Methods and Cables for Use in Fracturing Zones in a Well

Abstract

A cable having a cable core for use in fracturing zones in a well, wherein the cable core includes an optical fiber conductor. The optical fiber conductor has a pair of half-shell conductors. An insulated optical fiber located between the pair of half-shell conductors. The insulated optical fiber is coupled with the pair of half-shell conductors. An optical fiber conductor jacket is disposed about the pair of half-shell conductors.

Description

FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE

The disclosure generally relates to methods and cables for use in fracturing zones in a well.

BACKGROUND

Zones in a well are often fractured to increase production and/or allow production of hydrocarbon reservoirs adjacent a well. To ensure proper fracturing of zones it is useful to monitor the fracturing operations.

SUMMARY

An example cable for use in fracturing zones in a well includes a cable core. The cable core includes an optical fiber conductor. The optical fiber conductor includes a pair of half-shell conductors. An insulated optical fiber is located between the pair of half-shell conductors. The insulated optical fiber is coupled with the pair of half-shell conductors. The optical fiber conductor also includes an optical fiber conductor jacket disposed about the pair of half-shell conductors.

An example of a system for monitoring fracturing operations includes a cable. The cable comprises a cable core having an optical fiber conductor. The optical fiber conductor includes a pair of half-shell conductors. An insulated optical fiber is located between the pair of half-shell conductors. The insulated optical fiber is coupled with the pair of half-shell conductors, and an optical fiber conductor jacket is disposed about the pair of half-shell conductors. A tool string is connected with the cable, and the tool string has an anchor.

An example method of fracturing a well includes conveying a cable and tool string into a well to a first zone adjacent a heel of a horizontal portion of the well. The method also includes anchoring the cable and tool string in the well. The method also includes applying fracturing fluid to the first zone, and monitoring the fracturing by using the an optical fiber conductor of the cable to acquire cable temperature data, temperature increase and decrease data, vibration data, strain data, or combinations thereof.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 depicts a schematic of an optical fiber conductor.

FIG. 2 depicts a cable for use in fracturing operations according to one or more embodiments.

FIG. 3 depicts a schematic of another cable for use in fracturing operations according to one or more embodiments.

FIG. 4 depicts a schematic of a cable for use in fracturing operations according to one or more embodiments.

FIG. 5 depicts a schematic of a cable for use in fracturing operations according to one or more embodiments.

FIG. 6A depicts an example system for monitoring fracturing operations according to one or more embodiments.

FIG. 6 b depicts another example system for use in well to perform operations on the well.

FIG. 7 depicts an example method of fracturing zones in a well according to one or more embodiments.

FIG. 8 depicts an example method of placing a cable in well for monitoring.

FIG. 9 depicts an example method of placing a cable in a well for hydraulic fracturing and logging in a horizontal well.

FIG. 10 depicts an example cable with a hepta core for monitoring in a well.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Certain examples are shown in the above-identified figures and described in detail below. In describing these examples, like or identical reference numbers are used to identify common or similar elements. The figures are not necessarily to scale and certain features and certain views of the figures may be shown exaggerated in scale or in schematic for clarity and/or conciseness.

An example cable for use in fracturing zones in a well includes a cable core that has an optical fiber conductor. The optical fiber conductor includes a pair of half-shell conductors. The half-shell conductors can be made from any conductive material. Illustrative conductive materials include copper, steel, or the like. The half-shell conductors can be used to provide data, power, heat or combinations thereof. The material of the conductors can be selected to accommodate the desired resistance of the cable. The half-shell conductors can be used to provide heat, and the heating of the cable can be controlled by selective adjustment of current passing through the half-shell conductors.

An insulated optical fiber is located between the pair of half-shell conductors. The insulated optical fiber can be insulated with a polymer or other insulating material. The insulated optical fiber can be coupled with the pair of half-shell conductors. For example, the insulation of the optical fiber can be bonded with the optical fiber and the inner surfaces of the half-shell conductors. Coupled as used herein can mean physically connected or arranged such that stress or force applied to the half-shell conductors is also applied to the optical fiber. For example, the space between the insulated optical fiber and the half-shell conductors can be minimal to allow coupling of the insulated optical fiber and half-shell conductors. The optical fiber can be a single optical fiber or a plurality of optical fibers. The optical fiber can be a bundle of optical fibers.

An optical fiber conductor jacket can be disposed about the pair of half-shell conductors. The optical fiber conductor jacket can be made from polymer or other materials.

An example cable core can also include a plurality of optical fiber conductors and cable components located in interstitial spaces between the plurality of optical fiber conductors. The cable components can be glass-fiber yarn, polymer, polymer covered metal tubes, composite tubes, metal tubes, or the like. A central cable component can be located between the plurality of optical fiber conductors. In one or more embodiments, a non-conductive material can be located in the cable core to fill void spaces therein.

A foamed-cell polymer, a core jacket, an outer jacket, or combinations thereof can be located about the cable core. The core jacket can be a polymer, a fiber reinforced polymer, a cabling tape, or combinations thereof.

In one or more embodiments, a seam-weld tube can be located about an outer jacket. The seam-welded tube can at least partially embed into the outer jacket.

FIG. 1 depicts a schematic of an optical fiber conductor. The optical fiber conductor 100 has a first half-shell conductor 110, a second half-shell conductor 112, an insulated optical fiber 114, and an optical fiber conductor jacket 116.

FIG. 2 depicts a cable for use in fracturing operations according to one or more embodiments. The cable 200 includes a plurality of optical fiber conductors 100, a plurality of cable components 210, a core jacket 220, a non-conductive material 230, a foamed-cell polymer 240, an outer jacket 250, and a seam-welded tube 260.

The plurality of optical fiber conductors 100 and the plurality of cable components 210 are cabled about a central cable component 212. The non-conductive material 230 is used to fill spaces or voids in the cable core during cabling. The core jacket 220 is extruded or otherwise placed about the plurality of optical fiber conductors 100, the cable components 220, the central cable component 212, and the non-conductive material 230.

The foamed-cell polymer 240 is placed about the core jacket 220, and an outer jacket 250 is placed about the foamed-cell polymer 240. A seam-welded tube 260 is placed about the outer jacket 250. The seam-welded tube 260 can at least partially embed into the outer jacket 250. For example, a weld bead can embed into the outer jacket 250.

The cable 200 can be connected to a downhole tool and can be arranged to heat and power delivery. For example, a power source at surface can be connected with two of the optical fiber conductors 100, such that one is positive and the other is negative, the third can be used for grounding or floating. The paths can be in a series loop for heating application, and when power needs to be delivered to downhole tools a switch can open the series conductor path and connect each path to designated tool circuit for power delivery.

The self-heating and power supply can be performed concurrently. For example, one conductor can be connected to positive terminal at a power supply at surface and to a designated tool circuit downhole, and another conductor can be connected to a negative terminal at the surface and to a designated tool circuit downhole. Accordingly, power can be delivered downhole and one of the conductor paths can be a return; in one embodiment, if the downhole tool is a tractor, the tractor can be stopped and the wheels closed allowing power to be delivered without movement and at same time the self-heating can occur.

FIG. 3 depicts a schematic of another cable for use in fracturing operations according to one or more embodiments. The cable 300 includes the plurality of optical fiber conductors 100, the plurality of cable components 210, the center component 212, the core jacket 220, the non-conductive material 230, the foamed-cell polymer 240, the outer jacket 250, the seam-welded tube 260, a reinforced jacket 310, an additional jacket 320, and an additional seam-welded tube 330.

FIG. 4 depicts a schematic of a cable for use in fracturing operations according to one or more embodiments. The cable 400 includes a plurality of optical fiber conductors 100, the plurality of cable components 210, the core jacket 220, a first jacket 420, a first layer of strength members 410, a second jacket 422, a second layer of strength members 430, a third jacket 424, and a reinforced outer jacket 440.

The plurality of optical fiber conductors 100 and the plurality of cable components 210 can be cabled about the central component 212. The non-conductive material 230 is used to fill spaces or voids in the cable core during cabling. A core jacket 220 is extruded or otherwise placed about the plurality of optical fiber conductors 100, the cable components 220, the central cable component 212, and the non-conductive material 230. A first jacket 420 can be placed about the cable core jacket 220. The first jacket 420 can be a reinforced polymer, a pure polymer, or the like.

The first layer of strength members 410 can be cabled about the first jacket 420. The first layer of strength members 410 can at least partially embed into the first jacket 420. A second jacket 422 can be placed about the first layer of strength members 410. The second jacket 422 can at least partially bond with the first jacket 420. A second layer of strength members 430 can be cabled about the second jacket 422. The second jacket 422 can separate the first layer of strength members 410 from the second layer of strength members 430 from each other. The strength members in the first strength member layer and the second strength member layer can be coated armor wire, steel armor wire, corrosion resistant armor wire, composite armor wire, or the like.

A third jacket 424 can be placed about the second layer of strength members 420. The third jacket 424 can bond with the second jacket 422. A reinforced outer jacket 430 can be placed about the third jacket 424.

The quad type cable can be connected to a tool string using a 1 by 1 configuration, a 2 by 2 configuration, or a 3 by 1 configuration. For example, a series loop can be formed by connecting two conductors to positive and two conductors to negative in a closed loop and a switching device can be used to open the loop and connect with the downhole tools. In another configuration two of the conductors can be looped for heat generation and two of the conductors can be connected to the downhole tools for power deliver; if the downhole tool is a tractor, the tractor can be stopped and the wheels closed allowing power to be delivered without movement and at same time the self-heating can occur.

In one example, two conductor paths can be connected to power at surface and a third to negative at surface, and each of the conductors can be connected to designated tool circuits downhole for power delivery using one of the conductive paths as a return.

FIG. 5 depicts cable according to one or more embodiments. The cable 500 includes one or more optical fiber conductors 100, a double jacket 510, wires 520, an insulating layer 530, a first jacket 540, a first layer of strength members 550, a second jacket 560, a second layer of strength members 570, a third jacket 580, and an outer jacket 590.

The optical fiber conductor 100 has the double jacket 510 located thereabout. The double jacket can include two polymers of differing strength. The wires 520 can be served helically over the double jacket 510. The insulating layer 530 can be placed about the wires 520. The insulating layer can be a polymer or like material. The first jacket 540 can be placed about the insulating layer. The first jacket 540 can be a fiber reinforced polymer.

The first strength member layer 540 can be cabled about the first jacket 540. The first strength member layer 540 can at least partially embed into the first jacket 540. The second jacket 560 can be placed about the first strength member layer 540. The second jacket 560 can bond with the first jacket 540.

The second layer of strength members 570 can be cabled about the second jacket 560, and the second layer of strength members 570 can at least partially embed into the second jacket 560.

The third jacket 580 can be placed about the second layer of strength members 570. The third jacket 580 can bond with the second jacket 560. The outer jacket 590 can be placed about the third jacket 580. The outer jacket 580 can be a fiber reinforced polymer.

FIG. 6A depicts an example system for monitoring fracturing operations according to one or more embodiments. The system 600 includes a cable 610 and a tool string 620. The tool string 620 includes an anchoring device 622 and a logging tool 624. The cable 610 can be any of those disclosed herein or a cable having an optical fiber conductor as described herein. The anchoring device 622 can be a centralizer, a spike, an anchor, or the like. The tool string 620 can have a flow meter and a tension measuring device.

The cable 610 and tool string 620 can be conveyed into a wellbore 630. The wellbore 630 has a heel 632, a plurality of zones 634, and a toe 636. The cable 610 and tool string 620 can be conveyed into the wellbore 630 using any method of conveyance, such as pump down, tractors, or the like. The tool string 620 can be stopped adjacent a first zone adjacent the heel 632. Fracturing fluid can be pumped into the well to open the zone, and the cable 610 can be used to monitor the fracturing operation. After fracturing, diverter fluid can be provided to the well to plug the fractures. The tool string and cable can be conveyed further into the well towards the toe 636 and stopped at intermediate zones. At each of the zones the fracturing operations and diverting can be repeated.

Once all zones are fractured, the plugged fractures can be unplugged. The plugged fractures can be unplugged using now known or future known techniques. The tool string 620 and cable 610 can be left in the wellbore and the zones can be produced, and the logging tool 624 can be used to acquire data. In one or more embodiments, the logging tool 624 can acquire data before the zones are fractured, as the zones are fractured, after the zones are fractured, or combinations thereof.

FIG. 6 b depicts another example system for use in well to perform operations on the well. The system includes a tool string 640. The tool string 640 includes a tractor 642, a logging tool 644, and a plug 648. The tool string 640 can include other equipment to perform additional downhole services. The downhole services can include intervention operations, completion operations, monitoring operations, or the like. A cable 650 can be connected with the tool string 640. The cable 650 can be any of those disclosed therein or substantially similar cables.

FIG. 7 depicts an example method of fracturing zones in a well according to one or more embodiments.

The method 700 includes conveying a cable and tool string into a well to a first zone adjacent a heel of a horizontal portion of the well (Block 710). As the cable and tool string are conveyed into the well, the tension on the cable and the flow of fluid can be measured. Fluid flow and cable tension can predict the cable status. For example, if a high flow rate is measured but the cable loses tension, it would indicate the cable is buckling or stuck downhole; if the cable is under tension and low or no flow is detected, the fractures before the cable anchoring mechanism are taking most of the fluid; if the cable is under tension and high flow rate is measured it would indicate that there are no open fractures before the cable anchoring mechanism and the cable should be moving towards the toe of the well. The fluid flow can be measured using a flow meter in the tool string or the self-heated capability of the cable can be used to predict the flow velocity around the cable based on the rate of increase or decrease of the temperature using distributed temperature sensing.

The method can also include anchoring the cable and tool string in the well (Block 720). The method can also include applying fracturing fluid to the first zone (Block 730).

The method also includes monitoring the fracturing by using an optical fiber conductor of the cable to acquire cable temperature data, temperature increase and decrease data, vibration data, strain data, or combinations thereof (Block 740). The hydraulic fracturing process is monitored using the heat-enabled fiber-optic cable. Real-time measurements of cable temperature, temperature increase or decrease rate, vibration, and strain measurements are available to predict which fracture is taking more fluid.

Operations above can be repeated for each zone. Cable tension measurement and fluid flow can be monitored after each zone to prevent damage to the cable.

FIG. 8 depicts an example method of placing a cable in well for monitoring. The method 800 includes conveying a cable and tractor into a well (Block 810). The conveying can be performed using pump down, a tractor, gravity, other known or future known methods, or combinations thereof.

Once the tractor and at least a portion of the cable or located at a desired location in the well, the method can include anchoring the tractor in place (Block 820). The tractor can be anchored in place using anchoring spikes, anchoring pads, or the like.

The method can also include removing slack from the cable after the tractor is anchored in place (Block 830). The slack can be removed from the cable by pulling at the surface or using other known or future know techniques.

The method can also include monitoring the well conditions, operation parameters, or combinations thereof. The monitoring can include hydraulic fracturing monitoring, detecting leaks in a casing, gas production, oil production, electrical submersible pump monitoring, gas lift mandrel monitoring, injection water breakthrough, cross flow shut-in, gas breakthrough, injection profile of water injection wells, steam injection monitoring, CO2 injection performance, zonal isolation monitoring, monitoring for flow behind casing, or other temporary or permanent monitoring operations. The cable can acquire data to aid in fracture height determination, zonal flow contribution determination, evaluation of well stimulation, optimization of gas lift operations, optimization of electrical submersible pumps, other wellbore data, operation data, or production data, or combinations thereof.

The monitoring can be performed in any type of well. Illustrative wells include subsea wells, vertical wells, and horizontal wells. The monitoring can be permanent monitoring or temporary monitoring.

FIG. 9 depicts an example method of placing a cable in a well for hydraulic fracturing and logging in a horizontal well. The method 900 includes connecting the cable with a plug, tractor, and logging tool (Block 910). The plug can be a packer or other sealing device. The tractor can be battery operated or powered by the cable.

The method 900 also includes conveying the tractor, plug, and logging tool to a desired location within a well (Block 920). The desired location can be any location in the well. The desired location can be at the toe of a horizontal portion of the well, within an intermediate location of a horizontal portion of the well, or any other portion of the well.

The method also includes anchoring the tractor and removing slack from the cable (Block 930). The method also includes setting the plug (Block 940). The plug can isolate the tractor and logging tool from pressure in the well, corrosive fracturing fluids, or other wellbore condition uphole of the tractor and logging tool. The method includes pumping fracturing fluid into the well (Block 950). The method also includes monitoring the fracturing operation using the cable (Block 960). The monitoring can include obtaining real-time measurements of cable temperature, temperature increase or decrease, vibration, strain measurement, or other parameters.

The method also includes pumping diverter fluid into the well (Block 950). The method also includes repeating the fracturing and pumping of divert fluid until desired state of production is obtained (Block 970). The method also includes deactivating the plug and reversing the tractor out of the well (Block 980). The method also includes logging with the logging tool as the tractor is reversed out of the well (Block 990).

In one or more embodiments of the method, the method can also include monitoring production with the cable as the tractor is reversed out of the well.

In one or more embodiments of the methods disclosed herein the cable can be connected with the tractor, a perforating gun, a logging tool, or combinations thereof. For example, the cable can be connected with a perforating gun and tractor, and the perforating gun can be used to perforate the well before the well is fractured. In another example, the cable can be connected with a perforating gun, tractor, logging tool, and a plug. The well can be perforated, the plug can be set, fracturing operations carried out, and logging can be performed as the tractor is reversed out of the well. Of course, other combinations of downhole hole equipment can be added to the tool string allowing for real-time monitoring using the cable and performance of multiple operations to be performed on a well in a single trip.

FIG. 10 depicts an example cable for monitoring in a well. The cable 1000 can include a cable core that includes a plurality of conductors 1100 and a plurality of cable components 1200. The conductors 1100 can be any conductor. Illustrative conductors include stranded conductors, fiber optic conductors, other conductors described herein, other know or future known conductors, or combinations thereof. The cable components 1200 can be filler rods, incompressible polymer rods, metallic rods, other now known or future known components, or any combination thereof.

The cable core can have a first armor layer 1300 and a second armor layer 1400 disposed thereabout. The armor layers 1300 and 1400 can include any number of armor wires. The armor layers can be filled with polymer, and the polymer in each armor layer can be bond together. In one or more embodiments, a jacket or the like can separate the first armor layer 1300 from the second armor layer 1400.

For a hepta cable the cable can be connected with the downhole tool in surface power supply using a 3 by 3 configuration. Three conductors can be used for power delivery and 3 conductors can be used for heating. Other configuration can be used. For example, all conductors can be used for heating by connecting in loop, where three conductors are connected to positive of power supply and three conductors are connected to negative of the power supply, and at the tool string a switch can be used to open the loop and connect the conductors to the a designated circuit for power delivery.

In another embodiment, power delivery and heating can be done at the same time. For example, three conductors can be connected to positive at the surface and three conductors can be connected to negative at surface, two or more conductors can be in series for heating application, and the remaining conductive paths can connected to designated tool circuit for power delivery using one conductive path as the return; and when the tractor is stopped the wheels can be retracted allowing for power delivery while avoiding movement.

The cables disclosed herein can be connected with downhole tools and surface power in various ways allowing for continuous power delivery and heating, selective power delivery and heating, or combinations thereof. The connections can be made using now known or future known techniques. The connections can include switches, microprocessors, or other devices to control power delivery and heating.

Although example assemblies, methods, systems have been described herein, the scope of coverage of this patent is not limited thereto. On the contrary, this patent covers every method, nozzle assembly, and article of manufacture fairly falling within the scope of the appended claims either literally or under the doctrine of equivalents.

Claims

1. A cable for use in a well, wherein the cable comprises: a cable core comprising: a pair of half-shell conductors;an insulated optical fiber located between the pair of half-shell conductors; andan optical fiber conductor jacket disposed about the pair of half-shell conductors.

2. The cable of claim 1, wherein the cable core comprises a plurality of optical fiber conductors.

3. The cable of claim 2, wherein the cable core comprises cable components located in interstitial spaces between the plurality of optical fiber conductors.

4. The cable of claim 3, wherein the cable core comprises a non-conductive material filling void spaces in the cable core.

5. The cable of claim 4, wherein a core jacket is disposed about the plurality of optical fiber conductors, the cable components, and the non-conductive material.

6. The cable of claim 5, a layer of foamed-cell polymer disposed about the core jacket.

7. The cable of claim 6, further comprising an outer jacket disposed about the layer of foamed-cell polymer.

8. The cable of claim 7, further comprising a seam-weld tube about the outer jacket, wherein the seam-welded tube is at least partially embedded into the outer jacket.

9. The cable of claim 3, further comprising a layer of foamed-cell polymer disposed about the cable components and the plurality of optical fiber conductors.

10. A system for monitoring fracturing operations, wherein the system comprises: a cable comprising: a pair of half-shell conductors;an insulated optical fiber located between the pair of half-shell conductors; andan optical fiber conductor jacket disposed about the pair of half-shell conductors; anda tool string connected with the cable, wherein the tool string comprises an anchor.

11. The system of claim 10, wherein the tool string comprises a logging tool.

12. A method of fracturing a well, wherein the method comprises: conveying a cable and tool string to a first zone of the well;anchoring the cable and tool string in the well;applying fracturing fluid to the first zone; andmonitoring the fracturing by using the optical fiber conductor of the cable to acquire cable temperature data, temperature increase data, temperature decrease data, vibration data, strain data, or combinations thereof.

13. The method of claim 12, further comprising plugging fractures in the first zone.

14. The method of claim 13, further comprising moving the cable and tool string to a second zone, and monitoring the fracturing of the second zone.

15. The method of claim 14, further comprising opening the plugged fractures in the first zone, and producing the first zone and second zone with the cable and tool string in the well.