Methods and apparatus for removal and destruction of ammonia from an aqueous medium

Abstract

Methods and apparatuses are provided for the removal and destruction of ammonia from an aqueous medium. The methods and apparatuses include the removal of ammonia from an aqueous medium by contact with either natural or synthetic zeolite. The spent zeolite is regenerated for continuous use, while the ammonia is concentrated as ammonium sulfate, and ultimately destroyed via combustion. A system for monitoring and maintaining an ammonia removal system by an off-site provider is also disclosed.

Description

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The invention generally relates to the removal and destruction of ammonia from aqueous media. More specifically, the invention provides systems, methods and apparatuses for the effective removal of ammonia from water as it is treated in a water treatment facility, and in particular, to systems, methods and apparatuses for the removal and destruction of ammonia from drinking water by contacting the water with zeolite materials.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Cities and towns throughout the world depend on having clean potable water supplies. The dependence on clean water has increased as the population of the world has increased, especially as industrial use of rivers and lakes have become commonplace.

The explosion of world population, and corresponding increase in fresh water use, has resulted in a need to maximize water usage. However, the ability to maximize fresh water use has been limited by, (1) increased pollution of the fresh water supplies due to higher industrial output throughout the world (a direct result of the increased population); and (2) increased knowledge and standards for what constitutes clean water, acceptable for use in farming, industry, and consumption. As a result, there is a current need to increase the efficiency in the use of water, i.e., conserve existing clean water supplies, increase the current capabilities used to remove pollutants from water supplies, and increase the effectiveness of existing technologies and develop new technologies to effectively treat and reach new standards in water quality.

In this light, ammonia contamination of water resources has proven to be extremely problematic. High levels of ammonia commonly occur in wastewater, and occasionally drinking water, as a result of well contamination by industrial and agricultural processes. Presently, there is a trend to lower the ammonia discharge limits for facilities toward a range of 2 to 4 parts per million (ppm) from a previous ranges of 10 to 15 ppm.

Conventional ammonia removal technology has focused on additional aeration at wastewater treatment plant lagoons. In general, this remedy has proven ineffective. In contrast, a number of new technologies, focused on other wastewater related problems, have had the side-effect of lowering ammonia discharges. For example, activated sludge wastewater plants are being constructed to eliminate a full range of biological contaminants and have the added benefit of decreased ammonia discharges to 2 ppm or less. These plants however are expensive and not required in areas where the only problem is high ammonia levels. Further, technologies such as Sequence Batch Reactors (SBR's), Rotating Biological Filters (RBF's), and Trickle Filters are also used to solve non-ammonia related wastewater cleanup problems, but ammonia reduction seems to be an added benefit. However, these newer technological options require entirely new facilities or expensive rebuilds at existing facilities. This is an appropriate response where a wastewater problem is significant and requires a fairly drastic improvement. However, facilities with efficiently operating wastewater plants need options that are relatively inexpensive, compared to rebuilding the entire facility, and focused on lowering the ammonia discharge levels, not on other, typically more expensive, cleanup problems. Against this backdrop the present invention has been developed.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides systems, methods and apparatuses for the removal and destruction of ammonia from an aqueous medium using zeolite materials. The zeolite materials of the present invention absorb ammonia at levels sufficient to comply with discharge limits set by the EPA. Spent zeolite is re-freshed and re-used, where the ammonia on the zeolite is stripped and concentrated as an ammonium salt. Stored ammonium salts are used in the manufacture of fertilizers, or simply converted to a form for combustion, and release as nitrogen into the atmosphere.

The present invention also provides methods and apparatus for operating an ammonia removal and destruction facility, in accordance with the present invention, from an off-site location. The system includes providing a pre-determined amount of zeolite for removal of ammonia from the target water source, providing and maintaining the required chemical compounds for the storage or destruction of the ammonia, and operation and maintenance of a combustion unit for conversion of the ammonium to a nitrogen containing gas for release into the atmosphere.

These and various other features as well as advantages which characterize the invention will be apparent from a reading of the following detailed description and a review of the appended claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 illustrates a schematic for the removal and destruction of ammonia in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 2 illustrates a schematic for the ammonia absorption process in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 3 illustrates a schematic for the combustion of ammonia in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 4 illustrates a schematic of the overall removal and destruction of ammonia in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

FIGS. 5A, A2, B, B2, C1 and C2 provide a theoretical mass balance calculation for the schematic shown in FIG. 4.

FIG. 6 is graphical representation of bed volume against concentration for the data illustrated in Tables 6 and 7.

FIGS. 7A-H illustrate tabular and graphical data involved in a five column run in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

FIGS. 8A-F illustrate tabular and graphical data involved in another five column run in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

FIGS. 9A-F illustrate tabular and graphical data involved in another five column run in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

FIGS. 10A-F illustrate tabular and graphical data involved in another five column run in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 11 provides data from a pilot study performed at Colorado City, Colo., showing the feed and discharge levels of ammonia for a 1000 gallon treatment in accordance with embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 12 is a schematic of the air stripping process in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Definitions:

The following definitions are provided to facilitate understanding of certain terms used frequently herein and are not meant to limit the scope of the present disclosure.

“Aqueous medium” refers to water or any liquid made from, with, or by water.

“Feed” refers to an aqueous medium before treatment with the systems and methods of the present invention, for example, a flowing water source before it enters a wastewater treatment facility.

“Zeolite” refers to a natural and/or synthetic zeolite. Natural zeolites are hydrated silicates of aluminum and either sodium or calcium or both, for example clinoptilolite and chabazite.

Synthetic zeolites are made by a number of well known processes, for example gel or clay processes, which form a matrix to which the zeolite is added. Example synthetic zeolites include Linde® AW-30 and Zeolon® 900.

“bed volume” for a particular housing member refers to the volume of zeolite in the housing member. The term bed volume, for purposes of the present invention, also refers to the retention volume and/or specific retention volume. Note that bed volume has units of liters, cubic meters, or cubic feet.

“Remove” refers to the detectable decrease of a target material, for example ammonia, from a source, for example ground water. Typically removal of arsenic from an aqueous source is at least 50%, preferably at least 75% and most preferably at least 90%, from the original levels in the zeolite treated source.

“Absorb” and “adsorb” refer to the same basic principle of one substance being retained by another substance. The processes can include attraction of one substance to the surface of another substance or the penetration of one substance into the inner structure of another substance. The present invention contemplates that zeolite can either absorb and/or adsorb ammonia from an aqueous medium and that for purposes of the present invention, that the two principles be interchangeable. Other terms used to describe this interaction include binding or trapping, each of which contemplates absorption and/or adsorption. As used in the present invention, the term absorb refers to any or all of adsorb, trap, bind, and the like.

Zeolite:

Zeolites, in accordance with the present invention, effectively absorb, adsorb, bind and/or trap ammonia in an aqueous media, and thereby remove it from the aqueous media. Compositionally, zeolites are similar to clay minerals, where zeolites are natural hydrated silicates of aluminum and either sodium or calcium or both. Unlike clays, which have a layered crystalline structure (similar to a deck of cards that is subject to shrinking and swelling as water is absorbed), zeolites have a rigid three-dimensional crystalline structure. Zeolites' rigid honeycomb-like crystalline structure consists of a network of interconnected tunnels and cages, thereby forming a series of substantially uniformly sized pores. Aqueous media moves freely in and out of the pores formed by the crystalline structure, making zeolite an excellent sieving or filtration type material, as well as providing a large surface area for binding ammonia within the target aqueous medium. Zeolite is host to water molecules and ions or potassium, sodium, and calcium, as well as a variety of other positively charged ions, but only those of appropriate molecular size fit into the pores, creating the “sieving” property.

There are approximately fifty different types of natural zeolites, including clinoptilolite, chabazite, phillipsite, mordenite, analcite, heulandite, stilbite, thomosonite, brewsterite, wellsite, harmotome, leonhardite, eschellite, erionite, epidesmine, and the like. Differences between the different zeolites include particle density, cation selectivity, molecular pore size, and cation affinity. For example, clinoptilolite, the most common natural zeolite, has 16% more void volume and pores as much as 0.2 nm larger than analcime, another common zeolite.

Preferable natural zeolites for use in the present invention include any zeolite having an exchange capacity with sufficient capacity to lower the ammonia concentration in an aqueous medium from a first level to a second level. Preferable zeolites for use in the present invention have a capacity for ammonia of at least 1 meq/gram, although other lower capacity zeolites are envisioned to be within the scope of the present invention. In addition, zeolites having particle sizes from 10×60 mesh and preferably 20×40 mesh are useful in the present invention. Zeolite fines are typically removed before use in the present invention to prevent plugging in the tanks of the present invention (see below). Preferable natural zeolites for use in the present invention include clinoptilolite.

Table 1 provides a list of companies that presently produce zeolite minerals in either the United States or Canada. Table 1 provides a chemical analysis of the zeolite materials sold by a number of companies, and provides the physical properties of the corresponding zeolite materials. This Table is provided as illustrative of the type of zeolite material that can be purchased for large scale use.

TABLE 1
Chemical Analysis (Expressed in Weight %)
Company	Location	Na2O	K2O	CaO	MgO	SiO2	Al2O3	TiO2	Fe2O3
Addwest	WY	4.7	1.9	1.6	0.65	74.0	14.0	0.1	2.1
Minerals
American	NV/CA	3.5	3.8	0.7	0.4	69.1	11.9	—	0.74
Research
Am.	OR	0.8	3.8	0.7	0.4	69.1	11.9	0.2	0.7
Absorbents
Stellhead	CA/NM/OR	0.8	3.8	0.7	0.4	69.1	11.9	0.2	0.4
Res.
Teague	OR	0.9	4.7	1.4	0.3	64.1	11.8	0.3	2.58
Minerals
Zeotech	TX	0.6	1.7	2.4	0.7	68.4	12.1	NK	NK
St. Cloud	NM	0.9	3.3	3.3	1.0	64.7	12.6	0.2	1.8
Mining
W-Way	Canada	2.5	2.7	3.4	1.3	65.8	14.3	0.3	2.6
Zeolites
Highwood	Canada	2.78	2.79	3.78	0.95	64.5	13.7	0.27	2.19
Res
C2C	Canada	1.35	1.57	2.51	1.55	66.8	11.2	0.6	5.2
Mining
Physical Properties
	Ionic
	Exch		Free				Pore
	Cap.	H2O %	Silica			pH	Diam.
Company	(meq/g)	Adsorption	(%)	SG	Color	(nat.)	(Å)	Hard.
Addwest	2.00	14.0	2.00	1.5	pale		4.4	3.7
Minerals					blue
American	1.85	12.3	NK	NK			4.0	5.1
Research
Am.	1.4		1.50	2.3	white	8.0	4.0	3.8
Absorbents
Stellhead	1.30		0.09	1.6	white	8.0	4.0	5.1
Res.
Teague	1.77		low	2.2	off		not	not
Minerals					white		provided	provided
Zeotech
St. Cloud	1.60		0.01<	2.3	white	8.0	4.0	3.8
Mining
W-Way	1.00	25.0	NK	2.4	off	8.1	6.5	NK
Zeolites					white/
					pale
					green
Highwood	1.00		10.0	2.0		7.0
Res
C2C	NK	NK	5.00	2.3	brown	5.0	NK	NK
Mining

It is also envisioned that synthetic zeolites can be used in accordance with the present invention. Synthetic zeolites are made by well known processes, such as a gel process (sodium silicate and alumina) or clay process (kaolin), which form a matrix to which the zeolite is added. Preferable synthetic zeolites include Linde®AW-30, Linde®AW-500, Linde®4-A and Zeolon®900.

It is envisioned that the systems and methods of the present invention can utilize either natural, synthetic or a mixture of natural and synthetic zeolite in the removal of ammonia from aqueous medium.

Ammonia Removal from Aqueous Medium Using Zeolite

Ammonia Absorption:

The absorption of ammonia from an aqueous medium is effected by causing contact between the aqueous medium and zeolite. During the contact period, ammonia in the aqueous medium absorbs onto the zeolite and is effectively removed from the aqueous medium. The zeolite at this point is considered “loaded” with ammonia.

There are two series of chemical reactions believed to occur in the absorption of ammonia to the zeolite. The first series of reactions occurs when the fresh zeolite is initially loaded into an absorption column (see below). The second series of reactions occurs after the zeolite has been migrated through the absorption process, including the elution step. The initial reactions result from the fact that natural zeolite is loaded with sodium ions, the second series of reactions results from the addition of alkaline (basic) material to the system. The alkaline material can be calcium oxide, “calcium based,” sodium hydroxide, “sodium-based,” or potassium hydroxide, “potassium based.” It is envisioned that other alkaline metals could be used in this context, for example, lithium, rubidium and cesium, but all are less preferable due to economic reasons. The two series of reactions are shown below with regard to a “calcium-based” system:

Initial Loading on Zeolite: Ca⁺⁺+NaZeol→2Na⁺+CaZeol 2NH₄⁺+Na₂Zeol→2Na⁺(NH₄)₂Zeol 2K⁺+Na₂Zeol→2Na⁺+K₂Zeol Equilibrium Loading on Zeolite: 2NH₄⁺+Ca₂Zeol→Ca⁺⁺+(NH₄)₂Zeol 2K⁺+Ca₂Zeol→Ca⁺⁺+K₂Zeol Ammonia Elution:

The ammonia, once loaded onto the zeolite, is passed from the absorption process to an elution unit process. The elution unit process (see below) functions to remove the ammonia absorbed to the zeolite. This is generally accomplished by contacting the loaded zeolite with a salt solution, or brine. The brine is typically composed of sodium, calcium, potassium, and/or magnesium ions in solution. The contact between the loaded zeolite and the brine causes ion displacement between the salt ions and the ammonia, thereby removing the ammonia from the zeolite and creating a “pregnant” brine solution relative to the concentration of ammonia. The chemical reactions of the elution step are illustrated below: (NH₄)₂Zeol+Ca⁺⁺→2NH₄⁺+Ca₂Zeol K₂Zeol+Ca⁺⁺→2K⁺Ca₂Zeol

The elution step is in effect the reversal of the reactions discussed with respect to the absorption step above and is driven by the high concentration of salt ions in the brine solution relative to the concentration of ammonia.

Ammonia Dissociation from Brine:

The pregnant brine is fed to an air stripping unit process where the ammonia is dissociated from the brine. Generally, the pH in the pregnant brine is increased to a range of approximately 10 to 11 prior to contact with the air to facilitate the stripping process. In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the pH is increased by the addition of lime to the brine. The lime helps to dissociate the ammonia from the brine in the form of ammonium hydroxide.

In the air stripping process, contact between air bubbles and loaded brine cause the diffusion of the ammonia from the brine to the air in the form of ammonia gas. The ammonia dissociation reaction steps that occur in the air stripping process are as follows: 2NH₄⁺+2Cl⁻+CaO+H₂O→CaCl₂+2NH₄OH 2NH₄OH→2NH₃+2H₂O

The air/ammonia mixture is then transferred to an air scrubbing step.

Acid Wash to Form Ammonium Salt:

The air/ammonia mixture is treated with an acid wash to form an ammonium salt. Preferably, the air is treated with a sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄), or other like acid, wash via the following reaction: 2NH₃+H₂SO₄→(NH₄)₂SO₄

Note that the air can preferably be re-circulated in the air stripper.

Storage and Destruction of Ammonium Salt:

The ammonium sulfate is passed to a storage tank, or to a re-circulation tank, for ultimate disposal. Ammonium sulfate, in one embodiment of the present invention, is removed from the storage tank and supplied for use in fertilizer and other commercial purpose. However, it has been determined that disposal through these uses can be of marginal economic advantage due to the relatively low concentration of the ammonium sulfate. As such, other embodiments of the present invention are envisioned for the disposal of the ammonium salt, preferably via the destruction of the ammonia through combustion.

Combustion of Ammonia:

The ammonium sulfate in the storage tank is mixed with a basic material, such as lime or other like agent, and passed to an air stripping unit similar to the one described above. The ammonium sulfate stream is reacted with lime to dissociate the ammonia in the form of ammonium hydroxide and facilitate air stripping. The ammonium hydroxide is then removed from the solution as ammonia gas by contacting the solution with a flow of air. The ammonia gas is passed to a combustion unit to be burned at a controlled temperature to avoid the production of NO_x gases.

Typically, the combustion unit is heated by natural gas and includes various streams available to vary the composition of the ammonia gas mixture for ideal combustion. For example, where the concentration of the ammonia gas in air is too high, e.g., greater than 1.1% by weight ammonia in the gas stream, the ammonia gas stream is diluted with air. Where the concentration of the ammonia in the air is too low, e.g., less than 1.1% by weight ammonia in the gas stream, the ammonia gas stream is combined with a combustion gas supply to facilitate combustion (increasing the temperature of the stream).

If required, the combustion air supply can be a mixture of burner gas and air that is burned in a pre-burner prior to entering the combustion chamber of the present invention. The exhaust gas from the pre-burner is fed to the combustion unit to raise the temperature of the combustion step to the required level, i.e., the temperature required to combust the concentration of ammonia gas in the gas stream.

Preferably, the concentration of ammonium sulfate fed to the destruction process is in the range of about 20% to about 40% by volume. If the ammonium sulfate is not at this concentration, it is fed to a re-circulation tank where the ammonium sulfate is re-circulated through the acid scrubbing process and bled in increments to the destruction process (when the appropriate concentration is reached). The following chemical reactions are believed to occur during the combustion unit process: (NH₄)₂SO₄+CaO+3H₂O→2NH₄OH+CaSO₄2H₂O 2NH₄OH→2NH₃+2H₂O CH₄⁺+4NH₃+3O₂+N₂→8H₂O+N₂+CO₂ Zeolite Flow:

The zeolite for use in the present invention is input into the process at the ammonia absorption step. Typically an appropriate amount of zeolite is charged into a housing member(s), e.g., tank, column, etc, for contact with the aqueous medium. The zeolite is maintained within the absorption step and contacted with the aqueous medium for an amount of time sufficient to decrease the concentration of ammonia from a first level (in the feed of the aqueous medium) to a second level (in the discharge of the aqueous medium). In preferred embodiments the discharge level is less than the acceptable discharge limits for ammonia as set by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).

Loaded zeolite passes from the absorption step to the stripping unit process (see above), where the ammonia is eluted from the zeolite. The zeolite is passed from the elution process to a rinse unit where the zeolite is cleaned for re-circulation back to the absorption step. In the rinse step, the zeolite stream is fed to a rinse column where it is rinsed with water. Note that the rinse step can include a reverse osmosis unit where chemicals contained in the rinse stream, including calcium, chloride, sulfate, hydroxide, and carbonate are recovered. The recovery of these chemicals helps defray the overall operation costs, as the chemicals can be re-used. Note also that the reverse osmosis unit lowers the pH and total dissolved solids (TDS) content of the discharge stream.

Once refreshed/regenerated, the zeolite is pumped back to the absorption step and the absorption process repeated. It is believed that the zeolite can be re-used in this manner for an indefinite period of time. However, degradation of the zeolite does occur over time, and degraded zeolite is removed or purged from the system by passing it through with the discharge stream. As such, a fairly predictable amount of zeolite must be added to the absorption process to keep a fairly constant amount of zeolite in the system (typically equal to the amount of degraded zeolite purged from the system).

Embodiments of the present invention will now be described with reference to the following Figures.

FIG. 1 provides a process diagram or schematic 100 of ammonia removal and destruction in accordance with the present invention. Aqueous medium 102 is feed into the absorption step 104 (ion exchange). The ammonia is removed from the aqueous medium, which is discharged having a discharge level of ammonia 106. The ammonia loaded zeolite is next treated with brine in an elution step 108 to release ammonia. The zeolite is recovered in a rinse step 110 and cleaned for re-use in the absorption step (as shown by line 112). The ammonia/brine solution is treated with an air strip step 114 and an acid scrubbing step 116 as described above, for ultimate storage 118 and use, or storage/re-circulation to increase the ammonia concentration for ultimate destruction 120.

FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram 200 of an absorption unit process according to one embodiment of the present invention. In this embodiment, three absorption columns 202, 204, and 206 are provided for contact between the zeolite and aqueous medium. The aqueous medium 208 is fed up-flow through the first absorption column 202, into the second absorption column 204, and into a third absorption column 206, and then discharged from the system 210. The absorption columns can be operated as fixed bed, fluidized bed, or as stirred reactors. Most preferably, the columns are operated as fluidized bed.

The aqueous medium 208 is fed to the absorption tanks at a flow rate such that the zeolite (generally in the form of a slurry) is fluidized in the columns. For example, it has been determined that an aqueous medium having an up-flow rate of 10 gal/ft² is sufficient to fluidize a bed of zeolite comprising 20×40 mesh zeolite, resulting in between a 40% and 45% expansion of the zeolite. The up-flow configuration creating a fluidized bed is preferred because there is a decreased likelihood of bio-fouling of the columns, the equipment tends not to short-circuit as often, and the configuration allows the degraded zeolite to be discharged from the system with the aqueous medium.

In one particular embodiment of the present invention, the zeolite is migrated through the absorption process in a counter-current flow configuration 212 (see FIGS. 2 and 4). Here the aqueous medium with the strongest concentration of ammonia contacts zeolite that is already partially loaded, and fresh or stripped zeolite contacts the aqueous medium at a point where the concentration of ammonia is decreased. The configuration creates favorable conditions for obtaining a low ammonia content in the discharge and efficient loading of the ammonia on the zeolite.

Referring again to FIG. 2, the zeolite is passed from an elution step 214 to a rinse step 216, where the zeolite is rinsed clean with water or other like solution. The migration of the zeolite is accomplished through methods such as air-lifting or by positive displacement pumps. Air lifts are generally known technology which use compressed air to raise the zeolite in the absorption column by introducing compressed air into the zeolite near the bottom of the absorption column. The air mixes with the fluidized zeolite near the bottom of the column and causes the overall level of zeolite to rise thereby spilling over the top of the column, where the zeolite is collected and fed to the next column. In this manner the zeolite is continuously being transferred from column to column to column to rinse step back to the first column again. Note that the number of absorption columns can be varied with regard to the present invention, and is dependent on the capacity required by the overall system.

FIG. 3 provides a schematic diagram 300 of the destruction process in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. In this embodiment, the storage tank 302 housing the ammonium sulfate feeds a stream of material (see line 304) to the ammonia recovery step 306, where an ammonia gas is fed 308 to a combustion 310 unit for destruction of the ammonia. In preferred embodiments, a pre-burner 312 is provided to ensure that lower concentrations of ammonia gas can be destroyed. Note also the lime storage tank 314 for ammonia recovery.

Referring to FIG. 4, a process diagram is shown of a preferred embodiment where four absorption columns 402 operating as fluidized beds and having the zeolite migrated counter-current to the flow of aqueous medium is shown. Note that a brine elution step and a rinse step, with a reverse osmosis unit, are provided to reclaim or recover useful chemicals (see below for additional detail). A destruction unit process, comprising an air stripping unit process and a combustion unit process, are also shown. Also note that the ammonium sulfate is stored in a re-circulation tank.

In more detail, the absorption columns 402 are charged with zeolite, preferably a natural zeolite, more preferably clinoptilolite, for contact with an aqueous medium. The aqueous medium feed 404, having a first level of ammonia, is pumped up-flow, via pump 406, to the first absorption tank at a sufficient flow rate to fluidize the zeolite (target of 40% to 45% expansion). The aqueous medium is then pumped from the first column through the remaining columns in an up-flow configuration utilizing pumps 408. As in column one, the flow rate should be sufficient to fluidize the zeolite in the remaining columns. The aqueous medium, now having a second level of ammonia, is discharged from the system as a discharge stream 410. The second level or discharge level of ammonia is preferably below the acceptable discharge limits as set by the EPA and is most preferably at a concentration of less than 1 mg/L.

The zeolite in the absorption system is pumped in a counter-current configuration to the flow of the aqueous medium. The fresh zeolite stream 412 enters the fourth absorption column first, by passing through a screen 414 provided for the conservation of material and minimization of TDS in the discharge. The zeolite in the absorption columns migrates from column four, to column three, to column two, to column one, and then to the elution step. Preferably, the zeolite is moved using air lifts, which are generally known in the art. The rate of migration is selected such that the contacting time with the aqueous medium is sufficient to produce an aqueous medium having a concentration of ammonia (second level) in the discharge stream 410 lower than the discharge limits set by the EPA. The zeolite stream exiting the first absorption tank is loaded with ammonia and becomes the loaded zeolite stream 416 fed to the elution column 418.

In the elution step, the loaded zeolite stream 416 is contacted in an elution column 418 with a lime input stream 420 and an eluant stream 422. The amount of lime, as stored in a lime storage tank 424, added to the elution column is determined such that the alkalinity of the brine solution is sufficient to remove nearly 100% of the ammonia from the loaded zeolite (this goes for the amount of time as well). The stripped zeolite exits the elution column, passes through a screen 426, and becomes the stripped zeolite feed 428 for the rinse process. The pregnant brine, or eluant stream 430, is fed to the air stripping unit 432.

With regard to the zeolite rinse process, the stripped zeolite stream 428 is rinsed with a rinse stream 434 in a rinse column 436. The rinse process may or may not include a reverse osmosis unit 438 depending on the discharge limits of various chemicals (if the discharge limits are low, it may be a requirement to install a reverse osmosis unit), such as chloride, and on the economic feasibility to recovering the chemicals.

The rinse stream 434 is preferably comprised of a water stream 440 and a reverse osmosis unit permeate 442. The reverse osmosis permeate 442 is created by the passage of the rinse stream 434 exiting the rinse column 436 through a reverse osmosis unit 438. The reverse osmosis concentrate 444 generally contains recovered chemicals such as calcium, chloride, sulfate, and carbonate, and is fed back into the elution column 418.

The zeolite stream exiting 428 the rinse column 436 is fed back to the fourth absorption column as regenerated zeolite 412. A difference between the stripped zeolite and newly loaded zeolite loaded into the columns 402 is that the regenerated zeolite has calcium ions absorbed thereto as opposed to sodium ions.

Referring again to the air stripping unit, a slurry containing the pregnant eluant 430 is mixed with lime 420 to a stripping column 432. An air feed stream 446 is added to the stripping column to facilitate the removal of the ammonia from the slurry 430, thereby creating a mixture of air and ammonia gas.

The air/ammonia mixture stream 448 is fed from the stripping column 432 to an air scrubbing unit 450 where it is washed with a scrubbing acid stream 452. The scrubbing acid stream 452 is created by an acid stream 454 mixed with an amount of product scrub stream 456 from the re-circulation tank 458. The scrubbing acid is preferably H₂SO₄ stored in a acid storage tank 460. Note that the scrubbing acid removes ammonia from the air/ammonia mixture and creates an ammonium sulfate solution. The ammonium sulfate solution is removed from the air scrubbing column 450 as the product scrub stream 456 and is transferred to the re-circulating tank 458. The scrubbing stream 452 contains an amount of the product scrub stream 456 as recycle. This recycle, coupled with the low percentage bleed of the product scrub stream 456 acts as a concentrator of ammonium sulfate. The concentration of this stream is a factor in the efficient combustion of the ammonia in the destruction process.

The ammonium sulfate in the re-circulating tank 458 is bled to a mixing tank 462 via stream line 464 for destruction. The amount of ammonium sulfate bled through line 464 is preferably less than 20% of the flow rate circulating between the re-circulation tank 458 and the air scrubber unit process. The ammonium sulfate solution is mixed in the mixing tank 462 with an amount of alkaline material, preferably lime, present in steam 466. The lime or other alkaline material is stored in alkaline storage tank 468. The lime is added to the ammonium sulfate to dissociate the ammonia from the hydroxide. This reaction also produces calcium sulfate (CaSO₄), or gypsum, which is preferably removed by passing the product through a filter (not shown).

In certain applications, where the gypsum in the mixing tank becomes very thick in consistency, dilution water 470 may be added. The filter separates out a gypsum cake from a filtrate 472 comprising ammonium hydroxide. The filtrate 472 is fed to an additional air stripping column 474 where it is contacted with an air stream 476 thereby removing the ammonia from the filtrate 472. The remaining liquid stream contains a relatively low concentration of remaining ammonia and can be bled from the air stripper back to the feed stream 404 (see line 478), or other low or non-ammonia containing waste disposal tank (not shown).

The ammonia containing air stream 480 exiting the air stripping column 474 is passed to a combustion unit 482. Depending on the concentration in the air stream, a dilution air stream 484 (to reduce combustion temperature) or a combustion air stream 486 (to increase combustion temperature) can be added to the combustion unit to facilitate combustion of the ammonia. The combustion air stream is blended with a methane stream 488 and passed to a pre-burner (not shown) if necessary. The combustion reaction produces water vapor, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide. The products 490 of the combustion reaction are discharged into the atmosphere.

An alternative of the combustion air stream is to use a catalytic combustion device, for example, catalyst sold by CSM Worldwide, Inc., located at 200 Sheffield St., Mountainside, N.J. 07092. The catalyst would be used to facilitate the combustion of the ammonia in the combustion chamber.

FIGS. 5A, A2, B, B2, C1 and C2 show a theoretical mass balance calculation for the process schematic discussed in FIG. 4. The process requirements including flow rates, concentrations of streams, size of columns, and any other process conditions as were determined through the experimental procedures discussed in detail in the Examples which follow. Specifically, the test results shown in the Examples below were used to estimate the design process condition and assumption based in FIGS. 5A-C2. Additionally, several assumptions were made with respect to process conditions, for example, a theoretical one million gallon per day facility was used as the target facility.

Systems for Monitoring and Disposing of Ammonia from an Aqueous Medium

The present invention contemplates a system for operating the equipment required to remove ammonia from a target water source by an off-site provider, for example a company that specifically installs, monitors, trouble-shoots, and replaces the zeolite materials in the tanks/columns of the present invention. The off-site provider is contemplated to be hired by a municipality (or other like governmental or private water board) to maintain the ammonia levels in the municipalities water via the systems and methods of the present invention. The off-site provider is responsible for determining the ammonia removal requirements of the target water source, for example a water treatment facility, including the type and amount of zeolite required, the number of tanks necessary to house the zeolite, the design of the flow through the tanks, i.e., up-flow, down-flow or batch, the flow rate of the aqueous medium, the length of time before replacement of zeolite, the chemical components and amounts required for efficient removal and destruction of the ammonia, and the combustion requirements of the ammonia removal system, etc.

The off-site provider installs the properly charged zeolite materials at the water treatment facility and monitors the first level, second level, discharge level, etc of the ammonia in the water, and of the ammonia levels during the combustion process (note that the ammonia may be stored as an ammonium salt, which may also be controlled by the off-site provider). The ammonia monitoring can be technician based, i.e., a technician goes to the installed system and takes a sample for analysis, or can be performed by a pre-programmed monitoring unit that removes and analyzes a sample, and transmits the ammonia levels to an off-site monitoring unit, for example a computer via a wireless communication unit. The off-site monitoring unit can be equipped with a signaling means for alerting the off-site provider of over target ammonia levels for discharge, as well as for the levels of the zeolite in the system and the concentration of ammonia gas for combustion in the combustion unit. In one embodiment, the off-site provider has the capability of adding fresh zeolite to the absorption tanks when it is evident that the capacity of the system is insufficient for removing the requisite amount of ammonia.

The off-site provider is responsible for coordinating any maintenance or trouble-shooting issues that arise during the ammonia removal and destruction process. As such, alarms or other signaling devices may be included in the zeolite housing members or other units (air stripping, scrubbing, etc) to alert the provider of a potential malfunction in the system. Further, the off-site manager is responsible for the replacement of degraded zeolite.

The off-site provider installs the properly charged zeolite materials at the water treatment facility and monitors the first level, second level, discharge level, etc of the ammonia in the water, and of the concentration and chemical form of the ammonia during the storage and/or destruction process. As noted above, the ammonia monitoring can be technician based, i.e., a technician goes to the installed system and takes samples for analysis, or can be performed by a pre-programmed device that incrementally removes samples for analysis of ammonia levels, data being transmitted automatically to an off-site monitoring unit, for example a computer. The off-site monitoring unit can be equipped with a signaling means for alerting the off-site provider of over target ammonium levels for the discharge level, as well as for ammonium levels that are problematic during the combustion process, so that modifications can be made where appropriate.

The off-site provider is responsible for coordinating any maintenance or trouble-shooting issues that arise during the ammonia removal process, including the ordering and delivery of appropriate chemicals, for example lime, H₂SO₄, brine, etc. As such, alarms or other signaling devices may be included in the chemical component storage vessels, stream lines, etc, to alert the provider of a potential malfunction or shortcoming in the chemical storage or delivery.

As such, an off-site provider of the present invention can be hired by a third party (municipal water board, private water rights holder, etc.) to independently operate the ammonia removal and destruction system disclosed herein. In one embodiment, the off-site provider is an independent contractor specializing in the systems and methods of the present invention. In preferred embodiments, the off-site provider operates a plurality of ammonia removal and destruction systems at a number of geographically different sites for a number of different third parties.

In another embodiment, the off-site provider compiles data from its different sites to optimize the removal of ammonia and destruction of ammonia at those sites, i.e., data is compiled and compared, and optimized systems and methods developed. The data includes the basic parameters for operating the different embodiments of the invention, amounts of zeolite, flow rate concentration of brine, etc.

Finally, the systems and methods of the present invention provide business advantages for an off-site provider to remove and destroy ammonia from public or private water supplies, as managed by other third parties. The business methods provide economic and technological advantages to the third party for removing and destroying ammonia, as described by the embodiments of the present invention.

Having generally described the invention, the same will be more readily understood by reference to the following examples, which are provided by way of illustration and are not intended as limiting.

EXAMPLES

Example 1

Sodium Zeolite Absorption of De-mineralized Water/Ammonia Feed

Tables 2 and 3 show the results of ammonia absorption from an aqueous medium by two columns connected in series charged with regenerated sodium chloride zeolite. The feed solution was prepared using de-mineralized water and adding approximately 28 mg/L ammonia thereto. The feed solution was pumped in an up-flow configuration at a flow rate of approximately 1.5 liters per min (L/min).

The data shown in Table 2 shows that the concentration of ammonia in the effluent of column one began at 0.06 mg/L and concluded at 20.6 mg/L. The effluent exiting column two began at 0.03 mg/L and remained below the discharge level (1 mg/L ammonia) for about 450 minutes. At the completion of the test, the ammonia concentration in the effluent of column 2 was 8.1 mg/L. These results suggest that at the selected flow rate, an additional column of charged zeolite is necessary to ensure that the ammonia concentration in the effluent or discharge stream is at a level lower than the standard discharge level as set by the EPA (approximately 1 mg/L).

TABLE 2
Ammonia removal from two columns connected in series
	Col. 1		Col. 2
	Effluent	meq	Effluent
	Flow	Bed	Feed		NH3	meq	on	NH3	meq	meq on	%
Time	rate	Vol.	NH3	meq NH3	mg/L	dischar.	zeol.	mg/L	disch.	zeol.	rec.
0	1.5	0	28.5	0	0.06	0	0	0.03	0	0
10	1.5	6	28.5	30.54	0.06	0.064	30.47	0.03	0.03	0.03	99.9
105	1.5	63	27.2	307.39	0.83	8.51	298.88	0.12	1.25	7.26	99.6
265	1.5	159	23.1	703.39	5.9	109.66	593.74	0.14	3.65	106.00	99.5
435	1.5	261	24.4	1147.82	10.5	300.91	846.92	0.77	17.68	283.23	98.5
450	1.8	324	18.2	1182.92	5.2	310.93	871.99	0.41	18.47	292.46	98.4
560	1.8	403.2	27.9	1577.51	15.8	534.39	1043.12	1.24	36.01	498.38	97.7
680	1.8	489.6	27.4	2000.25	19.7	838.33	1161.	3.38	88.16	750.18	95.6
800	1.8	576	28	2432.25	20.6	1156.2	1276.1	8.1	213.13	943.04	91.2

Table 3 summarizes the test data with regard to bed volumes and meq/g for columns one and two:

TABLE 3
Ammonia Concentration For Columns One and Two
Bed Volume	meq/g for Col. 1	meq/g for Col. 2
0	0.0	0.0
6	0.018	0.0
63	0.173	0.004
159	0.343	0.059
261	0.490	0.158
324	0.504	0.163
403	0.603	0.278
490	0.672	0.418
576	0.738	0.525

A second test was performed using similar parameters, except that the flow rate for the aqueous medium was 1.7 L/min and the initial concentration of ammonia in the feed was 37.4 mg/L. Again the results, as shown in Tables 4 and 5, were similar to the data in Tables 2 and 3, where the concentration of ammonia in the effluent at the end of the test exceeded the discharge limit of 1 mg/L (suggesting a third column would be desirable). However, as above, the data indicates the utility of zeolite in removing ammonia from an aqueous medium.

TABLE 4
Ammonia removal from two columns connected in series (1.7 L/min flow rate)
	Col. 1		Col. 2
	Effluent		Effluent
	Flow	Bed	Feed	meq	NH3	meq	meq on	NH3	meq	meq on	%
Time	rate	Vol.	NH3	NH3	mg/L	dischar.	zeol.	mg/L	dischar.	zeol.	rec.
0	1.7	0	37.4	0	1.19	0	0	2.54	0	0	0
20	1.7	13.6	37.4	90.83	1.19	2.89	87.94	2.54	6.17	−3.2	93.2
85	1.7	57.8	35.9	374.18	1.1	11.57	362.61	0.37	9.09	2.48	97.6
145	1.7	98.6	36.2	637.93	2.92	32.85	605.08	0.41	12.08	20.77	98.1
265	1.7	180.2	31.1	1091.1	11.1	194.59	896.51	0.34	17.03	177.56	98.4
375	1.7	255	33.3	1535.89	21.9	487.11	1048.78	0.73	26.78	460.33	98.3
505	1.7	343.4	36.9	2118.38	26.1	899.12	1219.26	2.32	63.40	835.71	97.0
565	1.7	384.2	31.6	2348.61	26	1088.55	1260.06	5.5	103.48	985.07	95.6

TABLE 5
Table 5 summarizes the test data with
regard to bed volumes and meq/g for columns
one and two (1.7 L/min flow rate):
Bed Volumes	meg/g for Col. 1	meq/g for Col. 2
0	0	0
14	0.051	0
58	0.210	0.001
99	0.350	0.012
180	0.519	0.099
255	0.607	0.256
343	0.705	0.466
384	0.729	0.549

Example 2: Sodium Zeolite Absorption of High Ammonia Feed Containing Calcium, Magnesium and Potassium

Tables 6 and 7 illustrate that aqueous medium containing approximately 26.5 mg/L ammonia, 127 mg/L calcium, 36 mg/L magnesium, 31 mg/L potassium, and 8.8 mg/L sodium, can be effectively treated to remove ammonia using the apparatus and methods of the present invention. The aqueous medium was pumped up-flow through a two column system similar to the one described in Example 1. The solution was pumped at a flow rate of approximately 1.7 L/min for a total time of 435 minutes.

Tables 6 and 7 show that the concentration of ammonia in the column one effluent was approximately 20.9 mg/L and the concentration in the column two effluent was approximately 16.4 mg/L. As in Example 1, an additional column would have been useful for a more complete removal of the ammonia from the solution at that flow rate. The data also illustrates that calcium loads quickly onto the zeolite and that the majority of the sodium on the zeolite prior to flow of the solution is displaced by calcium and ammonia (see FIG. 6). Note that the concentration of sodium clearly decreases from an initial concentration of greater than 200 mg/L to a concentration of less than 50 mg/L, while the concentration of calcium increases from an initial concentration of less than 25 mg/L to a concentration of greater than 100 mg/L.

TABLE 6
Ammonia Loading onto Two Column Zeolite System - Col 1 Effluent
	Col. 1 Effluent
							meq	meq		meq	meq
	Flow		meq fed	meq	meq	meq	fed	NH3	meq NH3	disch	disch	meq
Time	rate	Bed Vol.	NH3	fed Ca	fed Mg	fed K	Na	disch.	on C# 1	Ca	Mg	disch K
0	1.7	151	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
15	1.7	151	47.9	161.9	75.9	20.2	9.4	4.0	43.9	25.5	23.2	0.65
75	1.7	151	240.96	814.7	387.8	101.1	48	72.2	168.8	392.7	301.4	13.70
135	1.7	151	433.32	1472.6	708.1	179.3	87.5	183.6	249.7	877.2	613.26	39.78
195	1.7	151	621.29	2135.6	1036.9	257.6	127.8	319.2	302.1	1428	950.45	74.70
255	1.7	151	810.72	2788.4	1348.8	335.9	167.7	502.8	307.9	2009.4	1287.65	112.83
315	1.7	151	1000.1	3431.0	1652.2	414.1	207.2	663.8	336.4	2575.5	1591.12	157.17
375	1.7	151	1198.32	4063.4	1947.3	492.4	246.2	802.9	395.4	3162	1903.02	204.13
435	1.7	151	1405.96	4695.8	2242.3	570.7	284.8	955.2	450.8	3743.4	2206.49	253.70
	Col 1 effluent
	C #1	C #2		elapsed	feed		feed		feed	mg/L
Time	wt	wt	bed vol.	time	NH3	feed Ca	Mg	feed K	Na	NH3	Ca	Mg	K
0	1729	1795	0	0	26.3	127	36	31	8.5	2.22	20	11	1
15	1729	1795	10.2	15	26.3	127	36	31	8.5	2.22	20	11	1
75	1729	1795	51	75	26.5	128	37	31	8.7	9.35	72	33	5
135	1729	1795	91.8	135	26.4	129	38	30	8.9	15.3	95	37	10
195	1729	1795	132.6	195	25.8	130	39	30	9.1	18.6	108	40	13
255	1729	1795	173.4	255	26	128	37	30	9	25.2	114	40	15
315	1729	1795	214.2	315	26	126	36	30	8.9	22.1	111	36	17
375	1729	1795	255	375	27.2	124	35	30	8.8	19.1	115	37	18
435	1729	1795	295.8	435	28.5	124	35	30	8.7	20.9	114	36	19
				total eq	26.56	127	36.56	30.33	8.79
				12.08	1.56	6.35	3.00	0.78	0.38
Ammonia Loading onto Two Column Zeolite System - Col 2 Effluent
	Column 2 Effluent
					meq							meq K
	Flow	Bed	meq	meq	NH3 on					meq Ca	meq Mg	on
Time	rate	Vol.	Na	dischar	Col2	meq Ca	meq Mg	meq K	meq Na	on Col. 1	on Col. 1	Col. 1
0	1.7	151	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
15	1.7	151	257.2	2.4	1.64	0.54	0.25	0.65	266.09	136.43	52.69	19.57
75	1.7	151	740.6	12.46	59.71	66.84	135.13	0.91	1148.61	422.03	86.41	87.39
135	1.7	151	1046.6	31.62	152.01	306.54	447.03	6.13	1734.0	595.43	94.84	139.57
195	1.7	151	1268.3	80.43	238.72	658.44	801.08	13.96	2221.83	707.63	86.41	183.91
255	1.7	151	1459.0	154.75	348.0	1091.94	1146.7	27	2603.22	779.03	61.12	223.04
315	1.7	151	1618.7	251.65	412.12	1556.04	1458.6	42.65	2926.96	855.53	61.12	256.96
375	1.7	151	1756.2	355.11	447.82	2055.84	1770.5	63.52	3193.04	901.43	44.26	288.26
435	1.7	151	1871.5	474.59	480.6	2586.24	2082.40	89.61	3414.78	952.43	35.83	316.96
	Flow		Col 2 Effluent, mg/L
Time	rate	Bed Vol.	Na	NH3	Ca	Mg	K	Na
0	1.7	151	232	1.32	0.42	0.12	1	240
15	1.7	151	232	1.32	0.42	0.12	1	240
75	1.7	151	109	1.38	13	16	0.1	199
135	1.7	151	69	2.63	47	37	2	132
195	1.7	151	50	6.7	69	42	3	110
255	1.7	151	43	10.2	85	41	5	86
315	1.7	151	36	13.3	91	37	6	73
375	1.7	151	31	14.2	98	37	8	60
435	1.7	151	26	16.4	104	37	10	50

TABLE 7
Summary of Loading and Effluent onto Columns One and Two
bed vol	NH3	Ca	Mg	K	Na	Sum
Column 1 - Loading on Zeolite, meq/g
0	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000
10	0.025	0.079	0.030	0.011	−0.143	0.003
51	0.098	0.244	0.050	0.051	−0.401	0.042
92	0.144	0.344	0.055	0.081	−0.555	0.070
133	0.175	0.409	0.050	0.106	−0.660	0.081
173	0.178	0.451	0.035	0.129	−0.747	0.046
214	0.195	0.495	0.035	0.149	−0.816	0.057
255	0.229	0.521	0.026	0.167	−0.873	0.069
296	0.261	0.551	0.021	0.183	−0.918	0.098
Column 2 - Loading on Zeolite, meq/g
0	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000
10	0.001	0.014	0.013	0.000	−0.005	0.023
51	0.033	0.182	0.093	0.007	−0.227	0.087
92	0.085	0.318	0.093	0.019	−0.383	0.131
133	0.133	0.429	0.083	0.033	−0.531	0.147
173	0.194	0.511	0.079	0.048	−0.637	0.194
214	0.230	0.568	0.074	0.064	−0.729	0.206
255	0.249	0.616	0.074	0.078	−0.800	0.217
296	0.268	0.645	0.069	0.091	−0.860	0.213
	bed volume	NH3	Ca	Mg	K	Na
Column 1 - Effluent, mg/L
	0	2.22	20	11	1	232
	10	2.22	20	11	1	232
	51	9.35	72	33	5	109
	92	15.3	95	37	10	69
	133	18.6	108	40	13	50
	173	25.2	114	40	15	43
	214	22.1	111	36	17	36
	255	19.1	115	37	18	31
	296	20.9	114	36	19	26
Column 2 - Effluent, mg/L
	0	1.32	0.42	0.12	1	240
	10	1.32	0.42	0.12	1	240
	51	1.38	13	16	0.1	199
	92	2.63	47	37	2	132
	133	6.70	69	42	2	110
	173	10.2	85	41	3	86
	214	13.3	91	37	5	73
	255	14.2	98	37	6	60
	296	16.4	104	37	8	50

The data in Example 2 illustrates the utility of the present invention for absorbing ammonia from an aqueous medium, in particular absorbing ammonia from an aqueous medium having a high concentration of calcium, sodium, potassium and magnesium.

Example 3

Sodium Zeolite Absorption of Ammonia from an Aqueous Medium Having High Concentrations of Calcium, Magnesium and Potassium

The data in Example 3 was prepared in a manner similar to that shown in Example 2, except that the flow rate through the two columns was approximately 1.5 L/min and the medium was run over the columns for a total of 430 minutes. As noted in Tables 8 and 9, the ammonium concentration of column one effluent was 19.7 mg/L, while the concentration of ammonium of column two was approximately 14.7 mg/L.

Note that the slightly decreased flow rate of the aqueous medium results in a higher absorption of ammonia by the zeolite as compared to the same ammonia loading performed in Example 2. Again, as described in Example 2, a third column of zeolite is required to keep the ammonia levels below 1 mg/L over the course of the experiment.

TABLE 8
Ammonia Loading onto Two Column Zeolite System - Col 1 Effluent (low flow)
	Col 1
									meq
			meq	meq	meq		meq	meq	NH3	meq	meq	meq
	Flow	Bed	fed	fed	fed	meq	fed	disch	of	disch	disch	disch
Time	Rate	Vol.	NH3	Ca	Mg	fed K	Na	NH3	Col 1	Ca	Mg	K
0	1.5	150.8	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
10	1.5	150.8	29.6	95.3	44.6	10.7	5.94	0.193	29.38	12.75	9.55	0.038
70	1.5	150.8	203.1	662.3	312.4	75.2	41.54	30.99	172.2	377.3	255	6.944
130	1.5	150.8	370.3	1224	580.2	141.9	77.54	110.7	259.6	845.3	522.8	23.06
190	1.5	150.8	534.2	1782	847.9	208.7	113.5	203.9	330.3	1349	798	46.07
250	1.5	150.8	698.1	2332	1123	275.5	148.8	306.8	391.4	1880	1081	75.99
310	1.5	150.8	861.4	2872	1405	342.2	182.8	437.3	424.2	2420	1363	112.8
370	1.5	150.8	1024	3407	1696	408.9	216.1	576.1	447.9	2965	1638	152
430	1.5	150.8	1187	3938	1986	475.7	248.2	702.8	483.9	3536	1921	193.4
	Feed	Feed	Feed		Feed	Column 1 Effluent
	Col 1	Col 2		Elap.	NH3	Ca	Mg	Feed K	Na	NH3
Time	wt	wt	bed vol	Min.	mg/L	mg/L	mg/L	mg/L	mg/L	mg/L	Ca mg/L	Mg mg/L	K mg/L
0	1729	1795	0	0	27.6	127	36	28	9.1	0.18	17	7.7	0.1
10	1729	1795	6	10	27.6	127	36	28	9.1	0.18	17	7.7	0.1
70	1729	1795	42	70	27	126	36	28	9.1	4.79	81	33	3
130	1729	1795	78	130	26	125	36	29	9.2	12.4	104	36	7
190	1729	1795	114	190	25.5	124	36	29	9.2	14.5	112	37	10
250	1729	1795	150	250	25.5	122	37	29	9	16	118	38	13
310	1729	1795	186	310	25.4	120	38	29	8.7	20.3	120	38	16
370	1729	1795	222	370	25.3	119	39	29	8.5	21.6	121	37	17
430	1729	1795	258	430	25.3	118	39	29	8.2	19.7	127	38	18
Ammonia Loading onto Two Column Zeolite System - Col 2 Effluent (low flow)
		Col 2	meq					meq	meq		meq	meq	meq
	meq	meq	NH3	meq	meq		meq	Ca	Mg	meq	Na	Ca	Mg
	Na	NH3	on	Ca	Mg	meq K	Na	on	on	K on	on	on	on
Time	disch	disch	col 2	disch	disch	disch	disch	Col 1	col 1	col 1	col 1	col 2	col 2
0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
10	148.7	0.107	0.086	1.8	0.409	0.038	167.6	82.5	35.08	10.70	−142	10.95	9.136
70	571.3	0.750	30.24	136.8	186.4	2.230	883.7	285	57.4	68.25	−529	240.5	68.64
130	841.3	7.179	103.5	438.3	461.6	4.642	1369	379.5	57.4	118.8	−763	406.9	61.20
190	1053	25.37	178.5	825.3	744.2	9.246	1760	433.5	49.96	162.6	−939	523.9	53.76
250	1217	59.38	247.4	1266	1034	16.15	2085	451.5	42.52	199.5	−999	613.9	46.32
310	1350	126.2	311.0	1739	1310	27.7	2371	451.5	42.52	229.4	−999	681.5	53.76
370	1475	201.5	374.7	2238	1585	41.47	2609	442.5	57.34	257	−999	726.5	53.76
430	1582	296	406.8	2796	1860	59.89	2810	402	64.84	282.3	−999	740	61.20
	Col 2 Effluent
Time	Na mg/L	NH3 mg/L	Ca mg/L	Mg mg/L	K mg/L	Na mg/L
0	228	0.1	2.4	0.33	0.1	257
10	228	0.1	2.4	0.33	0.1	257
70	108	0.1	30	25	1	183
130	69	1	67	37	1	124
190	54	2.83	86	38	2	100
250	42	5.29	98	39	3	83
310	34	10.4	105	37	5	73
370	32	11.7	111	37	6	61
430	27.5	14.7	124	37	8	51.3

TABLE 9
Summary of Loading and Effluent in Table 8
bed vol.	NH3	Ca	Mg	K	Na	Sum
Column 1 - Loading of zeolite, meq/g
0	0	0	0	0	0	0
6	0.017	0.048	0.02	0.006	−0.083	0.009
42	0.1	0.165	0.033	0.039	−0.306	0.031
78	0.15	0.219	0.033	0.069	−0.442	0.03
114	0.191	0.251	0.029	0.094	−0.543	0.022
150	0.226	0.261	0.025	0.115	−0.618	0.010
186	0.245	0.261	0.025	0.133	−0.675	−0.011
222	0.259	0.256	0.033	0.149	−0.728	−0.031
258	0.280	0.233	0.037	0.163	−0.772	−0.059
Column 2 - Loading on zeolite, meq/g
0	0	0	0	0	0	0
6	0	0.006	0.005	0	−0.011	0.001
42	0.017	0.134	0.038	0.003	−0.174	0.018
78	0.058	0.227	0.034	0.01	−0.294	0.035
114	0.099	0.292	0.03	0.021	−0.394	0.048
150	0.138	0.342	0.026	0.033	−0.484	0.055
186	0.173	0.380	0.03	0.047	−0.569	0.062
222	0.209	0.405	0.03	0.062	−0.632	0.073
258	0.227	0.412	0.034	0.074	−0.684	0.064
	bed vol.	NH3	Ca	Mg	K	Na
Column 1 - Effluent, mg/L
	0	0.18	17	7.7	0.1	228
	6	0.18	17	7.7	0.1	228
	42	4.79	81	33	3	108
	78	12.4	104	36	7	69
	114	14.5	112	37	10	54
	150	16	118	38	13	42
	186	20.3	120	38	16	34
	222	21.6	121	37	17	32
	258	19.7	127	38	18	27.5
Column 2 - Effluent, mg/L
	0	0.1	2.4	0.33	0.1	257
	6	0.1	2.4	0.33	0.1	257
	42	0.1	30	25	1	183
	78	1	67	37	1	124
	114	2.83	86	38	2	100
	150	5.29	98	39	3	83
	186	10.4	105	37	5	73
	222	11.7	111	37	6	61
	258	14.7	124	37	8	51.3

The data in Example 3 again illustrates the utility of the present invention. Zeolite absorbs ammonia from an aqueous medium with high affinity, even in the presence of high concentrations of calcium, magnesium, and potassium.

Example 4

Calcium Zeolite Absorption of Ammonia from an Aqueous Medium Having High Concentrations of Calcium, Magnesium and Potassium

The following Example illustrates that calcium treated zeolite provides an excellent column material for absorbing ammonia from an aqueous medium (see Table 10). One hundred grams of zeolite, 20×35 mesh, was contacted with a CaCl₂ solution (20 grams dissolved into 1,000 ml demineralized water) overnight. The CaCl₂ treated zeolite was moved to a column where fines and clays were removed and the zeolite weight determined.

A flow rate of 4 ml/min ammonia sample was passed over the zeolite column and samples of the column discharge taken every one hour (composite samples submitted for testing). A dissolved eluant containing 438 grams CaCl₂ in 2000 mls demineralized water, pH of 10 (adjusted with NaOH) was used to elute zeolite at a solution flow rate of 5 ml/min. Discharged volumes were collected using the following formula: Z3-A=0-300 ml, Z3-B=300-600 ml, Z3-C=600-900 ml, Z3-D=900-1500, Z3-E=1500-2000 ml, Z3-E=1500-2000 ml.

TABLE 10
Calcium Form Zeolite Absorption of Ammonia
	Analyais, mg/L	Zeolite loading, meq/g	NH3 grab	%
ID	Day	Vol	Ca	Mg	K	Na	NH3	Ca	Mg	K	Na	NH3	feed/dis	Elu
Z3	0	feed	97	22	34	.67	30.2
Z3	1	5010	41	.65	2.2	140	1.63	.14	.09	.04	−.3	.08	29.6/
Z3	2	4760	110	5.8	2.7	49	7.64	.11	.15	.08	−.4	.15	27.8/11.8
Z3	3	6450	90	13	3.2	16	17.2	.13	.2	.13	−.45	.186	27.8/21
Z3	4	4820	81	16	4.9	3.7	24.5	.17	.22	.17	−.45	.195	28.8/24.1
Began Elution
−A	6	300	high	120	110	14	204		.19	.16	−.45	.16	/184	18
−B	6	300	high	29	110	.7	186		.19	.15	−.45	.13	/148	35
−C	6	300	high	23	96	4.3	166		.18	.14	−.46	.1	/186	50
−D	6	500	high	17	85	3.7	111		.17	.13	−.46	.065	/67	67
−E	6	500	high	13	76	3.7	67.7		.17	.12	−.46	.045	/59	77
−F	14	500	high	29	110	22	69		.16	.11	−.46	.025	/41	87
−G	14	500	high	5.7	110	61	32		.15	.09	−.47	.015	/32	92
−H	14	500	high	4.6	120	100	17		.15	.08	−.5	.01	/18	95
Second Cycle
Z3	15	feed	92	26	38	45	51.7						/5.5
Z3	15	4860	180	.5	9	31	22.3	−.2	.1	.04	.03	.08	47.6/
Z3	16	6900	140	5	11	56	29	−.38	.22	.08	0	.16	41.7/32.4
Z3	17	6350	110	17	13	56	34.4	−.44	.27	.12	−.03	.19	41.3/36.6
Z3	20	9999	108	18	19	60	36	−.6	.39	.22	−.16	.25	39.1/33.8
Z3	21	1500	79	18	23	54	36.6	−.6	.4	.22	−.16	.25	37.7/33.3
Began Elution −45° C.
−F	300		170	490	420	276		.36	.18	−.22	.2		20
−G	340		36	660	200	282		.35	.13	−.25	.143		42
−H	260		22	540	140	172		.34	.09	−.26	.117		53
−I	470		14	390	130	102		.33	.04	−.29	.089		64
−J	300		9	330	140	51		.33	.02	−.31	.08		68
−K	570		6.3	230	130	37		.33	−.01	−.34	.07		73
−L	580		3.1	180	120	15		.33	−.04	−.37	.062		75
−M	590		2.4	160	130	15		.33	−.07	−.40	.057		77

Table 11 illustrates a second test as above, however, the zeolite was eluted using a calcium concentration of 34.3 g/L. Sample IDs are the same as above, and assume 5 ppm NH₃ blank on strip.

TABLE 11
Calcium Form Zeolite Absorption of Ammonia
		Zeolite Loading,	NH3
	Analysis, mg/L	meq/g	Feed/	NH3
ID	Day	Vol	Ca	Mg	K	Na	NH3	Ca	Mg	K	Na	NH3	Dis	Elut
Z5	wash	350	12000	1.6	28	40	7		.325	−.07	−.4	0.6
		feed	92	37	34	54	34		0	0	0	.01	34/
	1	6050	190	2	8.2	38	7.6	−.3	.17	.04	.04	.1	33.3/
	2	6450	140	21	8	53	18.2	−.4	.26	.08	.04	.16	32.7/
	3	6400	110	29	8.9	54	28	−.5	.3	.12	.04	.18	33.4/
	4	6100	110	31	9.6	58	30.4	−.6	.33	.16	.03	.19	32.7/31
	wash	200	64	19	5.8	34	23.6
−H		recyl	15000	20	240	120
		strip
−A	4	300	9500	230	47	220	76		0.28	0.18	0.02	0.177	/95	7
−B		300	14000	590	100	200	98		0.27	0.19	0.01	0.161	/102	15
−C		300	14000	42	100	160	87		0.26	0.2	0.01	0.146		23
−D	6	500	15000	76	130	150	81		0.24	0.21	0	0.124	/80	35
−E		500	15000	39	140	130	71		0.23	0.23	0	0.1	/73	45
−F		500	15000	29	150	120	52		0.23	0.24	0	0.09	/43	52
−G	8	500	15000	37	150	120	42		0.22	0.25	0	0.08	/34	58
−I		500	15000	12	78	100	39		0.23	0.27	0	0.07		63
−J		500	14000	11	83	100	18		0.23	0.29	0.01	0.07		65
−K		960	15000	11	110	110	20		0.24	0.32	0.01	0.06		70
−L	wash	300	5900	10	50	52			0.24	0.32	0.01
Second cycle
Z5		feed	69	23	28	42	43.9						43.9/
	10	6150	140	3.6	15	30	16.8	−.2	.33	.34	.04	.16	45.8/
	11	6600	94	18	25	52	30.2	−.3	.36	.35	.01	.22	44.9/
	15	6150	86	20	24	48	29.2	−.4	.38	.35	−.01	.27	44.8/31
	16	6150	71	23	23	51	34.3	−.4	.38	.36	−.03	.31	44.4/32
Elution	recy	15000	11	120	110
	strip
−II	42 g/l	310		17	200	250	182		.38	.34		.26		16
−JJ	CaCl2	410		27	190	160	171		.37	.33		.22		30
−KK		280		20	180	120	146		.37	.33		.2		37
−LL		300		18	170	110	149		.37	.32		.17		46
M		500		32	160	110	143		.36	.32		.12		59
N		500		15	140	100	119		.35	.32		.09		71
O		300		13	130	100	99		.35	.31		.22		76
P		340		13	120	100	96		.35	.31		.07		82
Q		280		13	120	100	67		.35	.31		.06		86
S		500		21	120	110	49		.35	.31		.04		90
T		500		10	140	110	49		.34	.3		.03		95
U		520		4.1	140	74	41		.34	.28		.02		99
V		505		3.6	140	64	33		.34	.26		.02		102
X		440		3.2	140	63	26		.34	.25		.003		104
Y		500		9.7	140	71	25		.33	.23				107
Z		500		2.4	130	62	17		.33	.21				108

Example 5

Sodium Zeolite Absorption of Ammonia in a Five-Column Configuration, Including Migration of Zeolite

FIG. 7A to 7H illustrate a five-column run on a natural supply of aqueous medium located in Colorado City, Colo. The initial concentration of target materials in the aqueous medium was approximately 97 mg/L calcium, 14 mg/L magnesium, 19 mg/L potassium, 16 mg/L sodium, 29 mg/L ammonia (note that these values fluctuate slightly due to the natural source feed). The run was performed at a flow rate of approximately 1.1 L/minute for a period of approximately 24.5 hours. As can be seen in FIG. 7, the concentration of ammonia in the column 5 effluent is at all times less than 1 mg/L, indicating that the five-column configuration a the above mentioned flow rate is effective in removing ammonia from an aqueous medium to levels less than the acceptable discharge levels set by the EPA.

The zeolite was counter-current migrated throughout the course of the experiment. Note that the zeolite in column one was regenerated after day three, i.e., passed through a brine solution, and re-connected to the system after column five. The concentration of the regenerated column one effluent is lower than the column five effluent, indicating that the regenerated column one is still effective at removing even low concentrations of ammonia.

The present Example illustrates the utility of the present invention for removing ammonia from an aqueous medium—especially with regard to using a counter-current migration of zeolite.

Example 6

Sodium Zeolite Absorption of Ammonia in a Five-Column Configuration Including Migration of Zeolite

Table 12 illustrates results from a five-column run on a natural supply of aqueous medium located in Burley, Id. The initial concentration of the aqueous medium was approximately 58 mg/L calcium, 14 mg/L magnesium, 25 mg/L potassium, 12.6 mg/L ammonia and 150 mg/L sodium. As in Example 5, the values tended to fluctuate due to the natural source of the feed. The flow rate for the run was approximately 1.7 L/minute over a period of 455 minutes.

The results show that the concentration of ammonia in the column 5 effluent (discharge) was at all times less than 1 mg/L ammonia, indicating that a five-column configuration at the above mentioned flow rate was effective at removing ammonia from this particular water source.

TABLE 12
Five Column Run at Burley Idaho, Feed
		Elapsed	Cum.			Cum
Day	Time	Time	Minutes	Rate		BV	Ca	Mg	K	NH3	Na
	Bed Vol.		Feed, mg/L
1	13:50	0	0	1700			58	14	25	12.6	150
1	15:00	70	70	1700	64	64	58	14	25	12.6	150
	15:55	125	125	1700	51	115	58	14	25	12.6	150
2	9:00	0	125	1700	0	115	59	14	25	14.9	145
2	10:00	60	185	1700	55	170	59	14	25	14.9	145
	12:00	120	305	1700	110	280	61	14	25	14	135
	14:00	120	425	1700	110	391	60	14	25	14	140
	14:30	30	455	1700	28	418	60	14	25	14	140
	Liters		meq fed to circuit
1	13:50	0	0	1700	0
1	15:00	70	70	1700	119		345	69	76	88	776
	15:55	55	125	1700	93.5		271	54	60	69	610
2	9:00	0	125	1700	0		0	0	0	0	0
2	10:00	60	185	1700	102		301	59	65	89	643
	12:00	120	305	1700	204		622	118	130	168	1197
	14:00	120	425	1700	204		612	118	130	168	1242
	14:30	30	455	1700	51		153	29	33	42	310
1	13:50	0	0
1	15:00	70	70
	15:55	55	125
2	9:00	0	125
2	10:00	60	185
	12:00	120	305
	14:00	120	425
	14:30	30	455
1	13:50	0	0
1	15:00	70	70
	15:55	55	125
2	9:00	0	125
2	10:00	60	185
	12:00	120	305
	14:00	120	425
	14:30	30	455
Five Column Run at Burley Idaho - Col. 1 discharge, mg/L
		Elapsed	Cum.			Cum
Day	Time	Time	Minutes	Rate		BV	Ca	Mg	K	NH3	Na
	Bed Vol.		Column 1 Discharge, mg/L
1	13:50	0	0	1700
1	15:00	70	70	1700	64	64	12	12	2	1.33	240
	15:55	125	125	1700	51	115	12	12	2	1.33	240
2	9:00	0	125	1700	0	115
2	10:00	60	185	1700	55	170
	12:00	120	305	1700	110	280
	14:00	120	425	1700	110	391
	14:30	30	455	1700	28	418
	Liters		meq discharging Column 1
1	13:50	0	0	1700	0
1	15:00	70	70	1700	119		71	59	6.1	9.3	1242
	15:55	55	125	1700	93.5		56	46	4.8	7.3	976
2	9:00	0	125	1700	0
2	10:00	60	185	1700	102
	12:00	120	305	1700	204
	14:00	120	425	1700	204
	14:30	30	455	1700	51
1	13:50	0	0		Net Loading on Column 1
1	15:00	70	70		0	0	0	0	0
	15:55	55	125		274	10	70	79	−466
2	9:00	0	125		215	7.7	55	62	−366
2	10:00	60	185
	12:00	120	305
	14:00	120	425
	14:30	30	455
1	13:50	0	0
1	15:00	70	70		Cumulative Loading on Column 1
1	15:55	55	125		0	0	0	0	0
2	9:00	0	125		274	10	70	79	−466
2	10:00	60	185		489	17	125	141	−832
	12:00	120	305
	14:00	120	425
	14:30	30	455
Five Column Run at Burley Idaho - Col. 2 discharge, mg/L
		Elapsed	Cum.			Cum
Day	Time	Time	Minutes	Rate		BV	Ca	Mg	K	NH3	Na
	Bed Vol.		Column 2 Discharge, mg/L
1	13:50	0	0	1700
1	15:00	70	70	1700	64	64	<1	<2	2	0.8	290
	15:55	125	125	1700	51	115	<1	<2	2	0.8	290
2	9:00	0	125	1700	0	115
2	10:00	60	185	1700	55	170	19	18	3	2.3	215
	12:00	120	305	1700	110	280	40	16	7	5.8	180
	14:00	120	425	1700	110	391	50	14	11	9.1	165
	14:30	30	455	1700	28	418	50	14	11	9.1	165
	Liters		meq discharging Column 2
1	13:50	0	0	1700	0		6	9.8	6.1	5.6	1500
1	15:00	70	70	1700	119		4.7	7.7	4.8	4.4	1179
	15:55	55	125	1700	93.5		0	0	0	0	0
2	9:00	0	125	1700	0		97	76	7.8	14	953
2	10:00	60	185	1700	102		408	134	37	70	1597
	12:00	120	305	1700	204		510	118	57	109	1463
	14:00	120	425	1700	204		128	29	14	27	366
	14:30	30	455	1700	51
	Net Loading on Column 2
1	13:50	0	0		0	0	0	0	0
1	15:00	70	70		65	49	0	3.7	−259
	15:55	55	125		51	38	0	2.9	−203
2	9:00	0	125		0	0	0	0	0
2	10:00	60	185		204	−17	57	76	−310
	12:00	120	305		214	−17	94	98	−399
	14:00	120	425		102	0	73	59	−222
	14:30	30	455		26	0	18	15	−55
	Cumulative Loading on Column 2
1	13:50	0	0		0	0	0	0	0
1	15:00	70	70		65	49	0
	15:55	55	125		117	87	0
2	9:00	0	125		117	87	0
2	10:00	60	185		321	71	57
	12:00	120	305		535	54	151
	14:00	120	425		637	54	224
	14:30	30	455		663	54	243
Five Column Run at Burley Idaho - Col. 3 discharge, mg/L
		Elapsed	Cum.			Cum
Day	Time	Time	Minutes	Rate		BV	Ca	Mg	K	NH3	Na
	Bed Vol.		Column 3 Discharge, mg/L
1	13:50	0	0	1700
1	15:00	70	70	1700	64	64	<1	<2	2	1.05	295
	15:55	125	125	1700	51	115	<1	<2	2	1.05	295
2	9:00	0	125	1700	0	115
2	10:00	60	185	1700	55	170	1	<2	1	1.2	280
	12:00	120	305	1700	110	280	13	16	2	1.7	215
	14:00	120	425	1700	110	391	33	16	3	2.9	190
	14:30	30	455	1700	28	418	33	16	3	2.9	190
	Liters		meq discharging Column 3
1	13:50	0	0	1700	0		6	9.8	6.1	7.4	1526
1	15:00	70	70	1700	119		4.7	7.7	4.8	5.8	1199
	15:55	55	125	1700	93.5		0	0	0	0	0
2	9:00	0	125	1700	0		5.1	8.4	2.6	7.2	1242
2	10:00	60	185	1700	102		133	134	10	20	1907
	12:00	120	305	1700	204		337	134	16	35	1685
	14:00	120	425	1700	204		84	34	3.9	8.7	421
	14:30	30	455	1700	51
	Net Loading on Column 3
1	13:50	0	0		0	0	0	0	0
1	15:00	70	70		0	0	0	−1.8	−26
	15:55	55	125		0	0	0	−1.4	−20
2	9:00	0	125		0	0	0	0	0
2	10:00	60	185		92	67	5.2	6.6	−288
	12:00	120	305		275	0	26	49	−310
	14:00	120	425		173	−17	42	74	−222
	14:30	30	455		43	−4.2	10	19	−55
	Cumulative Loading on Column 3
1	13:50	0	0		0	0	0	0	0
	15:00	70	70		0	0	0	−1.8	−26
	15:55	55	125		0	0	0	−3.1	−46
2	9:00	0	125		0	0	0	−3.1	−46
2	10:00	60	185		92	67	5.2	3.5	−334
	12:00	120	305		367	67	31	53	−645
	14:00	120	425		541	50	73	127	−867
	14:30	30	455		584	46	83	146	−922
Five Column Run at Burley Idaho - Col. 4 discharge, mg/L
		Elapsed	Cum.			Cum
Day	Time	Time	Minutes	Rate		BV	Ca	Mg	K	NH3	Na
	Bed Vol.		Column 4 Discharge, mg/L
1	13:50	0	0	1700
1	15:00	70	70	1700	64	64	<1	<2	2	1.01	295
	15:55	125	125	1700	51	115	<1	<2	2	1.01	295
2	9:00	0	125	1700	0	115
2	10:00	60	185	1700	55	170	<1	<2	1	1.1	290
	12:00	120	305	1700	110	280	2	16	1	1	235
	14:00	120	425	1700	110	391	10	18	1	1.3	220
	14:30	30	455	1700	28	418	10	18	1	1.3	220
	Liters		meq discharging Column 4
1	13:50	0	0	1700	0		6	9.8	6.1	7.1	1526
1	15:00	70	70	1700	119		4.7	7.7	4.8	5.6	1199
	15:55	55	125	1700	93.5		0	0	0	0	0
2	9:00	0	125	1700	0		5.1	8.4	2.6	6.6	1286
2	10:00	60	185	1700	102		20	134	5.2	12	2084
	12:00	120	305	1700	204		102	151	5.2	16	1951
	14:00	120	425	1700	204		26	38	1.3	3.9	488
	14:30	30	455	1700	51
1	13:50	0	0		Net Loading on Column 4
1	15:00	70	70		0	0	0	0	0
	15:55	55	125		0	0	0	0.3	0
2	9:00	0	125		0	0	0	0.2	0
2	10:00	60	185		0	0	0	0	−44
	12:00	120	305		0	0	0	0.6	−177
	14:00	120	425		112	0	5.2	8.4	−266
	14:30	30	455		235	−17	10	19	−67
	Cumulative Loading on Column 4
1	13:50	0	0		0	0	0	0	0
1	15:00	70	70		0	0	0	0.3	0
	15:55	55	125		0	0	0	0.5	0
2	9:00	0	125		0	0	0	0.5	0
2	10:00	60	185		0	0	0	1.1	−44
	12:00	120	305		112	0	5.2	9.5	−222
	14:00	120	425		347	−17	16	29	−488
	14:30	30	455		405	−21	18	34	−554
Five Column Run at Burley Idaho - Col. 5 discharge, mg/L
		Elapsed	Cum.			Cum
Day	Time	Time	Minutes	Rate		BV	Ca	Mg	K	NH3	Na
	Bed Vol.		Column 5 Discharge, mg/L
1	13:50	0	0	1700
1	15:00	70	70	1700	64	64
	15:55	125	125	1700	51	115
2	9:00	0	125	1700	0	115
2	10:00	60	185	1700	55	170	2	<2	1	0.2	335
	12:00	120	305	1700	110	280	1	<2	1	0.4	285
	14:00	120	425	1700	110	391	3	18	1	0.1	225
	14:30	30	455	1700	28	418	3	18	1	0.1	225
	Liters		meq discharging Column 5
1	13:50	0	0	1700	0
1	15:00	70	70	1700	119		0	0	0	0	0
	15:55	55	125	1700	93.5		0	0	0	0	0
2	9:00	0	125	1700	0		0	0	0	0	0
2	10:00	60	185	1700	102		10	8.4	2.6	1.2	1486
	12:00	120	305	1700	204		10	17	5.2	4.8	2528
	14:00	120	425	1700	204		31	151	5.2	1.2	1996
	14:30	30	455	1700	51		7.7	38	1.3	0.3	499
	Net Loading on Column 5
1	13:50	0	0
1	15:00	70	70
	15:55	55	125
2	9:00	0	125
2	10:00	60	185		−5.1	0	0	5.4	−200
	12:00	120	305		10	118	0	7.2	−443
	14:00	120	425		71	0	0	14	−44
	14:30	30	455		18	0	0	3.6	−11
	Cumulative Loading on Column 5
1	13:50	0	0
1	15:00	70	70
	15:55	55	125
2	9:00	0	125		0	0	0	0	0
2	10:00	60	185		−5.1	0	0	5.4	−200
	12:00	120	305		5.1	118	0	13	−643
	14:00	120	425		77	118	0	27	−687
	14:30	30	455		94	118	0	31	−698

Example 7

Calcium Zeolite Absorption of Ammonia from an Aqueous Medium Containing Calcium, Magnesium, and Potassium

FIGS. 8A-F provide tabular and graphical results of a five-column test run on a feed solution containing approximately 3.5 mg/L calcium, 2 mg/L magnesium, 30 mg/L potassium, 36 mg/L ammonia and 13 mg/L sodium. The run was performed at a flow rate of 0.95 L/minute for a time period of 280 minutes. FIG. 8 shows that the concentration of ammonia in column 5 effluent began at 0.03 mg/L and finished at 2.2 mg/L. The data indicates that the five-column configuration at the above-mentioned flow rate is effective to remove ammonia to a discharge level of less than 1 mg/L. FIGS. 8A-8F illustrate the MEQ per gram loading of the various components of the feed on each column versus bed volume. Again, this graphical data shows that the calcium on the zeolite is replaced by ammonia during the absorption process.

FIGS. 9A-9F, represent the results of a continuation of the run shown above in this Example (FIGS. 8A-F) in which column one was eluted with a calcium chloride brine solution and placed back into the test after column five. The data indicates that the concentration of ammonia in the regenerated column one effluent is at all times, but for the final reading, at a concentration of less than 1 mg/L. The final concentration of ammonia in the column one effluent was 1.5 mg/L, suggesting that the absorption of ammonia can be accomplished in a batch or a continuous process.

Finally, FIG. 10A-F represents tabular and graphical results of a continuation of the above data in which the second column was regenerated and migrated and the concentration of potassium in the feed solution was increased from approximately 30 mg/L initially to approximately 90 mg/L. These results show that the transfer of potassium through zeolite to the brine does not substantially effect the absorption of ammonia.

Example 8

Industrial Scale-Up for Ammonia Removal and Destruction at a Theoretical Treatment Facility

The following Table 13 provides a potential scale-up calculation for removing and destroying ammonia from a hypothetical one million gallon a day treatment facility. The amount of zeolite material and the size of the tank(s) for commercial applications are selected based on a number of design parameters, including but not limited to, average amount of ammonia in the water, desired levels of reduction, plant capacity (1 MGD) and the types of zeolites used.

Predictable scale-up for the methods according to the present invention are shown below with respect to a theoretical one million gallon per day treatment facility.

Table 13 summarizes a typical scale-up calculation for design of an industrial capacity system (1 MGD). A 98% reduction in ammonia concentration at the facility is attainable by using approximately 125 tons of zeolite. Each absorption column should be approximately 9 feet in diameter and 25 feet tall. A maximum rate of migration of the zeolite is approximately 116 pounds per minute and a minimum rate is 58 pounds per minute. Ultimately, the system provides for the destruction of approximately 1,673 pounds of ammonium sulfate solution per day.

TABLE 13
Material Balance For Calcium,
Sulphuric acid and Ammonia At a 1 MGD
Facility
Value
Input Data
Gallons per day              1.008 million
Gallons per minute           700
Ammonia in feed (mg/L)       40
Assumptions
# lime/# NH3 for stripping   1.64
zeolite
# lime/# NH3 for stripping   0.82
brine
# lime/# NH3 for             1.55
destruction
#H2SO4/# NH3 for ammonia     2.875
removal
CaSO4 produced/# of NH3      5.1
Results
1000 gallons/day             1,008
Pounds per day ammonia       334.7
Pounds zeolite loaded/day    83,664
Pounds zeolite stripped/min  58
Tons Zeolite in plant/3 days 125
# H2SO4 to remove            962
ammonia/day
#(NH4)SO4/day                1,297
# lime for stripping zeolite 549
# lime for stripping brine   274
# lime for destruction       519
# total lime/day             1,342
Absorption
Flow rate gpm/ft3            10
Square feet needed           70
Diameter of tank             9.44
Height of tank               25
Depth of zeolite/tank        13
Cubic feet zeolite/tank      875
Pounds zeolite/tank          48,125
Tons zeolite/tank            24
Number of loading tank       4
Tons zeolite in absorption   96.25
circuit
Zeolite maximum              116 pounds/min
advancement rate
Zeolite minimum              58 pounds/min
advancement rate
Desorption
Retainage time (minimum)     2 hours
Cubic feet advancement of    2.1
zeolite/min
Pounds capacity              13,944
Tons capacity                7
Cubic feet zeolite capacity  254
Depth of zeolite             15
Square feet of base          16.9
Diameter of base             4.6
Brine flow rate/ft3          6
Gallons per minute brine     101.4
Cubic feet of brine/minute   13.6
Minimum bed volumes          770
Ammonia Stripping
Flow rate to ammonia         101.4
stripper
Square feet of stripper      101.4
Diameter of stripper         11.4
Height of stripper           20
Air flow of stripper         40,673 ft3
Lime to stripper             0.93 lb/minute
Ammonia Recovery
Diameter of absorber         11.4
Flow rate of absorber        507
Air flow to absorber         40,673 ft3
H2SO4 to absorber            0.67 lb/minute
Pounds (NH4)2SO4             0.90 lb/minute
produced/minute
Zeolite Rinse
Retainage time (minimum)     0.5 hours
Cubic feet advancement of    2.1
zeolite/minute
Pounds capacity              3,486
Tons capacity                1.7
Cubic feet zeolite capacity  63
Depth of zeolite             15
Square feet of base          4.2
Diameter of base             2.3
Brine flow rate/ft3          6
Gallons per minute rinse     25.4
solution
Cubic feet of brine/minute   3.4
Minimum bed volumes          48
Ammonia Destruction
Bleed stream to destruction  1,673.28 lbs/day
stripper
Cubic feet liquid to         26.82 ft3/day
destruction stripper
Liquid to stripper/minute    0.139 gallons/minute
Air to destruction           55.865 ft3/min
stripper/minute
Gypsum production            1706.7456/day
Number/minute gypsum         1.19
production

The above discussed scale-up calculation illustrates the utility of the present invention, for large scale application of the present invention.

Example 9

Pilot Plant Study—Ammonia Removal Pilot Plant at Tomahawk Wastewater Treatment Facility, Johnson County, Kans.

The Tomahawk wastewater treatment facility has a trickling filter system with ammonia discharges that limit the plant throughput. The plant has a current capacity of 9 MGD, but operates at 4 MGD and has an ammonia permit of 4 mg/L.

A six day pilot study was conducted to verify the applicability of the methods and apparatuses of the present invention at removing ammonia from a wastewater source. The pilot study was set-up to test 3.5 gallons/minute, having a feed concentration of 11.65 mg/L ammonia. A total of 29,000 gallons of water was treated during the study. Sampling and analysis were conducted on-site using a Hanna Ion Specific Meter for ammonia and analysis was re-checked at the Johnson County Wastewater Lab (note that discrepancies between lab results appear to be due to the differences in the sample analysis temperature).

As shown in Table 14, the pilot ammonia removal plant was effective at removing a sub-permit level of ammonia. Ultimately, ammonia discharge was lowered to 1.14 mg/L, showing an ammonia recovery of 90.2%. The chemical consumption used during the test was below expectation.

TABLE 14
Johnson County Pilot Plant
	JCW Lab	WRT feed	JCW Lab	WRT
	feed NH3-N	NH3-N	discharge	discharge
Day	Time	mg/L	mg/L	NH3-N mg/L	NH3-N mg/L
1	12 PM	10.52	12.80	0.17	0.95
1	2 PM	12.20	15.40	0.10	1.12
1	3 PM	10.06	10.60	0.56	1.14
4	7 PM	11.24	9.12	0.29	0.70
5	8 AM	8.84	8.78	0.98	1.43
	Average:	10.57	11.34	0.39	1.07

The data in the pilot study shows the utility of the present invention at removing ammonia from a waste water stream.

Example 10

Pilot Plant Study—Ammonia Removal Pilot Plant at Colorado City Wastewater Treatment Facility, Colorado City, Colo.

The Colorado City wastewater treatment facility has an aerated lagoon system with ammonia discharges that limit the plant throughput. The plant has a current capacity of about 0.35 MGD and an ammonia permit level of 10 mg/L, which is expected to be decreased to 2 mg/L in the near future.

A six day pilot study was conducted to verify the applicability of the methods and apparatuses of the present invention at removing ammonia from a wastewater source. The pilot study was set-up to test 15 gallons/minute, having a feed concentration of 16.2 mg/L ammonia. A total of 65,300 gallons of water was treated during the study. Sampling and analysis were conducted on-site using a Hanna Ion Specific Meter for ammonia.

As shown in FIG. 11, the pilot ammonia removal plant was effective at removing a sub-permit level of ammonia. Ultimately, ammonia discharge was lowered to 0.6 mg/L, showing an ammonia recovery of 96.5%. The chemical consumption used during the test was at or below expectation.

Example 11

Pilot Plant Study—Air Stripping Ammonia From Feed Having High Ammonia Levels

The pilot study was performed for the City of Harrisburg in an effort to remove ammonia directly to an air stripping unit from a high ammonia waste stream (the secondary digester discharge). The basic process consist of first clarifying the feed medium from the secondary digester and filter press returning solids to the filter press for removal from the system and air stripping the ammonia from the medium. The ammonia is then recaptured in a mild acid solution to form up to 20% ammonium sulfate. The low ammonia feed medium is then returned to the process plant. The ammonium sulfate can be used as fertilizer or burned to release nitrogen as has been discussed above.

Note that it was originally hoped that the secondary digester discharge could be handled with no additional clarification but the discharge was too viscous, having to many large particles of plastic and other waste. As such, it was necessary to clarify the solution prior to air stripping.

The schematic diagram in FIG. 12 provides an overview of the steps performed in the process. For example, feed 500 is filtered 502 and/or clarified 504 to provide a high ammonia stream 506 for the air stripping process. The filtrate cycles through an ammonia stripper 508 and scrubber 510 as previously described, to provide an ammonium sulfate solution for storage in a tank 512. Acid 514 and caustic 516 storage tanks are shown. The data, as illustrated in Table 15, shows that ammonia recoveries of about 90 to 98% could be achieved when the pH was maintained at about 10. Caustic consumption was lower than expected, averaging 3.68 pounds per 1000 gallons treated. Recovery is directly related to the pH of the solution, where a pH of 10 to 12 is necessary to have recovery over 90%. The average results of the four day test were: feed rate=0.52 gallons/min., feed concentration=274 mg/L ammonia, discharge pH=10, the discharge ammonia concentration=21 mg/L, providing a recovery of 93% on average.

TABLE 15
Ammonia Recover From A Highly Concentrated Ammonia Source
	Feed		Feed pH
Day	Time	Temp	Feed Flow	Feed Total	Target/Actual	Feed NH4
1	start		0.53	216.7	10.5/10.2	181
	20 min		0.57	224	10.5/11	212
	42			235.8
	56		0.51	243.1	10.5/10.2	196
	80		0.54	256.5	10.5/10.2
	110		0.45	271.9	10.2/10.8	193/217
	140		0.48	287.2	10/11	192
	170		0.51	301.4	10/10	188
	200	27.4° C.	0.56	316.4	10/10.1	99
	230		0.47	330.5	10.0/9.7	180.5
	290		0.53	356	9/9.3	609
	320		0.55	377.7	9/8.7
	350	27.5° C.	0.61	391.3	9/8.9	210
	380		0.61	410.2	9/9.8
	410		0.53	426.2	9.8/10	209.5
	440	27.6° C.	0.5	442.5	9.5/10.6
	455					288.5
	470		0.51	458.3	9.5/9.8
	500		0.5	473.2	9.2/9.8
	530		0.49	484.2	9.2/10.9
2	start
	20		0.50	503.1	9.4
	50		0.51	517.4	9.1	236
	80	26.0° C.	0.50	531.8	9.9
	110		0.48	546.6	9.7	213
	140		0.49	561.5	10
	170		0.54	577.4	9.7	212
	200		0.55	592.3	9.5	211
	230		0.54	607.2	9.9	214
3	start			619.2
	15	30.2° C.	0.52	627.5	9.9	283
	45		0.52	643.4	10.2	270
	75		0.52	658.5	10.3	278
	105		0.55	674.6	11	251
	135		0.53	689.8	10.7	266
	165		0.43	702.6	9.9	295
3	re-start		0.48	713	9.5
	36	28.8° C.	0.50	821.9	11.2	301
	66		0.53	840.3	10	395
	90		0.55	852.4	10.3	353
	120		0.53	868.4	11.1
	150		0.54	884.2	10.4	311
4	start
	10	25.3° C.	0.5	892.2	9.9
	40		0.52	905.9	10.2	573
	70		0.49	921.2	10.1	391
	100		0.57	937.6	10.8	307
	130		0.52	954.4	10.4	307
	160		0.53/0.51	968.5	10.2	293
	190		0.51	984.8	10.2	300
	220		0.49	999.6	10.3	301
	250		0.50	1014.9	10.9	299
	280		0.47	1029	10.4	295
	310		0.5	1043.7	10.7	316
	330
	340		0.5	1058.6	10.4	316
	370		0.5	1073.6	10.9	298
	Caustic	Discharge	Discharge	Concen.	Conc.	Conc.
Day	Time	added	pH	NH4	flow	pH	NH4
1	start		10.3	7.82	1.24		0.167%
	20 min		10.5	15.58	1.26		0.189
	42	75/75	10.6
	56	120/195	10.4	6.6	1.27	1.6	0.217
	80	195/390	10.9		1.27	1.7
	110	185/575	10.9	3.06	1.28	1.8	0.255
	140	205/780	10.1	3.55	1.27	1.9
	170	155/935	10.1	8.20	1.27	2	0.323
	200	175/1110	10.2	13.8	1.27	2.2
	230	160/1270	10.6	3.86	1.28	2.5
	290	245/1515	9.7	43.54	1.28	3.3	0.42
	320	165/1680	9.2		1.29	3.1
	350	125/1805	9.7	35.94	1.28	3.6	0.477
	380	135/1940	9.3		1.28	3.4
	410	145/2085	9.4	35.68	1.28	3.3	0.519
	440	160/2245	9.8		1.28	4.2
	455		9.5	29.2
	470	170/2415	10.1		1.28	3.4
	500	135/2550	10.0		1.28	3.7
	530	125/2675	9.8		1.28	3.2
2	start
	20	60/60	9.5		1.16	3.1
	50	125/185	9.9	10.7	1.21	5.0	1962
	80	135/320	10		1.20	3.5
	110	135/455	9.9	5.08	1.20	3.8	6794
	140	125/580	10		1.20	5.0
	170	270/850	9.7	92	1.21	3.0	7534
	200	210/1060	9.4	24	1.21	4.2
	230	240/1300	9.9	25		3.2
3	start
	15	150/150	9.4	53.8	1.26	3.2
	45	230/380	9.8	29.1	1.27	3.4
	75	270/650	9.9	26.3	1.28	3.5
	105	230/880	10	28.8	1.30	3.5
	135	300/1180	10.3	15.3	1.28	4.6
	165	295/1475	10.5	22.9	1.27	4
3	re-start	200/1675	10.1		1.24	3.8
	36	570/2245	10.2	16.7	1.24	3.9
	66	330/2575	10	15.5	1.25	3.5
	90	230/2805	10.2	16.1	1.25	3.7
	120	270/3075	10.1		1.26	3.6
	150	360/3435	10	21	1.27	3.7
4	start
	10	80/80	9.9		1.21	2.6
	40	260/340	10.2	25.3	1.22	3.9
	70	360/700	10.2	20.1	1.23	3.5
	100	300/1000	10.2	26.8	1.23	3.6
	130	340/1340	10.3	18.9	1.23	4.2
	160	310/1650	10.3	18.3	1.23	3.9
	190	360/2010	10.3	15.3	1.24	3.9
	220	270/2280	10.2	11.8	1.22	3.8
	250	350/2630	10.3	11.5	1.24	3.8
	280	265/2895	10.3	8.8	1.23	3.8
	310	295/3190	10.3	11.7	1.23	4.1
	330
	340	370/3560	10.3	12.6	1.23	3.5
	370	320/3880	10.3	11.2	1.23	4.3
	Acid	NaOH
Day	Time	Added	Air Flow	ml	H2SO4
1	start		0.15/1528
	20 min		0.145/1502
	42		0.15/1528
	56		0.14/1476
	80		0.145/1502
	110		0.135/1450
	140		0.135/1450
	170	50/50	0.14/1476
	200		0.12/1371
	230		0.14/1476
	290		0.13/1424
	320	90/140	0.12/1371	835	410
	350	85/225	0.11/1319	710	325
	380	98/323	0.12/1371	575	227
	410	97/420	0.12/1371	430/1000	130/500
	440	100/520	0.13/1424	840	400
	455
	470	105/625	0.12/1371	670	295
	500	70/695	0.125/1397	535	225
	530	115/810	0.11	410	110
2	start
	20		0.155/1555	940	485
	50		0.135/1450	815	445
	80	185	0.135/1450	680	315
	110	90/275	0.135/1450	545	225
	140	95/365	0.135/1450	420	405
	170	75/440	0.135/1450	150	330
	200	75/515	0.135/1450	790	255
	230	125/640		550	130
3	start
	15	15/15	0.26/1420	850	485
	45	130/145	0.16/1581	620	355
	75	130/275	0.16/1581	350	225
	105	110/385	0.155/1555	770	390
	135	140/525	0.16/1581	470	250
	165	285/690	0.155/1555	175	85
3	re-start	80/770		800	420
	36	210/980	0.07/1060	230	210
	66	160/1140	0.26	660	340
	90	100/1240	0.16/1581	430	240
	120	110/1350	0.16/1581	730	390
	150	170/1520	0.16/1581	370	220
4	start
	10	5/5	0.17/1634	920	495
	40	5/10	0.16/1581	660	490
	70	165/175	0.16/1581	300	325
	100	155/330	0.155/1555	700	170
	130	155/485	0.15	360	345
	160	120/605	0.15	690	225/500
	190	120/725	0.15/1555	330	345
	220	125/850	0.15/1555	730	220
	250	150/1000	0.15/1555	380	370
	280	130/1130	0.15	735	240/500
	310	95/1225	0.145/1502	440	405
	330			180/1000
	340	145/1370	0.14/1502	890	260
	370	165/1535	0.14	570	95

The data in this Example shows that ammonia can be recovered directly from a secondary or high ammonia source. Caustic consumption for pH control was less than anticipated.

It should be understood for purposes of this disclosure, that various changes and modifications may be made to the invention that are well within the scope of the invention. Numerous other changes may be made which will readily suggest themselves to those skilled in the art and which are encompassed in the spirit of the invention disclosed herein and as defined in the appended claims.

Claims

1. A method for removing ammonia from an aqueous medium comprising: providing an aqueous medium having a first level of ammonia; passing the aqueous medium through one or more housing members containing an ammonia absorption media in an up-flow configuration at a flow-rate sufficient to fluidize the media; migrating the media in a counter-current configuration to the passing of the aqueous medium; causing contact between the media and the aqueous medium for a period of time sufficient to decrease the concentration of the ammonia in the aqueous medium to a second level and releasing the aqueous medium having a second level of ammonia from the media.

2. The method of claim 1 further comprising: separating the media having ammonia absorbed thereto from the aqueous medium having a second level of ammonia; and treating the media with a brine solution for a period of time sufficient to remove the ammonia from the media, thereby creating a pregnant brine.

3. The method of claim 2 further comprising: stripping the ammonia from the pregnant brine by treating the pregnant brine with an amount of lime sufficient to raise the pH of the pregnant brine to approximately 10-11 and causing contact between the pregnant brine and air to release a mixture of air and ammonia gas.

4. The method of claim 3 further comprising: washing the ammonia gas with sulfuric acid to release an ammonium sulfate solution.

5. The method of claim 4 further comprising: mixing the ammonium sulfate with lime to dissociate the ammonia from the hydroxide; and feeding the resultant mixture to air for the release of a mixture of air and ammonia gas.

6. The method of claim 5 further comprising: feeding the ammonia gas to a combustion air stream for combustion of the ammonia.

7. The method of claim 1 wherein the media is a zeolite materia.

8. The method of claim 1 further comprising: monitoring the released aqueous medium for ammonia levels.

9. A method for removing ammonia from an aqueous medium comprising: providing an aqueous medium having a first level of ammonia; absorbing an amount of the ammonia through contact with a zeolite material sufficient to decrease the concentration of the ammonia in the aqueous medium to a second level; eluting the ammonia from the zeolite material thereby creating a pregnant brine; stripping the pregnant brine with an amount of air thereby removing the ammonia from the pregnant brine and creating an air/ammonia mixture; scrubbing the air/ammonia mixture with an amount of acid sufficient to remove the ammonia from the air/ammonia mixture thereby creating an amount of ammonium sulfate; concentrating the ammonium sulfate to a concentration from about 30% to about 40% ammonium sulfate by volume; stripping the ammonium sulfate to create an air/ammonia mixture concentrated with ammonia; and combusting the air/ammonia mixture concentrated with the ammonia.