Patent Grant
7672545
The present invention relates to methods and apparatuses for obtaining information, such as location and/or identification information, regarding sensors in optical paths such as optical fibers.
A wide variety of technical applications require sensors located at different locations. Often, the sensors use optical fibers to transmit information to a processing entity. When the number of sensors is large, their exact location sometimes becomes difficult to determine.
Traditionally, location and/or identification of sensors is done by attaching a visible tag to an optical fiber lead connecting to each individual sensor. This method of identification and/or location is prone to errors since tags may be mislabeled, may become detached from the optical fiber lead, and/or may be improperly referenced on a plan or map of the entire system layout. When one or more of these potential problems occurs in practice, it may be difficult to precisely locate and/or identify a specific sensor. This difficulty is compounded when sensors are part of a system that is routed through hard to reach locations such as conduits or walls.
Proposed solutions to impregnate embedded optical fibers with special materials that can be traced with sophisticated technology are costly and sometimes hard to implement and may even create health hazards. An example is described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,253,014 proposing an X-ray system for tracing optical fibers coated with a special coating that is opaque to X-ray radiation.
Against this background, it clearly appears that a need exists for more practical and less expensive solutions to obtain location information and/or identification information regarding sensors in optical paths such as optical fibers.
According to a first broad aspect, the present invention provides a method for identifying a location of a tag in an optical path. The tag is (1) adapted for producing a response to an optical signal propagating along the optical path; and (2) responsive to a variation of a physical parameter to vary the response to the optical signal. The method comprises causing a variation of the physical parameter; and identifying the location of the tag at least in part by observing the response of the tag to the optical signal.
According to a second broad aspect, the present invention provides a system for identifying a location of a tag in an optical path. The tag is (1) adapted for producing a response to an optical signal propagating along the optical path; and (2) responsive to a variation of a physical parameter to vary the response to the optical signal. The system comprises a physical parameter variation inducing unit for causing a variation of the physical parameter. The system also comprises a processing entity for processing the response of the tag to the optical signal to identify the location of the tag.
According to a third broad aspect, the present invention provides a cable. The cable comprises an optical fiber and a pathway extending along the optical fiber for receiving and guiding a physical parameter variation inducing unit adapted to cause a variation of a physical parameter at different sites along the optical fiber.
According to a fourth broad aspect, the present invention provides a probe for insertion in a cable comprising an optical fiber to induce a variation of a physical parameter at a selected site on the optical fiber. The probe comprises a generally elongated body for insertion in the cable and a part for inducing the variation of the physical parameter.
According to a fifth broad aspect, the present invention provides an optical device comprising an optical path and a sensor in the optical path for producing a first response to a first optical signal propagating along the optical path. The sensor is responsive to a variation of a physical parameter to vary the first response to the first optical signal. The optical device also comprises a tag in the optical path and associated with the sensor. The tag is adapted for producing a second response to a second optical signal propagating along the optical path, the second response conveying identification information associated with the sensor.
According to a sixth broad aspect, the present invention provides a method for identifying a sensor in an optical path. The sensor is (1) adapted for producing a first response to a first optical signal propagating along the optical path; and (2) responsive to a variation of a physical parameter to vary the first response to the first optical signal. The method comprises:
According to a seventh broad aspect, the present invention provides a sensor for producing a response to an optical signal. The sensor is responsive to a variation of a physical parameter to vary the response to the optical signal, the response to the optical signal conveying (1) information regarding the physical parameter; and (2) identification information regarding the sensor.
According to a eighth broad aspect, the present invention provides a method for obtaining information from a sensor in an optical path. The sensor is (1) adapted for producing a response to an optical signal propagating along the optical path; and (2) responsive to a variation of a physical parameter to vary the response to the optical signal. The method comprises:
According to a ninth broad aspect, the present invention provides a sensing system. The sensing system comprises a plurality of sensors and at least one optical fiber establishing a respective optical path to each of the sensors. The sensing system also comprises a plurality of tags optically coupled to the at least one optical fiber. Each tag is associated with a respective one of the sensors and is adapted for producing a response to an optical signal propagating in the at least one optical fiber. The responses of the tags are distinguishable from one another.
According to a tenth broad aspect, the present invention provides an apparatus for discriminating responses of sensors located in an optical network. The apparatus comprises an input for sensing responses produced by the sensors to at least one optical signal propagating in the optical network. The apparatus also comprises a processing entity for processing the responses to associate a given one of the responses to a given one of the sensors at least in part based on a time difference occurring between sensing of individual ones of the responses at the input.
According to an eleventh broad aspect, the present invention provides an optical network comprising a plurality of sensors located remotely from one another. Each sensor is adapted for producing a respective response to an optical signal propagating in the optical network. Each response conveys an identical identifier.
According to a twelfth broad aspect, the present invention provides an optical device comprising a waveguide portion allowing propagation of an optical signal. The optical device also comprises a sensor in the waveguide portion for producing a response to the optical signal, the response conveying information regarding a physical parameter. The optical device also comprises a metallic coating on the waveguide portion and a structural component secured to the metallic coating. The structural component is adapted for communicating a physical force to the sensor. The sensor is responsive to the physical force to vary the response to the optical signal.
According to a thirteenth broad aspect, the present invention provides an optical device comprising a waveguide portion allowing propagation of an optical signal. The optical device also comprises a sensor in the waveguide portion for producing a response to the optical signal, the response conveying information regarding a physical parameter. The optical device also comprises a plurality of structural components secured to the waveguide portion to transmit a physical force to the sensor when a first one of the structural components tends to move relative to a second one of the structural components. The sensor is responsive to the physical force to vary the response to the optical signal.
According to a fourteenth broad aspect, the present invention provides a sensing system comprising a waveguide portion allowing propagation of an optical signal. The sensing system also comprises a sensor in the waveguide portion for producing a response to the optical signal, the sensor being responsive to a variation of a physical parameter to vary the response to the optical signal. The sensing system also comprises a source of disturbance located remotely from the waveguide portion. The source of disturbance is adapted for causing a disturbance that propagates via a medium between the source of disturbance and the waveguide portion and that induces a variation of the physical parameter at the waveguide portion.
According to a fifteenth broad aspect, the present invention provides an apparatus for deriving information regarding a characteristic of a medium adjacent a waveguide portion that includes a sensor. The sensor is adapted for producing a response to an optical signal propagating in the waveguide portion. The apparatus comprises an input for sensing the response to the optical signal and a processing unit for processing the response to the optical signal to derive information regarding the characteristic of the medium.
According to a sixteenth broad aspect, the present invention provides an apparatus for processing an optical fiber. The apparatus comprises a first station for removing a coating of the optical fiber to expose a waveguide portion of the optical fiber. The apparatus also comprises a second station for creating a sensor on the waveguide portion of the optical fiber. The apparatus also comprises a third station to coat the waveguide portion of the optical fiber with material to form a new coating on the waveguide portion. The first station, second station, and third station define a path for receiving a continuous length of the optical fiber.
According to a seventeenth broad aspect, the present invention provides a method for processing an optical fiber. The method comprises:
According to an eighteenth broad aspect, the present invention provides an apparatus for processing an optical fiber. The apparatus comprises a first station for removing a coating of the optical fiber to expose a waveguide portion of the optical fiber. The apparatus also comprises a second station to coat the waveguide portion of the optical fiber with material to form a new coating on the waveguide portion of the optical fiber. The first station and the second station define a path for receiving a continuous length of the optical fiber.
According to a nineteenth broad aspect, the present invention provides a method for processing an optical fiber. The method comprises
These and other aspects and features of the invention will now become apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art upon review of the following description of certain embodiments of the invention in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
A detailed description of certain embodiments of the present invention is provided below with reference to the following drawings in which:
In the drawings, embodiments of the invention are illustrated by way of example. It is to be expressly understood that the description and drawings are only for purposes of illustration and are an aid to understanding. They are not intended to be a definition of the limits of the invention.
While
With continued reference to
The tag 16 is adapted to produce a response to an optical signal propagating along the optical fiber 12. The tag 16 is also responsive to a variation of a physical parameter P2 to vary the response to the optical signal. Examples of the physical parameter P2 include temperature, mechanical strain, and magnetic field intensity, among others. The physical parameter P2 may be the same physical parameter P1 that the sensor 10 is designed to sense or a different physical parameter. Thus, the response of the tag 16 to the optical signal propagating along the optical fiber 12 changes depending on the variation of the physical parameter P2 that exists locally of the tag 16. By observing the response of the tag 16 induced by the optical signal, it can be determined if the variation of the physical parameter P2 is present or absent in the vicinity of the tag 16.
In one embodiment, the tag 16 may include as a Bragg grating. A Bragg grating is a small structure created in a waveguide portion of an optical fiber. The Bragg grating may be designed to reflect a portion of an optical signal at a specific wavelength, i.e., a portion of the optical signal in a range of wavelengths around that specific wavelength. Bragg gratings can be interrogated by inputting in the optical fiber a broadband or sweeping signal and detecting a portion of the signal either reflected or transmitted.
In another embodiment, long period gratings can be used. Long period gratings are structures etched or embedded in an optical fiber that diffract a portion of a light signal at a specific wavelength into the fibers cladding, so they can be interrogated in transmission, but not in reflection.
In other embodiments, the tag 16 may include any other type of grating such as a blazed grating, a chirp grating, an apodized grating, a non-reflective grating, a non-dispersive grating, or may include a predetermined axial profile of refractive index of the optical fiber.
Since gratings are structures that can be made up of interfaces of different refractive indices, they can be identified with an optical time-domain reflectometer (OTDR) or other pulse propagation analyzer. As a result, these structures can be interrogated simultaneously using frequency, time-domain, phase, and/or polarization state multiplexing with standard optical interrogation units, which could be used for interrogation of sensors such as the sensor 10. Also, since gratings are usually small, typically having a length less than a centimeter, they can be positioned with ease and precision along an optical fiber length. Thus, during design, fabrication, assembly and installation of the sensing system shown in
When the tag 16 is implemented as a Bragg grating, a long-period grating, or other type of grating, a variation of the physical parameter P2 acting on the grating will have a tendency to change the wavelength at which the grating reflects, absorbs or diffracts light. In a typical grating, the induced wavelength variation can be viewed as being linear. Thus, a variation of the physical parameter P2 (e.g., a temperature variation or a strain variation) affecting a portion of the optical fiber 12 that contains the grating can be viewed as resulting in a linear variation of the response produced by the grating. By observing the response, namely determining if there is a change in the wavelength that is reflected, absorbed or diffracted, one can determine if the variation of the physical parameter P2 is present or not. In addition, a variation observed in the grating's response can be used to determine how close the variation of the physical parameter P2 is to the grating.
A variation of the physical parameter P2 can be controllably induced in various manners using a “physical parameter variation inducing unit”. In the embodiment of
In other embodiments, the physical parameter variation inducing unit may effect a variation of mechanical strain on the optical fiber 12. This may be achieved, for example, by using mechanical or manual means to bend the optical fiber 12 or apply an axial force (tensile or compressive) on the optical fiber 12 in order to induce a localized strain variation. In yet other embodiments, the physical parameter variation inducing unit may effect a variation of magnetic field intensity. In such embodiments, a portion of the optical fiber 12 where the tag 16 is located may be provided with a coating of material reactive to a magnetic field intensity variation (e.g., a magnetorestrictive coating) to effectively cause a strain variation on that portion.
Signal processing to observe the response of the tag 16 in order to detect a variation thereof can be performed in various ways. For example, in the embodiment of
A tag 46 is placed in the optical path 42 and is associated to the sensor 40. The tag 46 is adapted to manifest a response to an optical interrogation signal input in the optical path 42 by the processing entity 44, which may be the same optical interrogation signal used for the sensor 40 or a different optical interrogation signal. The response of the tag 46 includes identification information that can be extracted by the processing entity 44 in order to identify the sensor 40. In one embodiment, the tag 46 and the method for extracting the identification information can be constructed according to U.S. Pat. No. 5,506,674 issued to Inue et al. on Apr. 9, 1996 and hereby incorporated by reference herein.
An arrangement such as that shown in
In other embodiments, an arrangement such as that shown in
In one embodiment, the sensor 48 may be set to return identification information by using a multiple wavelength interrogation scheme. For instance, the sensor 48 can be made by a series of gratings, where each grating reflects at a given wavelength. The number of gratings that make up the sensor 48 is selected such as to provide a desired identifier (e.g., an identification code). For example, assuming that an identifier of 5 bits is desired, the sensor 48 may include five gratings or less, each designed to reflect light at five distinct wavelengths. By injecting in the optical path 42 an interrogation signal that is made up of a series of discrete wavelengths, the 5 bit identifier can be read.
For purposes of this example, consider that wavelengths A, B, C, D and E are successively input in the optical path 42 by the processing entity 44, where each signal injection is followed by a brief period of time sufficient to read the response of the sensor 48. Further assume for purposes of this example that the desired identifier is 11001. Therefore, the sensor 48 may have three gratings that reflect light at the wavelengths A, B and E, respectively. There will be no gratings reflecting at wavelengths C and D. In this fashion, the identifier can be read by the processing entity 44, where the presence of a reflection signals a binary 1 at a position in the identifier depending on the position of the wavelength in the interrogation sequence. Similarly, the absence of a response signals a binary 0.
When a variation of the physical parameter P1 arises at the sensor 48, it may induce a strain on the sensor 48 that may change the exact wavelengths at which the series of gratings will reflect light. By spacing the wavelengths A to E sufficiently from one another such that variations that are caused by variations of the physical parameter P1 will still allow a proper reading of the identifier, information regarding the physical parameter P1 can also be obtained by assessing the difference between anyone of the reflected wavelengths and a nominal value. For example, with respect to wavelength A, consider that a reflected wavelength due to presence of a variation of the physical parameter P1 can vary in the range from A−to A+d. Similar ranges may be established for wavelengths B, C, D and E. By selecting the adjacent wavelength B such that the range A−d to A+d and B−d to B+d do not overlap, then a reflected wavelength at any point in the range A−d to A+d will be properly read as an A wavelength. The variation or shift between the reflected wavelength and a nominal value can be used to determine a magnitude of the physical parameter P1.
The above-described embodiment refers to scenarios where sensors such as the sensor 48 can be assigned unique identifiers. In other embodiments such as in applications where an optical network includes a relatively small number of sensors that are at a significant distance from one another, the sensors can all be constructed to generate the same response to the optical interrogation signal. In such embodiments, a discrimination can be made by analyzing a time of travel of the response.
For example,
The module 100 is operative for causing generation of the optical interrogation signal and for monitoring the responses received from the individual sensors. In this example, the responses that are being monitored are the reflections of the sensors. A similar approach may be contemplated for absorption type responses, where the optical interrogation signal is injected in the optical path 42 at an end thereof that is opposite the processing entity 44.
In this embodiment, the module 100 is a computerized device that comprises a processor and memory, the processor executing software code that is stored in the memory. Suitable interfaces allow the module 100 to communicate with external devices, such as to initiate the optical interrogation and to collect data representative of the responses from the sensors. The memory also contains a database that stores location information of the various sensors one with relation to another or with relation to a common reference. When the module 100 initiates an information collection cycle, it issues a command to cause generation of an optical interrogation signal in the optical path 42. The optical interrogation signal will propagate along the optical path 42 and in response to this optical interrogation signal each sensor will produce a response. The responses will travel in the opposite direction toward the processing entity 44. Since the sensors are spaced from one another, the responses will be received at different times by the module 100. In this example where three sensors are placed in the optical path 42, the first response will be the one from the sensor closest to the processing entity 44, the second response with be the one from the sensor that is the next further away from the closest sensor, and the last response will be the one from the sensor furthest away. On the basis of the location information in the database, the module 100 can associate the responses to the respective sensors, in spite of the fact that each response contains the same identifier. Each response can then be further processed to extract the information regarding the physical parameter P1.
The above-described approach may be very practical in that identical sensor structures can be used on an optical path, which may avoid having to create different sensor structures that generate unique identifiers.
In this embodiment, the sheath 110 is used as a vehicle to communicate physical strain from the environment of the optical fiber 112 to the waveguide portion 114. In other words, physical strain from the environment of the optical fiber 112 may be transmitted to the sheath 110 that will communicate this strain to the waveguide portion 114. The resultant distortion created on the grating 120 can be measured as described earlier in this specification. One possible mechanism to communicate physical strain to the sheath 110 includes a pair of rings 116 and 118 that have central apertures generally corresponding to an outer diameter of the sheath 110. The rings 116 and 118 are made of rigid material such as metal and they are affixed to an outer surface of the sheath 110 such as by adhesive. When forces applied to the rings 116 and 118 move them closer to or away from each other, a corresponding strain will be generated on the grating 120. For example, a rod 122 can be placed between the rings 116 and 118 so as to cause the rings 116 and 118 to move away from each other under the effect of thermal expansion or closer to each other under the effect of thermal contraction. By selecting the material from which the rod 122 is made, it is possible to precisely tailor the response of the grating 120 to a temperature variation.
In addition to measuring temperature, the embodiments shown in
The metallization process thus creates the metallic coating 140 that constitutes a good anchoring point allowing securing of external components directly to the waveguide portion 114. In this manner, strain can be communicated directly to the glass or other transparent material of the waveguide portion 114, allowing precise measurements. In the embodiment shown in
As mentioned above, in some embodiments, the physical parameter variation inducing unit that may be used to locate a sensor may effect a localized variation of magnetic field intensity to achieve its location function. In such embodiments, the metallic coating 140 may be made of a material reactive to a magnetic field intensity variation to effectively cause a strain variation on the waveguide portion 140 that has the grating 120, thereby enabling location of that grating 120.
This arrangement provides a standardized mounting configuration which makes installation of the optical fiber 112 and the grating 120 easy to accomplish. The installer only needs to secure the mounting elements 139 to the parts or components of the system or structure on which measurements are to be taken and then to insert the optical fiber 112 and the rings 116 and 118 in place. While not shown in
In this embodiment, the sensing arrangement is coupled to the processing entity 44 of the type shown in
The sensing arrangement is used to gather knowledge on the medium 200 through which may propagate a physical disturbance that can be sensed by the grating 120. For example, the medium 200 may be a block of solid material (e.g., metal). As another example, the medium 200 may be a fluid. For instance, the fluid can be a liquid such as water having a certain composition or containing a certain concentration of particles that may change the way the physical disturbance travels or manifests itself at the grating 120. Alternatively, the medium 200 can be a gas.
A source of disturbance 202 is provided to generate a physical disturbance that propagates through the medium 200. The physical disturbance can be anything that can be sensed by the grating 120. One example is vibration that will be transmitted through the medium 200 and sensed at the grating 120 as a series of rapid strain variations. Another example is temperature variation.
The physical disturbance that is sensed by the grating 120 conveys information about the medium 200. By analyzing the response of the grating 120, information regarding one or more characteristics of the medium 200, such as one or more properties or conditions of the medium 200, may be obtained. In this example, the analysis is performed by the module 100 of the processing entity 44. In one embodiment, the module 100 may store a catalogue of reference responses and may attempt to match a received response to any one of the reference responses. The reference responses are associated with one or more known characteristics of a medium such as the medium 200. For example, those characteristics can be composition, size, density, porosity, presence of cracks, and various other properties or conditions. The catalogue of reference responses may be in the form of one or more data files stored in the memory of the module 100. Logic implemented by the module 100 is operative to attempt matching the received response to any one of the reference responses by applying any suitable pattern matching algorithms. Accordingly, with this arrangement, one can determine one or more characteristics of the medium 200 in an easy and non-destructive fashion.
In some embodiments, the source of disturbance 202 may be a natural source, i.e., a source of a naturally occurring disturbance. In other embodiments, the source of disturbance 202 may be artificially controlled. In other words, it can be triggered to produce one or more physical disturbances propagating through the medium 200.
The optical fiber 200 is supplied from a reel or from any other source (not shown). The optical fiber 200 is directed by a first roll 202 in a container 204 that contains acid that can dissolve the coating of the optical fiber 200. The choice of acid will depend on the type of coating that is provided on the optical fiber 200. The optical fiber 200 leaves the container 204 without any coating thereon and it is directed by a second roller 206 toward a first processing station 208 where the grating is written. In one embodiment, the grating may be written by exposing the glass or other transparent material to ultraviolet (UV) radiation that will permanently create the grating. In another embodiment, the grating may be formed by an etching process carried out on the glass or other transparent material. The optical fiber 200 then leaves the first processing station 208 and enters a second processing station 210 that creates a new coating on the optical fiber 200. In one embodiment, the second processing station 210 may be designed as a die that has an opening through which the glass or other transparent material of the optical fiber 200 is threaded. As the optical fiber 200 passes through the opening, a synthetic material is injected therein to form the new coating. The choice of coating material depends on the intended application. As the optical fiber 200 leaves the die, the synthetic material is fully or substantially cured to permit manipulation of the optical fiber 200 downstream of the second processing station 210.
Any one of the first roll 202 and the second roll 206 supporting the optical fiber 200 through the apparatus 250 can be made a driving roll in order to advance the optical fiber 200 at any suitable speed. In one embodiment, the various operations performed on the optical fiber 200, such as removal of the coating, creation of the grating and re-coating are conducted in a way that does not require the optical fiber 200 to stop at any one of those stations. However, if anyone of those operations requires the optical fiber 200 to stop momentarily, a drive system and an associated control device can be used such as to advance the optical fiber 200 step wise and cause it to stop for a necessary time period at the station that requires it.
In a possible variant, the apparatus 250 may be designed to process an optical fiber on which a sensor has already been formed. The purpose of the processing in this case is to remove the existing coating and to replace it with a new coating that is more suitable to the intended application. In this variant, the first processing station 208 may be omitted or unused. Hence, the optical fiber may passe in the container 204 to remove the coating and then go directly to the second processing station 210 for application of the new coating.
Although various embodiments have been illustrated, this was for the purpose of describing, but not limiting, the invention. Various modifications will become apparent to those skilled in the art and are within the scope of this invention, which is defined more particularly by the appended claims.
This application claims priority from U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/683,355 filed on May 23, 2005 and hereby incorporated by reference herein.
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind | 371c Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/CA2006/000842 | 5/23/2006 | WO | 00 | 5/27/2008 |
| Publishing Document | Publishing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| WO2006/125307 | 11/30/2006 | WO | A |
| Number | Name | Date | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 5363463 | Kleinerman | Nov 1994 | A |
| 5451772 | Narendran | Sep 1995 | A |
| 5506674 | Inoue et al. | Apr 1996 | A |
| 6253014 | Simon et al. | Jun 2001 | B1 |
| 7433551 | Poland et al. | Oct 2008 | B2 |
| 20060257066 | Hill et al. | Nov 2006 | A1 |
| Number | Date | Country |
|---|---|---|
| 0 290 243 | Nov 1988 | EP |
| 09319462 | Dec 1997 | JP |
| WO 9827406 | Jun 1998 | WO |
| WO 0039532 | Jul 2000 | WO |
| PCTCA2006000842 | Oct 2006 | WO |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20080292237 A1 | Nov 2008 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 60683355 | May 2005 | US |
