Patent Grant
12037801
The invention relates to methods and apparatus for restoring, repairing, reinforcing and/or protecting a variety of structures using concrete or other curable material(s).
Concrete is used to construct a variety of structures, such as building walls and floors, bridge supports, dams, columns, raised platforms and the like. Typically, concrete structures are formed using embedded reinforcement bars (often referred to as rebar) or similar steel reinforcement material, which provides the resultant structure with increased strength. Over time, corrosion of the embedded reinforcement material can impair the integrity of the embedded reinforcement material, the surrounding concrete and the overall structure. Similar degradation of structural integrity can occur with or without corrosion over sufficiently long periods of time, in structures subject to large forces, in structures deployed in harsh environments, in structures coming into contact with destructive materials or the like.
There is a desire for methods and apparatus for repairing and/or restoring concrete structures which have been degraded or which are otherwise in need of repair and/or restoration.
Some structures have been fabricated with inferior or sub-standard structural integrity. By way of non-limiting example, some older structures may have been fabricated in accordance with seismic engineering specifications that are lower than, or otherwise lack conformity, with current seismic engineering standards. There is a desire to reinforce existing structures to upgrade their structural integrity or other aspects thereof.
There is also a desire to protect structures from damage which may be caused by, or related to, the environment in which the structure is deployed and/or the materials which come into contact with the structure. By way of non-limiting example, structures fabricated from metal or concrete can be damaged when they are deployed in environments that are in or near salt water or in environments where the structures are exposed to salt or other chemicals used to de-ice roads.
Structures for which it is desirable to repair, restore, reinforce and/or protect are not limited to concrete structures. There are similar desires for structures fabricated from other materials.
In drawings which depict non-limiting embodiments of the invention:
Throughout the following description, specific details are set forth in order to provide a more thorough understanding of the invention. However, the invention may be practiced without these particulars. In other instances, well known elements have not been shown or described in detail to avoid unnecessarily obscuring the invention.
Accordingly, the specification and drawings are to be regarded in an illustrative, rather than a restrictive, sense.
Apparatus and methods according to various embodiments may be used to repair, restore, reinforce and/or protect existing structures using concrete and/or similar curable materials. For brevity, in this description and the accompanying claims, apparatus and methods according to various embodiments may be described as being used to “repair” existing structures. In this context, the verb “to repair” and its various derivatives should be understood to have a broad meaning which may include, without limitation, to restore, to reinforce and/or to protect the existing structure. Similarly, structures added to existing structures in accordance with particular embodiments of the invention may be referred to in this description and the accompanying claims as “repair structures”. However, such “repair structures” should be understood in a broad context to include additive structures which may, without limitation, repair, restore, reinforce and/or protect existing structures. Further, many of the existing structures shown and described herein exhibit damaged portions which may be repaired in accordance with particular embodiments of the invention. In general, however, it is not necessary that existing structures be damaged and the methods and apparatus of particular aspects of the invention may be used to repair, restore, reinforce or protect existing structures which may be damaged or undamaged.
One aspect of the invention provides a method for repairing an existing structure to cover at least a portion of the existing structure with a repair structure. The method comprises: mounting one or more standoff retainers to the existing structure; coupling one or more standoffs to the standoff retainers such that the standoffs extend away from the existing structure; coupling one or more cladding panels to the standoffs such that the panels are spaced apart from the existing structure to provide a space therebetween; and introducing a curable material to the space between the panels and the existing structure, the panels acting as at least a portion of a formwork for containing the curable material until the curable material cures to provide a repair structure cladded, at least in part, by the panels.
Another aspect of the invention provides an apparatus for repairing an existing structure to cover at least a portion of the existing structure with a repair structure. The apparatus comprises: one or more standoff retainers mounted to the existing structure; one or more standoffs coupled to the standoff retainers, the standoffs extending away from the existing structure; and one or more cladding panels coupled to the standoffs, the panels spaced apart from the existing structure to provide a space therebetween. Curable material is introduced to the space between the panels and the existing structure and the panels act as at least a portion of a formwork for containing the curable material until the curable material cures to provide a repair structure cladded, at least in part, by the panels.
Another aspect of the invention provides a method for repairing an existing structure to cover at least a portion of the existing structure with a repair structure. The method comprises: providing a plurality of cladding panels to define at least a portion of an exterior of the repair structure at a location spaced apart from the existing structure; bracing the cladding panels from an exterior thereof; interposing anchoring components between the panels and the existing structure wherein interposing the anchoring components comprises coupling the anchoring components to the panels; introducing a curable material to the space between the panels and the existing structure, the panels containing the curable material until the curable material cures; and removing the bracing after the curable material cures to provide a repair structure cladded, at least in part, by the panels. An associated apparatus is also provided.
Another aspect of the invention provides a method for repairing an existing structure to cover at least a portion of the existing structure with a repair structure. The method comprises: mounting one or more form retainers to the existing structure, the form retainers extending outwardly away from the existing structure; coupling one or more form components to the form retainers, the form components defining at least a portion of an exterior of the repair structure at a location spaced outwardly apart from the existing structure; and introducing a curable material to the space between the form components and the existing structure, the form components containing the curable material until the curable material cures provide a repair structure. An associated apparatus is also provided.
Kits may also be provided in accordance with some aspects of the invention. Such kits may comprise portions of the apparatus according to various embodiments and may facilitate effecting one or more methods according to various embodiments.
By way of non-limiting example, panels 22 may be similar to similar panels described in any of PCT patent publications No. WO96/35845, WO97/43496, WO01/73240, WO03/06760, WO2005/007985, WO2008/119178, WO2009/059410, U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,435,471, 6,694,692 and/or Canadian patent publications No. 2243905, 2298319. Panels 22 of the exemplary apparatus 20 are generally flattened with longitudinal dimensions 42 and widths 44. Panels 22 may have generally uniform cross-sections in the direction of their longitudinal dimensions 42, although this is not necessary. Panels 22 may be fabricated from various type(s) of plastic (e.g. PVC) or other suitable material(s) (e.g. suitable metals, metal alloys, polymeric materials, fiberglass, carbon fiber material or the like) using extrusion or any other suitable fabrication technique. The longitudinal dimensions 42 of panels 22 may be fabricated to have desired lengths or may be cut to desired lengths. Panels 22 may be fabricated to be have modularly dimensioned widths 44 (e.g. 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12 and 16 inches) to fit various existing structures 10 and for use in various applications. As shown best in
Panels 22 of the illustrated embodiment comprise generally flattened outer surfaces 23 which may be aligned with one another to provide a flattened shape to structure 10 after it is repaired using apparatus 20. Such a flattened outer surface shape is not necessary, however, and panels 22 may comprise outer surfaces having a myriad of suitable shapes to provide structure 10 with any desired shape after repair using apparatus 20. In the illustrated embodiment of
Panels 22 may comprise connector components 32 at their opposing edges for engaging corresponding connector components 34 of standoffs 24 (see
Standoffs 24 of the illustrated embodiment comprise interior standoffs 24A and edge-connecting standoffs 24B. As shown in
In the illustrated embodiment, each of wider panels 22′ comprises one pair of interior connector components 46 and is connected to one corresponding interior standoff 24A, but narrower panels 22″ do not include interior connector components 46 and are not connected to corresponding interior standoffs 24A. In general, panels 22 of apparatus 20 may be provided with any suitable number of interior connector components 46 for connecting to any suitable number of interior standoffs 24A. The number of sets of interior connector components 46 on a given panel 22 may depend on the width 44 of panel 22. Also, the mere provision of interior connector components 46 on panel 22 does not necessitate connecting to a corresponding interior standoff 24A at that location.
Edge-connecting standoffs 24B may be used to connect edge-adjacent panels 22 to one another by making connections between connector components 34 of edge-connecting standoffs 24B and connector components 32 on the edges of panels 22. An example of such a connection is shown in
The use of edge-connecting standoffs 24B to connect panels 22 in edge-adjacent relationship is not necessary. Panels 22 may be designed to connect directly to one another. This is the case, for example, with outside corner panel 22C (
As shown best in
Standoffs 24 extend in the direction of longitudinal dimension 42 of panels 22 and in directions inwardly from panels 22 toward structure 10. As will be explained in more detail below, standoffs 24 help to maintain a space 54 between structure 10 and panels 22 to permit concrete to flow into space 54 for repairing structure 10. Standoffs 24 may also serve to help retain panels 22 from moving outwardly when space 54 (between the interior surfaces of panels 22 and structure 10) is filled with concrete. Standoffs 24 may be provided with heads 56 at or near their interior edges. Heads 56 may extend transversely from standoffs 24 (e.g. in the directions of widths 44 of panels 22) and in the longitudinal direction 42. Such extension of heads 56 in transverse and longitudinal directions may provide surfaces for engaging structure 10. Standoffs 24 comprise a plurality of apertures 58 (
Apparatus 20 comprises rebar retainers 28 which connect to structure 10 and support rebar 26.
In the illustrated embodiment, anchor nut 62 comprises one or more concrete-engaging features 68 and a threaded bore 66. Concrete-engaging features 68 may comprise a plurality of radially extending ridges around an exterior circumference of anchor nut 62. When threaded shaft 76 of eye bolt 64 is received in threaded bore 66 of anchor nut 62, concrete-engaging features 68 extend further in generally radial directions. It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that there are a wide variety of concrete anchors known in the art, and that where existing structure 10 is fabricated from concrete, rebar retainers 28 could make use of any such concrete anchors provided with suitable rebar-retaining features 70. In embodiments used to repair structures fabricated from materials other than concrete, rebar retainers 28 may comprise structure-engaging features suitable for connection of rebar retainers to the structure (e.g. in the place of anchor nut 62 and/or concrete-engaging features 68).
In the illustrated embodiment, rebar-retaining feature 70 comprises a curved bight 74 which defines an aperture 72 through which rebar 26 may extend (see
In the illustrated embodiment, rebar 26 is made of steel and has a generally round cross-section with generally circumferential or semi-circumferential reinforcement ribs. This type of rebar is in widespread use in North America. In general, however, rebar 26 may be provided with any suitable shape (e.g. any suitable cross-sectional shape), with or without reinforcement features and may be provided from suitably strong materials other than steel. By way of non-limiting example, rebar 26 may be fabricated from suitable fiberglass, carbon fiber, plastics, other polymer materials, composite materials and/or the like.
Apparatus 20 of the illustrated embodiment comprises outside corner edge formwork components 82A and generally straight edge formwork components 82B (collectively, edge formwork components 82) which are shown best in
Mounting flanges 84 abut against structure 10. In the illustrated embodiment, fasteners 86A, 86B (collectively, fasteners 86) penetrate mounting flanges 84 and extend into structure 10, thereby mounting edge formwork components 82 to structure 10. Fasteners 86 may comprise any suitable fasteners which may depend on the nature of existing structure 10. As is known in the art, some fasteners are better suited for, or specifically designed for, use with certain materials. In the illustrated embodiment, where structure 10 is a concrete structure, fasteners 86 may comprise suitable concrete fasteners (e.g. concrete screws or two part concrete fasteners). In some embodiments, mounting flanges 84 may be provided with apertures (not specifically enumerated) through which fasteners 86 may extend. In other embodiments, fasteners 86 may be driven through mounting flanges 84 or mounting flanges may be pre-drilled to accommodate fasteners 86. In some embodiments, it may be desirable to pre-drill into structure 10 prior to inserting fasteners 86. In still other embodiments, suitable adhesives, other connection techniques or the like may be used (in addition to or in the alternative to fasteners 86) to mount edge formwork components 82 to structure 10.
Once mounted in this manner, edge components 88 extend away from structure 10 and toward overlap flanges 90. Overlap flanges 90 will then overlap an edge of panels 22 to provide apparatus 20 with formwork edge(s) as desired. Optional brace components 91B may strengthen the formwork edge(s) provided by edge formwork components 82. In the illustrated embodiment where structure 10 is generally vertically oriented and apparatus 20 is located above the lowermost surface of structure 10, apparatus 20 comprises edge formwork components 82 at its lower edge, where overlap flanges 90 overlap the lower edges of panels 22. In some embodiments, suitable fasteners (not shown), adhesives and/or other connection techniques (e.g. plastic welding) may be used to connect overlap flanges 90 to the edges of panels 22. While not expressly shown in the illustrated views, in some embodiments it may be desirable to provide apparatus 20 with edge formwork components at its opposing (e.g. upper) edge. Such opposing edge formwork components could be substantially similar to edge formwork components 82 shown in the illustrated views and could comprise overlap flanges which overlap the upper edges of panels 22. Such opposing edge formwork components could be mounted to structure 10 after concrete is introduced or before concrete is introduced (if concrete is pumped into apparatus 20 using one or more suitable concrete introduction ports (not shown)). Concrete introduction ports are well understood by those skilled in the art.
In other embodiments, straight edge formwork components 82B could be cut with complementary miter edges at the outside corners, obviating the need for a separate outside corner edge formwork components 82A. The miter joints may be taped or sealed with a suitable material (e.g. silicone) to prevent leakage of liquid concrete. In such embodiments, one or more angled (e.g. L-shaped) braces (not shown) could be provide to extend across the miter joint and could be suitably coupled to edge formwork components 82B on both sides of the miter joint to reinforce the joint. Such angled braces may be mounted to edge component 88, for example.
Mounting flange 184 abuts against structure 10. Mounting flange 184 may provide optional apertures 186 as shown in the illustrated embodiment. Suitable fasteners (not shown) may extend through mounting flange 184 (e.g. through apertures 196) and into structure 10 to mount edge formwork component 182 to structure 10. In other embodiments, suitable adhesives, other connection techniques or the like may be used (in addition to or in the alternative to fasteners) to mount edge formwork component 182 to structure 10.
Once edge formwork component 182 is mounted in this manner, edge component 188 extends away from structure 10 toward overlap flange 190. Overlap flange 190 will then overlap an edge of panels 22 on an exterior side thereof. Formwork edge component 182 shown in
In the illustrated embodiment where structure 10 is generally vertically oriented and apparatus 20 is located above the lowermost surface of structure 10, apparatus 20 may be provided with edge formwork components 182 at its lower edge, where overlap flanges 190 overlap the lower edges of panels 22. In some embodiments, suitable fasteners (not shown), adhesives and/or other connection techniques (e.g. plastic welding) may be used to connect overlap flanges 190 to the edges of panels 22. While not expressly shown in the illustrated views, in some embodiments it may be desirable to provide apparatus 20 with edge formwork components at its opposing (e.g. upper) edge. Such opposing edge formwork components could be substantially similar to edge formwork component 182 (
The embodiment of
mounting flange 384 which abuts against structure 10; edge component 388 which extends away from mounting flange 384 and from structure 10; overlap flange 390 which overlaps panels 22; beveled brace 392 which extends at a non-orthogonal angle between mounting flange 384 and edge component 388; and optional intermediate brace 394 that extends between edge component 388 and beveled brace 392.
Edge formwork component 382 differs from edge formwork component 182 in that edge formwork component 382 comprises an anchor component 383 which extends from edge component 388 and into space 54 between structure 10 and panels 22. Anchor component 383 extends along the width direction 44 and comprises transversely extending leaves 385A, 385B (collectively, leaves 385) at locations spaced apart (in longitudinal direction 42) from edge component 388 on stem 387. When space 54 is filled with liquid concrete (as described in more detail below), concrete flows between leaves 385 and edge component 388. When the liquid concrete cures, anchor component 383 is partially encased in concrete and serves to anchor edge formwork component 382 to the resultant repair structure.
It will be appreciated that anchor component 383 shown in
The embodiment of
Edge formwork components 182, 382 of
In other embodiments described herein, edge formwork components are provided with other shapes, such as, by way of non-limiting example: curved edge formwork components 282 (e.g.
In generally, it is not necessary that structure 10 have the vertical orientation shown in the illustrated views. In some embodiments, structure 10 and/or apparatus 20 can be oriented in a direction such that longitudinal dimension 42 of apparatus 20 is non-vertical. In such embodiments, edge formwork components 82 may be provided at edges other than the lower edge and the upper edge of apparatus 20. Such other edges may be vertically oriented or may have other orientations depending on the orientation of structure 10 and longitudinal dimension 42 of apparatus 20. In such embodiments, it may be desirable to mount panels 22 to the uppermost portion of apparatus 20 after concrete is introduced into space 54. This is not necessary, however, as panels 22 may be mounted to the uppermost portion of apparatus 20 and then concrete may be subsequently be introduced to space 54 via suitably formed concrete introduction ports.
In the illustrated embodiment, apparatus 20 extends around structure 10. This may be the case, by way of non-limiting example, where structure 10 is an elongated column, post or beam. In the illustrated embodiment, non-damaged portion 10A of structure 10 extends beyond the lower edge of apparatus 20 defined by edge formwork components 82. In general, this is not always the case. In some applications, edge formwork components 82 may be placed at or near the edges of existing structures 10 and such edges may or may not be damaged. In some embodiments, it may be desirable to provide a repair structure which covers a transversely extending surface of, or completely covers, the existing structure 10. Apparatus 20 may be modified to provide such a repair structure by providing edge formworks which completely cover one or more transversely extending surface(s) of the existing structure.
Edge formwork component 75 or edge formwork assembly 81 may also be used as an alternative to edge formwork component 82 in embodiments (not shown) where it is desired to cover opposing transversely extending surface(s) of structure 10. In such embodiments, edge formwork component 75 or edge formwork assembly 81 could be used to cover both transversely extending surface 17 and the opposing transversely surface (not specifically enumerated) of structure 10.
As shown best in
In the illustrated embodiment, lower apertures 58 of standoffs are cut to provide partial apertures/concavities 59. Step 104 may also involve extending rebar 26 through partial apertures/concavities 59. It will be appreciated that the number of standoffs coupled to rebar 26 and the locations of standoffs relative to rebar retainers 28 may be selected to provide appropriate coupling to panels 22.
The lengths of the shafts of rebar retainers 28, the dimensions of apertures 58 and/or the dimensions of standoffs 24 may be selected such that when standoffs 24 are coupled to rebar 26 as described above and shown in
Edge formwork components 82 of the illustrated embodiment comprise stay-in-place formwork components which stay in place after structure 10 is repaired. In other embodiments, suitable edge-formworks may be fabricated from removable formwork components using known formwork techniques. Such edge formworks may be fabricated from wood, metal, steel or other suitable material. In some applications, where apparatus 20 extends down to the ground or to another suitable forming feature (e.g. a ledge of structure 10 or the like), then edge formwork components 82 may not be required.
After edge formwork components 82 are mounted (step 108,
Apparatus 20 acts as a stay-in-place formwork which remains attached to structure 10 once the concrete in space 54 solidifies. Accordingly, rather than bare concrete being exposed to the environment, panels 22 coat the exterior of structure 10 such that panels 22 and their exterior surfaces 23 are exposed to the environment in the region of apparatus 20. In some embodiments, portions of structure 10 may also be coated by edge formwork components or assemblies (e.g. edge formwork components/assemblies 82, 75, 81). This may be advantageous for a number of reasons. By way of non-limiting example, surfaces 23 of panels 22 and edge formwork components/assemblies 82, 75, 81 may be more resistant to the environment or substances that contributed to the original degradation of structure 10 (e.g. salt water, salts or other chemicals used to de-ice roads or the like). Panels 22 and edge formwork components/assemblies 82, 75, 81 may be more hygienic or more attractive than bare concrete. Encasing portions of apparatus 20 (e.g. standoffs 24, rebar 26 and rebar retainers 28) in concrete within space 54 may provide additional structural integrity to existing structure 10.
In the illustrated embodiment, panels 122 (with the exception of corner panel 122B) have uniform width in transverse dimensions 38, 40. However, like panels 22, panels 122 may be fabricated to have modular widths (e.g. 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12 and 16 inches) in their transverse dimensions 38, 40 to fit various existing structures 10 and for use in various applications. Panels 122 of the illustrated embodiment comprise a pair of interior connector components 46 spaced apart from of their edges for connecting to standoffs 24.
Interior connector components 46 of panels 122 may be substantially similar to interior connector components 46 of panels 22. Panels 122 of apparatus 120 also differ from panels 22 in that panels 122 comprise a pair of connector components 146 proximate to one of their edges for connecting to standoffs 24. Other than for their location, edge-proximate connector components 146 of the illustrated embodiment are similar to interior connector components 46 in that they comprise J-shaped female connector components which slidably receive the T-shaped male connector components 34 of standoffs 24. In other embodiments, panels 122 may comprise edge-proximate connector components 146 at both of their edges.
Apparatus 120 of the illustrated embodiment also includes outside corner panels 122B. Corner panel 122B comprises a pair of surfaces 123A, 123B which are oriented at an angle with respect to one another. In the illustrated embodiment, surfaces 123A, 123B are oriented at 90° with respect to one another to conform to the generally rectangular cross-section of structure 10. In other embodiments, however, corner panels similar to corner panel 122B could be provided with surfaces having other relative orientations to form outside (or inside) corners having different angles. In the illustrated embodiment, one edge of corner panel 122B comprises a connector component 135B for connecting to connector component 137 of adjacent panel 122A and the opposing edge of corner panel 122B comprises a connector component 137B for connecting to connector component 135 of adjacent panel 122C. Connector components 135B, 137B may be substantially similar to connector components 135, 137. In the illustrated embodiment, where apparatus 120 comprises optional braces 30, corner panel 122B may comprise connector components 150 for engaging corresponding connector components 52 of optional braces 30. Connector components 150 may be similar to connector components 50 of panels 22 described above.
In other respects, panels 122 may be similar to panels 22 described above and apparatus 120 is similar to apparatus 20 described above.
In operation, apparatus 120 may be used in a manner that is similar in many respects to use of apparatus 20 (method 100) described above. More particularly, coupling of rebar retainers 28 to structure 10 (
In the above-described embodiments, structure 10 is generally rectangular in cross-section. This is not necessary.
Rebar 226 may be fabricated to be curved or may be bent to provide suitable curvature. Panels 222 may be fabricated to provide curved exterior surfaces 223 or panels 222 may be deformed to provide curved exterior surfaces 23 (e.g. during fabrication of apparatus 220, when connecting edge-adjacent panels 222 via edge-connecting standoffs 24B). In the illustrated embodiment, panels 222 also differ from panels 22 in that panels 222 do not include interior connector components 46 for connecting to interior standoffs 24A. Instead, all standoffs 24 in the illustrated embodiment of apparatus 220 are edge-connecting standoffs 24B which connect to connector components 32 at the edges of a pair of edge-adjacent panels 222. In other embodiments, panels 222 could comprise interior connector components for engaging interior standoffs in a manner similar to interior connector components 46 and interior standoffs 24A of apparatus 20. Edge formwork components 282 may be fabricated to provide curved mounting flanges 284, curved edge components 288 and curved overlap flanges 290. The curvature of edge formwork components 282 and their features may be fabricated to match the curvature of structure 10 and or the desired curvature of exterior surfaces of panels 223. Apparatus 220 of the illustrated embodiment comprises a pair of semi-annular edge formwork components 282, but in other embodiments, different numbers of edge formwork components 282 could be used depending on the size and/or curvature of structure 210. While not expressly shown in the illustrated embodiment, it may be desirable to provide curved edge formwork components 282 with optional brace components similar to brace components 91B of edge formwork components 82B which extend between mounting flanges 284 and edge components 288. Such brace components may help curved edge formwork components 282 retain the pressure caused by liquid concrete in space 54 between panels 222 and structure 210. While not expressly shown in the illustrated views, in some embodiments it may be desirable to provide apparatus 220 with edge formwork components at its opposing (e.g. upper) edge. Such opposing edge formwork components could be substantially similar to edge formwork components 282 and could be mounted to structure 210 after concrete is introduced or before concrete is introduced (if concrete is pumped into apparatus 220 using one or more suitable concrete introduction ports (not shown)). In other respects, rebar 226, panels 222 and edge formwork components 282 of apparatus 220 may be similar to rebar 26, panels 22 and edge formwork components 82 of apparatus 20 described above.
In operation, apparatus 220 is used in a manner similar to that of apparatus 20 described above. First, rebar retainers 28 are inserted into, or otherwise coupled to, structure 210. Then, rebar 226 may be coupled to rebar retaining features 70 of rebar retainers 28 and through apertures 58 in standoffs 24. Coupling panels 222 to edge-connecting standoffs 24B is substantially similar to that described above for panels 22 and edge-connecting standoffs 24B and, in the illustrated embodiment, involves slidable connections between connector components 34 on standoffs 24 and connector components 32 on panels 222. The remainder of the steps involved in using apparatus 220 (e.g. mounting edge formwork 282 and introducing concrete into space 54) may be similar to corresponding steps of method 100 for apparatus 20.
In the illustrated embodiment, apparatus 220 extends around existing structure 210 and at least lower edge of apparatus 220 (i.e. edge formwork component 282) is spaced apart from the edges and transversely extending surfaces of existing structure 210. This may be the case, by way of non-limiting example, where structure 210 is an elongated column, post or beam. In general, this is not always the case. In some applications, edge formwork components 282 may be placed at or near the edges of existing structures 10. In some embodiments, it may be desirable to provide a repair structure which covers a transversely extending surface of, or completely covers, the existing structure 210. Apparatus 220 may be modified to provide such a repair structure by providing edge formworks which completely cover one or more transversely extending surface(s) of the existing structure.
Edge formwork component 275 may also be used as an alternative to edge formwork component 282 in embodiments (not shown) where it is desired to cover opposing transversely extending surface(s) of structure 210. In such embodiments, edge formwork component 275 could be used to cover both transversely extending surface 217 and the opposing transversely extending surface (not specifically enumerated) of structure 210.
In the illustrated embodiment, transverse edge formwork components 321 comprise a mounting flange 325 which abuts against structure 310. Fasteners 327 penetrate mounting flange 325 and extend into structure 10, thereby mounting transverse edge formwork component 321 to structure 310. Fasteners 327 may comprise any suitable fasteners which may depend on the nature of existing structure 310. As is known in the art, some fasteners are better suited for, or specifically designed for, use with certain materials. In the illustrated embodiment, where structure 310 is a concrete structure, fasteners 327 may comprise suitable concrete fasteners (e.g. concrete screws or two part concrete fasteners). In some embodiments, mounting flange 325 may be provided with apertures (not specifically enumerated) through which fasteners 327 may extend. In other embodiments, fasteners 327 may be driven through mounting flanges 325 or mounting flanges 325 may be pre-drilled to accommodate fasteners 327. In some embodiments, it may be desirable to pre-drill into structure 310 prior to inserting fasteners 327. In still other embodiments, suitable adhesives, other connection techniques and/or the like may be used (in addition to or in the alternative to fasteners 327) to mount transverse edge formwork components 321 to structure 310.
Transverse edge formwork components 321 also comprise an edge portion 323 which connects to a panel 22 at a transverse edge of apparatus 320 to provide a formwork edge to apparatus 320. In the illustrated embodiment, edge portion 323 comprises a connector component 329 which is complementary to connector component 32 on the edge of panels 22 and an optional connector component 331 which is complementary to connector component 52 on optional brace 30. In the illustrated embodiment, these connector components 329, 331 are T-shaped male connector components which may slidably engage with corresponding female C-shaped connector components 32 on panel 22 and 52 on optional brace 30.
In operation, apparatus 320 is used in a manner similar to that of apparatus 20 described above. Rebar retainers 28 are inserted into, or otherwise coupled to, structure 310. Then, rebar 26 may be coupled to rebar retaining features 70 of rebar retainers 28 and through apertures 58 in standoffs 24. If desired, rebar 26 may be extended through apertures 60 in optional braces 30 at this stage. Panels 22 may then be coupled to standoffs 24 (and optionally to braces 30) in a manner similar to coupling panels 22 to standoffs 24 of apparatus 20. Transverse edge formwork components 321 may then be coupled to edge panels 22 by making slidable connections between connector components 32 and 329 and, optionally, to braces 30 by making slidable connections between connector components 52 and 331. Transverse edge formwork components 321 may then be mounted to structure 310 using suitable fasteners 327.
Transverse edge formwork components 321 represent one non-limiting embodiment of a component suitable for providing transverse edges to apparatus 320. In other embodiments, any of the other straight edge formwork components described herein (e.g. straight edge formwork components 82, 182, 382) could be used in apparatus 320 in the place of one or more of edge formwork components 321.
The remainder of the steps involved in using apparatus 320 (e.g. mounting edge formwork components 82 and introducing concrete into space 54) may be similar to those of method 100 for apparatus 20.
Inside corner connector component 831 may be elongated in the direction associated with the longitudinal dimension 42 of panels 22 and may have uniform cross-section in this dimension. In the illustrated embodiment, inside corner connector component 831 comprises a pair of connector components 833 which are complementary to connector components 32 on the edges of panels 22. In the illustrated embodiment, connector components 833 are T-shaped male connector components which may slidably engage corresponding C-shaped female connector components 32 on the edges of panels 22. As shown best in
Apparatus 820 also comprises an inside corner edge formwork component 882. Other than being shaped to conform with inside corner 813 of structure 810 and to help provide inside corner 835 of apparatus 820, inside corner edge formwork component 882 may be substantially similar to edge formwork components 82 described above. Inside corner edge formwork component 882 may comprise a mounting flange, an edge component and an overlap flange (not specifically enumerated) similar to mounting flange 84, edge component 88 and overlap flange 90 of edge formwork component 82.
While not expressly shown in the illustrated views, in some embodiments it may be desirable to provide apparatus 820 with an inside corner edge formwork component similar to inside corner edge formwork component 882 at its opposing (e.g. upper) edge.
In operation, apparatus 820 is used in a manner similar to that of apparatus 20 and 320 described above. Rebar retainers 28 are inserted into, or otherwise coupled to, structure 810. Then, rebar 26 may be coupled to rebar retaining features 70 of rebar retainers 28 and through apertures 58 in standoffs 24. If desired, rebar 26 may be extended through apertures 60 in optional braces 30 at this stage. Panels 22 may then be coupled to standoffs 24 (and optionally to braces 30) in a manner similar to coupling panels 22 to standoffs 24 of apparatus 20. Transverse edge formwork components 321 may then be coupled to edge panels 22, optionally coupled to braces 30 and mounted to structure 810 in a manner similar to that described above for apparatus 320. Inside corner connector component 831 may then be coupled to inside corner panels 22E, 22F by engaging connector components 833 to corresponding connector components 32 of panels 22E, 22F. Straight edge formwork components 82 and inside edge formwork components 882 may then be mounted to structure 810 and optionally coupled to panels 22. The remainder of the steps involved in using apparatus 820 (e.g. introducing concrete into space 54) may be similar to those of method 100 for apparatus 20.
Apparatus 20, 120, 220, 320,820 of
In the embodiments described above, apparatus 20, 120, 220, 320,820 of
In the illustrated embodiment, where structure 10 is generally rectangular in cross section, bracing components 421 may comprise four bracing components 421A, 421B, 421C, 421D—i.e. one bracing component 421 for each side of structure 10 and apparatus 420. Bracing components 421 may be fabricated from wood, metals, metal alloys or other suitable materials. In the illustrated embodiment, bracing components 421 are fabricated from wood, which may be advantageous because wood is relatively easy and inexpensive to build in various shapes and sizes. In the illustrated embodiment, bracing components 421 comprise sheets 425, horizontal reinforcement components 427, vertical reinforcement components 429 and strut braces 431. Sheets 425 extend generally along the exterior surfaces 23 provided by panels 22. In the illustrated embodiment, sheets 425 extend in vertical direction 36 and in one of the horizontal directions 38, 40. Horizontal reinforcement components 427 extend in one of the horizontal directions 38, 40 and vertical reinforcement components 429 extend in vertical direction 36. Strut braces 431 may extend and an angle from vertical reinforcement components 429. To the extent that strut braces 431 are spaced apart from the ground or from another suitable support surface, strut braces 431 may be supported by stilts, frames, scaffolding or the like (not shown). In particular embodiments, sheets 425 may comprise plywood sheets and reinforcement components 427, 429 and strut braces 431 may comprise two by four studs.
It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that there are a wide variety of bracing configurations and components known in the art of concrete forming that could be used to provide alternative configurations and/or designs for bracing components 421.
In use, apparatus 420 is assembled by coupling panels 22 into edge-adjacent relationship using edge-connecting standoffs 24B. Optional braces 30 may also be connected to panels 22 if desired. These couplings may be effected in a manner similar to that described above for apparatus 20. Edge formwork components 82 may be coupled to structure 10 and may optionally be coupled to panels 22 as described above. Rebar (not shown in the illustrated embodiment) may be introduced into apparatus 420 by extending rebar through apertures 58 in standoffs 24. Bracing components 421 may also connected to one another around the exterior of structure 10 and panels 22 (e.g. by nails, screws or other suitable fasteners). For example, in the illustrated embodiment, bracing component 421A may be connected at each of its ends to bracing components 421B, 421D, bracing component 421B may be connected at each of its ends to bracing components 421A, 421C, bracing component 421C may be connected at each of its ends to bracing components 421B, 421D and bracing component 421D may be connected at each of its ends to bracing components 421C, 421A.
In some embodiments, edge formwork components 82 may be mounted to structure 10 prior to assembly of panels 22 and standoffs 24. Panels 22 and standoffs 24 may then be supported by edge formwork components 82 as they are assembled. In other embodiments, panels 22 may be temporarily coupled to bracing components 421 and then apparatus 420 may be assembled around structure 10 as bracing components 421 are connected to one another. Such temporary coupling between panels 22 and bracing components 421 may be provided by a suitable adhesive or other suitable fasteners.
Liquid concrete is introduced to space 54 between structure 10 and panels 22. The liquid concrete flows to fill space 54 (e.g. through apertures 58 in standoffs 24 and through apertures 60 in optional braces 30), encasing standoffs 24, optional braces 30 and rebar (where present). Bracing components 421 provide strength to panels 22, preventing panels 22 from substantial movement away from structure 10 under the pressure of liquid concrete until the concrete solidifies in space 54. As concrete solidifies in space 54, it may bond to structure 10 to help support the solidified concrete and apparatus 420. Preferably, therefore, apparatus 420 is used to repair structures (e.g. structure 10) to which concrete bonds as it solidifies. Additionally or alternatively apparatus 420 may be used in circumstances where it is supported on the ground or on other suitable supports. Additionally or alternatively, mechanical supports (not shown) may be added or chemical or mechanical techniques may be used to help the new concrete bond to existing structure 10. Once the concrete solidifies in space 54, bracing components 421 are removed to expose surfaces 23 of panels 22.
In the illustrated embodiment, anchoring components 424 comprise interior anchoring components 424 and edge-connecting anchoring components 424B. Anchoring components 424 comprise a pair of connector components 426. Connector components 426 may be complimentary to connector components 32 on the edges of panels 22, such that anchoring components 424 provide edge-connecting anchoring components 424B for connecting edge-adjacent panels 22 to one another. Connector components 426 may additionally or alternatively be complementary to interior connector components 46 of panels 22, such that anchoring components 424 provide interior anchoring components 424A. In the illustrated embodiment of
In operation, use of apparatus 420′ may be similar to use of apparatus 420 described above, except that anchoring components 424 may be substituted for standoffs 24.
It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that interior anchoring components 424A are optional. Interior anchoring components 424A may be connected to some panels 22 and not to others. In some embodiments, where panels 22 comprise multiple pairs of interior connector components 46, such panels 22 may be connected to multiple interior anchoring components 424A. However, the mere provision of interior connector components 46 does not mean that interior anchoring components 424A must be connected thereto. In other embodiments, anchoring components 424 may replace one or more standoffs 24 in apparatus 420 or standoffs 24 may replace one or more anchoring components 424 in apparatus 420′.
Connections 451 and complementary curved connector components 453, 455 may be substantially similar to any of the connections and complementary curved connector components disclosed in PCT application No. PCT/CA2008/001951 filed 7 Nov. 2008, which is hereby incorporated herein by reference. As discussed in PCT/CA2008/001951, curved connector components 453, 455 may be connected to one another (and adjacent panels 422 may thereby be connected) by: forming a loose-fit connection between connector components 453, 455 (e.g. by sliding adjacent panels 422 relative to one another in longitudinal direction 42) such that connector components 453, 455 are partially engaged (e.g. connector component 453 projects partially into connector component 455); and pivoting panels 422 and/or connector components 453, 455 relative to one another (or otherwise exerting pivotal force between connector components 453, 455) to deform one or more portions of connector components 453, 455 such that, upon further relative pivotal motion between panels 422 and/or connector components 453, 455, resilient restorative forces tend to provide a “snap-together” fitting of connector components 453, 455 to one another.
In other respects, panels 422 of apparatus 420″ may be similar to panels 122 of apparatus 120 described above. In particular and without limitation, panels 422 of the illustrated embodiment of apparatus 420″ comprise a set of interior connector components 46 and a set of edge-proximate connector components 146 for engaging corresponding interior and edge-proximate standoffs 24. Like apparatus 420, standoffs 24 of apparatus 420″ may perform the function of anchoring components to anchor apparatus 420 in the newly formed concrete of the repair structure. In some embodiments, interior and/or edge-proximate anchoring components 424 could be provided in addition to or in the alternative to interior and edge-proximate standoffs 24.
In operation, apparatus 420″ may be used in a manner that is similar in many respects to the use of apparatus 420 described above. Assembly of apparatus 420″ may differ from assembly of apparatus 420 in that edge-adjacent panels 422 are coupled directly to one another by faulting connections 451 between connector components 453, 455, as described above and in more detail in PCT/CA2008/001951. Standoffs 24 may be coupled to panels 422 after panels 422 are connected to one another. The remainder of the steps involved in using apparatus 420″ may be similar to those associated with using apparatus 420.
Strapping system 533 comprises one or more elongated straps 535 which extend around a perimeter of apparatus 520 on the exterior of panel surfaces 23. In the illustrated embodiment, apparatus 520 comprises a single strap 535, but other embodiments may comprise different numbers of straps 535 which may depend on the size of structure 10 and/or apparatus 520. Strap 535 may be fabricated from a number of suitable materials including, by way of non-limiting example, metal, plastics, suitable polymeric materials, composite materials or the like. Strap 535 includes a closure mechanism 539, which permits strap 535 to be tightened and locked at a desired tension. A variety of suitable closure mechanisms are known to those skilled in the art. In one particular embodiment, closure mechanism 539 comprises a ratcheting mechanism which permits strap 535 to be simultaneously tightened and locked. In the illustrated embodiment, strapping system 533 comprises optional protective components 537 disposed between strap 535 and the exterior surfaces 23 of panels 23. Protective components 537 may protect panels 22 from being scratched or otherwise damaged when tension is applied to strap 535 or when pressure is applied against strap 535 by concrete in space 54 between panels 22 and structure 10. In the illustrated embodiment, where structure 10 is generally rectangular in cross section, strapping system 533 may comprise four protective components 537A, 537B, 537C, 537D—i.e. one protective component 537 for each side of structure 10 and apparatus 520. Protective components 537 may be fabricated from wood, plastics, metals, metal alloys or other suitable materials. In the illustrated embodiment, protective components 537 comprise two by four wood studs which may be advantageous because wood is relatively easy and inexpensive to build in various shapes and sizes.
In use, apparatus 520 may be assembled by mounting edge formwork components 82 to structure 10, coupling panels 22 into edge-adjacent relationship using edge-connecting standoffs 24B and coupling interior standoffs 24A to panels 22. Optional braces 30 may also be connected to panels 22 if desired. These couplings may be provided in a manner similar to that described above for apparatus 20. Rebar 26 (not shown in the illustrated embodiment) may optionally be added by extending rebar 26 through apertures 58 in standoffs 24. Strapping system 533 may then be assembled around the exterior of structure 10 and panels 22. Once strapping system 533 is assembled, liquid concrete is introduced into space 54 between structure 10 and panels 22. The liquid concrete flows to fill space 54 (e.g. through apertures 58 in standoffs 24 and through apertures 60 in optional braces 30), encasing standoffs 24, optional braces 30 and rebar (where present). Strapping system 533 provides strength to panels 22, preventing panels 22 from substantial movement away from structure 10 under the pressure of liquid concrete until the concrete solidifies in space 54. As concrete solidifies in space 54, it may bond to structure 10 to help support the solidified concrete and apparatus 520. Preferably, therefore, apparatus 520 is used to repair structures (e.g. structure 10) to which concrete bonds as it solidifies. Additionally or alternatively apparatus 520 may be used in circumstances where it is supported on the ground or on other suitable supports. Additionally or alternatively, mechanical supports (not shown) may be added or chemical or mechanical techniques may be used to help the new concrete bond to existing structure 10. Once the concrete solidifies in space 54, strapping system 533 is removed to expose surfaces 23 of panels 22.
Apparatus 420, 420′, 420″ and 520 (of
Curved panels 622 are similar to curved panels 222 of apparatus 220, except that panels 622 are wider than panels 222 and panels 622 incorporate interior connector components 646 which are similar to connector components 46 of panels 22 of apparatus 20. While interior connector components 646 are not used in the illustrated embodiment, interior connector components 646 could be used to connect to corresponding connector components of standoffs in a manner similar to the connection between panels 22 and interior standoffs 24A of apparatus 20. In other embodiments, panels 22 could incorporate different numbers of interior connector components 646. Apparatus 620 differs from apparatus 220 in that apparatus 620 comprises standoff retainers 641 and different standoffs 624 and which are used in the place of rebar retainers 28 and standoffs 24 of apparatus 220.
Standoffs 624 of apparatus 620 are similar to, and perform functions similar to those of, standoffs 24 of apparatus 220. In particular, standoffs 624 help to maintain space 54 between structure 210 and panels 622 and help to retain panels 622 from outward movement when space 54 is filled with liquid concrete. Like standoffs 24 of apparatus 220, standoffs 624 of apparatus 620 are all edge-connecting standoffs 624 which comprise connector components 634 for engaging corresponding connector components 632 on edge-adjacent panels 622 to connect panels 622 in edge-to-edge relationship. In the illustrated embodiment, connector components 634 of standoffs 624 are T-shaped male connector components which are slidably received in C-shaped female connector components 632 of edge-adjacent panels 622. In other embodiments, apparatus 620 could comprise interior standoffs (which could be similar to standoffs 624 or to standoffs 24) which connect to interior connector components 646 of panels 622.
Standoffs 624 comprise another pair of connector components 639 at their interior edges which engage a corresponding pair of connector components 651 on corresponding standoff retainers 641 to couple the interior edges of standoffs 624 to standoff retainers 641. In the illustrated embodiment, connector components 639 of standoffs 624 comprise male T-shaped connector components which are slidably received in female J-shaped connector components 651 of standoff retainers 641. As explained in more detail below, the coupling of standoffs 624 to panels 622 and to standoff retainers 641 tends to prevent panels 622 from moving outwardly (i.e. away from structure 210) under the weight of liquid concrete introduced into space 54 between panels 622 and structure 210.
Standoffs 624 also comprise one or more apertures 667. Apertures 667 permit liquid concrete to flow therethrough when liquid concrete is introduced into space 54.
While not shown in the illustrated embodiment, apertures 667 may also support rebar 226 in a manner similar to apertures 58 of standoffs 24 of apparatus 220.
Standoff retainers 641 are coupled to structure 210 and to standoffs 624. As shown best in
Standoff retainers 641 may optionally comprise one or more apertures 665 which penetrate flange 653. As shown in
In operation, standoff retainers 641 are mounted to structure 210 at desired locations. In the illustrated embodiment, where standoffs 624 are all edge-connecting standoffs, such locations may be generally centered at the planned locations of the edges of panels 622. In the illustrated embodiment, standoff retainers 641 are mounted to structure 210 using fasteners 643 which project through apertures 665. Edge formwork components 282 may also be mounted to structure 210 in a manner similar to that described above.
Next, standoffs 624 may be coupled to standoff retainers 641. As discussed above, in the illustrated embodiment, coupling standoffs 624 to standoff retainers 641 comprises engaging connector components 639 of standoffs 624 with connector components 651 of standoff retainers 641. While not shown in the illustrated embodiment, once standoffs 624 are connected to standoff retainers 641, rebar may be inserted through apertures 667 in standoffs 624, if extra strength is required. Next, panels 622 are coupled to standoffs 624 by engaging connector components 32 of panels 622 to connector components 634 of standoffs 624.
Liquid concrete may then be introduced into space 54 between structure 210 and the interior surfaces of panels 622. The liquid concrete flows to fill space 54 through apertures 667 in standoffs 624, encasing standoffs 624, rebar (if present) and standoff retainers 641. Together, standoff retainers 641 and standoffs 624 provide strength to panels 622, preventing panels 622 from substantial movement away from structure 210 under the pressure of liquid concrete. More particularly, standoff retainers 641 are anchored to structure 210 (e.g. by fasteners 643 and/or suitable adhesive), standoffs 624 are anchored to standoff retainers 641 through connector components 639, 651 and standoffs 624 are anchored to panels 622 through connector components 32, 634. The connection of these components to one another tends to prevent panels 622 from moving away from structure 210 under the pressure of liquid concrete. Also, as the liquid concrete in space 54 solidifies, standoff retainers 641 and standoffs 624 (which are encased in the solidified concrete) tend to bond the new concrete layer (i.e. concrete in space 54) to previously existing structure 210.
In the illustrated embodiment of
Modified standoff 669 combines some of the features of standoff 624 and some of the features of standoff retainer 641 into a single integral component. More particularly, standoff 669 comprises connector components 634′ and apertures 667′ (similar to connector components 634 and apertures 667 of standoff 624) and flange 653′ with interior surface 659′ and exterior surface 661′ (similar to flange 653, interior surface 659 and exterior surface 661 of standoff retainer 641). Connector components 634′ may be used to engage corresponding connector components 32 on edge-adjacent panels 622 and to thereby connect edge-adjacent panels 622 to one another and to provide edge-connecting standoffs. In some embodiments, connector components 634′ may be used to engage interior connector components 646 to provide interior standoffs. Apertures 667′ may allow concrete to flow therethrough and may be used to support rebar. Interior surface 659′ of flange 653′ may abut against structure 210 to permit standoff 669 to be mounted to structure 210.
Standoff 669 may be used in a modified version of apparatus 620 in addition to or in the alternative to the combination of standoffs 624 and standoff retainers 641. In the illustrated embodiment of
A particular example of a suitable strapping system 770 is shown in
Closure mechanism(s) 773 permit strapping system 770 to be tightened and locked at a desired tension by applying tension between adjacent strap components 771. In the illustrated embodiment, closure mechanisms 773 comprise a combination of a nut and bolt (not explicitly enumerated). A variety of suitable closure mechanisms are known to those skilled in the art and any such closure mechanism could be used to provide closure mechanisms 773. Non-limiting examples of closure mechanisms include ratchet-type closure mechanisms and buckle-type closure mechanisms.
In use, strapping system 770 is used to help mount standoff retainers 641 against structure 210. Strap components 771 may extend across notches 655 in standoff retainers 641 and through gaps 663 between connector components 639 of standoffs 624 and exterior surfaces 661 of standoff retainers 641 (see
Various views of standoff retainers 670 used in apparatus 1320 are shown in
Connector component walls 673 provide a pair of connector components 672 which are similar to connector components 651 of standoff retainers 641 and which may engage corresponding connector components 639 of standoffs 624 to couple the interior edges of standoffs 624 to standoff retainers 670. In the illustrated embodiment, connector components 639 of standoffs 624 comprise male T-shaped connector components (see
Use of standoff retainers 670 in apparatus 1320 is similar to use of standoff retainers 641 in apparatus 620 described above. As shown best in
Fasteners (not shown) may then be projected through apertures 684, 682, partially through apertures 680 and into structure 210 to thereby mount standoff retainers 670 to structure 210. In particular embodiments, intermediate apertures 682 and connector component wall apertures 684 are larger (in cross-section) than interior apertures 680 to permit the extension of fasteners and corresponding tools through apertures 682, 684, but to permit fasteners to extend only partially through interior apertures 680. The fasteners used to mount standoff retainers 670 to structure 210 may have features similar to fasteners 643 described above. The type of fasteners used to mount standoff retainers 670 to structure 210 may depend on the type of material used to fabricate structure 210 as described above (e.g. for fasteners 643). In other embodiments, suitable adhesives or the like may be used in addition to or as an alternative to fasteners to mount standoff retainers 670 to structure 210.
Edge formwork components 282 may also be mounted to structure 210 in a manner similar to that discussed above. Once standoff retainers 670 and edge formwork components 282 are mounted to structure 210, standoffs 624 are coupled to standoff retainers 670 (e.g. by engaging connector components 639 of standoffs 624 with connector components 672 of standoff retainers 670). Once standoffs 624 are coupled to standoff retainers 670, the remaining assembly of apparatus 1320 is similar to that described above for apparatus 620. Apparatus 1320 incorporating standoff retainers 670 may otherwise be similar to apparatus 620 described above. It will be appreciated that standoff retainers 670 may be used in addition to or in the alternative to standoff retainers 641 in a modified version of apparatus 720, wherein strapping system 770 may extend through the apertures 667 in standoffs 624.
Apparatus 620, 720 and 1320 (of
Standoffs 24 may comprise interior standoffs 24A and/or edge-connecting standoffs 24B and function in a manner similar to those of apparatus 320 (
Standoff retainers 941 are coupled to structure 310 and to standoffs 24. A standoff retainer 941 is shown in more detail in
In operation, standoff retainers 941 extend through apertures 58 in standoffs 24. In the illustrated embodiment, one standoff 24 is provided for each standoff-engaging curve 945. This is not necessary. In general, the ratio of standoff-engaging curves 945 to standoffs 24 may be greater than unity. In the illustrated embodiment of
Once standoff retainers 941 are extended through apertures 58 (or otherwise engage standoffs 24), standoff retainers 941 are placed against structure 310 such that at least some of aperture-receiving curves 943 abut against structure 310. Standoff retainers 941 (and standoffs 24 to which they are engaged) are then mounted to structure 310 at desired locations using fasteners 947 which may project through aperture-receiving curves 943 and into structure 310. Fasteners 947 used to mount standoff retainers 941 to structure 310 may have features similar to fasteners 643 described above. The type of fasteners 947 used to fasten standoff retainers 941 to structure 310 may depend on the type of material used to fabricate structure 310 as described above (e.g. for fasteners 643).
Once standoff retainers 941 and standoffs 24 are mounted to structure 310 at desired locations, the remaining assembly is similar to that described above for apparatus 320. Apparatus 920 may otherwise be similar to apparatus 320 described above.
Apparatus 920′ also differs from apparatus 920 in that apparatus 920′ comprises standoff retainers 941′ which are formed from elongated bent strips (rather than elongated curved rods) to retain standoffs 624 and to thereby couple apparatus 920′ to structure 310.
The bent strips used to fabricate standoff retainers 941′ have one dimension (schematically shown as 951′ which is generally parallel to longitudinal dimension 42 of apparatus 920′) that is significantly greater than its transverse thickness dimension (schematically shown as 953′). In some embodiments, a ratio of dimension 951′ to dimension 953′ is greater than 3:1. In some embodiments, this ratio is greater than 5:1.
Despite being formed from elongated bent strips (rather than curved rods), standoff retainers 941′ are similar in many respects to standoff retainers 941. A standoff retainer 941′ is shown in more detail in
The operation of standoff retainers 941′ is similar to that of standoff retainers 941 described above. More particularly, standoff retainers 941′ extend through apertures 667 in standoffs 624 such that standoffs 624 are located in the general vicinity of standoff-engaging bends 945′. The relative numbers of standoff-engaging curves 945′, standoffs 624, apertures 667 and standoff retainers 941′ may be similar to those for standoff retainers 941 and standoffs 24 described above for apparatus 920. In other embodiments, standoff retainers 941′ may engage standoffs 624 without extending through apertures 667.
Once standoff retainers 941′ are extended through apertures 667 (or otherwise engage standoffs 624), standoff retainers 941′ are placed against structure 310 such that flat portions 949′ of standoff retainers 941′ abut against structure 310. Standoff retainers 941′ (and standoffs 624 to which they are engaged) are then mounted to structure 310 at desired locations. In particular embodiments, suitable fasteners (not shown) project through flat portions 949′ of standoff retainers 941′ and into structure 310. In some embodiments, standoff retainers 941′ comprise apertures 943′ through which fasteners may project to mount standoff retainers 941′ to structure 310. The fasteners used to mount standoff retainers 941′ to structure 310 may be similar to fasteners 947 described above.
Once standoff retainers 941′ and standoffs 624 are mounted to structure 310 at desired locations, the remaining assembly of apparatus 920′ is similar to that described above for apparatus 920. Apparatus 920′ may otherwise be similar to apparatus 920 described above.
In the illustrated embodiments of
bends) 945′ and a plurality of flat portions 949′. This is not necessary. In some embodiments, standoff retainers similar to standoff retainers 941 may be provided with as few as a single fastener-receiving feature 943 and/or as few as a single standoff-engaging feature 945. In one particular embodiment, standoff retainers similar to standoff retainers 941 are provided with a pair of fastener-receiving features 943 on either side of a single standoff-engaging feature 945. Such a standoff retainer could extend through an aperture 58 of a single standoff 24 such that the standoff 24 is retained in the single standoff-retaining feature 945 and could be fastened to the structure on either side of standoff 24 by fasteners which project through the pair of fastener-receiving features 943. In some embodiments, standoff retainers similar to standoff retainers 941′ may be provided with as few as a single standoff-engaging feature 945′ and as few as a single flat portion 949′. In one particular embodiment, standoff retainers similar to standoff retainers 941′ are provided with a pair of flat portions 949′ on either side of a single standoff-engaging feature 945′. Such a standoff retainer could extend through an aperture 667 of a single standoff 624 such that the standoff 624 is retained in the single standoff-retaining feature 945′ and could be fastened to the structure on either side of standoff 624 by fasteners which project through the pair of flat portions 949′.
Apparatus 1320 also differs from apparatus 920 in that apparatus 1320 comprises different standoff retainers 1341 (used in place of curved rod standoff retainers 941) to retain standoffs 624 and to thereby couple apparatus 1320 to structure 310.
Standoff retainers 1341 are coupled to structure 310 and to standoffs 624. Standoff retainer 1341 of the illustrated embodiment is shown in more detail in
In operation, one or more standoff retainers 1341 are mounted to existing structure 310 to extend in width direction 44 at locations spaced apart in longitudinal direction 42 (see
Once standoff retainers 1341 and standoffs 624 are mounted to structure 310 at desired locations, the remaining assembly is similar to that described above for apparatus 920, except that standoffs 624 are used in the place of standoffs 24. Apparatus 1320 may otherwise be similar to apparatus 920 described above.
In the illustrated embodiments of
Apparatus 1320′ differs from apparatus 1320 in that apparatus 1320′ comprises edge formwork component 182 (rather than edge formwork component 82), but edge formwork component 182 functions in a manner similar to edge formwork component 82 to retain concrete in space 54. While not expressly shown in the illustrated views, in some embodiments it may be desirable to provide apparatus 1320′ with edge formwork components similar to edge formwork components 82, 182 at its opposing (e.g. upper) edge.
Apparatus 1320′ also differs from apparatus 1320 in that apparatus 1320′ comprises standoff retainers 1341′ (in the place of standoff retainers 1341). A standoff retainer 1341′ of the type used in apparatus 1320′ is shown in more detail in
Standoff retainer 1341′ differs from standoff retainer 1341 in that standoff retainer 1341′ does not have an engagement flange 1349. Instead, standoff retainer 1341′ of the illustrated embodiment comprises a plurality of projections 1355′ which extend transversely away from mounting flange 1347′ at locations that are spaced apart from one another in width direction 44. In some embodiments, standoff retainer 1341′ may be fabricated from flat stock by suitable bending to provide mounting flange 1347′ and projections 1355′. In the illustrated embodiment, each projection 1355′ comprises a corresponding engagement feature 1351′, although this is not necessary and in other embodiments, each projection 1355′ may comprise a different number of engagement features 1351′. Engagement features 1351′ of standoff retainers 1341′ may be substantially similar to engagement features 1351 of standoff retainer 1341 and function to couple standoff retainers 1341′ to the heads of standoffs 624.
The spacing of projections 1355′ and the location of engagement features 1351′ within projections 1355′ may be selected to provide desired spacing for standoffs 624. In the spaces 1353′ between adjacent engagement features, mounting flange 1347′ may have a substantially flat profile. Spaces 1353′ between projections 1355′ may save material costs and permit standoff retainer 1341′ to be bent to accommodate a curved structure (not shown) without unduly opening engagement features 1351′. In some embodiments, spaces 1353′ between adjacent projections 1355′ have widths (in directions 44) that are greater than those of projections 1355′—i.e. a ratio of the widths of spaces 1353′ to the widths of projections 1355′ is greater than 1. In some embodiments, this ratio is greater than 1.5. The spaces 1353′ between adjacent projections 1355′ may vary for curved surfaces depending on the different radii of curvature of the original structure and the panels form the repair structure.
The operation, standoff retainers 1341′ are similar to standoff retainers 1341 and involve: abutting mounting flange 1347′ against structure 310, mounting standoff retainers 1341′ to structure 310 and coupling standoffs 624 to engagement features 1351′.
Once standoff retainers 1341′ and standoffs 624 are mounted to structure 310 at desired locations, the remaining assembly of apparatus 1320′ is similar to that described above for apparatus 920, except that standoffs 624 are used in the place of standoffs 24. Apparatus 1320′ may otherwise be similar to apparatus 1320 described above.
In the illustrated embodiments of
In the illustrated embodiment of apparatus 920, 920′, 1320 and 1320′ (
Apparatus 1020 comprises one or more form-retainers 1041 and one or more corresponding keys 1085 for retaining temporary bracing 1081 to structure 310.
In operation, form-retainers 1041 mounted to structure 310 by abutting of fastener-receiving curves 1043 abut against structure 310 and projecting fasteners 1047 through fastener-receiving curves 1043 and into structure 310. Fasteners 1047 may have features similar to fasteners 643 described above. The type of fasteners 1047 used to fasten faun-retainers 1041 to structure 310 may depend on the type of material used to fabricate structure 310 as described above (e.g. for fasteners 643). To locate faun-retainers 1041 relative to bracing 1081, bracing 1081 may be temporarily mounted to structure 310 and markings may be made on structure 310 at the locations of apertures 1083 which may be provided in bracing 1081. Marks made through apertures 1083 may be used to provide references for the location of fasteners 1047 and to thereby locate form-retainers 1041 relative to bracing 1081.
Once form-retainers 1041 are mounted to structure 310, bracing components 1081 are mounted to form-retainers 1041. In the illustrated embodiment, bracing 1081 is provided with apertures 1083 through which form-engaging curves 1045A extend (i.e.
from the inside of bracing 1081 to the outside of bracing 1081) such that bights of form-engaging curves 1045A are located on the exterior of bracing 1081 and shoulders 1045B are located on the interior of bracing 1081. In the illustrated embodiment, wedge-shaped keys 1085 are then inserted through the bights of form-engaging curves 1045A on the exterior of bracing 1081. With keys 1085 in place, bracing 1081 is wedged between keys 1085 and shoulders 1045B of form-retainers 1041. In this manner, keys 1085, form-engaging curves 1045A and shoulders 1045B act together to retain bracing 1081 to form-retainers 1041 and form-retainers 1041 are in turn mounted to structure 310. In the illustrated embodiment, keys 1085 have a wedge shape which allows them to be easily inserted into and removed from the bights of form-engaging curves 1045A. In other embodiments, however, keys 1085 and/or form-engaging features 1045 of form-retainers 1041 may have other shapes or features that allow keys 1085 to retain bracing 1081 to form-retainers 1041.
In the illustrated embodiment of
Edge formwork components 82 and transverse edge formwork components may be mounted to structure 310 in a manner similar to that described above. In embodiments where edge formwork components 82 and transverse edge formwork components 321 are going to be removed from structure 310 after the concrete cures in space 1054, it may be desirable to mount edge formwork components 82 and transverse edge formwork components 321 using adhesive and/or a relatively small number of penetrative fasteners (i.e. to avoid creating holes in structure 310). Once apparatus 1020 is assembled, concrete may be introduced into space 1054. Apparatus 1020 remains in place until the concrete solidifies, after which bracing 1081, edge formwork components 82 and transverse edge formwork components 321 may be removed. After the removal of bracing 1081, it may be desirable to remove the portions of faun-retainers 1041 that project outwardly from the cured concrete. This may be done using a hammer or the like to break away such portions of form-retainers 1041. In some embodiments, faun-retainers 1041 may be “pre-weakened” (e.g. by providing a thin cross-section) one or more regions where it is expected that they will be broken off. In some embodiments, where penetrative fasteners are used to mount edge formwork components 82 and/or transverse edge formwork components 321, holes resulting from removal of such fasteners may be spot filled with concrete or other suitable filler materials.
In the usage of apparatus 1020 described above, form-retainers 1041 are first mounted to structure 310 using fasteners 1047 and then bracing 1081 is mounted to retainers 1041 using keys 1085. This order of assembly is not necessary. In some embodiments, form-retainers 1041 may first be coupled to bracing 1081 using keys 1085. Bracing 1081 may be provided with suitably located tool-access holes (not shown) through which a fastener-driving tool may extend to penetrate through bracing 1081 and to permit form-retainers 1041 to be subsequently coupled to structure 310 using fasteners 1047. Gasket 1087 may be sized and/or shaped to cover such tool access holes. For example, gasket 1087 may be resiliently deformable to permit a tool to extend through the tool access holes, but may restore itself back into shape to cover the tool access holes after the mounting of form-retainers 1041 to structure 310.
In other embodiments, fastener-receiving features 1043 and form-engaging features 1045 could have other shapes. For example, in the illustrated embodiment, form-engaging features 1045 are bent toward one another between form-engaging curves 1045A and shoulders 1045B. In other embodiments, form-engaging features could be generally parallel between form-engaging curves 1045A and shoulders 1045B to permit greater adjustability in the thickness of bracing 1081. In other embodiments, fastener-receiving features 1043 and form-engaging features 1045 may be provided by other constructions. For example, fastener-receiving features 1043 and/or form-engaging features 1045 could comprise separate components that are coupled to a main form-retainer component where it is desirable to locate a fastener 1047 or to engage bracing 1081.
In another example, portions of form-engaging curves 1045A which extend to an exterior of bracing 1081 could be bent upward at their exterior ends and apertures 1083 could be sufficiently large to accommodate such form-engaging curves 1045A. This shape would permit bracing 1081 to “hang” on form-engaging curves 1045A without sliding off Also, bracing 1081 could be coupled to form-retainers 1041 by screwing, bolting or otherwise extending fasteners (from an exterior of bracing 1081) through the upward bends in form-engaging curves 1045A and into or through bracing 1081. Since bracing 1081 could be coupled to form-engaging curves 1045A from the outside, this construction could omit shoulders 1045B. Shoulders 1045B could be omitted in other embodiments. Omitting shoulders 1045B could permit form-retainers 1041 to be extended through apertures 1083 prior to being mounted to structure 310 and permit bracing 1081 to be initially placed in an abutting relationship with structure 310, so that fasteners may be used to secure form-retainers 1041 to structure 1041 through suitable tool access holes (not shown). If bracing 1081 was placed in an abutting relationship with structure 310 during mounting of form-retainers 1041, form-retainers 1041 and apertures 1083 would be effectively aligned with one another and there would be no need for prior or subsequent alignment thereof. In such embodiments, threaded screws, bolts or the like could be used to pull bracing 1081 away from structure 310. Such threaded screws, bolts or the like could push off of structure 310 and be threaded through bracing 1081.
Bracing components 1181 of the illustrated embodiment are stay-in-place bracing components 1181, which remain in place after concrete cures in space 1154 between bracing components 1181 and structure 210. In other embodiments, bracing components 1181 could be temporary bracing components 1181 similar to bracing components 1081 (of apparatus 1120 (
Edge formwork components 282 may be substantially similar to edge formwork components 282 described above for apparatus 220 (
Form-retaining assemblies 1141 of the illustrated embodiment each comprise a first form-retaining component 1141A which is mounted to structure 210 and a second form-retaining component 1141B which is mounted to, or integrally formed with, bracing components 1181. First and second faun-retaining components 1141A, 1141B engage one another to couple bracing components 1181 to structure 210, so that liquid concrete may be introduced to space 1154. In the illustrated embodiment, form-retaining components 1141A, 1141B comprise elongated curved rods fabricated from suitable material(s) (e.g. suitably strong plastic, fiberglass, metallic alloys, polymeric materials, carbon fiber materials or the like).
First form-retaining component 1141A may comprise one or more fastener-receiving features 1143A and one or more connector components 1145A. In the illustrated embodiment, first form-retaining components 1141A are bent or otherwise fabricated such that fastener-receiving features 1143A comprise fastener-receiving curves 1143A and connector components 1145A comprise U-shaped features 1145A. In other embodiments, fastener-receiving features 1143A and connector components 1145A may be provided by other constructions capable of performing the functions described herein.
Second form-retaining component 1141B may comprise one or more fastener-receiving features 1143B and one or more connector components 1145B. In the illustrated embodiment, second form-retaining components 1141B are bent or otherwise fabricated such that fastener-receiving features 1143B comprise fastener-receiving curves 1143B and connector components 1145B comprise hooks 1145B. In other embodiments, fastener-receiving features 1143B and connector components 1145B may be provided by other constructions capable of performing the functions described herein.
In operation, first form-retaining components 1141A are placed against structure 210 such that at least some of fastener-receiving curves 1143A abut against structure 210. First form-retaining components 1141A are then mounted to structure 210 at desired locations using fasteners 1147A which project through, or otherwise engage, fastener-receiving curves 1143A and project into structure 210. Fasteners 1147A may have features similar to fasteners 643 described above. The type of fasteners 1147A used to fasten first form-retaining components 1141A to structure 210 may depend on the type of material used to fabricate structure 210 as described above (e.g. for fasteners 643).
At a suitable time (which may precede or occur subsequent to the mounting of first form-retaining components 1141A to structure 210), second form-retaining components 1141B are coupled to bracing components 1181. Second form-retaining components 1141B may be coupled to bracing components 1181 using suitable fasteners (not shown) which may project through, or otherwise engage, fastener-receiving curves 1143B and project into, or through, bracing components 1181. Such fasteners may include suitable nuts and bolts (e.g. hex-head bolts or carriage bolts). In other embodiments, other techniques (e.g. suitable adhesives, welding or the like) may be to couple second form-retaining components 1141B to bracing components 1181. In some embodiments, as discussed above, second form-retaining components 1141B may be integrally formed with bracing components 1181, in which case mounting is not required.
Bracing components 1181 are then mounted to structure 210, by coupling connector components 1145A to connector components 1145B. In the illustrated embodiment, this involves engaging hooks 1145E of second form-retaining components 1141B with U-shaped features 1145A of first form-retaining components 1141A. In the illustrated embodiment, bracing components 1181 may also be coupled to one another using suitable fasteners 1183 which may project through abuttingly mating flanges 1185A, 1185B (collectively, flanges 1185). In other embodiments, flanges 1185 may be coupled to one another using other techniques, such as by using suitable adhesives, welding or the like. Flanges 1185 and the coupling of flanges 1185 to one another are not necessary. In other embodiments, the coupling of bracing components 1181 to structure 210 is accomplished using only the coupling of first and second form-retaining components 1141A, 1141B (e.g. via connector components 1145A, 1145B) or using some other form of coupling as between bracing components 1181 (e.g. complementary male and female coupling components similar to those of the panel-to-panel connections in apparatus 120 (
Edge formwork components 282 may be mounted to structure 210 in a manner similar to that described above. Once apparatus 1120 is assembled, concrete may be introduced into space 1154. Apparatus 1120 of the illustrated embodiment remains in place after the concrete solidifies. However, in some embodiments, bracing components 1181 may be coupled to one another without form retaining assemblies 1141 in which case bracing components 1181 and edge formwork components 282 may continue to stay in place or may be removed after the concrete solidifies. In some embodiments, where penetrative fasteners are used to mount edge formwork components 282 which are subsequently removed, the holes resulting from removal of such fasteners may be spot filled with concrete or other suitable filler materials.
In the illustrated embodiment of
In the illustrated embodiment, apparatus 1220 comprises corner bracing components 1281A and generally flat bracing components 1281B which are respectively disposed adjacent to the corners and sides of structure 10. In the illustrated embodiment, two sides of apparatus 1220 comprise two flat bracing components 1281B and the other two sides of apparatus 1220 comprise a single flat bracing component 1281B. Depending on the relative sizes of the sides of generally rectangular structure 10 and/or of the desired structure (i.e. after repair), the number of side bracing components 1281B may vary between zero and any suitable number. In addition, side bracing components 1281B may be provided with modular sizing (e.g. 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12 and 16 inches in length) to fit various sizes of rectangular structure. Bracing components 1281 share many characteristics of bracing components 1181 described above for apparatus 1120. Bracing components 1281 differ from bracing components 1181 because of their cornered and flat shapes (as opposed to curved shape of bracing components 1181). Bracing components 1281 also differ from bracing components 1181 because bracing components 1281 comprise male connector components 1289A, 1289B on one of their edges and female connector components 1287A, 1287B on their opposing edges which engage one another and are used as alternatives to abutting flanges 1185 of bracing components 1181 as explained in more detail below. In still other embodiments, bracing components 1281 may be replaced with a suitable number of panels of the type described herein. Such panels may, but need not necessarily, comprise direct panel-to-panel connections of the type shown in apparatus 120 (
Edge formwork components 82A, 82B comprise corner edge formwork components 82A and generally straight edge formwork components 82B and may be substantially similar to edge formwork components 82 described above for apparatus 20 (
Form-retaining assemblies 1241 each comprise a first form-retaining component 1241A which is mounted to structure 10 and a second form-retaining component 1241B which is mounted to, or integrally formed with, bracing components 1281. First and second form-retaining components 1241A, 1241B engage one another to couple bracing components 1281 to structure 10, so that liquid concrete may be introduced into space 1254. In the illustrated embodiment, form-retaining assemblies 1241 are only used in association with generally flat bracing components 1281B—i.e. second form-retaining components 1241B are only mounted to generally flat bracing components 1281B. This is not necessary. In other embodiments, form-retaining assemblies 1241 may also be used in association with corner bracing components 1281A. First and second form-retaining components 1241A, 1241B are similar to and share many characteristics with first and second form-retaining components 1141A, 1141B of apparatus 1120. By way of non-limiting example, first form-retaining components 1241A comprise one or more fastener-receiving features 1243A and one or more connector components 1245A which may be similar to fastener-receiving features 1143A and connector components 1145A and second form-retaining components 1241B comprise one or more fastener-receiving features 1243B and one or more connector components 1245B which may be similar to fastener-receiving features 1143B and connector components 1145B. Form-retaining components 1241A, 1241B may differ from form-retaining components 1141A, 1141B of apparatus 1120 in that the shape of form-retaining components 1241A, 1241B may conform with the flat shape of structure 10 rather than the curved shape of structure 210.
Use of apparatus 1220 may be similar to use of apparatus 1120 and may involve mounting first form-retaining components 1241A to structure 10, coupling second form-retaining components 1241B to bracing components 1281 and mounting bracing components 1281 to structure 10 (e.g. by coupling connector components 1245A to connector components 1245B). In some embodiments, bracing components 1281 may additionally or alternatively be coupled to one another by coupling corresponding male connector components 1289A, 1289B into corresponding female connector components 1287A, 1287B. In the illustrated embodiment, female connector components 1287A, 1287B comprise several projections (not specifically enumerated) which project transversely into female connector components 1287A, 1287B and male connector components 1289A, 1289B comprise a thickened section (not specifically enumerated) to provide an adjustable “snap together” fitting which provides some adjustability to the location of male connector components 1289A, 1289B within female connector components 1287A, 1287B and to the corresponding dimensions of the shape defined by bracing components 1281A, 1281B. The connection of male connector components 1289A, 1289B and female connector components 1287A, 1287B may be augmented or otherwise reinforced by other techniques, such as by suitable fasteners, suitable adhesives, welding or the like. In some embodiments, a shim or the like may be inserted into female connector components 1287A, 1287B for preventing accidental over-extension of male connector components 1289A, 1289B into female connector components 1287A, 1287B. Male connector components 1289A, 1289B and female connector components 1287A, 1287B are not required. In some embodiments, bracing components 1281A, 1281B may comprise other interconnection features (e.g. flanges similar to flanges 1185A, 1185B of apparatus 1120 or complementary male and female coupling components similar to those of the panel-to-panel connections in apparatus 120 (
Edge formwork components 82 may be mounted to structure 10 in a manner similar to that described above. Once apparatus 1220 is assembled, concrete may be introduced into space 1254. Apparatus 1220 of the illustrated embodiment remains in place after the concrete solidifies. However, in some embodiments, bracing components 1281 may be coupled to one another without form retaining assemblies 1241 in which case bracing components 1281 and edge formwork components 82 may continue to stay in place or may be removed after the concrete solidifies. In some embodiments, where penetrative fasteners are used to mount edge formwork components 82 which are subsequently removed, the holes resulting from removal of such fasteners may be spot filled with concrete or other suitable filler materials.
In the illustrated embodiment, form-retaining components 1241B are coupled to bracing components 1281B using fasteners which project through fastener-receiving components 1243B and through bracing components 1281B. In some embodiments, it may be desirable to provide apparatus 1220 with a generally smooth exterior profile. In such embodiments, the connection of form-retaining components 1241B to bracing components 1281B (or to bracing components 1281A) may be accomplished using smooth-headed fasteners (e.g. carriage bolts) or using fasteners that do not project through to the exterior of bracing components 1281B—e.g. by non-penetrating fasteners. In such embodiments, form-retaining components 1241B could also be coupled to bracing components 1281B using other suitable techniques, such as by use of suitable adhesives, by welding, by integral formation of bracing components 1281A, 1281E and fowl-retaining components 1241B or the like.
In the illustrated embodiment, bracing components 1281A, 1281B bend inwardly (at bends 1291A, 1293A (in corner bracing components 1281A) and at bends 1291B, 1293B (in flat bracing components 1281B) in regions of female connector components 1287A, 1287B and male connector components 1289A, 1289B. These bends provide apparatus 1220 with a generally flattened profile but are not necessary. In some embodiments, these bends 1291A, 1291B, 1293A, 1293B may be omitted or replaced by similarly functioning outward bends.
Apparatus 1020, 1120 and 1220 of
As will be apparent to those skilled in the art in the light of the foregoing disclosure, many alterations and modifications are possible in the practice of this invention without departing from the spirit or scope thereof. For example:
This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 16/858,522 filed 24 Apr. 2020, which in turn is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 15/849,474 filed 20 Dec. 2017, which is in turn a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 15/145,665 filed 3 May 2016 which is in turn a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 14/611,055 filed 30 Jan. 2015 which in turn is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 12/794,607 filed 4 Jun. 2010. application Ser. No. 12/794,607 is a continuation-in-part of PCT application No. PCT/CA2010/000003 filed 7 Jan. 2010 which in turn claims priority from U.S. application No. 61/143,151 filed 7 Jan. 2009 and U.S. application 61/223,378 filed 6 Jul. 2009. application Ser. No. 12/794,607 also claims the benefit under 35 USC § 119(e) of the priority of U.S. application No. 61/223,378 filed 6 Jul. 2009. All of the applications referred to in this paragraph are hereby incorporated herein by reference.
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| Parent | 15145665 | May 2016 | US |
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| Child | 12794607 | US |
