BACKGROUND OF THE TECHNOLOGY
Gun sights are used to help improve accuracy and there are many different types of sights available to choose from. A common type of gun sight that typically comes standard on handguns is an iron sight which consists of a forward component and a rear component that in combination help a user direct the projectile towards a target. While very common, iron sights, may not always be the preferred type of sight for a given firearm. For example, a telescopic sight may be more useful for long range targets when using a rifle. Laser sights and reflex based optical sights may be used in place of an iron sight on a handgun to provide the user with a more highly visible sight.
It is not always possible to simply replace an iron sight with a different type of sight. For example, certain types of optical sights are manufactured with a standard profile that can be connected to the top of a firearm. This standard profile, however, may not fit every type of firearm. For example, some handguns manufactured prior to the broad use of optical sights may have a profile that cannot be easily adapted to mount an optical sight due to the narrowness or roundness of an uppermost surface of the slide mechanism of the firearm. Adapters for the slide mechanism have attempted to allow optical sights to be used with these types of firearms but suffer from various drawbacks such as not being sufficiently strong enough to endure the recoil forces on the slide mechanism when the firearm is fired.
SUMMARY OF THE TECHNOLOGY
An apparatus and method for modifying a handgun to accept an optical sight comprises a modified slide mechanism adapted to include a flat recessed rear section configured to receive an adapter plate for mounting an optical sight. Various embodiments of the adapter include modified internal components used to replace stock components that will no longer fit within the modified profile of the slide mechanism. Replacement of the slide mechanism and associated internal components will allow a user to add an optical sight to an existing handgun.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
A more complete understanding of the present technology may be derived by referring to the detailed description and claims when considered in connection with the following illustrative figures. In the following figures, like reference numbers refer to similar elements and steps throughout the figures.
FIG. 1 representatively illustrates an unmodified prior art slide in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present technology;
FIG. 2 representatively illustrates a modified slide for receiving an optical sight in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present technology;
FIG. 3 representatively illustrates a partially assembled modified slide with a modified safety lever and modified plunger in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present technology;
FIG. 4 representatively illustrates an adapter plate connected to the modified slide in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present technology;
FIG. 5 representatively illustrates a side view of an optical sight connected to the adapter plate and the modified slide in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present technology;
FIG. 6 representatively illustrates a front perspective view of the optical sight connected to the adapter plate shown in FIG. 5 in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present technology;
FIG. 7 representatively illustrates a perspective view of an adapter plate in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present technology;
FIG. 8 representatively illustrates a top view of the adapter plate in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present technology;
FIG. 9 representatively illustrates a side view of the adapter plate in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present technology;
FIG. 10 representatively illustrates an end view of adapter plate in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present technology;
FIG. 11 representatively illustrates a rear and side view of a prior art firing pin block in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present technology;
FIG. 12 representatively illustrates a rear and side view of a modified firing pin block in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present technology;
FIG. 13 representatively illustrates a perspective view of the modified firing pin block in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present technology;
FIG. 14 representatively illustrates a rear view of the modified firing pin block in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present technology;
FIG. 15 representatively illustrates a top view of the modified firing pin block in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present technology;
FIG. 16 representatively illustrates a prior art firing pin in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present technology;
FIG. 17 representatively illustrates a modified firing pin in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present technology;
FIG. 18 representatively illustrates a perspective view of the modified firing pin in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present technology;
FIG. 19 representatively illustrates a left side view of the modified firing pin in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present technology;
FIG. 20 representatively illustrates a top view of the modified firing pin in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present technology;
FIG. 21 representatively illustrates a right side view of the modified firing pin in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present technology;
FIG. 22 representatively illustrates a rear view of the modified firing pin engaging the modified firing pin block in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present technology;
FIG. 23 representatively illustrates a rear top perspective view of the modified firing pin engaging the modified firing pin block in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present technology;
FIG. 24 representatively illustrates a top side view of the modified firing pin engaging the modified firing pin block in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present technology;
FIG. 25 representatively illustrates a right view of the modified firing pin engaging the modified firing pin block in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present technology;
FIG. 26 representatively illustrates a prior art safety lever in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present technology;
FIG. 27 representatively illustrates a modified safety lever in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present technology;
FIG. 28 representatively illustrates a prior art plunger in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present technology;
FIG. 29 representatively illustrates a modified plunger in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present technology;
FIG. 30 representatively illustrates a prior art extractor pin in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present technology;
FIG. 31 representatively illustrates a modified extractor pin in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present technology;
FIG. 32 representatively illustrates a perspective view of an alternative embodiment of an adapter plate in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present technology;
FIG. 33 representatively illustrates a top view of the adapter plate shown in FIG. 32 in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present technology;
FIG. 34 representatively illustrates a side view of the adapter plate shown in FIG. 32 in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present technology;
FIG. 35 representatively illustrates an end view of adapter plate shown in FIG. 32 in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present technology;
FIG. 36 representatively illustrates a prior art firing pin and firing pin block assembly in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present technology;
FIG. 37 representatively illustrates a top view of the prior art firing pin and firing pin block assembly shown in FIG. 36 in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present technology;
FIG. 38 representatively illustrates a modified firing pin block engaging a firing pin in accordance with an alternative embodiment of the present technology;
FIG. 39 representatively illustrates a top perspective view of the modified firing pin block shown in FIG. 38 engaging the firing pin in accordance with an alternative embodiment of the present technology;
FIG. 40 representatively illustrates a perspective view of the prior art firing pin block shown in FIG. 36 in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present technology;
FIG. 41 representatively illustrates a perspective view of the modified firing pin block shown in FIG. 38 in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present technology;
FIG. 42 representatively illustrates a side view of the prior art firing pin block shown in FIG. 36 in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present technology;
FIG. 43 representatively illustrates a side view of the modified firing pin block shown in FIG. 38 in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present technology;
FIG. 44 representatively illustrates a top view of the prior art firing pin block shown in FIG. 36 in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present technology;
FIG. 45 representatively illustrates a top view of the modified firing pin block shown in FIG. 38 in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present technology;
FIG. 46 representatively illustrates a side view of a slide without a safety lever in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present technology;
FIG. 47 representatively illustrates a perspective view of the modified firing pin shown in FIGS. 17-21 in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present technology;
FIG. 48 representatively illustrates a perspective view of an alternative embodiment of a modified firing pin in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present technology;
FIG. 49 representatively illustrates a side view of the modified firing pin shown in FIGS. 17-21 in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present technology;
FIG. 50 representatively illustrates a side view of the modified firing pin block shown in FIG. 48 in the same orientation as the modified firing pin shown in FIG. 49 in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present technology;
FIG. 51 representatively illustrates another view of the modified firing pin shown in FIG. 19 in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present technology;
FIG. 52 representatively illustrates another side view of the modified firing pin block shown in FIG. 48 in the same orientation as the modified firing pin shown in FIG. 51 in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present technology;
FIG. 53 representatively illustrates another view of the modified firing pin shown in FIG. 21 in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present technology; and
FIG. 54 representatively illustrates another view of the modified firing pin block shown in FIG. 48 in the same orientation as the modified firing pin shown in FIG. 53 in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present technology.
Elements and steps in the figures are illustrated for simplicity and clarity and have not necessarily been rendered according to any particular sequence. For example, steps that may be performed concurrently or in a different order are illustrated in the figures to help to improve understanding of embodiments of the present technology.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS
The present technology may be described in terms of functional block components and various processing steps. Such functional blocks may be realized by any number of components configured to perform the specified functions and achieve the various results. For example, the present technology may employ various materials, finishes, dimensions, and geometries, which may carry out a variety of operations suited to a specified application or environment. In addition, the present technology may be practiced in conjunction with any number of systems configured for operation with firearms, and the system described is merely one exemplary application for the technology. Further, the present technology may employ any number of conventional techniques for machining, metalworking, and gunsmithing.
Methods and apparatus for an optical adapter for a firearm slide according to various aspects of the present technology may operate in conjunction with any type of handgun or various slide mechanisms used in firearms. Various representative implementations of the present technology may be applied to retrofitting an existing semi-automatic handgun, modifying a new firearm, or manufacturing a new firearm. For example, the described technology may be used to replace or modify an original factory installed slide and one or more internal components of a Beretta® model 92 or PX4 pistol, and other like models such as: the Taurus® PT92, Girsan® Regard MC, Helwan 920, Vektor Z88, SP1, and SP2, Yavuz 16, and the AT92, to provide a suitable surface for mounting an optical sight on the pistol when the slide mechanism as originally manufactured is not suitable for receiving a mounted optical sight.
For example, and referring to FIG. 1, a prior art unmodified slide 100 may comprise an upper surface 102, a lower portion 104, a selector switch or safety lever 106, and an open barrel portion 108. The upper surface 102 may be unsuitable for mounting an optical sight because the upper surface 102 is either too narrow or comprises a top most surface that is too rounded to provide a surface capable of receiving an optical sight and holding it in position during use. Further, a top surface of firing pin block 110 may sit generally flush with the upper surface 102 prior to and after firing but may move upwards and extend above the upper surface 102 by small amount, such as by about 0.5-2.0 millimeters, when the trigger is pulled.
Referring now to FIGS. 2 and 4, a modified slide 200 may comprise a body having a flat upper surface 202 that is recessed below a top most surface 218 of the body located aft of an open barrel portion 208, and a lower portion 204. A first set of mounting holes 206 may be created in the flat upper surface 202 and used to connect to an adapter plate 402. A forward end 210 of the flat upper surface 202 may be angled, beveled, notched, dovetailed, or otherwise configured to create a more secure connection between the modified slide mechanism 200 and the adapter plate 402.
The recessed the flat upper surface 202 may be formed by modifying an existing firearm slide. For example, an upper surface of a factory manufactured stock slide 100 may be machined to form the recessed the flat upper surface 202. This modified slide 200 may then be used in place of the original stock slide 100. Alternatively, the flat upper surface 202 may be formed as part of a replacement slide that was manufactured as a direct replacement for a stock slide 100.
Whether by modifying a stock slide 100 or replacing a stock slide 100 with a replacement, the flat upper surface 202 may expose interior components of the modified slide 200 or render existing internal components nonfunctional. For example, if the prior art unmodified slide 100 is modified according to the present technology, the recessed flat upper surface 202 may extend downwards into the upper surface of the unmodified slide mechanism 100 such that a first opening 212 for a standard firing pin block 110 (See also FIGS. 11 and 40), a recess 214 for a standard retention pin for the firing pin block 110, and a second opening 216 for a standard extractor pin 3002 (See FIG. 30) may be exposed. One of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the first and second openings 212, 216 and recess 214 indicate areas within the unmodified slide 100 where the standard firing pin block 110, extractor pin 3002, and retention pin were located prior to the removal of a portion of the upper surface 102. With the portion of the upper surface 102 removed, the standard firing pin block 110, extractor pin 3002, and retention pin no longer function as intended and must be replaced with modified components configured to fit within the smaller profile of the modified slide 200.
Referring now to FIG. 3, when the modified slide 200 is assembled, a modified extractor pin 304 (See also FIG. 29) may be installed such that it does not extend above the flat upper surface 202. In one embodiment, a modified selector switch or safety lever 302 may also be installed within modified slide mechanism 200, wherein the safety lever 302 may also be configured to function within the smaller profile by having a reduced radius on an upper surface that does not extend above the flat upper surface 202. For example, referring now to FIGS. 26 and 27, a prior art safety lever 106 may comprise an upper radius 2602 that is significantly larger than the upper radius 2702 of the modified safety lever 302. Similarly, with particular reference to FIGS. 28 and 29, a standard safety plunger 2802 may be replaced with a modified safety plunger 2902 that has a smaller length to accommodate the smaller radius of the modified safety lever 302.
Referring now to FIGS. 4-10 and 32-35, an adapter plate 402 may be connected to the flat upper surface 202 to provide a secure mounting location for an optics assembly 500 such as a reflex sight or red dot optic sight. The adapter plate 402 may comprise any suitable components configured to connect the adapter plate 402 to the flat upper surface 202 and the optics assembly 500.
The adapter plate 402 may comprise a substantially flat top surface 702 and an underside surface 704 that may at least partially conform to the top surface of the slide 200. Alternatively, the underside surface 704 may be flat and configured to mate up against the flat upper surface 202 of the modified slide mechanism 200. A second set of mounting holes 406 may be positioned on the adapter plate 402 to allow the adapter plate 402 to be coupled to the mating first set of mounting holes 206 on the flat upper surface 202 of the slide 200. Any suitable type of fastener such as a screw or bolt may be used to couple the adapter mounting holes 406, 206 together.
The adapter plate 402 may further comprise one or more mounting busses 410 disposed along the top surface 702 that are configured to couple to a pair of mating bosses in the optics assembly 500. A third set of mounting holes or receiving ports 412 may also be located on the top surface 702 and may be used to couple the adapter plate 402 to the optics assembly 500. A sighting element 404 may be positioned along a rearmost edge of the adapter plate 402. A forward section of the adapter plate 402 may comprise a lip 408 configured to be positioned along the top most surface 218 of the slide mechanism 200 when an angled forward edge 414 is positioned in the forward end 210 of the flat upper surface 202.
Referring now to FIG. 11, as described above, an unmodified slide 100 may utilize a standard firing pin block 110 that has an opening 1102 for a retention pin. The top of the standard firing pin block 110, however, may extend above the top upper surface 102 when the trigger is pulled and prevent the adapter plate 402 from mating flush with the flat upper surface 202. Further, because there is no room for a retention pin the standard firing pin block 110 may no longer be able to be coupled to the firing pin causing the firearm to not function.
To solve this issue, and referring now to FIGS. 12-15, a modified firing pin block 1200 may be used in place of the standard firing pin block 110. The modified firing pin block 1200 may require a lower profile that does not extend above the flat upper surface 202 when the trigger is pulled. The modified firing pin block 1200 may not include an opening for a retention pin and may be configured to couple to the firing pin by another method.
In one embodiment, the modified firing pin block 1200 may comprise a body having a central body having a pair of opposing ends. Each of the opposing ends may comprise an edge section 1202, 1204 that extends perpendicularly away from the ends of the central body. A center catch 1208 may extend perpendicularly away from a center portion 1206 of the central body in a direction opposite that of the edge sections 1202, 1204. The center catch 1208 may comprise a lip 1210 and is angled perpendicular to the direction of the center catch 1208 and is parallel to the central body. A recessed detent 1302 may be disposed in a surface of the center catch 1208 that is opposite that of the lip 1210.
To accommodate the modified firing pin block 1200, the firing pin may also need to be modified. For example, referring now to FIG. 16, a standard firing pin 1600 may comprise a rear cut out section 1602 that would engage the standard firing pin block 110 and a forward cut out section 1604 to allow the extractor (not shown) to fit in position. Referring now to FIGS. 17-21, because the standard firing pin block 110 and associated retention pin cannot be used, a modified firing pin 1700 may be used in place of the standard firing pin 1600. The modified firing pin 1700 may include a rear cut out section 1702 configured to receive and engage with the modified firing pin block 1200. The rear cut out section 1702 may comprise a flattened section along a rear portion of the modified firing pin 1700 that is rotated approximately 90 degrees along a longitudinal axis of the modified firing pin 1700 relative to the rear cut out section 1602 of the standard firing pin 1600. The rear cut out section 1702 of the modified firing pin 1700 may also have a shallower depth relative to the rear cut out section 1602 of the standard firing pin 1600 in that it does not extend as deep towards the longitudinal axis from the outermost surface of the firing pin 1700. This provides for more material in the location of the rear cut out section 1702 increasing an overall strength of the firing pin 1700 and reducing a likelihood of failure over time.
The modified firing pin 1700 may further comprise a relief cut 1704 that may extend from a section proximate and end of the modified firing pin 1700 to the forward cut out section 1604. The relief cut 1704 may extend the beyond a rear most end of the rear cut out section 1702 such that it extends from a location between the rear most end of the rear cut out section 1702 and the rear end of the firing pin 1700 all the way to a rear end of the forward cut out section 1604. The relief cut 1704 may provide an improved fit when positioned within the modified slide mechanism 200.
Referring now to FIGS. 22-25, the relief cut 1704 may be configured to engage and abut a space extending between the first and second edge sections 1202, 1204 of the modified firing pin block 1200. During operation, when the trigger is pulled, the modified firing pin block 1200 may move upwardly such that a first edge section 1202 moves upward and away from the rear cut out section 1702 allowing the modified firing pin 1700 to move forward slightly to strike the primer of the chambered cartridge. After striking the primer, the modified firing pin 1700 will return to its original position such that the first edge section 1202 of the modified firing pin block 1200 slides back into the rear cut out section 1702 locking the modified firing pin 1700 in position until the trigger is pulled again.
Referring now to FIGS. 36-45, in an alternative embodiment, the firing pin block 3602 may comprise a main body having a first end configured to engage the rear cut out section 1602 of a firing pin 3600 and a second end having a post 3604 that extends outwardly from the main body and a detent 3606 that extends into the main body and is configured to receive a firing pin block spring (now shown). This embodiment may not require any modification to the stock firing pin 3600.
In this embodiment, the first end of the firing pin block 3602 may comprise a rounded portion 4104 that is configured to at least partially conform to an outer surface of the firing pin 3600 and a flat portion 4102 that is configured to fit against the rear cut out section 1602. With particular reference now to FIGS. 36, 37, 40, 42, and 44, when assembled, the post 3604 of the unmodified firing pin block 3602 extends perpendicularly to the firing pin 3600 and would extend above the flat upper surface 202 of the modified slide 200. The modified firing pin block 3602 (See FIGS. 38, 39, 41, 43, and 45) eliminates the post 3604 such that it can longer extends outwardly from the main body. The post 3604 may be removed by any suitable method or the firing pin block 3602 may be manufactured as a replacement part without the post 3604.
In some embodiments, the lower portion 204 of the unmodified slide 100 may not be configured to include a safety lever 106. For example, in some embodiments, the safety lever 106 may be located elsewhere on the firearm, such as in the frame proximate an upper portion of the grip. Referring now to FIG. 46, in one such embodiment, the lower portion 204 of the modified slide 200 may include a notch 4602 that is configured to allow the main body mounted safety lever 106 (now shown) to freely rotate between positions.
To accommodate the lack of a safety lever 106, the modified firing pin 1700 may require additional changes in structure. With reference now to FIGS. 47-54, an alternative embodiment of a modified firing pin 4800 for a non-safety slide may comprise a longer length compared to the modified firing pin 1700 used in a slide 100 having a safety lever 106. For example, the modified firing pin 4800 for a non-safety slide may comprise an extended end section 4804 that extends the overall length of the firing pin 4800 between a forward end 4808 and a rear end 4810 such that the rear cut out section 1702 and the relief cut 1704 are positioned more centrally along the length of the modified firing pin 4800 as opposed to being positioned adjacent to a rear end of the modified firing pin 1700 for a slide mounted safety lever. As described above for the modified firing pin 1700, the rear cut out section 1702 and the relief cut 1704 of the modified firing pin 4800 are configured to receive and engage with the modified firing pin block 1200.
The extended end section 4804 may be configured in any suitable manner to increase the overall length of the modified firing pin 4800. In one embodiment, the extended end section 4804 may comprise a smooth surface with a radius that is equal to the largest radius of the prior art slide 1600 and the modified slide 1700.
The modified firing pin 4800 may further comprise a second cut out section 4802 positioned proximate the forward end 4808 of the firing pin 4800 comprising a more pronounced shoulder 4806 than that of the forward cut out section 1604 of the modified firing pin 1700 for a slide having a safety lever. The second cut out section 4802 is configured to engage and be held in place by the extractor (not shown). To provide a more secure engagement between the modified firing pin 4800 and the extractor, the shoulder 4806 may form a substantially perpendicular surface relative to a longitudinal axis 4814 of the modified firing pin 4800. The substantially perpendicular surface may be achieved by creating notch with squared corners (approximately 90-degrees). The squared corners are located at a top edge of the notch between the outer surface and the substantially perpendicular surface and a bottom edge of the notch between the substantially perpendicular surface and a bottom surface of the second cut out section 4802 that is parallel to the longitudinal axis 4814. The substantially perpendicular surface may be located along a forwardmost portion of the second cut out section 4802 opposite the extended end section 4804.
A rear portion of the second cut out section 4802 may comprise a rounded section 4812 configured to form a smoother transition between an outermost surface of the modified firing pin 4800 and the bottom surface of the cut out section 4802. The rounded section 4812 may form a curved or angled surface of between about fifteen (15) degrees and about sixty-five (65) degrees relative to the longitudinal axis 4814.
These and other embodiments for methods of modifying a slide mechanism may incorporate concepts, embodiments, and configurations as described above. The particular implementations shown and described are illustrative of the technology and its best mode and are not intended to otherwise limit the scope of the present technology in any way. Indeed, for the sake of brevity, conventional manufacturing, connection, preparation, and other functional aspects of the system may not be described in detail. Furthermore, the connecting lines shown in the various figures are intended to represent exemplary functional relationships and/or physical couplings between the various elements. Many alternative or additional functional relationships or physical connections may be present in a practical system.
The technology has been described with reference to specific exemplary embodiments. Various modifications and changes, however, may be made without departing from the scope of the present technology. The description and figures are to be regarded in an illustrative manner, rather than a restrictive one and all such modifications are intended to be included within the scope of the present technology. Accordingly, the scope of the technology should be determined by the generic embodiments described and their legal equivalents rather than by merely the specific examples described above. For example, the steps recited in any method or process embodiment may be executed in any order, unless otherwise expressly specified, and are not limited to the explicit order presented in the specific examples. Additionally, the components and/or elements recited in any apparatus embodiment may be assembled or otherwise operationally configured in a variety of permutations to produce substantially the same result as the present technology and are accordingly not limited to the specific configuration recited in the specific examples. Benefits, other advantages and solutions to problems have been described above with regard to particular embodiments; however, any benefit, advantage, solution to problems or any element that may cause any particular benefit, advantage or solution to occur or to become more pronounced are not to be construed as critical, required or essential features or components.
As used herein, the terms “comprises,” “comprising,” or any variation thereof, are intended to reference a non-exclusive inclusion, such that a process, method, article, composition or apparatus that comprises a list of elements does not include only those elements recited but may also include other elements not expressly listed or inherent to such process, method, article, composition or apparatus. Other combinations and/or modifications of the above-described structures, arrangements, applications, proportions, elements, materials or components used in the practice of the present technology, in addition to those not specifically recited, may be varied or otherwise particularly adapted to specific environments, manufacturing specifications, design parameters or other operating requirements without departing from the general principles of the same. Any terms of degree such as “substantially,” “about,” and “approximate” as used herein mean a reasonable amount of deviation of the modified term such that the end result is not significantly changed. For example, these terms can be construed as including a deviation of at least ±5% of the modified term if this deviation would not negate the meaning of the word it modifies.
The present technology has been described above with reference to an exemplary embodiment. However, changes and modifications may be made to the exemplary embodiment without departing from the scope of the present technology. These and other changes or modifications are intended to be included within the scope of the present technology, as expressed in the following claims.
Patent Application
20250180333
