the scene area of interest from a first edge of the scene area of interest to a second edge of the scene area of interest, the first (e.g., top) and second (e.g., bottom) edges of the scene area of interest being parallel, the scanning including controlling image capture according to a scan position which progresses from the first edge to the second edge of the scene area of interest (e.g., at a uniform rate). In some embodiments the plurality of image sensors include multiple image sensors which capture substantially non-overlapping portions of the scene area of interest (in some embodiments the majority of image portions do not overlap) and the union of the portions of the scene area of interest captured by the multiple sensors cover the scene area of interest. In some embodiments the multiple image sensors include an even number of sensors, e.g., 4.

In some embodiments the plurality of image sensors includes a first, a second and a third image sensor, the first image sensor capturing a first portion of the scene area of interest, the second image sensor capturing a second portion of the scene area of interest, and the third image sensor capturing the entire scene area of interest. In some such embodiments the first and second portions of the scene area of interest are partially non-overlapping.

In some embodiments the first sensor captures an image of a portion of the scene area of interest which is not captured by the second sensor, and the second sensor captures an image of a portion of the scene area of interest which is not captured by the first sensor. In some embodiments a first portion of the scene area of interest captured by the first sensor begins at a scan location which precedes a second portion of the scene area of interest captured by the second sensor. In some embodiments the second portion of the scene area of interest corresponds to the center of the scene area of interest. In some embodiments plurality of sensors includes 5 sensors, four of which capture substantially non-overlapping portions of the scene area of interest. In some embodiments first through fourth different corner portions of the second portion of the scene area of interest overlap different corresponding portions of the scene area of interest which are captured by the remaining four sensors of the five sensors.

In some embodiments the plurality of sensors includes 5 sensors, four of which capture four different portions of the scene area of interest, at least one corner of each of the four different portions of the scene area of interest not overlapping an image portion captured by the other three of the four different portions of the scene area of interest, the fifth sensor capturing a center portion of the scene area of interest.

In various embodiments step 4104 includes performing one or more of the steps 4106, 4108 and 4110. As part of controlling one or more sensors to scan the scene area of interest, in step 4106 a first sensor in the plurality of sensors is operated in rolling shutter mode to read out an as yet unread row of pixel values corresponding to a current scan position when the first sensor has an unread row of pixel values corresponding to the current scan position, the current scan position changing over time (e.g. as the scan progresses from the first edge to the second). In some embodiments, the scan position progresses from the first edge of the scene area of interest to the second edge of the scene area of interest at a uniform rate.

In step 4108 a second sensor in the plurality of sensors is operated in rolling shutter mode to read out an as yet unread row of pixel values corresponding to the current scan position when the second sensor has an unread row of pixel values corresponding to the current scan position, the first and second sensors capturing images of different portions of the scene area of interest (e.g. the different portions may be partially overlapping or one may be inside the other). Similarly, as part of controlling scanning the scene area of interest, in step 4110 an X^th sensor in the plurality of sensors is operated in rolling shutter mode to read out an as yet unread row of pixel values corresponding to the current scan position when the X^th sensor has an unread row of pixel values corresponding to the current scan position. Accordingly, in this manner the entire scene of interest and/or various portions of the scene of interest are scanned by the various sensors of the camera device.

In some embodiments the first and second sensors correspond to first and second portions of the scene area of interest, respectively, the extent of the first portion of the scene area of interest being greater than the extent of the second portion of the scene area of interest in the direction of scan. In some embodiments the direction of scan proceeds from top to bottom. In some embodiments the first sensor corresponds to a first optical chain having a first focal length and the second sensor corresponds to a second optical chain having a second focal length. In some embodiments the controlling step 4104 further includes performing step 4112 to control the duration of read out of the one or more image sensors. In step 4112 the duration of readout of the first sensor is controlled as a function of first sensor image capture size and/or focal length of a first optical chain to which the first sensor corresponds. In some embodiments, step 4112 includes performing one of the steps 4114 or 4116 as part of controlling the duration of sensor readouts. In step 4114 the duration of readout of the first sensor is controlled to have a longer duration than the readout of the second sensor when the focal length of the first optical chain is smaller than the focal length of the second optical chain. In some embodiments, the duration of the readout of the first sensor is controlled to have a longer duration than the readout of the second sensor when the first and second sensors correspond to first and second portions of the scene area of interest, respectively, and the extent of the first portion of the scene area of interest in the direction of scan is greater than the extent of the second portion of the scan area of interest in the direction of the scan. This occurs for example, when the focal length of the first optical chain including the first sensor is smaller than the focal length of the second optical chain including the second sensor.

In some other embodiments the focal length of the first optical chain (to which the first sensor corresponds) is N times the focal length of the second optical chain. In some such embodiments step 4116 is performed as part of step 4112. In step 4116 the duration of reading out of pixel values from the first sensor is controlled to include reading rows of pixel values out of the first sensor at a rate which is N times faster than the rate at which rows of pixel values are read out from the second sensor. In various embodiments a rolling shutter controller in the camera device controls the scanning and read out operation discussed above. In some embodiments the pixel size of the first sensor is the same as the pixel size of the second sensor. In some embodiments the first and second sensors include the same total number of row and columns of pixels.

Operation proceeds from step 4101 (that includes one or more steps discussed above) to step 4120 via connecting node A 4118. In step 4120 the one or more images read out of the first through X^th sensors are stored, e.g., X images are stored, one corresponding to each of the X sensors. Operation proceeds from step 4120 to step 4122. In step 4122, at least two or more or all of the captured images (read out from the sensor) are combined to generate a composite image in accordance with the invention.

FIG. 42 shows the steps of a method 4200 of capturing a scene area of interest using a plurality of optical chains, e.g., camera modules, that is implemented in some embodiments. The method starts in step 4202, e.g., with a user initiating the capture of a scene area of interest on a camera device which causes the camera device, e.g., camera device 100, to initiate a scan and thus image capture of the scene area of interest by one or more camera optical chains which are operated in a coordinated manner.

Operation proceeds to step 4204 in which the camera device initializes a current scan position, e.g., by setting the current scan position to a scan position starting value, e.g., 1, in the FIG. 42 example.

Once the scan position value is initialized, operation proceeds from step 4204 to step 4206, wherein a controller, e.g., rolling shutter controller 150, controls each of the image sensors of the camera device to perform a read out of pixel values, e.g., rows of pixel values, in a synchronized manner, e.g., with rows of pixel values being read out sequentially in accordance with operation of a rolling shutter implementation.

Step 4206 includes image sensor read out control steps for each of the image sensors 1 to X which are being used to capture at least a portion of a scene area of interest. For purposes of discussion steps 4210 and 4214 are shown with the same or similar steps being performed for each of the other image sensors being used to capture at least a portion of a scene area of interest.

In step 4210 a determination is made as to whether or not image sensor 1 has an as yet unread row of pixels corresponding to the current scan position, e.g., a row of pixel values which are to be read out. If image sensor 1 does not have an unread row of pixel values corresponding to the current scan position, e.g., because the image sensor corresponds to an image portion outside the area corresponding to the current scan position, operation proceeds to step 4220 without a row of pixels being read out from image sensor 1.

In step 4214 a determination is made as to whether or not image sensor X has an as yet unread row of pixels corresponding to the current scan position, e.g., a row of pixel values which are to be read out. If image sensor X does not have an unread row of pixel values corresponding to the current scan position, e.g., because image sensor X corresponds to an image portion outside the area corresponding to the current scan position, operation proceeds to step 4220 without a row of pixels being read out from image sensor X.

It should be appreciated that by the time operation proceeds to step 4220 from step 4206, each of the image sensors 1 through X which had an unread row of pixel elements corresponding to the current scan position will have read out the pixel values of the row corresponding to the current scan position.

In step 4220 the current scan position is updated to the next scan position, e.g., the current scan position is incremented by one. As the current scan position is incremented, the scanning of the image moves to the next scan line resulting in the scan lines passed through in sequence, e.g., from the top of the image to the bottom of the image assuming a top to bottom scan of a scene area.

Operation proceeds from step 4220 to step 4222 in which a determination is made as to whether the current scan position that was just updated in step 4220 exceeds the last scan position value of the scene of interest. If the current scan position exceeds the last scan position of the scene area of interest it indicates that the scene of interest has been fully scanned and captured as a result of the image sensor readouts. However, if in step 4222 it is determined that the current scan position value does not exceed the value last scan position value of the scene area of interest, operation proceeds to step 4206 so that unread pixel element rows of image sensors having a row of pixel elements corresponding to the current scene area position will be read out.

It should be appreciated that the focal length and area of a scene to which a camera optical change and its corresponding image sensor are directed will affect whether a row of pixel values of an image sensor are read out at a particular point in time in the FIG. 42 embodiment. Since image sensor read out is controlled based on scan position, the sensor readouts of multiple image sensors occurs in a coordinated manner. While the image sensor readout of pixel values is coordinated in the FIG. 42 embodiment, the readout of some image sensors may occur, depending on the camera device configuration, before the readout of one or more other sensors is completed.

Generally, in the FIG. 42 embodiment, the readout of an image sensor corresponding to a camera optical chain having a smaller focal length and thus corresponding to a larger portion of the scene area of interest will occur at a slower rate than the readout of an image sensor having the same number of rows of pixel elements but having a larger focal length and thus corresponding to a smaller portion of the overall scene area of interest.

Once the full scene area of interest has been scanned, operation proceeds from step 4222 to step 4224 in which images, e.g., sets of pixel values, read out of the first through X^th image sensors are stored in memory. Then in step 4224, the captured images are processed, e.g., by processor 110, to generate a composite image which may be stored and/or output, e.g., transmitted and/or displayed. The generation of the composite image performed in step 4226 may be performed in any of a variety of ways including combining pixel values of images captured by different image sensors using a weighted sum approach such as described above with respect to at least some image combining processes that can, and in various embodiments are, used to generate a composite image.

It should be appreciated that the method of FIG. 42 has been explained in terms of reading out rows of pixel elements of an image sensor. Some image sensors allow, depending on the mode of operation, pixel elements of multiple pixel rows to be treated as a single row. Such a “joint” read results in a single pixel value which is the sum of the pixel values sensed by each of the jointly read rows being read out as a single pixel value. In cases of such a “joint” read, the multiple rows of pixel elements which are jointly read out as a single row of pixel values is treated as one row of pixel elements for purposes of implementing the method of FIG. 42. The joint read approach while resulting in a reduced number of pixel values being read from an image sensor may be desirable in embodiments where motion is an issue and it is desirable to capture an image in as little time as possible.

Generally, if different image sensors correspond to different focal lengths, assuming each of the image sensors include the same number of rows of pixel values the read out time to read out the full set of rows of an image sensor in the FIG. 42 embodiment can be expressed as a function of the focal length of the optical chain, e.g., camera module, in which the image sensor is included and the number of rows of pixel elements of the image sensor which will be jointly read out and treated as a single row of pixel elements at a given time.

In some exemplary embodiment an imaging device such as e.g., the camera device 100, is used to implement the method of flowcharts 4100 and 4200. In one such embodiment the plurality of optical chains 130 of the camera device 100 include optical chains arranged in the manner as illustrated in FIG. 12A with more detailed arrangements and elements (e.g., sensors, filters) of the optical chains further shown in FIG. 12B. Thus in such an embodiment the plurality of optical chains 130 include optical chains 1202 through 1234 discussed with regard to FIG. 12A. In another embodiment the plurality of optical chains 130 of the camera device 100 include optical chains of the type and arrangement as illustrated in FIG. 17A. In such an embodiment the plurality of optical chains 130 include optical chains 1702 through 1734, some of which include non-circular lenses, discussed with regard to FIGS. 17A and 17B.

In some embodiments the controller 150 (including the sensor read out controller 289) is configured to control a plurality of image sensors, corresponding to the plurality of optical chains 130, to scan a scene area of interest from a first edge of the scene area of interest to a second edge of the scene area of interest, the first and second edges of the scene area of interest being parallel, the sensor controller 289 controlling, as part of the scan, image capture according to a scan position which progresses from the first edge to the second edge of the scene area of interest. The sensor controller controls a first sensor in the plurality of image sensors in rolling shutter mode to read out a row of pixel values corresponding to a current scan position when the first image sensor has a row of pixel values corresponding to the current scan position, the current scan position changing over time. In some embodiments the sensor controller 289 further controls a second image sensor in the plurality of image sensors in rolling shutter mode to read out a row of pixel values corresponding to the current scan position when the second image sensor has a row of pixel values corresponding to the current scan position, the first and second image sensors capturing images of different portions of the scene area of interest.

In some embodiments the first image sensor captures an image of a portion of the scene area of interest which is not captured by the second image sensor and the second image sensor captures an image of a portion of said scene area of interest which is not captured by said first image sensor.

In some embodiments the plurality of image sensors further includes a third image sensor (e.g., corresponding to a third optical chain). In some such embodiments the first image sensor captures a first portion of said scene area of interest, the second image sensor captures a second portion of the scene area of interest, the first and second portions of the scene area of interest being partially non-overlapping and the third image sensor captures the entire scene area of interest. This can be appreciated by briefly referring to FIGS. 12 and 32. For example a first portion 3206 is captured by a first image sensor corresponding to a first optical chain, e.g., OC 1204, a second portion 3208 is captured by a second image sensor corresponding to a second optical chain, e.g., OC 1208, and a third portion 3202 is captured by a third image sensor corresponding to a third optical chain, e.g., OC 1228. It can be appreciated from the example of FIG. 32 that the first and second portions (3206 and 3208) of the scene area of interest are partially non-overlapping and the third image sensor captures the entire scene area of interest.

In one embodiment the first and second image sensors correspond to first and second portions of the scene area of interest, respectively, the extent of the first portion of the scene area of interest being greater than the extent of the second portion of the scene area of interest in the direction of scan, e.g., from top to bottom. In one such embodiment the sensor controller 289 is configured to control the duration of readout of the first image sensor to have a longer duration than the readout of the second image sensor.

In some embodiments the first image sensor corresponds to an optical chain, e.g., OC 1204, having a first focal length and said second image sensor corresponds to an optical chain, e.g., OC 1234, having a second focal length. In some such embodiments the controller 289 is configured to control the rate at which pixel rows are read out of the first and second image sensors as a function of the focal length of the individual optical chains to which the first and second image sensors correspond. In some embodiments the pixel size of the first image sensor is the same as the pixel size of the second image sensor. In some embodiments the first focal length is N times the second focal length. In such embodiments the sensor controller is further configured to control the duration of reading out of pixel values from the first image sensor at a rate which is N times faster than the rate at which rows of pixel values are read out from the second image sensor. In some embodiments the first and second image sensors include the same total number of rows and columns of pixels.

In some embodiments the plurality of image sensors (corresponding to the plurality of optical chains 130) include multiple image sensors which capture substantially non-overlapping portions of the scene area of interest and a union of the portions of the scene area of interest captured by the multiple sensors cover the scene area of interest. In some embodiments multiple image sensors include an even number of sensors. In some embodiments, the even number of image sensors is four.

In one embodiment a first portion of the scene area of interest captured by the first image sensor begins at a scan location which precedes a second portion of the scene area of interest captured by the second image sensor. In one embodiment the second portion of the scene area of interest corresponds to the center of said scene area of interest. In some such embodiments the plurality of image sensors (corresponding to the plurality of optical chains) includes 5 image sensors, 4 of which capture substantially non-overlapping portions of the scene area of interest. In some such embodiments first through fourth different corner portions of the second portion of the scene area of interest overlap different corresponding portions of the scene area of interest which are captured by the remaining four sensors of said five sensors. This arrangement can be appreciated by briefly referring to FIG. 32. It can be appreciated that four corners of the scene area 3216 (in the center) overlaps the different portions (scene areas 3206, 3208, 3212, 3214) of a scene area of interest captured by four sensors (corresponding to four optical chains).

In some embodiments, the plurality of sensors includes 5 sensors, 4 of which capture four different portions of the scene area of interest, at least one corner of each of the four different portions of the scene area of interest not overlapping an image portion captured by the other three of the four different portions of the scene area of interest, the fifth sensor capturing a center portion of the scene area of interest.

In various embodiments the processor 110 initializes a current scan position, e.g., by setting the current scan position to a scan position starting value, prior to starting of a sensor read out operation as discussed with regard to FIG. 42. In various embodiments the exposure and read out controller 150 (that includes sensor read out controller 289) alone, or under direction of the processor 110, controls each of the image sensors of the camera device to perform a read out of pixel values, e.g., rows of pixel values, in a synchronized manner. In some embodiments the controller 150 is further configured to determine as to whether or not one or more image sensors have an unread row of pixels corresponding to the current scan position, e.g., a row of pixel values which are to be read out. When it is determined that not one or more image sensors have an unread row of pixels corresponding to the current scan position, the controller 150 controls each of the one or more image sensors to perform a read out of the row of pixel values. In some embodiments the processor 110 is further configured to update the current scan position to the next scan position, e.g., incrementing the current scan position by one.

It should be appreciated that various features and/or steps of method 4100 and 4200 relate to improvements in cameras and/or image processing even though such devices may use general purpose processors and/or image sensors. While one or more steps of the method 4100 and 4200 have been discussed as being performed by a processor, e.g., processor 110, 211, it should be appreciated that one or more of the steps of the method 4100 and 4200 may be, and in some embodiments are, implemented by dedicated circuitry, e.g., ASICs, FPGAs and/or other application specific circuits which improve the efficiency, accuracy and/or operational capability of the imaging device performing the method. In some embodiments, dedicated hardware, e.g., circuitry, and/or the combination of dedicated hardware and software are utilized in implementing one or more steps of the method 4100 and 4200 therein providing additional image processing efficiency, accuracy and/or operational capability to the imaging device, e.g., camera, implementing the method. FIG. 43 shows the steps of a method 4300 of capturing a scene area of interest using a plurality of optical chains, e.g., camera modules, in a synchronized manner in accordance with another exemplary embodiment. For purposes of discussion, the capturing of images corresponding to different scene areas performed by image sensors of different optical chains will be explained by referring to the optical chains illustrated in FIG. 12A and using that as the basis of the example. As previously discussed in FIG. 12A example, three different focal lengths, f1, f2 and f3 are used where f1<f2<f3, the same focal length relationship is considered for discussion.

The method 4300 starts with step 4302, e.g., when a user of a camera device, e.g., camera 100, presses a button or takes another action to trigger the capture of an image of a scene area of interest. In step 4304 the exposure and read out controller 150 (that includes sensor read out controller 289) alone, or under direction of the processor 110, controls a plurality of optical chains 130 to read out pixel values corresponding to a portion of the scene area of interest at the same time, e.g., concurrently. It should be appreciated that while a plurality, e.g., two or more, of the optical chains 130 are operated to read out at the same time, one or more of the remaining optical chains 130, e.g., optical chains which are directed to a different portion of the scene of interest, may not be controlled to read out the pixel values while other image sensors are reading out pixel values. In at least one implementation of the method 4300, the plurality of optical chains 130 includes a first optical chain, e.g., optical chain 1204) having a first focal length (f2) and a second optical chain, e.g., optical chain 1234, having a second focal length (f1). As part of the reading out of the image sensors, different portions of the scene area of interest will be read out at different times, e.g., as the rolling shutter and read out move down from the top of the image sensor to the bottom of the image sensor where the top of the image sensor corresponds to the start of the rolling shutter readout and the bottom of the image sensor corresponds to the last row to be read out. To facilitate synchronization of sensor readouts, in at least one embodiment the tops and bottoms of image sensors of the different optical chains are arranged in the same direction so that the read out of rows of pixel values can be easily synchronized. However, the use of a uniform scan and thus readout direction for the different image sensors of the optical chains is not mandatory for all embodiments even though it is used on at least some embodiments.

Since the image sensors are controlled to perform pixel row readouts sequentially, e.g. in accordance with the implemented rolling shutter control, different portions of the scene area of interest will be read out from sensors of one or more optical chains at different times while the readout of pixel values corresponding to a portion of the scene area of interest will occur in a synchronized manner with the sensor of multiple optical chains reading out rows of pixel values corresponding to the same portion of a scene area of interest in parallel.

Step 4304 includes various sub steps in at least some embodiments. Step 4304 includes step 4306 of implementing a synchronized rolling shutter read out of the first image sensor included in the first optical chain and the second image sensor included in the second optical chain. Thus, the first and second image sensors of the first and second optical chains will be read out in a synchronized fashion taking into consideration the operation of the timing of a first rolling shutter used to control the read out of the first image sensor of the first optical chain and the timing of a second rolling shutter used to control the read out of the second image sensor, i.e., the image sensor of the second optical chain.

As part of step 4306, steps 4308 and 4310 maybe, and in various embodiments are, performed. In step 4308 the first image sensor of the first optical chains is controlled to sequentially read out rows of pixel values beginning at the top edge of the first image sensor and proceeding to a bottom edge of the first image sensor where the top edge of the first image sensor of the first optical chain corresponds to a row of pixel values that are read out first as part of the rolling shutter controlled read out of the first image sensor. In step 4310 the second image sensor of the second optical chain is controlled to sequentially read out rows of pixel values beginning at the top edge of the second image sensor. The readout of the second image sensor proceeds to a bottom edge of the second image sensor where the top edge of the second image sensor of the second optical chain corresponds to a row of pixel values that are read out first as part of the rolling shutter controlled read out of the second image sensor. In this example, the first and second image sensors are configured so that they both have their tops and bottoms oriented in the same direction relative to the top of the camera device, e.g., camera device 100, implementing the method.

While the method of 4300 is explained with respect to first and second image sensors of first and second optical chains, it should be appreciated that in some embodiments the method is implemented for more than two optical chains, e.g., for Z optical chains where Z can be anywhere in the range of from 2 to Z, Z being an integer. In such in implementation, step 4306 includes a read out step similar to steps 4308, 4310 for each of the individual Z optical chains and corresponding image sensors of the camera device in which the method is implemented.

In addition to step 4306, step 4304 includes step 4312. In step 4312, the read out rate of the first and second image sensors is controlled as a function of the focal length of the first and second optical chains, respectively. In some embodiments where the focal length of the first optical chain (f2) is larger than the focal length of the second optical chain (f1), the image sensor readout controller 289 controls the first image sensor to read out a number of rows of pixels in the first image sensor in a period of time which is calculated as the ratio of the second focal length (f1) to the first focal length (f2) times the amount of time used to read out the same number of rows of pixels in said second image sensor.

Consider for example the case where the first and second image sensors have the same number of rows of pixel elements but the first image sensor corresponds to the first optical chain 1204 having a first focal length (f2) and a second optical chain, e.g., module 1234, having a second focal length (f1) where f2 is twice f1. As previously discussed, in such a case the second optical chain (f1) will capture a portion of the scene area which is four times or approximately four times the size of the scene area captured by the first optical chain (f2). To synchronize the image capture process assuming that the image sensor of the first optical chain (f2) is controlled to read its full set of pixel values in time NT_R, (where N is the number of pixel element rows on the first and second image sensors and T_R is the time required to read a single row of pixel elements on either of the image sensors), the second image sensor with the shorter focal length (f1) will be controlled to read out its rows of pixel values over the time period 2NT_R assuming all of the rows of the image sensor are to be read out individually.

Thus assuming image sensors have the same number of rows, the time over which an image sensor will be controlled to read out its rows of pixel values is as follows:

Sensor 1 with N rows of pixel elements and a focal length of f2 will have a read out period of (f2/f2)NT_R

Sensor 2 also with N rows pixel elements and a focal length of f1 (smaller than sensor 1 focal length f2) will have a read out period of: NT_R(f2/f1)=2NT_R (since f2=2f1), assuming each of the individual rows of pixel values are individually read out.

Note that f2 is used in this example as the numerator since it is the largest focal length being used in the example.

As noted above, in some modes of operation a joint read out of rows of pixel elements may be implemented to reduce amount of time required to read out an image sensor. While in various embodiments where each sensor's rows of pixel elements are read out individually to maximize the overall pixel count of a generated composite image, and the read out rate of the sensor corresponding to the smaller focal length is reduced to maintain synchronization with the read out of pixel values and thus the capture of image portions of the scene of interest of the sensor corresponding to the optical chain having the larger focal length this does not occur in all embodiments.

For example in one particular exemplary embodiment where capture of fast motion is desired, rather than slowing down the row read out rate of the image sensor corresponding to the shorter focal length, a joint read out operation is performed for rows of the image sensor corresponding to the larger focal length. As noted above, in a joint readout multiple rows of pixel values are read out jointly with, for example two rows of pixel values providing the same number of pixel values as a single row when a joint read of the two rows is implemented. While a joint read by a factor of M will result in a reduction of rows of pixel values by the same factor, the image sensor read out will be completed in 1/Mth the time.

In at least one embodiment, rather than slow down the read out rate of one or more sensors corresponding to optical chains having a short focal length, e.g., a focal length shorter than the longest focal length to be used to capture an image that will be combined to form a composite image, a joint read out of pixel rows of the sensor with the longer focal length is implemented with the number of rows being jointly read out being controlled as a function of the difference in the focal lengths. For example if f2 is twice f1, in one embodiment M is set equal to 2 so that the read out of the sensor corresponding to the f2 focal length can be completed in half the time used to read out the rows of pixel values from the second sensor corresponding to the optical chain with shorter focal length f1.

In such a case the time required to read out the pixel rows of the sensor with the shortest focal length serves as the time constraint for the multiple image sensors to complete their read out and sensors with larger focal lengths have the number of rows read out reduced by use of a joint read operation based on a factor which is determined by the ratio of the larger focal length to the smaller focal length. For example if f2 is larger than f1 by a factor of 2, sensors corresponding to optical chains with an f2 focal length will be read out using joint reads implemented by a joint read factor of 2.

In this way, the image sensors of the optical chains with different focal length can be controlled to capture the same portions of a scene area of interest with the total capture time being limited to the time required to read a single image sensor.

While the joint read reduces the number of pixel values which will be read out of the image sensor with the larger focal length, the time required to perform the read is reduced and the total pixel count of the image will not be reduced below that of the optical chain with the shorter focal length f1.

In at least one embodiment a user is provided the opportunity to select between a motion mode of operation in which joint reads are used to reduce or minimize the image capture time period, e.g., to keep the total time used to capture an image to NT_R which corresponds to the time required to read a single image sensor in some embodiments, and a still or slow motion mode of operation where the pixel count of an image is optimized at the expense of the image capture time, e.g., an embodiment where the read out time period of pixel element rows corresponding to the image sensor of the optical chain with the shorter focal length is increased to achieve timing synchronization with scene area capture by optical chains having a larger focal length.

Taking into consideration the potential use of the joint row read factor M, the total time used to read out rows of pixel values from first and second image sensors having the same number of rows of pixel elements but corresponding to different focal length f1 and f2, respectively where f2 is greater than f1, can be expressed as follows:

• • Sensor 2 with N rows of pixel elements and corresponding to optical chain having a focal length of f1 (shorter focal length) will have a read out period of NT_R;
  • Sensor 1 also with N rows pixel elements but corresponding to the optical chain having a focal length of f2 (larger) is controlled to perform a joint read of rows by a factor of M will have a read out period of: NT_R/M, where M is equal to (f2/f1) assuming one row of pixel values is read out for each M rows of pixel elements.

While sensor 1 (larger focal length f2) will complete a readout in less time than sensor 2, it should be appreciated that in various embodiments another sensor S3 with the same focal length (f2) as the optical chain to which sensor 1 corresponds, but which captures an image area, in terms of scan direction beneath the area captured by sensor 1, will capture the lower portion of the image. Thus, assuming f2 is twice f1, the read out of sensors S1 and S3 will coincide to the same time period NT_R in which sensor 2 is read out but with the sensor 1 S1 read out occurring during the first half of NT_R and the sensor 3 S3 readout occurring in the second half of NT_R.

From the above discussion, it should be appreciated that step 4312 which involves controlling the read out rate of the first and second image sensors as a function of the focal length of the first and second optical chains may also depend on the mode of operation selected by the operator of the camera, e.g., still or high speed motion. The selection of which mode may, and in some embodiments is, made automatically based on detected motion in one or more sequentially captured images or portions of images captured at different points in time. For example, if a motion of one or more objects is detected which is likely to cause artifacts due to the motion which are likely to reduce the image quality of a combined image more than reducing the overall pixel count of the image would, the joint read approach to reading out pixel rows is used.

In the case of video, the camera device may, and in some embodiments does, make updated decisions as to which mode of operation to operate in to produce composite images of the best quality. As the result of said decisions, the camera device may switch between modes of operation and the image capture synchronization technique used from one frame time to the next frame time. While this may result in different composite images corresponding to the same video sequence having different numbers of pixels, overall image quality is maximized.

While such dynamic switching is supported in some embodiments, in other embodiments once a synchronization technique and mode of operation is determined, the mode is maintained for the video sequence so that the number of pixel elements of the images in the video sequence will remain constant on a per composite image basis.

As should be appreciated in the case of synchronized readout of multiple image sensors where a third sensor captures an image portion of a scene area of interest which is located below (in terms of scan direction) the image portion captured by another image sensor, e.g., first image sensor, the readout of pixel values from the third image sensor will follow the read out of pixel values from the first image sensor.

Thus, in at least one embodiment, step 4304 includes step 4314 wherein a third image sensor of a third optical chain, e.g., optical chain 1218, is controlled to read out pixel values corresponding to a third portion of the scene of interest after a last row of pixel values is read out from the first image sensor. In some embodiments the third portion of said scene area of interest is positioned below (in the direction of scan) said first portion of said scene area of interest. In some such embodiments the first image sensor captures a first portion of the scene area of interest and the second image sensor captures a second portion of the scene area of interest which is larger than the first portion. In some such embodiments the second image sensor (corresponding to smaller focal length optical chain) captures substantially the same image area as the first and third image sensors combined but during a readout time which is longer than the read out time of either of the first and third image sensors.

It should be appreciated that in such an embodiment while pixel values corresponding to the first image sensor may be read out during the time period during which pixel values are read out from the second image sensor, read out times of the first and third image sensors will not overlap.

However, in embodiments where the first and third image sensors are controlled to capture overlapping portions of the scene of interest, the read out of pixel rows corresponding to an overlapping scene portion may be read out at the same time from the first and third image sensors.

From step 4304 operation proceeds to step 4316 where the images read out from the image sensors which were controlled in step 4304 are stored in memory for subsequent processing. Operation then proceeds to step 4318. In step 4318 the images captured by the different optical chains in a synchronized manner, e.g., in step 4304, are combined to generate a composite image.

In the case of video, steps 4304, 4316 and 4318 will be performed for each frame time, e.g., with one composite image being generated for each frame time.

In some embodiments the operation proceeds from step 4318 to step 4320. In step 4320 the composite image generated in step 4318 is stored in memory, transmitted and/or displayed, e.g., on the display 102.

While in some embodiments the generation of the composite image occurs in the camera device 100 with the composite image then being displayed or transmitted, in other embodiments the composite image is generated by a processor, e.g., as part of a post capture processing process and/or video production processes. In such embodiments the generation of the composite image may be done on a computer system including memory, a processor and a display which is different from the memory, processor and display of the camera device 100 including the optical chains 130 used to capture the images of the scene area of interest.

In some exemplary embodiments an imaging device such as e.g., the camera device 100, is used to implement the method of flowchart 4300. In one such embodiment the plurality of optical chains 130 of the camera device 100 include optical chains arranged in the manner as illustrated in FIG. 12A with more detailed arrangements and elements of the optical chains further shown in FIG. 12B. In another embodiment the plurality of optical chains 130 of the camera device 100 include optical chains of the type and arrangement as illustrated in FIG. 17A.

In one embodiment the controller 150 (including the image sensor read out controller 289) is configured to control the plurality of optical chains to read out pixel values corresponding to a portion of said scene area of interest at the same time, the plurality of optical chains 130 including a first optical chain 1204 having a first focal length (f2) and a second optical chain 1234 having a second focal length (f1), the second focal length being different from the first focal length, different portions of said scene area of interest being read out at different times. In various embodiments the controller 150 is configured to implement synchronized rolling shutter read out of a first image sensor included in the first optical chain 1204 and a second image sensor included in the second optical chain 1234.

In some embodiments the controller 150 is configured to first read a top edge of the first image sensor of the first optical chain corresponding to a row of pixel values as part of implementing the rolling shutter read out of the first image sensor, the rolling shutter read out including sequential reading out of rows of pixel values beginning at the top edge of the first image sensor and proceeding to a bottom edge of the first image sensor. In various embodiments the controller 150 is further configured to first read a top edge of the second image sensor of the second optical chain corresponding to a row of pixel values as part of a rolling shutter read out of the second image sensor, the rolling shutter read out of the second image sensor including sequential reading out of rows of pixel values beginning at the top edge of the second image sensor and proceeding to a bottom edge of the second image sensor, the scan direction of the first and second image sensors (from top to bottom) being the same. While a top to bottom direction of scan of the image sensors is considered in the example discussed with regard to FIG. 43, however it should be appreciated that scanning from one edge of the image sensor to another in a different direction is possible as part of the rolling shutter read out of the image sensors.

In some embodiments, the first and second image sensors include the same number of rows of pixels. In some embodiments the controller 150 is configured to control the read out rate of the first and second image sensors as a function of the focal length of the first and second optical chains, as part of being configured to control a plurality of optical chains to read out pixel values corresponding to a portion of the scene area of interest at the same time.

In some embodiments the first focal length is larger than the second focal length. In some embodiments the controller 150 is further configured to control the first image sensor to read out a number of rows of pixels in the first image sensor in a period of time which is calculated as the ratio of the second focal length to the first focal length times the amount of time used to read out the same number of rows of pixels in the second image sensor. For example consider that the focal length of the second optical chain is FS2 and the focal length of the first optical chain is FS1, both first and second sensors corresponding to the first and second optical chains respectively, having N rows of pixel elements. If it takes time TS2 to read N rows out of sensor 2 then the controller 150 controls the read out of sensor 1 in a time period TS1=(FS2/FS1)×TS2.

In some embodiments the first focal length is twice the second focal length. In such embodiments the controller 150 is further configured to control the second image sensor to be fully read out over a time period which is twice as long as a first time period used to read out the first image sensor.

In various embodiments the first image sensor captures a first portion of the scene area of interest and the second image sensor captures a second portion of the scene area of interest which is larger than the first portion. In some such embodiments the controller 150 is further configured to control a third image sensor of a third optical chain, e.g., optical chain 1218, to read out pixel values corresponding to a third portion of the scene area of interest after a last row of pixel values is read out from the first image sensor, the third portion of the scene area of interest being positioned below the first portion of the scene area of interest. In some embodiments the second image sensor captures at least substantially the same image area as the first and third image sensors capture but during a readout time which is longer than an individual read out time of either of the first and third image sensors.

In various embodiments the images captured by the sensors as part of the sensor read out operations are stored in the device memory, e.g., memory 108. In some embodiments, one or more of these images are further processed as part of generating a composite image. In some embodiments the processor 110 is configured to generate a composite image by combining two or more captured images. In some embodiments the processor 110 is further configured to control storage of the generated composite image in the memory 108 and/or output of the composite image on the display 102 and/or transmission of the captured images or the composite image to another device via an interface such as interface 114.

It should be appreciated that various features and/or steps of method 4300 relate to improvements in cameras and/or image processing even though such devices may use general purpose processors and/or image sensors. While one or more steps of the method 4300, e.g., such as composite image generation step, have been discussed as being performed by a processor, e.g., processor 110, 211, it should be appreciated that one or more of the steps of the method 4300 may be, and in some embodiments are, implemented by dedicated circuitry, e.g., ASICs, FPGAs and/or other application specific circuits which improve the efficiency, accuracy and/or operational capability of the imaging device performing the method. In some embodiments, dedicated hardware, e.g., circuitry, and/or the combination of dedicated hardware and software are utilized in implementing one or more steps of the method 4300 therein providing additional image processing efficiency, accuracy and/or operational capability to the imaging device, e.g., camera, implementing the method.

FIG. 44 shows a flowchart 4400 illustrating the steps of an exemplary method of capturing images using multiple optical chains in accordance with one exemplary embodiment. The method includes controlling an imaging device, e.g., such as that shown in FIGS. 1, 6, 8 and/or 14, to capture images in accordance with an exemplary embodiment. The camera device implementing the method of flowchart 4400 can and sometimes does include the same or similar elements as the camera device of FIGS. 1 and/or 4A.

The method of flowchart 4400 can be, and in some embodiments is, performed using a camera device such as the camera 100 of FIG. 1. In one such embodiment the plurality of optical chains 130 of the camera device 100 include optical chains, e.g., camera modules, arranged in the manner as illustrated in FIG. 12A with more detailed arrangements and elements of the optical chains further shown in FIG. 12B. In another embodiment the plurality of optical chains 130 of the camera device 100 include optical chains of the type and arrangement as illustrated in FIG. 17A. In such an embodiment the plurality of optical chains 130 include optical chains 1702 through 1734 discussed with regard to FIGS. 17A and 17B.

The exemplary method starts in step 4402, e.g., with a user initiating the capture of a scene area of interest which causes the camera device, e.g., camera device 100, to initiate image capture of the scene area of interest by one or more optical chains. For the purposes of discussion consider that the camera device includes a plurality of optical chains, and each of the optical chains can be independently operated and controlled.

Operation proceeds from step 4402 to steps 4404, 4406, 4408, 4410, 4412, 4414 and 4416 which involve image capture operations. The image capture operations may and in some embodiments are performed in a synchronized manner. In at least some synchronized embodiments the images captured by some by not necessarily all of the different optical chains correspond to the same or an overlapping time period. In other embodiments image capture is not synchronized but multiple one of the captured images are captured during the same or an overlapping time period. In still other embodiments as least some images are captured sequentially, e.g., in rapid succession. Sequential image capture may, and in some embodiments are used for capturing images corresponding to different portions of a scene area.

In step 4404 a first optical chain of the camera device is used to capture a first image of a first portion of a scene area of interest, the first optical chain having a first optical axis and a first outermost lens. In some embodiments the scene area of interest may be slightly smaller than the full image capture area. Operation proceeds from step 4404 to step 4418. Step 4418 is performed in some but not necessarily all embodiments. In some embodiments where step 4418 is skipped operation proceeds directly to step 4420.

In step 4406 a second image of a second portion of the scene area is captured using a second optical chain of the camera device, the second optical chain having a second optical axis which is not parallel to the first optical axis and a second outermost lens which is separate from the first outermost lens. Thus it should be appreciated that in various embodiments each optical chain has a physically disjoint and non-overlapping entrance pupil due to each optical chain having a different outer lens. In some embodiments the first and second optical axis are not perpendicular to the front face of the camera. In some embodiments the first and second optical chains have the same focal length. Operation proceeds from step 4406 to step 4418.

In step 4408 a third image including the scene area of interest, e.g., the entire scene area of interest, is captured using a third optical chain of the camera device having a third outermost lens which is separate from said first and second outermost lens. In some embodiments the third optical chain has a third optical axis which is not parallel to either of the first or the second optical axis. In some embodiments the focal length of the third optical chain is smaller than a focal length of at least one of the first and second optical chains. In some embodiments the focal length of the third optical chain is smaller than the focal length of the first optical chain. In some embodiments the focal length of the third optical chain is smaller than the focal length of the second optical chain. In some embodiments the focal length of the third optical chain is smaller than the focal length of the first and the second optical chains. In some embodiments the third optical axis is perpendicular to the front face of the camera device. In some embodiments the first optical chain captures the first image using a first sensor and the third optical chain captures the third image using a third sensor. Operation proceeds from step 4408 to step 4418.

In step 4410 a fourth image is captured using a fourth optical chain of the camera device having a having a fourth outermost lens which is separate from said first, second and third outermost lens, the fourth image including a second image of the scene area of interest. In some embodiments the third optical chain has a third optical axis, and the fourth optical chain has a fourth optical axis. In some embodiments the third and fourth optical axes are parallel to each other. In some embodiments the third and fourth optical axes are not parallel to the first or second optical axes. In some embodiments the third and fourth optical axis are perpendicular to the front face of the camera. In some embodiments the fourth optical chain has a focal length which is the same as the focal length of the third optical chain. Operation proceeds from step 4410 to step 4418.

In step 4412 a fifth image is captured using a fifth optical chain of the camera device having a fifth optical axis, the fifth image being an image of a third portion of the scene area of interest, the fifth optical axis not being parallel to the first and second optical axes. Thus the fifth optical chain captures a part, e.g., quarter or half, portion of the scene area of interest. Operation proceeds from step 4412 to step 4418.

In step 4414 a sixth image is captured using a sixth optical chain of the camera device having a sixth optical axis which is not parallel to the first, second, or fifth optical axis, the sixth image being an image of a fourth portion of the scene area of interest. Operation proceeds from step 4414 to step 4418. In some embodiments the first, second, fifth and sixth images each have a first number of pixel values.

In step 4416 a seventh image of a seventh scene area is captured using a seventh optical chain of the camera device having the same focal length as the first optical chain, the seventh optical chain having an optical axis perpendicular to the face of the camera. In some embodiments the seventh scene is at the center of the scene area of interest. Operation proceeds from step 4416 to step 4418.

Returning now to step 4418. In step 4418 one or more captured images, e.g., first, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth and/or seventh images, are stored, e.g., in a device memory and/or output, e.g., to a display device and/or to an external device via an interface. In some embodiments the processor 110 controls storage of the one or more captured images in the memory 108 and/or outputting of the one or more captured images to the display 102. While step 4418 is performed in some embodiments, in some other embodiments step 4418 may be skipped. In such embodiments the operation proceeds from the previous step directly to step 4420.

In various embodiments the second, third, fifth, and sixth optical chains are arranged in such a manner that the images of the portion of the scene area of interest taken by these optical chains are from different spatially separated entrance pupils and thus have different perspectives. Combining such images with different perspectives introduces artifacts, e.g., parallax. To minimize and/or alleviate the effect of such artifacts from a composite image generated using the various images captured by these different optical chains, in some embodiments depth information is used which provides for parallax correction when combing the images to avoid distortions of the composite image due to the different perspectives.

Returning to step 4420. In step 4420 a composite image is generated by combining at least two of the captured images, e.g., the first and second images. In various embodiments the composite image is generated by, e.g., a processor such as processor 110 or 211, of the camera device implementing the steps of the method 4400. In some embodiments performing step 4420 includes performing one or more of steps 4424 and 4426. In some embodiments sub-steps 4424 and 4426 are different alternatives any one of which may be performed as part of implementing step 4420. In some embodiments step 4420 includes performing step 4424 where at least said first, second, third and fourth images are combined as part of generating the composite image. In such embodiments the processor 110 is configured to generate the composite image by combining at least the first, second, third and fourth images. In some embodiments the composite image is a composite image of the scene area of interest, the composite image having a larger number of pixel values than either of the first, second, third and fourth images individually have.

In some embodiments step 4420 includes performing step 4426 where the composite image is generated, e.g., by the processor 110, from at least said first, second, third, fourth, fifth, and sixth images, the composite image having a number of pixel values more than three times the first number of pixel values but less than six times the first number of pixel values. In some embodiments the composite image includes a number of pixel values which is less than the number of pixel values resulting from the sum of the number of pixel values combined to generate the composite image. In various embodiments the generated composite image is an image of the scene area of interest. In some embodiments the composite image is generated from the first, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth images and seventh images.

In some embodiments the operations proceeds from step 4420 to step 4428. In step 4428 the generated composite image is stored, e.g., in a device memory and/or output, e.g., to a display device and/or to an external device via an interface. In some embodiments the storage of the composite image in the memory 108 and/or output, e.g., to a display device and/or to an external device via an interface is performed under the control of the processor 110.

It should be appreciated that various features and/or steps of method 4400 relate to improvements in cameras and/or image processing even though such devices may use general purpose processors and/or image sensors. While one or more steps of the method 4400, e.g., such as composite image generation step, have been discussed as being performed by a processor, e.g., processor 110, 211, it should be appreciated that one or more of the steps of the method 4400 may be, and in some embodiments are, implemented by dedicated circuitry, e.g., ASICs, FPGAs and/or other application specific circuits which improve the efficiency, accuracy and/or operational capability of the imaging device performing the method. In some embodiments, dedicated hardware, e.g., circuitry, and/or the combination of dedicated hardware and software are utilized in implementing one or more steps of the method 4400 therein providing additional image processing efficiency, accuracy and/or operational capability to the imaging device, e.g., camera, implementing the method.

FIG. 45 shows a flowchart 6700 illustrating the steps of an exemplary method of capturing images. The images may, and in some embodiments are captured using a plurality of optical chains included in a camera device including a camera housing with a front surface and a rear surface having a thickness D, D being a distance between the front surface and the rear surface. In one embodiment the method of flowchart 6700 can be implemented to capture images using a camera device such as, e.g., the camera device 1320 shown in FIG. 13B. The camera device includes a plurality of optical chains, and each of the optical chains can be independently operated and controlled. The camera device implementing the method of flowchart 6700 can and sometimes does include the same or similar elements as the camera device of FIGS. 1 and/or 4A. Thus it should be appreciated that the camera device implementing the method 6700 includes a processor, memory, interface(s) and other elements discussed with regard to FIGS. 1 and 4A.

The exemplary method starts in step 6702, e.g., with a user initiating the capture of a scene area of interest which causes the camera device, e.g., camera device 1320, to initiate image capture of the scene area of interest by one or more optical chains. Operation proceeds from step 6702 to steps 6704, 6706, 6708, and 6710 which involve image capture operations. The image capture operations may and in some embodiments are performed in a synchronized manner. In at least some synchronized embodiments the images captured by some by not necessarily all of the different optical chains correspond to the same or an overlapping time period. In other embodiments image capture is not synchronized but multiple one of the captured images are captured during the same or an overlapping time period. In still other embodiments as least some images are captured sequentially, e.g., in rapid succession. Sequential image capture may, and in some embodiments are used for capturing images corresponding to different portions of a scene area.

In step 6704 a first image is captured, using a first optical chain in the camera housing, the first optical chain including i) a first light redirection device, ii) a first lens having a non-circular aperture, and iii) a sensor, the first optical chain having an optical axis including a first optical axis portion in front of the light redirection device and a second optical axis portion extending from the light redirection device to the sensor, the first lens being on the second optical axis portion, the non-circular aperture having a length less than or equal to D in a first direction along the direction of the thickness of the camera and a length larger than D along a second direction perpendicular to the first direction. In some embodiments the first lens is the lens closest to the light redirection device on the second optical axis portion. The various elements and/or constructional features of the exemplary camera device that can be used to implement the method of flowchart 6700 can be appreciated from FIG. 13B that shows such features such as camera housing 1322, thickness 1323, front and rear surface 1321 and 1325. Operation proceeds from steps 6704 to step 6712.

In step 6706 a second image is captured, using a second optical chain in the camera housing, the second optical chain including i) a second light redirection device, ii) a second lens having a second non-circular aperture, and iii) a second sensor, the second optical chain having an optical axis including a third optical axis portion in front of the second light redirection device and a fourth optical axis portion extending from the second light redirection device to the second sensor, the second non-circular aperture having a length less than or equal to D in the first direction along the thickness of the camera and a length larger than D along a third direction perpendicular to the direction of the thickness of the camera, the second and third directions being different. In some embodiments the second and third directions are at an angle of 90 degrees with respect to each other. Operation proceeds from steps 6706 to step 6712.

In step 6708 a third image is captured using a third optical chain, the third optical chain including i) a third light redirection device, ii) a third lens having a third non-circular aperture, and iii) a third sensor, the third optical chain having an optical axis including a fifth optical axis portion in front of the third light redirection device and a sixth optical axis portion extending from the third light redirection device to the third sensor, the third non-circular aperture having a length less than or equal to D in the first direction along the thickness of the camera and a length larger than D along a fourth direction perpendicular to the direction of the thickness of the camera, the first, second and third directions being different. In some embodiments the second and third directions are at an angle of 90 degrees with respect to each other and the second and fourth direction area at an angle with respect to each other between 30 degrees and 60 degrees. Operation proceeds from steps 6708 to step 6712.

Similarly one or more additional optical chains in the camera device can be used to capture additional images in some embodiments as indicated in the figure. In some such embodiments where additional optical chains are used to capture additional images step 6710 is performed. In step 6710 a Z^th image is captured using a Z^th optical chain, the Z^th optical chain including i) a Z^th light redirection device, ii) a Z^th lens having a non-circular aperture, and iii) a Z^th sensor, the Z^th optical chain having an optical axis including an optical axis portion in front of the Z^th light redirection device and another optical axis portion extending from the Z^th light redirection device to the sensor, the non-circular aperture having a length less than or equal to D in the first direction along the thickness of the camera and a length larger than D along a direction perpendicular to the direction of the thickness of the camera. Operation proceeds from steps 6710 to step 6712. In some embodiments the various images captured by the plurality of optical chains as discussed above are captured in the same time period.

Returning now to step 6712. In step 6712 one or more captured images, e.g., first, second, third etc., are stored, e.g., in a device memory for further processing in accordance with the features of the invention and/or output, e.g., to a display device and/or to an external device via an interface. Operation proceeds from step 6712 to step 6714. In step 6714 a composite image is generated by combining at least two or more of the captured images. In various embodiments the composite image is generated by, e.g., a processor such as processor 110 or 211, of the camera device implementing the steps of the method 6700. In various embodiments the generated composite image is an image of a scene area of interest. In some embodiments, at least some of the plurality of optical chains capture portions of the scene area of interest, which may then be combined in accordance with the methods of the invention to generate a composite image. Step 6714 is performed in some but not necessarily all embodiments.

Operation proceeds from steps 6714 to step 6716. In step 6716 the generated composite image is stored, e.g., in a device memory and/or output, e.g., to a display device and/or to an external device via an interface.

It should be appreciated that various features and/or steps of method 6700 relate to improvements in cameras and/or image processing even though such devices may use general purpose processors and/or image sensors. While one or more steps of the method 6700, e.g., such as composite image generation step, have been discussed as being performed by a processor, e.g., processor 110, 211, it should be appreciated that one or more of the steps of the method 6700 may be, and in some embodiments are, implemented by dedicated circuitry, e.g., ASICs, FPGAs and/or other application specific circuits which improve the efficiency, accuracy and/or operational capability of the imaging device performing the method. In some embodiments, dedicated hardware, e.g., circuitry, and/or the combination of dedicated hardware and software are utilized in implementing one or more steps of the method 6700 therein providing additional image processing efficiency, accuracy and/or operational capability to the imaging device, e.g., camera, implementing the method.

FIG. 46 is a flowchart 6800 illustrating the steps of an exemplary method of capturing images. The images may, and in some embodiments are, captured using a camera device including a plurality of optical chains. In one embodiment the method of flowchart 6800 can be implemented to capture images using a camera device such as, e.g., the camera device 1400 shown in FIG. 14. The camera device includes a plurality of optical chains, and each of the optical chains can be independently operated and controlled. The camera device implementing the method of flowchart 6800 can and sometimes does include the same or similar elements as the camera device of FIGS. 1 and/or 4A. The various elements and/or features of the exemplary camera device that can be used to implement the method of flowchart 6800 can be appreciated from FIGS. 14-17 that shows such features such as the optical chains with non-circular aperture lenses, optical chains with round lenses, camera thickness etc.

The exemplary method starts in step 6802, e.g., with a user initiating the capture of a scene area of interest which causes the camera device, e.g., camera device 1400, to initiate image capture of the scene area of interest by one or more optical chains. Operation proceeds from step 6802 to steps 6804, 6806, 6808, 6810, and 6812 which involve image capture operations. The image capture operations may and in some embodiments are performed in a synchronized manner. In at least some synchronized embodiments the images captured by some by not necessarily all of the different optical chains correspond to the same or an overlapping time period. In other embodiments image capture is not synchronized but multiple one of the captured images are captured during the same or an overlapping time period. In still other embodiments as least some images are captured sequentially, e.g., in rapid succession. Sequential image capture may, and in some embodiments are used for capturing images corresponding to different portions of a scene area.

In step 6804 a first image is captured, using a first optical chain of the camera, during a first time period, the first optical chain having a first focal length and a first non-circular lens. Operation proceeds from steps 6804 to step 6814.

In step 6806 a second image is captured, using a second optical chain of the camera during the first time period, the second optical chain having a second focal length and a second non-circular lens. In some embodiments the first and second focal lengths are the same. In some embodiments the first and second focal lengths are different. In some embodiments the first non-circular lens is longer in a first direction than in a second direction which is perpendicular to the first direction and the second non-circular lens is longer in a third direction than in a fourth direction, the fourth direction being perpendicular to the third direction, the first and third directions being different. In some embodiments the first optical chain includes a first sensor and the second optical chain includes a second sensor. Operation proceeds from steps 6806 to step 6814.

In step 6808 a third image is captured, using a third optical chain having a third focal length and including a round lens, the third focal length being less than the first or second focal lengths. In some embodiments the second and fourth directions are the same and correspond to the depth (thickness) of the camera. Operation proceeds from steps 6808 to step 6814.

In step 6810 a fourth image is captured using a fourth optical chain having a fourth focal length and a third non-circular lens, the fourth focal length being larger than the third focal length. In some embodiments the third non-circular lens is longer in a fifth direction than in a sixth direction, the sixth direction being perpendicular to the fifth direction, the first, third, and fifth directions being different by at least 20 degrees. Operation proceeds from steps 6810 to step 6814.

Similarly one or more additional optical chains in the camera device can be, and in some embodiments are, used to capture additional images. In one embodiment additional images are captured using optical having including circular lenses as indicated in step 6812. In step 6812 additional images are captured, using a plurality of additional optical chains including circular lenses, each of the additional optical chains including circular lenses having a focal length less than the first optical chain. In some embodiments the various images captured by the plurality of optical chains as discussed above are captured in the same time period. Operation proceeds from steps 6812 to step 6814.

Returning now to step 6814. In step 6814 one or more captured images, e.g., first, second, third etc., are stored, e.g., in a device memory for further processing in accordance with the features of the invention and/or output, e.g., to a display device and/or to an external device via an interface. Operation proceeds from step 6814 to step 6816 which is performed in some but not necessarily all embodiments. In step 6816 a composite image is generated by combining at least two or more of the captured images, e.g., by combining at least the first and second images. In various embodiments the composite image is generated by, e.g., a processor such as processor 110 or 211, of the camera device 1400 implementing the steps of the method 6800. In various embodiments the generated composite image is an image of a scene area of interest. In some embodiments, at least some of the plurality of optical chains capture portions of the scene area of interest, which may then be combined in accordance with the methods of the invention to generate a composite image.

Operation proceeds from steps 6816 to step 6818. In step 6818 the generated composite image is stored, e.g., in a device memory and/or output, e.g., to a display device and/or to an external device via an interface.

It should be appreciated that various features and/or steps of method 6800 relate to improvements in cameras and/or image processing even though such devices may use general purpose processors and/or image sensors. While one or more steps of the method 6800, e.g., such as composite image generation step, have been discussed as being performed by a processor, e.g., processor 110, 211, it should be appreciated that one or more of the steps of the method 6800 may be, and in some embodiments are, implemented by dedicated circuitry, e.g., ASICs, FPGAs and/or other application specific circuits which improve the efficiency, accuracy and/or operational capability of the imaging device performing the method. In some embodiments, dedicated hardware, e.g., circuitry, and/or the combination of dedicated hardware and software are utilized in implementing one or more steps of the method 6800 therein providing additional image processing efficiency, accuracy and/or operational capability to the imaging device, e.g., camera, implementing the method.

Various features are directed to methods and apparatus for reducing the thickness of a camera apparatus using one or more light redirection elements are described. In various embodiments, the path of light along the optical axis is redirected prior to reaching a sensor. In at least some embodiments, the path of light entering the front of a camera device along the optical axis is redirected so it travels at least partially, in a direction which extends parallel to the face of the camera. Accordingly, in at least some embodiments the length of the path of the light is not limited by the depth, e.g., front to back length, of the camera.

The use of a light redirection element, such as, for example, a mirror or prism, is useful in extending the length of the light path from the front most lens to the corresponding sensor, e.g., of an optical chain, e.g., camera module, in a camera which includes one or more camera modules. In some embodiments, round lenses, e.g., lenses with round apertures, are used as the outermost camera lenses and light redirection elements which have a depth comparable to the diameter of the outer most lens are used. In this manner the light received in what may be considered both the vertical and horizontal dimensions of the outer lens or lenses, assuming a camera is arranged vertically and the lens or lenses are mounted in a vertical plane corresponding to the front of a camera housing, can be redirected and captured without requiring the camera to be sufficiently deep to allow the optical chain to be arranged in a straight front to back configuration where the front outermost lens of the optical chain is positioned at the front of the camera and the sensor is positioned at the back of the camera directly behind the outermost lens of the optical chain.

In some embodiments, a camera is implemented using multiple optical chains, e.g., camera modules. In at least some such embodiments, redirection of light is implemented so that at least a portion of a camera module can take advantage of the left to right dimension, e.g., side to side dimension of a camera, or up to down dimension (height) thereby allowing a relatively long focal length to be supported in a relatively thin camera format. In one such embodiment camera modules with small focal lengths and corresponding small lenses are implemented in a straight front to back implementation while camera modules with larger focal length and larger lenses take advantage of light redirection, e.g., by 90 degrees in some embodiments, to allow a portion of the camera module with the higher focal length to be implemented in the sideways or up-down direction relative to the front of the camera.

While round lenses are used for camera modules in many embodiments, in at least some embodiments camera modules with long focal lengths are implemented using lenses with non-round, e.g., oval, elongated or other lens configurations which have apertures which are larger in one dimension than the other. In at least one such embodiment, the non-round lenses are used in combination with light redirection devices. As explained in the detailed description the use of non-round lenses in combination with one or more light redirection devices can be used to implement a camera module which is thinner than might be possible if a lens with a round aperture was used instead.

In at least some embodiments, a combination of camera modules some with round lenses and others with non-round lenses are used. The non-round lenses, e.g., lenses with apertures longer in one dimension of a plane than in another dimension of the same plane, are used for camera modules having a large focal length, e.g., a focal length equivalent to a 70 mm focal length of a full frame DSLR or greater in some embodiments, equivalent to a 150 mm focal length of a full frame DSLR or greater in some embodiments, equivalent to a 300 mm focal length of a full frame DSLR or greater in some embodiments. In at least some such embodiments, lenses with round apertures are used for camera modules with small focal lengths, e.g., an equivalent a focal length shorter than 70 mm full frame DSLR. Focal length of a lens (camera) is often stated as the equivalent focal length for a full frame DSLR camera where a DSLR camera is digital single-lens reflex camera. A lens or system such as an optical chain with an equivalent focal length of 35 mm will frame the same shot from the same location as a full frame DSLR camera with a 35 mm lens would frame. The actual focal length of the optical chain with an equivalent focal length of 35 mm may be significantly smaller because the sensor is typically much smaller than a full frame DSLR sensor. In general if the sensor is 5 times smaller in each dimension (25 times smaller area), an optical chain of 7 mm real focal length will have a focal length equivalent to 35 mm of a full frame DSLR.

While in various embodiments light redirection is used for camera modules with some focal lengths to allow for a thin camera implementation, some other camera modules with shorter, e.g., a focal length equivalent to a 35 mm full frame DSLR focal lengths, maybe and sometimes are implemented without the use of light redirection elements.

In some embodiments, to allow for camera thickness to be less than the maximum dimension of the outermost lens element of a camera module (which is along the horizontal direction in some embodiments) and corresponding aperture, a light redirection device, which is configured to support a bigger aperture in one direction, e.g., the horizontal direction than another direction, e.g., the vertical direction, is used in some embodiments. This light redirection device redirects light traveling towards the camera along the optical axis of the camera module to travel in a different direction, e.g., vertically, after redirection. This allows the depth of the light redirection device to be smaller than the maximum dimension of the aperture.

The use of a redirection element which supports a bigger aperture in one dimension (e.g., horizontal) than the other results in the capture of a two dimensional image with a higher quality, e.g., more captured higher frequency image content, in one dimension (e.g., horizontal) than the other. While such an image may be less desirable than a more uniform image where the same amount of optical information is captured in both the vertical and horizontal dimensions, the thinner camera width made possible by using a light redirection element which-supports an oblong aperture can be desirable because it allows the camera to be thinner than the longest length of the lens opening though which light enters the camera. Thus, in such an embodiment the thickness of the camera is not coupled or constrained by the maximum dimension of an oblong or non-circular lens opening (aperture).

The use of non-circular, e.g., oblong, oval or other non-circular, apertures can result in more high frequency image information being captured in one dimension, e.g., along the longer dimension of the non-circular lens, than in the other dimension. In various embodiments to make up for the difference in high frequency information in different directions resulting from a lens and/or effective aperture being narrower in one dimension than the other, multiple optical chains with different orientations of the higher resolution dimension are used. The optical chains with different orientations capture images with different directions (e.g., horizontal, vertical, slanted) of the highest resolution dimension in the image, where the camera is in a vertical orientation and the camera lenses are facing forward.

In one such embodiment, the images captured by the different optical chains are combined to form a combined or composite image. As should be appreciated by combining images with different amounts of high frequency information in different dimensions, e.g., captured by different optical chains at the same time, the combined image need not be constrained by the lower frequency information captured in one dimension by an optical chain with a non-round aperture stop. This is because the image captured by a different optical chain, e.g., an optical chain with an orientation allowing for capture of higher frequency information in the dimension where the other optical chain suffers, can be used to make up for the weakness of the image captured by the other optical chain. As an example if there are two optical chains both having non-round, e.g., oblong, apertures, the orientation of the first optical chain maybe such that the aperture of the first optical chain is larger in the horizontal dimension giving the image captured by the first optical chain a higher resolution in the horizontal direction, while the second optical chain orientation maybe such that it correspondingly captures images with a higher vertical resolution. The two images can, and in some embodiments are, combined into a single composite image that has the higher resolution in both vertical and horizontal directions.

Thus, by using multiple optical chains with non-round apertures but different orientations, and combining the images captured by such optical chains, a relatively thin camera can be implemented without the quality (sharpness) of the image being constrained by the use of a smaller round aperture the diameter of which would normally be limited by the camera depth.

In some embodiments non-round lenses are used as the outermost lens of multiple optical chains used to capture images in parallel which are then combined to form a combined image. The non-round lenses may be formed by cutting off portions of a round lens, e.g., left and right portions, to form an oblong lens. In other embodiments portions of round lenses are masked by an applied mask or a portion of the camera housing in which the lenses are mounted forming lenses with oblong apertures. In still other embodiments round outer lenses are used and the light redirecting device is of a size and shape such that not all the light passing through the round lenses will be redirected to the sensor. In such embodiments the light redirection device operates as the constraint on the optical light path and becomes the aperture stop, e.g., the point of light constraint, on the light being passed to the sensor. Thus, in various embodiments the oblong lens serves as the aperture stop with the oblong aperture being the point of constriction on the light path of the optical chain while in other embodiments the light redirection element servers as a constraint on the light path and the aperture stop in the optical chain with the effective aperture being oblong in shape despite the fact that the outer lens may have been round.

Methods and apparatus which use multiple optical chains to capture multiple images of an area at the same time are described. The multiple captured images may, and in some embodiments are then combined to form a combined image. The combined image in various embodiments is normally of higher quality than would be achieved using just a single one of the optical chains.

Various embodiments, provide many of the benefits associated with use of a large lens and/or large high quality sensor, through the use of multiple optical chains which can normally be implemented using smaller and/or lower cost components than commonly used with a high quality large lens single optical chain camera implementation.

In various embodiments an optical chain, e.g., camera module, includes a combination of elements including one or more lenses, a light redirection device and a sensor. The light redirection device is a light diverter and may take various forms, e.g., it may be a mirror or prism. The light redirection device may be hinged to allow the angle and thus direction in which an optical chain is pointing to be changed by moving the light redirection device.

In at least some embodiments images captured by different optical chains with non-round apertures having different orientations are combined. In some embodiments the images from two, three or more, e.g., six or more, optical chains with different orientations are combined to form a single combined image. While images from optical chains with different orientations are combined in some embodiments, it should be appreciated that images captured by more than one optical chain with the same orientation can be combined with one or more images captured by optical chains with a different orientation, e.g., relative to the bottom of the camera, e.g., the horizontal, for purposes of explanation. Thus, by combining images from different optical chains many advantages can be achieved allowing for multiple small lenses to be used and a relatively thin camera housing as compared to systems using a single large round lens.

In various embodiments the outer lens of the multiple optical chains are fixed and thus unlike many conventional zoom camera devices in such embodiments the outer lenses, i.e., the lenses on the face of the camera, do not move out of the camera body and are fixed with respect to the face of the camera even during zoom operations. The outermost lenses may, and in some embodiments do have zero or very little optical power and serve largely as a cover to keep dirt out of the optical chains to which the outer lens corresponds. The outer lens in such embodiments may be implemented using flat glass or plastic. In some embodiments a slideable cover is slide over the outer lenses when the camera is to be placed in storage and slide back when the camera device is to be used. FIG. 14 shows one such embodiment with the lenses being uncovered and the cover slide to a position in which the case which includes the lens cover can be used as a camera grip or handle.

In some embodiments while a portion of the outermost lens may extend from the front of the camera device beyond the surface of the camera device, the outermost lenses generally extend, if at all, a small amount which is less than the thickness of the camera. Thus even during use the lenses to not extend significantly beyond the face of the camera device in which the optical chains are mounted and normally less than half the thickness of the camera device at most.

In many if not all cases images representing real world objects and/or scenes which were captured by one or more of the optical chain modules of the camera device used to take the picture are preserved in digital form on a computer readable medium, e.g., RAM or other memory device and/or stored in the form of a printed image on paper or on another printable medium.

While explained in the context of still image capture, it should be appreciated that the camera device and optical chain modules of the present invention can be used to capture video as well. In some embodiments a video sequence is captured and the user can select an object in the video sequence, e.g., shown in a frame of a sequence, as a focus area, and then the camera device capture one or more images using the optical chain modules. The images may, and in some embodiments are, combined to generate one or more images, e.g., frames. A sequence of combined images, e.g., frames may and in some embodiments is generated, e.g., with some or all individual frames corresponding to multiple images captured at the same time but with different frames corresponding to images captured at different times.

Different optical chain modules maybe and sometimes are controlled to use different exposure times in some embodiments to capture different amounts of light with the captured images being subsequently combined to produce an image with a greater dynamic range than might be achieved using a single exposure time, the same or similar effects can and in some embodiments is achieved through the use of different filters on different optical chains which have the same exposure time. For example, by using the same exposure time but different filters, the sensors of different optical chain modules will sense different amounts of light due to the different filters which allowing different amount of light to pass. In one such embodiment the exposure time of the optical chains is kept the same by at least some filters corresponding to different optical chain modules corresponding to the same color allow different amounts of light to pass. In non-color embodiments neutral filters of different darkness levels are used in front of sensors which are not color filtered. In some embodiments the switching to a mode in which filters of different darkness levels is achieved by a simple rotation or movement of a filter platter which moves the desired filters into place in one or more optical chain modules.

The camera devices of the present invention supports multiple modes of operation and switching between different modes of operation. Different modes may use different numbers of multiple lenses per area, and/or different exposure times for different optical chains used to capture a scene area in parallel. Different exposure modes and filter modes may also be supported and switched between, e.g., based on user input.

Numerous additional variations and combinations are possible while remaining within the scope of the invention.

The techniques of the present invention may be implemented using software, hardware and/or a combination of software and hardware. The present invention is directed to apparatus, e.g., mobile nodes such as mobile terminals, base stations, communications system which implement the present invention. It is also directed to methods, e.g., method of controlling and/or operating mobile nodes, base stations and/or communications systems, e.g., hosts, in accordance with the present invention. The present invention is also directed to machine readable medium, e.g., ROM, RAM, CDs, hard discs, etc., which include machine readable instructions for controlling a machine to implement one or more steps in accordance with the present invention.

In various embodiments devices described herein are implemented using one or more modules to perform the steps corresponding to one or more methods of the present invention, for example, control of image capture and/or combining of images. Thus, in some embodiments various features of the present invention are implemented using modules. Such modules may be implemented using software, hardware or a combination of software and hardware. In the case of hardware implementations embodiments implemented in hardware may use circuits to as modules alone or in combination with other hardware elements. Many of the above described methods or method steps can be implemented using machine executable instructions, such as software, included in a machine readable medium such as a memory device, e.g., RAM, floppy disk, etc. to control a machine, e.g., a camera device or general purpose computer with or without additional hardware, to implement all or portions of the above described methods, e.g., in one or more nodes. Accordingly, among other things, the present invention is directed to a machine-readable medium including machine executable instructions for causing or controlling a machine, e.g., processor and associated hardware, to perform one or more of the steps of the above-described method(s).

While described in the context of an cameras, at least some of the methods and apparatus of the present invention, are applicable to a wide range of image captures systems including tablet and cell phone devices which support or provide image capture functionality.

Images captured by the camera devices described herein may be real world images useful for documenting conditions on a construction site, at an accident and/or for preserving personal information whether be information about the condition of a house or vehicle.

Captured images and/or composite images maybe and sometimes are displayed on the camera device or sent to a printer for printing as a photo or permanent document which can be maintained in a file as part of a personal or business record.

Numerous additional variations on the methods and apparatus of the present invention described above will be apparent to those skilled in the art in view of the above description of the invention. Such variations are to be considered within the scope of the invention. In various embodiments the camera devices are implemented as digital cameras, video cameras, notebook computers, personal data assistants (PDAs), or other portable devices including receiver/transmitter circuits and logic and/or routines, for implementing the methods of the present invention and/or for transiting captured images or generated composite images to other devices for storage or display.

Claims

1. A method of capturing images, comprising: capturing, using a first optical chain of a camera, a first image of a first portion of a scene area of interest, said first optical chain having a first optical axis and a first outermost lens;capturing, using a second optical chain of said camera, a second image of a second portion of said scene area of interest, said second optical chain having a second optical axis which is not parallel to the first optical axis and a second outermost lens which is different from said first outermost lens; andcapturing, using a third optical chain of said camera, a third image, said third optical chain having a focal length that is smaller than at least one of said first or second optical chain.