Patent Application
20140127993
1. Field
The disclosed aspects relate generally to communications between devices and specifically to methods and systems for improving tuning of a near field communication (NFC) coil for operation in one or more modes based on a distance between a NFC device and a remote NFC device.
2. Background
Advances in technology have resulted in smaller and more powerful personal computing devices. For example, there currently exist a variety of portable personal computing devices, including wireless computing devices, such as portable wireless telephones, personal digital assistants (PDAs) and paging devices that are each small, lightweight, and can be easily carried by users. More specifically, the portable wireless telephones, for example, further include cellular telephones that communicate voice and data packets over wireless networks. Many such cellular telephones are manufactured with ever increasing computing capabilities, and as such, are becoming tantamount to small personal computers and hand-held PDAs. Further, such devices are enabling communications using a variety of frequencies and applicable coverage areas, such as cellular communications, wireless local area network (WLAN) communications, NFC, etc.
Currently, a NFC coil may be tuned for performance at approximately 40 mm. But at 0 mm distance the coupling can be too high for efficient demodulation of a load modulated signal resulting in distortion to phase and/or amplitude responses. Conversely, a NFC coil that may be tuned for performance at approximately 0 mm may not be able to efficiently demodulate a load modulated signal when devices are held farther apart (e.g., approximately 40 mm).
Thus, improved apparatuses and methods providing mechanisms for tuning a NFC coil for operation in one or more modes based on a distance between a NFC device and a remote NFC device may be desired.
The following presents a summary of one or more aspects to provide a basic understanding of such aspects. This summary is not an extensive overview of all contemplated aspects, and is not intended to identify key or critical elements of all aspects nor delineate the scope of any or all aspects. Its purpose is to present some concepts of one or more aspects form as a prelude to the more detailed description presented later.
Various aspects are described in connection with improving tuning of a NFC coil for operation in one or more modes based on a distance between a NFC device and a remote NFC device. In one example, a NFC device may be configured to detect that a NFC device is within a first threshold of a first distance from a remote NFC device. The NFC device may be further configured to determine whether a NFC coil is tuned for use with a first operational mode associated with the first distance. The NFC device may also be configured to re-tune the NFC coil to the first operational mode based on a determination that the NFC coil is not tuned for use with the first operational mode.
According to related aspects, a method provides a mechanism for tuning a NFC coil associated with a NFC device for efficient use in different operational modes based on the distance between the NFC device and the remote NFC device. The method can include detecting that a NFC device is within a first threshold of a first distance from a remote NFC device. The method can include determining whether a NFC coil is tuned for use with a first operational mode associated with the first distance. Moreover, the method can include re-tuning the NFC coil to the first operational mode based on a determination that the NFC coil is not tuned for use with the first operational mode.
Another aspect relates to a communications apparatus. The wireless communications apparatus can include means for detecting that a NFC device is within a first threshold of a first distance from a remote NFC device. Further, the communications apparatus can include means for determining whether a NFC coil is tuned for use with a first operational mode associated with the first distance. Moreover, the communications apparatus can include means for re-tuning the NFC coil to the first operational mode based on a determination that the NFC coil is not tuned for use with the first operational mode.
Another aspect relates to a communications apparatus. The apparatus can include a NFC coil tuning module configured to detect that a NFC device is within a first threshold of a first distance from a remote NFC device. The NFC coil tuning module may also be configured to determine whether a NFC coil is tuned for use with a first operational mode associated with the first distance. Moreover, the NFC coil tuning module may also be configured to re-tune the NFC coil to the first operational mode based on a determination that the NFC coil is not tuned for use with the first operational mode.
Another aspect relates to a computer program product, which can have a computer-readable medium comprising code for detecting that a NFC device is within a first threshold of a first distance from a remote NFC device. The computer-readable medium can also include code for determining whether a NFC coil is tuned for use with a first operational mode associated with the first distance. Moreover, the computer-readable medium can also include code for re-tuning the NFC coil to the first operational mode based on a determination that the NFC coil is not tuned for use with the first operational mode.
To the accomplishment of the foregoing and related ends, the one or more aspects comprise features hereinafter fully described and particularly pointed out in the claims. The following description and the annexed drawings set forth in detail certain illustrative features of the one or more aspects. These features are indicative, however, of but a few of the various ways in which the principles of various aspects may be employed, and this description is intended to include all such aspects and their equivalents.
The disclosed aspects will hereinafter be described in conjunction with the appended drawings, provided to illustrate and not to limit the disclosed aspects, wherein like designations denote like elements, and in which:
Various aspects are now described with reference to the drawings. In the following description, for purposes of explanation, numerous specific details are set forth to provide a thorough understanding of one or more aspects. It should be understood, however, that such aspect(s) may be practiced without these specific details.
Generally, a NFC device may be configured to perform various interactions with various different remote NFC devices. In operation, different interactions may be performed in an optimal manner with different distances between the NFC device and the remote NFC device. For example, with a point of sale (POS) terminal (e.g., credit card transactions), a magnetic performance may be poor at 0 mm, while with tag reading, a magnetic performance may be efficient at 0 mm. In example, with POS transactions, a magnetic performance may be efficient at 40 mm, while tag reading magnetic performance may be poor at 40 mm.
The words “wireless power” is used herein to mean any form of energy associated with electric fields, magnetic fields, electromagnetic fields, or otherwise that is transmitted between from a transmitter to a receiver without the use of physical electromagnetic conductors.
Transmitter 104 further includes a transmit antenna 114 for providing a means for energy transmission. A receiver 108 includes a receive antenna 118 as a means for energy reception. The transmit and receive antennas are sized according to applications and devices associated therewith. As stated, an efficient energy transfer occurs by coupling a large portion of the energy in the near-field of the transmitting antenna to a receiving antenna rather than propagating most of the energy in an electromagnetic wave to the far field. When in this near-field a coupling mode may be developed between the transmit antenna 114 and the receive antenna 118. The area around the antennas 114 and 118 where this near-field coupling may occur is referred to herein as a coupling-mode region.
The receiver 108 may include a matching circuit 132 and a rectifier and switching circuit 134 to generate a DC power output to charge a battery 136 as shown in
With reference to
NFC device 302 may include a NFC antenna coil 306 configured to facilitate NFC communications with remote NFC device 304. Further, NFC device 302 may include a proximity sensor 308 configured to measure a distance 310 between the NFC device 302 and the remote NFC device 304.
As part of NFC communications, NFC antenna coil 306 may generate an electromagnetic field in the area around the NFC antenna coil 306. The strength of the field may depend on the power source and the size and number of turns in NFC antenna coil 306. Further, impedance mismatches may cause a range of amplitude/phase changes dependant on size and inductance of NFC antenna coil 306 in the magnetic field 328. Capacitor 326 may be connected in parallel with the NFC antenna coil 306, where a transmitter component 312 and capacitors 318 may form an RLC oscillator establishing a resonant circuit with a frequency that corresponds to one or more transmission frequencies of the NFC device 302. Because the wavelength of the frequency used is several times greater than the close proximity distance between the NFC antenna coil 306 and the remote NFC device's 304 antenna coil, the electromagnetic field can be treated as an alternating magnetic field 328. This region of close proximity is referred to as the near field region. The NFC device 302 and remote NFC device 304 may be linked by their mutual inductance, as in a transformer, with the primary coil being the NFC antenna coil 306 and the secondary coil being the remote NFC device's 304 coil. The alternating magnetic field 328 penetrates the remote NFC device's 304 coil when it is in the near field region, inducing an alternating current in the remote NFC device's 304 coil.
When operating in a listening mode, the NFC antenna coil 306, capacitors 320, energy harvester 316 and a receiver component 314 may form an RLC oscillator establishing a resonant circuit tuned to the transmission frequency of the remote NFC device 304. When the resonant frequency of the remote NFC device 304 corresponds to the transmission frequency of the NFC device 302, this draws energy from the magnetic field 328. This additional power consumption manifests itself in the NFC device 302 as a voltage drop through the supply current to the NFC antenna coil 306. Receiver component 314 may represent a variable load resistance to the NFC antenna coil 306. If the receiver component 314 switches its variable load resistance on and off, this changes the resonant frequency so that it does not correspond to the transmission frequency of the remote NFC device 304, which then may detected as a voltage change by the remote NFC device 304. In this manner, the receiver component 314 can use its stored data to modulate the load resistance on the NFC antenna coil 306 and transfer its stored data from the remote NFC device 304. This describes the basic, one-way “listening”, such as would be used in an identity card, tag, etc. transmitter component 312 may be used with receiver component 314 for two-way “read-write” communications.
In an aspect, NFC device 302 may tune to different frequency modes of operation based on the distance 310 between the NFC device 302 and the remote NFC device 304. In such an aspect, a variable capacitance may be used with at least one of capacitors 324 and 326. Further, the variable capacitance may be determined from a trim capacitor (Ctrim) look up table (LUT) 322. In such an aspect, the distance 310 may be used to determine the Ctrim 324 from the Ctrim LUT 322. In operation, where proximity sensor 308 determines a distance 310 that may be within a threshold value of a “close” distance, a first operational frequency may be used so as to reduce coupling and improve demodulation at the “close” (e.g., 0 mm) distance 310. In another optional aspect, where proximity sensor 308 determines a distance 310 that may be within a threshold value of a “far” (e.g., default) distance, a second operational frequency may be used so as to improve demodulation at the “far” (e.g., 40 mm) distance 310. In another aspect, Ctrim LUT 322 may enable off tuning of NFC antenna coil 306 so as to increase a bandwidth of modulation.
With reference to
In an aspect, communications device 410 may include a NFC controller 412, a NFC controller interface (NCI) 414, and a device host 416. In an aspect, communications device 410 may further include a proximity sensor 418 and a NFC coil tuning module 420. In operation, device host 416 may be configured to obtain, through NCI 414, and NFC Controller 412 information from remote NFC device 430 through NFC module 432 associated with remote NFC device 430.
As part of establishing a communication link, NFC coil tuning module 420 may be configured to tune a NFC coil (e.g., antenna 424) based at least on a distance between the communications device 410 and remote NFC device 430. In an aspect, the distance between the NFC devices may be determined using proximity sensor 418.
In operation, communications device 410 may use a proximity sensor/switch 418 to detect the distance (e.g., 0 millimetres (mm) 10 mm, 20 mm, 40 mm, etc.) from a remote NFC device 430. Further, NFC coil tuning module 420 may retune a NFC coil based on the detected distance to a Tag, Reader, etc. In such an aspect, the NFC device may change a capacitance of a receiver high voltage capacity bank to optimize performance at an operational mode associated with the detected distance. In an aspect, the capacitance may be changed using a capacitor look up table 422. In such an aspect, a distance obtained by proximity sensor 418 may be used with capacitor look up table 422 to determine an operational capacitance. Further, the capacitance change may change a resonance frequency of a antenna 424. Further, retuning the NFC coil may affect timing of received frames. As such, NFC coil tuning module 420 may be configured to alter a data decision point based on a shift in a Frame Delay Time (FDT). Further, distortion of a RF path may involve additional corrections in time for improved data detection of load modulation.
In an operational aspect, the communications device 410 may switch between two operational modes (e.g., a close mode and a distant mode). Although only two modes are described herein, one of ordinary skill in the art understands that any number of operational modes may be configured. Continuing the operational aspect, a close mode may have a NFC coil setting to reduce coupling and improve received signal demodulation at approximately 0 mm. Further, a distant mode may have a NFC coil setting to reduce coupling and improve received signal demodulation at approximately 40 mm. In another aspect, where the NFC is configured with a frequency that is off tune from the close mode, a useful bandwidth may be increased, but coupling may be reduced which may result in reduce load modulation pulse shaping in BPSK.
Accordingly, communications network 400 provides an environment in which a communications device 410 may be configured to improve tuning of a NFC coil for operation in one or more modes based on a distance between the communications device 410 and a remote NFC device 430.
With reference now to
At block 502, a NFC device may detect that a remote NFC device is within a threshold of a first distance. In an aspect, the detecting may include using a proximity sensor associated with the NFC device. In another aspect, the first distance may be a value, such as, 0 mm, 50 mm, 40 mm, etc. In an aspect, the detecting may include monitoring use of one or more applications (e.g., software applications) and predicting use of the NFC device within a threshold period of time based on the monitored application usage. In another aspect, the detecting may include monitoring information obtained by one or more sensors, and predicting use of the NFC device within a threshold period of time based on the monitored sensor information.
At block 504, the NFC device may determine whether a NFC coil is configured for a first operational mode associated with the first distance.
If at block 504, the NFC device determines that the NFC coil is configured for the first operational mode associated with the first distance, then at block 506, the NFC device may perform a NFC action with a remote NFC device using the NFC coil tuned to the first operational mode.
By contrast, if at block 504, the NFC device determines that the NFC coil is not configured for the first operational mode associated with the first distance, then at block 508, the NFC device re-tunes the NFC coil to the first operational mode. In an aspect, retuning the NFC coil may include changing a receiver capacitance to tune a resonance frequency for use with the first operational mode. In such an aspect, changing a receiver capacitance may include changing a value associated high voltage capacitor bank. In another aspect, changing a receiver capacitance may include using a capacitor look up table.
While referencing
Communications device 600 can additionally include memory 608 that is operatively coupled to processor 606 and that can store data to be transmitted, received data, information related to available channels, TCP flows, data associated with analyzed signal and/or interference strength, information related to an assigned channel, power, rate, or the like, and any other suitable information for estimating a channel and communicating via the channel.
Further, at least one of processor 606 or NFC coil tuning module 670 can provide means for detecting that communications device 600 is within a first threshold of a first distance from a remote NFC device, means for determining whether a NFC coil is tuned for use with a first operational mode associated with the first distance, and means for re-tuning the NFC coil to the first operational mode based on a determination that the NFC coil is not tuned for use with the first operational mode.
It will be appreciated that data store (e.g., memory 608) described herein can be either volatile memory or nonvolatile memory, or can include both volatile and nonvolatile memory. By way of illustration, and not limitation, nonvolatile memory can include read only memory (ROM), programmable ROM (PROM), electrically programmable ROM (EPROM), electrically erasable PROM (EEPROM), or flash memory. Volatile memory can include random access memory (RAM), which acts as external cache memory. By way of illustration and not limitation, RAM is available in many forms such as synchronous RAM (SRAM), dynamic RAM (DRAM), synchronous DRAM (SDRAM), double data rate SDRAM (DDR SDRAM), enhanced SDRAM (ESDRAM), Synchlink DRAM (SLDRAM), and direct Rambus RAM (DRRAM). Memory 608 of the subject systems and methods may comprise, without being limited to, these and any other suitable types of memory.
Communications device 600 may include NFC controller interface (NCI) 650. In an aspect, NCI 650 may be configured to enable communications between a NFC controller 630 and device host 660.
Communications device 600 may include NFC coil tuning module 670. As part of establishing a communication link, NFC coil tuning module 670 may be configured to tune a NFC coil based at least on a distance between the communications device 600 and a remote NFC device. In an aspect, the distance between the NFC devices may be determined using proximity sensor 680. Further, NFC coil tuning module 670 may change a capacitance of a receiver high voltage capacity bank to optimize performance at an operational mode associated with the detected distance. In an aspect, the capacitance may be changed using a capacitor look up table 672. In such an aspect, a distance obtained by proximity sensor 680 may be used with capacitor look up table 672 to determine an operational capacitance.
In an optional aspect, NFC coil tuning module 670 may be configured to attempt to predict an operational mode of use from one or more sensor 682 measurements and/or application (e.g., software application) uses. In other words, a distance and/or imminent action by the communications device 600 may be predicted using information obtained from one or more applications and/or sensors 682. For example, NFC coil tuning module 670 may use imminent use of a NFC payment application to initiate re-tuning the NFC coil (e.g. Credit card transaction software application compared to a default Mass transit software application). In another example, NFC coil tuning module 670 may use imminent use of Mass transit or ticketing event may be predicted via location services, time of day detection, etc. (e.g., one or more sensors 682) to initiate NFC coil tuning and/or re-tuning.
Additionally, communications device 600 may include user interface 640. User interface 640 may include input mechanisms 642 for generating inputs into communications device 600, and output mechanism 644 for generating information for consumption by the user of the communications device 600. For example, input mechanism 642 may include a mechanism such as a key or keyboard, a mouse, a touch-screen display, a microphone, etc. Further, for example, output mechanism 644 may include a display, an audio speaker, a haptic feedback mechanism, etc. In the illustrated aspects, the output mechanism 644 may include a display configured to present media content that is in image or video format or an audio speaker to present media content that is in an audio format.
For instance, logical grouping 702 can include an electrical component that may provide means for detecting that a NFC device is within a first threshold of a first distance from a remote NFC device 704. In an aspect, the means for detecting 704 may include means for using a proximity sensor associated with the NFC device to detect the first distance.
Further, logical grouping 702 can include an electrical component that may provide means for determining whether a NFC coil is tuned for use with a first operational mode associated with the first distance 706. In an aspect, the means for determining may include processor 606, NFC coil tuning module 670, and/or any combination thereof. In an aspect, the first operational mode may include a tag reading mode. In such an aspect, the first distance may be approximately 40 mm. In another aspect, the first operational mode may include interactions with a POS terminal, a peer device, a reader/writer, etc. In such an aspect, the first distance may where the NFC and the remote NFC device are approximately touching (e.g., 0 mm).
Further, logical grouping 702 can include an electrical component that may provide means for re-tuning the NFC coil to the first operational mode based on a determination that the NFC coil is not tuned for use with the first operational mode 708. In an aspect, the means for re-tuning 708 may include means for re-tuning to the first operational mode from a second operational mode. In such an aspect, the second operational mode may be used for performing a NFC action within a second threshold of a second distance from the remote NFC device. In another aspect, the means for re-tuning 708 may further include means for changing a receiver capacitance to tune a resonance frequency for use with the first operational mode. In such an aspect, the means for re-tuning 708 may further include means for changing a value associated with a high voltage capacitor bank. Further, in such an aspect, the means for re-tuning 708 may further include using a capacitor look up table.
Further, in an optional logical grouping 702 can include an electrical component that may provide means for monitoring use of one or more applications and/or one or more sensors 710. In an aspect, the one or more sensors may include, but are not limited to, a light sensor, a motion sensor, an auditory sensor (e.g., microphone), a location sensor (e.g., GPS monitor), etc. In an aspect, the applications may include software, firmware, and/or hardware applications.
Moreover, in an optional logical grouping 702 can include an electrical component that may provide means for predicting use of the NFC device within a threshold period of time based on the monitored application usage and/or sensor information 712.
Additionally, system 700 can include a memory 714 that retains instructions for executing functions associated with the electrical components 704, 706, 708, 710, and 712, stores data used or obtained by the electrical components 704, 706, 708, 710, 712, etc. While shown as being external to memory 714, it is to be understood that one or more of the electrical components 704, 706, 708, 710, and 712 may exist within memory 714. In an example, electrical components 704, 706, 708, 710, and 712 can include at least one processor, or each electrical component 704, 706, 708, 710, and 712 can be a corresponding module of at least one processor. Moreover, in an additional or alternative example, electrical components 704, 706, 708, 710, and 712 may be a computer program product including a computer readable medium, where each electrical component 704, 706, 708, 710, and 712 may be corresponding code.
As used in this application, the terms “component,” “module,” “system” and the like are intended to include a computer-related entity, such as but not limited to hardware, firmware, a combination of hardware and software, software, or software in execution. For example, a component may be, but is not limited to being, a process running on a processor, a processor, an object, an executable, a thread of execution, a program, and/or a computer. By way of illustration, both an application running on a computing device and the computing device can be a component. One or more components can reside within a process and/or thread of execution and a component may be localized on one computer and/or distributed between two or more computers. In addition, these components can execute from various computer readable media having various data structures stored thereon. The components may communicate by way of local and/or remote processes such as in accordance with a signal having one or more data packets, such as data from one component interacting with another component in a local system, distributed system, and/or across a network such as the Internet with other systems by way of the signal.
Furthermore, various aspects are described herein in connection with a terminal, which can be a wired terminal or a wireless terminal. A terminal can also be called a system, device, subscriber unit, subscriber station, mobile station, mobile, mobile device, remote station, mobile equipment (ME), remote terminal, access terminal, user terminal, terminal, communication device, user agent, user device, or user equipment (UE). A wireless terminal may be a cellular telephone, a satellite phone, a cordless telephone, a Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) phone, a wireless local loop (WLL) station, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a handheld device having wireless connection capability, a computing device, or other processing devices connected to a wireless modem. Moreover, various aspects are described herein in connection with a base station. A base station may be utilized for communicating with wireless terminal(s) and may also be referred to as an access point, a Node B, or some other terminology.
Moreover, the term “or” is intended to mean an inclusive “or” rather than an exclusive “or.” That is, unless specified otherwise, or clear from the context, the phrase “X employs A or B” is intended to mean any of the natural inclusive permutations. That is, the phrase “X employs A or B” is satisfied by any of the following instances: X employs A; X employs B; or X employs both A and B. In addition, the articles “a” and “an” as used in this application and the appended claims should generally be construed to mean “one or more” unless specified otherwise or clear from the context to be directed to a singular form.
The techniques described herein may be used for various wireless communication systems such as CDMA, TDMA, FDMA, OFDMA, SC-FDMA and other systems. The terms “system” and “network” are often used interchangeably. A CDMA system may implement a radio technology such as Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA), cdma2000, etc. UTRA includes Wideband-CDMA (W-CDMA) and other variants of CDMA. Further, cdma2000 covers IS-2000, IS-95 and IS-856 standards. A TDMA system may implement a radio technology such as Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM). An OFDMA system may implement a radio technology such as Evolved UTRA (E-UTRA), Ultra Mobile Broadband (UMB), IEEE 802.11 (Wi-Fi), IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX), IEEE 802.20, Flash-OFDMA, etc. UTRA and E-UTRA are part of Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS). 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) is a release of UMTS that uses E-UTRA, which employs OFDMA on the downlink and SC-FDMA on the uplink. UTRA, E-UTRA, UMTS, LTE and GSM are described in documents from an organization named “3rd Generation Partnership Project” (3GPP). Additionally, cdma2000 and UMB are described in documents from an organization named “3rd Generation Partnership Project 2” (3GPP2). Further, such wireless communication systems may additionally include peer-to-peer (e.g., mobile-to-mobile) ad hoc network systems often using unpaired unlicensed spectrums, 802.xx wireless LAN, BLUETOOTH, near-field communications (NFC-A, NFC-B, NFC, -f, etc.), and any other short- or long-range, wireless communication techniques.
Various aspects or features will be presented in terms of systems that may include a number of devices, components, modules, and the like. It is to be understood and appreciated that the various systems may include additional devices, components, modules, etc. and/or may not include all of the devices, components, modules etc. discussed in connection with the figures. A combination of these approaches may also be used.
The various illustrative logics, logical blocks, modules, and circuits described in connection with the aspects disclosed herein may be implemented or performed with a general purpose processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field programmable gate array (FPGA) or other programmable logic device, discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof designed to perform the functions described herein. A general-purpose processor may be a microprocessor, but, in the alternative, the processor may be any conventional processor, controller, microcontroller, or state machine. A processor may also be implemented as a combination of computing devices, e.g., a combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, a plurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in conjunction with a DSP core, or any other such configuration. Additionally, at least one processor may comprise one or more modules configured to perform one or more of the steps and/or actions described above.
Further, the steps and/or actions of a method or algorithm described in connection with the aspects disclosed herein may be embodied directly in hardware, in a software module executed by a processor, or in a combination of the two. A software module may reside in RAM memory, flash memory, ROM memory, EPROM memory, EEPROM memory, registers, a hard disk, a removable disk, a CD-ROM, or any other form of storage medium known in the art. An example storage medium may be coupled to the processor, such that the processor can read information from, and write information to, the storage medium. In the alternative, the storage medium may be integral to the processor. Further, in some aspects, the processor and the storage medium may reside in an ASIC. Additionally, the ASIC may reside in a user terminal. In the alternative, the processor and the storage medium may reside as discrete components in a user terminal. Additionally, in some aspects, the steps and/or actions of a method or algorithm may reside as one or any combination or set of codes and/or instructions on a machine readable medium and/or computer readable medium, which may be incorporated into a computer program product.
In one or more aspects, the functions described may be implemented in hardware, software, firmware, or any combination thereof. If implemented in software, the functions may be stored or transmitted as one or more instructions or code on a computer-readable medium. Computer-readable media includes both computer storage media and communication media including any medium that facilitates transfer of a computer program from one place to another. A storage medium may be any available media that can be accessed by a computer. By way of example, and not limitation, such computer-readable media can comprise RAM, ROM, EEPROM, CD-ROM or other optical disk storage, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other medium that can be used to carry or store desired program code in the form of instructions or data structures and that can be accessed by a computer. Also, any connection may be termed a computer-readable medium. For example, if software is transmitted from a website, server, or other remote source using a coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, digital subscriber line (DSL), or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio, and microwave, then the coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, DSL, or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio, and microwave are included in the definition of medium. Disk and disc, as used herein, includes compact disc (CD), laser disc, optical disc, digital versatile disc (DVD), floppy disk and blu-ray disc where disks usually reproduce data magnetically, while discs usually reproduce data optically with lasers. Combinations of the above should also be included within the scope of computer-readable media.
While the foregoing disclosure discusses illustrative aspects and/or aspects, it should be noted that various changes and modifications could be made herein without departing from the scope of the described aspects and/or aspects as defined by the appended claims. Furthermore, although elements of the described aspects and/or aspects may be described or claimed in the singular, the plural is contemplated unless limitation to the singular is explicitly stated. Additionally, all or a portion of any aspect and/or aspect may be utilized with all or a portion of any other aspect and/or aspect, unless stated otherwise.
