Patent Application
20070055089
The slow, progressive loss of central vision is known as macular degeneration. Macular degeneration affects the macula, a small portion of the retina. The retina is a fine layer of light-sensing nerve cells that covers the inside back portion of the eye. The macula is the central, posterior part of the retina and contains the largest concentration of photoreceptors. The macula is typically 5 to 6 mm in diameter, and its central portion is known as the fovea. While all parts of the retina contribute to sight, the macula provides the sharp, central vision that is required to see objects clearly and for daily activities including reading and driving.
Macular degeneration is generally caused by age (termed Age Related Macular Degeneration or “AMD”) or poor circulation in the eyes. Smokers and individuals with circulatory problems have an increased risk for developing the condition. AMD is the leading cause of blindness in people older than 50 years in developed countries. Between the ages of 52-64, approximately 2% of the population are affected. This rises to an astounding 28% of the population over the age of 75.
There are two forms of macular degeneration, which are known as “wet” and “dry” macular degeneration. Dry macular degeneration blurs the central vision slowly over time. Individuals with this form of macular degeneration may experience a dimming or distortion of vision that is particularly noticeable when trying to read. In dry macular degeneration, yellowish deposits called drusen develop beneath the macula. Drusen are accumulations of fatty deposits, and most individuals older than 50 years have at least one small druse. These fatty deposits are usually carried away by blood vessels that transport nutrients to the retina. However, this process is diminished in macular degeneration and the deposits build up. Dry macular degeneration may also result when the layer of light-sensitive cells in the macula become thinner as cells break down over time. Generally, a person with the dry form of macular degeneration in one eye eventually develops visual problems in both eyes. However, dry macular degeneration rarely causes total loss of reading vision.
Wet macular degeneration (which is the neovascular form of the disease) is more severe than dry macular degeneration. The loss of vision due to wet macular degeneration also comes much more quickly than dry macular degeneration. In this form of the disease, unwanted new blood vessels grow beneath the macula (Choroidal Neo-Vascularization (CNV) endothelial cells). These choroidal blood vessels are fragile and leak fluid and blood, which causes separation of tissues and damages light sensitive cells in the retina. Individuals with this form of macular degeneration typically experience noticeable distortion of vision such as, for example, seeing straight lines as wavy, and seeing blank spots in their field of vision.
Early diagnosis of the wet form of macular degeneration is vital. If the leakage and bleeding from the choroidal blood vessels is allowed to continue, much of the nerve tissue in the macula may be killed or damaged. Such damage cannot be repaired because the nerve cells of the macula do not grow back once they have been destroyed. While wet AMD comprises only about 20% of the total AMD cases, it is responsible for approximately 90% of vision loss attributable to AMD.
It has been proposed to provide a device that is particularly suitable for the localized delivery of radiation for the treatment of macular degeneration. See, U.S. Pub. Appln. US 2002/0115902A1 to DeJuan, et al., which is incorporated herein by reference. A localized retinal detachment (called a “bleb”) is created by performing a retinotomy and injecting saline therethrough using a subretinal infusion needle, thus creating a space between the partially-detached retina and the area of chloridal neo-vascularization. A radiation-emitting source is introduced into the bleb and the CNV is directly irradiated. The exposure of the new blood vessels formed during the wet form of macular degeneration to radiation provides sufficient disruption of the cellular structures of the new blood cell lesions to reverse, prevent, or minimize the progression of the macular degeneration disease process. Such therapy can potentially restore visual acuity, extend retention of visual acuity or slow the progressive loss of visual acuity.
The present application relates to advances in apparatus, systems and methods for performing intraocular brachytherapy, in general, and for the treatment of macular degeneration with radiation, in particular.
In the sub-retinal treatment of AMD, vitreoretinal surgical techniques are used to facilitate placement of a radioactive source that preferably, but not exclusively, emits beta or other ionizing radiation temporarily in a subretinal space by means of an intraocular cannula, sheath or probe. Other non-ionizing radiation sources, such as light or heat sources, as circumstances require, may also be used.
In accordance with one aspect of the present invention, an apparatus is provided employing the radioactive source and a delivery device that permits movement of the source between a stored position and treating position. When in the stored (retracted) position, the radiation source is surrounded by a suitable material, such as a stainless steel and lead lining, that effectively protects the surgeon and patient during handling and initial positioning. During treatment, the source is preferably located within a specially designed tip of platinum iridium (Pt/Ir), or other suitable material, that provides for directional administration of the radiation with controlled intensity, while shielding and protecting the retina and other surrounding non-target tissues.
With reference to
Radiation source is broadly defined herein, and is not limited to ionizing radiation, light radiation, or heat radiation. For example, the radiation source is intended to include a treatment source of any of a variety of treatment regimens, including ionizing radiation. The radiation source for the RSW 12 comprises any suitable radiation source, including radioactive materials such as gamma and beta emitters, x-ray (e.g., miniaturized x-ray generators), and non-ionizing radiation sources, such as laser or other light sources. Alternatively, ultrasound, heat, cryo-ablation, or microwave sources may also be utilized.
Preferably, an essentially beta emitting material, such as a Strontium/Yttrium 90 (Sr-90/Y-90) beta emitting isotope is used. With a source activity of approximately 11 mCi and a location of about 1-3 mm from the target tissue (preferably about 1-1.5 mm), the treatment duration is relatively short, approximately 2-4 minutes. The system and method provide for sub-retinal delivery of radiation at the site of the choroidal neovascularization that occurs in macular degeneration, or other treatment site. When employing ionizing radiation, the system preferably provides radiation to a target site at a dose rate of from approximately 4 to 20 GY/min; with a preferred target dose of between approximately 10 and 40 GY, with the target dose more preferably being approximately 26 GY for neovascularized tissue.
As illustrated in
As shown in
The distal end of the leading strand 30 includes a connection tubing 34 closed by a lid 36 for facilitating attachment of the canister housing the radioactive insert 22. A further connection tubing 38 is used to join the proximal end of the leading strand 30 to the distal end of the handle strand 32. In the illustrated embodiment, the leading strand 30 has a smaller outside diameter than the handle strand. Thus, the proximal end of the leading strand 30 carries an additional length of tubing 40 to build up the outside diameter of the leading strand 30 to match that of the handle strand. The proximal end of the handle strand 32 also includes a length of tubing 41 for reinforcement. Other than the radioactive insert 22, the various components of the RSW 12 are preferably made of stainless steel and are joined together by laser welding. Other means for delivering and/or retrieving the radioactive source, as disclosed in the prior art, may also be used. For example, the radioactive source may not be secured to a wire, and movement of the source between treatment and storage positions can be accomplished pneumatically or hydraulically. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,683,345, which is incorporated herein by reference.
The delivery device 14 is preferably, but not necessarily, handheld to facilitate control and positioning of the delivery cannula 18 during use. When not in use, the radiation source 22, e.g., a beta radiation source, may be positioned inside the shielded storage handle 16. The handle 16 includes a slider mechanism to which a proximal portion of the RSW 12 is secured, the slide mechanism being moveable between treatment position (
With reference to
As noted above, the handle 16 includes an advancement or positioning mechanism (also referred to as a slider mechanism), generally designated 52, for moving the radioactive source 22 between the storage and treatment positions. The slider mechanism 52 includes a carrier member 54 that is slidingly received on the interior of the cylindrical case 42 of the handle 16. The carrier 54 includes a central aperture, through which the handle strand 32 of the RSW 12 extends, with the RSW 12 being secured to the carrier 54 by means of a set screw 56.
For moving the carrier 54 between the proximal and distal ends of the case 42, an actuator pin 58 that extends through an elongated slot 60 in the case 42 is secured to the carrier 54. As illustrated, the slot 60 lies in a plane defined by the curved cannula 18, thus having the same orientation as the cannula curve. The slot 60 permits approximately 60 mm, or less, of travel for the carrier 54 and includes offsets 62, 64 at its distal and proximal ends, respectively, for receiving the actuator pin 58, thus providing positive visual and tactile indications of the radioactive source 22 being located in the treatment and storage positions. The proximal side of the carrier 54 also includes a coil spring 66 secured thereto by screw 68 for biasing the actuator pin into a locked condition within proximal offset 64 when in the retracted position.
With reference to
The distal end of the cannula 18 is curved or bent at an angle to facilitate proper alignment of the radiation source and the treatment area. The tip 74 of the probe 18 also preferably has a rounded wedge shape to facilitate positioning of the distal end under the retina, when the retina is partially detached and raised to form a “bleb” (as by injection of saline or other liquid under the retina) during the performance of the method.
The treatment side of the tip includes a molded, machined or otherwise formed window 76 (sealed by the cover sleeve 72) that allows for directional administration of radiation. The window 76 is subdivided into four smaller windows by longitudinal and transverse splines 77 that intersect at centrally located solid area 79 that acts as a flattening filter to reduce the peak radiation from the source 22 received by tissue closest to the radiation source. As a result, the tissue to be irradiated at the treatment site receives a more uniform dosage. This flattening effect is shown in
A first embodiment of a system 20 for precise positioning of the probe 18 is shown in
For purposes of assembly onto the probe, the base 80 has a slot 86 sized to fit over the probe 18 so that it can be placed thereon. The contact extension 82 also has a slot 88 thereon to facilitate placement on the probe 18 distally of the base 80. The contact extension 82 designed to seat on the base 80 and is maintained in position thereon by frictional engagement. A handle 90 is provided that has a threaded end 92 that is received in a complimentarily-threaded aperture 94 in the base 80. The threaded end 92 of the handle 90 serves as a set screw to secure the base 80 in position on the probe 18 after initial placement, as will be discussed in greater detail below. The positioning system 78 may be made of any suitable material, but is preferably made of acetal.
With reference to
In practice, the spacer 96 has a thickness of from about 0.5 to 3 mm, and preferably 1-1.5 mm (more preferably 1 mm), so as to create a space of the same distance between the tip 74 of the probe 18 and the target area. The particular spacing may vary with the eye disorder treated, the radiation source being used, and the size of the treatment area. A spacing of 1-2 mm (and preferably 1.5 mm) is the anticipated spacing for treating the neovascularized tissue associated with macular degeneration with a beta radiation source as described earlier. During the radiation delivery, the contact extension rests against the sclera, resisting or preventing further axial movement of the delivery device into the eye.
Alternatively, positioning of the probe tip can be facilitated by the use of intra-ocular ultrasound or doppler measurement of the distances between the distal end of the cannula and the target tissue. In such cases, the distal end of the cannula may include an ultrasound or doppler transducer (communicating with a read-out device) to both transmit and receive ultrasound or doppler waves. The data generated thereby is analyzed in real time, and a calculated measurement of the distance is presented on an optical readout or indicator. In a similar manner, optical interferometry devices and techniques can be employed for measuring the distance between the cannula tip and the target tissue.
Structures for assuring the proper spacing of the probe tip from the target site can take other forms. For example, as shown in
In a second alternative, shown in
The basic procedure for sub-retinal intraocular brachytherapy according to the present invention is accomplished through standard vitrectomy and retinal detachment techniques, with the basic steps as follows. Prior to treatment, the surgeon confirms the location of the target tissue using retinal vascular landmarks and identifies the preferred location of the sclerotomy entry point (i.e., temporal, nasal, etc.) in order to limit exposure of the fovea during treatment. The surgeon will also want to confirm that the radiation source is properly positioned in the probe, when advanced to the treatment position. A device for testing for the proper positioning of the radiation source, and the method of its use, is disclosed in the co-pending PCT application, “Test Device for Testing Positioning of a Radioactive Source and Method of Using Same,” PCT/EP2004/012416, filed Nov. 3, 2004, which is herein incorporated by reference.
Then the subject is prepared pursuant to standard vitrectomy procedures. Specifically, the pupil of the subject is dilated and the patient is positioned ventrally on the operating table. After appropriate cardiac and respiratory monitoring is established, and appropriate anesthesia is induced, the eye is anesthetized, such as with a retrobulbar or peribulbar anesthesia.
Next, the treatment area is accessed. A speculum is placed to secure the eye lid, and surgery begins with a conjunctival incision into the superotemporal, superonasal and inferotemporal quadrants of the eye to be treated. A scleral incision is made approximately 3 to 4 mm away from the surgical limbus in the inferotemporal quadrant, and an infusion cannula is inserted into the vitreous cavity. After confirming that the infusion cannula is positioned properly, the infusion line is opened and a second and third scleratomy are created 3 to 4 mm away from the surgical limbus in locations determined prior to commencement of the surgery in the superonasal quadrant. An appropriate lens for vitreoretinal surgery is positioned and a vitrectomy performed, a standard endoilluminator being used to illuminate the vitreous cavity.
Next, the treatment probe is positioned. To this end, the spring 84 of the positioning system 20 is carefully slid over the probe 18 up to the device handle 16, and the positioning system is placed on to the probe shaft without the spacer element 96. See
Under microscopic visualization, the surgeon places the tip of the probe directly above the macula. Specifically, the probe is positioned by gently touching the retinal tissue, while directly holding the probe center marker (a mark on the probe tip designating the center of the radiation source) above the center of the CNV complex. While the surgeon holds the probe steady at this position, the positioning system (base 80 and contact extension 82) without the spacer 96 is secured onto the external portion of the delivery probe while in contact with the sclera to identify the precise location of the probe as it contacts the retina by tightening the handle, and the cannula is removed from the vitreous cavity. The spacer 96 is then placed between the positioning system base 80 and the contact extension 82, as shown in
A localized retinal detachment (the “bleb”) is created by using a sub-retinal infusion needle in the macular region, the bleb including the area of choroidal neovascularization. A new retinotomy is created on the temporal edge of the bleb, with the new incision created less than 4 mm away from the fovea to reduce the risk of a peripheral retinal tear. The retinotomy is approximately 1.3 mm in diameter in order to accommodate the probe. The delivery device probe 18 is then reinserted into the vitreous cavity and into the sub-retinal space through the second retinotomy, as seen in
Next, the radiation dose is delivered to the target tissue. To this end, the radiation source is advanced by pushing the slider mechanism towards the tip of the probe. Once advanced, the source wire is locked into position by locating the pin in the detent 62. After the appropriate treatment time, the slider mechanism is retracted to bring the radioactive source back to the storage and locked position. After insuring that the radioactive source has been fully retracted into its storage position, the delivery probe is removed from the bleb and withdrawn from the eye.
After removal of the probe, the retina is then reattached intraoperatively, and a complete fluid-air exchange is performed, resulting in an air or gas tamponade in the vitreous cavity. The retinotomy is closed by, e.g., laser photocoagulation, if necessary, while the superior sclerotomy is closed with ophthalmic sutured. The inferotemporal sclerotomy is closed, and the conjunctiva is sutured with appropriate ophthalmic sutures. A mixture of antibiotics and steroids may then be administered in the sub-conjuctival space.
In an alternate method, the retina and other non-target tissue during treatment may be shielded and protected by introducing a radiation-attenuating fluid into the bleb that is created by lifting the retina away from the CNV. The fluid can consist of saline, or a fluid with higher attenuation coefficient, such as contrast media. The use of a radiation-attenuating fluid to protect non-target tissue may also be advantageous during epi-retinal and epi-scleral applications of radiation. In such cases, the radiation-attenuating fluid is merely introduced into the interior of the eye, rather than into the sub-retinal space.
Maintaining the bleb shape during the course of the procedure is also important to minimizing the potential for damage to the photoreceptors. It is contemplated that the bleb shape may be maintained in several different ways. For example, the bleb shape may be maintained by injecting a high viscosity material into the sub-retinal space created by the bleb. Because of the material's high viscosity, its ability to flow through the retinotomy is reduced. The high viscosity material is removed, after treatment, using a standard vitrectomy device. One suitable high density material is a sodium hyaluronate preparation for ophthalmic use sold by Pharmacia Company, under the trademark HEALON®. A substance with variable viscosity having a high initial viscosity during the treatment time, with a lower viscosity thereafter, would further facilitate the removal of the material form the sub-retinal space upon completion of the procedure. A gelatinous substance whose viscosity can be reduced through the administration of a diluting agent (e.g., water), a chemical agent (for adjusting ph), a temperature-charging agent or energy, photo reaction due to light administration, etc., would be suitable.
Other methods for maintaining the bleb shape include applying a sealing substance (such as HEALON®) to the retinotomy and the probe/cannula inserted therethrough to prevent the bleb from deflating by blocking the escape of fluid between the probe and the retinotomy. An inflation agent, such as saline, can also be continuously introduced into the sub-retinal space with a small positive pressure by means of an open lumen 108 associated with the cannula 18 (
The potential for damage to the photoreceptors by the probe may also be minimized if the cannula has a low-friction surface. This can be provided by coating the probe with a lubricant or other coating, such as Teflon or electrolytic carbon, or providing the cannula with a highly-polished surface, as by electro-polishing. Alternatively, the backside 110 of the probe (i.e., the non-treatment side) can be relieved, as shown in
The prevention or limiting of bleeding from the retina into the sub-retinal space, and the removal of any residual blood that should form therein, is also important for protecting the photoreceptors. In this regard, the area of the incision resulting from the vitrectomy performed to create the bleb may be cauterized to prevent or limit retinal bleeding. Such cauterization may be achieved by diathermy, cryopexy, or the application of laser or RF energy using instrumentation and methods known for re-attaching the retina to the retinal pigment epithelium in the case of retinal detachment.
Additionally, or alternatively, blood coagulants, such as antihemophilic Factor VIII (recombinant) (available from Bayer Healthcare as Kogenate), aminocaproic acid (available form Immunex as Amicar), and desmopressin acetate (available from Rhone Poulanc Rorer as Octostim), may also be injected into the sub-retinal space to limit bleeding by means of the separate lumen associated with the treatment device, as shown in
After the CNV has been irradiated, an anti-proliferating drug (anti-Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor or anti-VEGF agent, such as pegaptanib sodium) may be injected into the sub-retinal space to prevent and/or limit further growth of the CNV.
It has been observed that hypoxic cells seem to recover better from radiation than healthy cells. Thus, it is believed that it would be beneficial to reduce the retinal blood supply of the non-target tissue during radiation treatment in order to facilitate the recovery of such tissue after being subjected to radiation. To this end, it is proposed that the tip of the probe include an inflatable balloon that causes pressure on the retina when inflated to reduce the blood flow thereto, the radiation treatment being performed through the balloon. Alternatively, it is proposed to protect the non-target tissue with a deployable mask made of a radiation-blocking material that will be deployed and located over the non-target tissue, while leaving the target tissue exposed. Such a material could be carried by the tip of probe 18 or by a separate device and deployed after formation of the bleb. The material could be biodegradable if desired.
The sub-retinal approach as described above, while believed to be effective in treating AMD, requires an extremely high degree of skill on the part of the ophthalmic surgeon to create the bleb and locate the treatment cannula in the sub-retinal region. Accordingly, the delivery device of the present invention may also be used in methods for intraocular, epi-retinal application of radiation, in which no bleb is created.
Performance of the epi-retinal method is substantially easier then the sub-retinal approach. Intraocular access made simply through a sclerotomy, and the distal end of the probe is located over the macula. No detachment of the retina or the creation of a bleb is required. Accurate placement of the probe may be accomplished by any of the positioning systems described. Ultrasound or Doppler techniques known in the art may also be used. Other mechanical methods may also be used, such as putting a stand-off fiber or “whisker” on the tip of the probe that touches the retina when the probe is properly positioned. Alternatively, an inflatable balloon that, when inflated, spaces the probe the desired distance from the target tissue can also be used.
In a further alternative, a miniature radiation sensor that can be remotely interrogated may be placed on the retinal surface, and the distance between the probe tip and the surface of the retina can be determined based upon the level of radiation measured by the sensor. If multiple (i.e. 3) sensors are used, triangulation of the measured radiation intensity would provide an accurate measurement of position. If multiple (i.e. 3) sensors are used, triangulation of the measured radiation intensity would provide an accurate measurement of position. If at least three miniature event counters or sensors are positioned in an array on the periphery of the retina equidistant from the target tissue, the intensity/frequency of events measured by each point can be analyzed and then compared. The position of source then can be determined through well-known three-dimensional triangulation calculations at the beginning of the radiation administration. The event counters/sensors can be placed either in the eye, behind the eye, or even on the front surface of the eye, if the radiation source produced a sufficient emission to be measured externally. Alternatively, the radiation source can carry a small transducer on its tip that would emit a “ping” that can be picked up by receivers positioned as described above. Other signaling/receiving systems such as light or RF can also be used. As a further method, a permanent magnet disposed on the tip of the device could produce a sufficient Galvanic effect in appropriate sensors to be measurable, especially in an epi-retinal application where the size constraints of the device are less critical. A digitally-enclosed signal would provide improved speed and accuracy.
It will be understood that the embodiments and methods of the present invention that have been described are illustrative of the application of the principles of the present invention. Numerous modifications may be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the true spirit and scope of the invention, including combinations of the features that are individually disclosed or claimed herein.
This application claims the benefit of the filing date of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/544,001, filed Feb. 12, 2004. The present invention relates to apparatus, systems and methods for performing intraocular brachytherapy. The invention may be employed in the treatment of a variety of eye disorders, but is particularly suited for treatment of macular degeneration in which neovascularized ocular tissue is treated by means a of local, directional delivery of a radiation dose emitted by a radioactive source to target tissues.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 60544001 | Feb 2004 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 11056763 | Feb 2005 | US |
| Child | 11593683 | Nov 2006 | US |
