BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The invention is explained in further detail, and by way of example, with reference to the accompanying drawings wherein:
FIG. 1 illustrates typical service areas in which mobile terminals are used;
FIG. 2 shows a basic architecture of a mobile terminal with dual radio interfaces;
FIG. 3 illustrates a method for seamlessly roaming between a WWAN and a WLAN;
FIG. 4 shows a circuit for adding extra information as analog signals in a calling mobile terminal, in accordance with one embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 5 shows a circuit for demodulating the extra information added as analog signals in a called mobile terminal, in accordance with one embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 6 shows a circuit for adding the extra information as digital signals in a calling mobile terminal, in accordance with one embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 7 shows a circuit for extracting the extra information inserted as digital signals in a called mobile terminal, in accordance with one embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 8 shows a circuit for adding extra information as analog signals in a calling mobile terminal, in accordance with another embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 9 shows a circuit for demodulating the extra information added as analog signals in a called mobile terminal, in accordance with another embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 10 shows a circuit for adding the extra information as digital signals in a calling mobile terminal, in accordance with another embodiment of the invention; and
FIG. 11 shows a circuit for extracting the extra information inserted as digital signals in a called mobile terminal, in accordance with another embodiment of the invention.
Throughout the drawings, the same reference numerals indicate similar or corresponding features or functions.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
FIG. 2 shows a basic architecture of a mobile terminal 10 with dual radio interfaces—WWAN and WLAN interfaces—for use in the invention. When a user tries to make a call with mobile terminal 10, a user agent, which is responsible for profile management, service mediation, etc., will first make a WWAN call. After the call is set up, the user agent will determine which radio interface to use based on the user profile and the available radio interfaces. The user profile contains information about the radio interface preferences, handover permission during an active connection, etc. For example, if the user prefers a connection via the WLAN interface, the user agent will, after setting up the WWAN call, try to connect both parties via a WLAN. After the WLAN call (e.g., a voice or video call) is successfully set up, the WWAN call will be released without the user's direct involvement.
FIG. 3 illustrates a method 20 for seamlessly roaming between a WWAN and a WLAN, according to one embodiment of the invention. When a party enters into a hotspot, the user agent of this party's mobile terminal will detect the types of wireless services available. When the party tries to make a call, the user agent of this calling party's mobile terminal will make a call via a WWAN in a conventional way, using the MSISDN (Mobile Station International ISDN Number) of a called mobile terminal (steps S22 and S26). After the WWAN call is properly set up, the user agent of the calling mobile terminal will decide which radio interface to use based on the user profile of the calling party. If a WLAN is preferred, and the WLAN interface is available, the user agent will send extra information including a handover request together with information about the IP address, user profile, etc. of the calling mobile terminal to the called mobile terminal for handing over the call to the WLAN (step S32). The extra information is transferred using the short message service (SMS) or the watermarking technology. The watermarking technology allows the extra information to be hidden within the voice, as will be described later.
Upon receiving the handover request, the user agent of the called mobile terminal will decide whether to accept the request, based on its own user profile and the available radio interface of the called mobile terminal. If the called mobile terminal agrees to hand over the call to the WLAN, its user agent will send similar extra information including a handover accept response together with information about the IP address, user profile, etc. of the called mobile terminal to the calling mobile terminal, using the SMS or the watermarking technology (step S36). The calling mobile terminal will then initiate a call (e.g., a voice or video call) via a WLAN, using the received IP address of the called mobile terminal (steps S42 and S46). When the WLAN call has been successfully set up, the WWAN call may be released (steps S52 and S56). After the WLAN call is completed, it will also be released (steps S62 and S66).
In the above, during an active WLAN call, one of the parties may leave a WLAN service area. In such case, the user agent of this party's mobile terminal will recognize a change in the radio signals. If the calling party is leaving the area, the user agent of the calling mobile terminal will try to initiate a new WWAN call to the called mobile terminal. On the other hand, if the called party is leaving the area, the user agent of the called mobile terminal will send a handover request via the WLAN to the calling mobile terminal to initiate a new WWAN call. This new WWAN call will be automatically accepted by the called mobile terminal. After the new WWAN call is successfully set up, the WLAN call will be immediately released by both parties. Optionally, the called mobile terminal may also initiate the new WWAN call to the calling mobile terminal when the called party is leaving the area.
In the above, the handovers from a WWAN to a WLAN and vice versa are transparent to both users, so that the talk between them is not affected. Also, the parties may communicate with each other via two WLAN networks, within each of which one party is present, that are connected via Internet.
The watermarking technology as used in the invention will now be described. By using this technology, the extra information (i.e., the handover request, IP address, user profile, etc.) is exchanged along with the voice in one channel, e.g., the voice channel between two mobile terminals. Such exchanges will not affect the normal voice conversation, since during a typical telephone conversation, 50% of the time is used for listening and 10% of the time is used for pausing between words and sentences. Therefore, there are sufficient resources for exchanging the extra information, without requiring modifications to the existing network infrastructure. The extra information may be added by the user agent in a mobile terminal as either analog signals or digital signals.
FIG. 4 shows a circuit 50 for adding the extra information (i.e., the handover request, IP address, user's profile, etc.) in the voice channel of a calling mobile terminal, in accordance with one embodiment of the invention. Circuit 50 includes a silence control circuit 54, a modulation circuit 56, and a time division multiplexer 62. The user agent of the calling mobile terminal provides the extra information in the form of a digital sequence to modulation circuit 56 for modulation into analog signals. When silence control circuit 54 detects a silence period in the input voice, it sends a control signal to modulation circuit 56. Upon receiving the control signal, modulation circuit 56 outputs the extra information in an analog form to multiplexer 62. Multiplexer 62 time multiplexes the voice input with the extra information and sends a combined output to an ADC for transmitting to a called mobile terminal in a voice channel.
The extra information can be modulated as some patterns of frequencies in the voice band (0˜4000 Hz). For example, the Dual Tone Multi Frequency (DTMF) technique may be used to transfer 16 digits (0˜9, A˜F). Frequencies that last certain time durations (e.g., 5 ms) stand for a symbol. As an example, the combined frequencies of 1336 Hz and 770 Hz stand for 6, and the combined frequencies of 1477 Hz and 852 Hz stand for 8. If a party wants to transmit “68”, the frequencies to be added into the voice will be |1336 Hz+700 Hz| simultaneously for 5 ms and |1477 Hz+852 Hz| simultaneously for 5 ms.
FIG. 5 shows a circuit 70 for demodulating the extra information received by a called mobile terminal in the voice channel, in accordance with one embodiment of the invention. Frequency detection circuit 70 includes a frequency detection circuit 72 and a demodulation circuit 76. Frequency detection circuit 72 receives combined analog signals from a digital-to-analog converter (DAC), including both the voice and the extra information. Circuit 72 recognizes the frequencies used for representing symbols, and outputs the recognized frequencies to demodulation circuit 76 for decoding the pre-defined frequency patterns to extract the extra information. For example, if the frequency patterns |1336 Hz+700 Hz| and |1477 Hz+852 Hz| described above are recognized by frequency detection circuit 72 and output to demodulation circuit 76, demodulation circuit 76 will decode the frequency patterns and output a digital sequence of “68”.
To reduce decoding errors, the maximum time duration for the same frequency pattern is defined. For example, the same frequency that lasts longer than 50 ms is not allowed. If a calling mobile terminal sends more than 10 identical digits within a time duration over 50 ms (i.e., 10×5 ms), a disturbance frequency pattern (e.g., 11888 Hz+888 Hz|) will be added after the 10th digit. The called mobile terminal can locate the disturbance frequency pattern after the 10 identical digits. For instance, when the calling mobile terminal sends a digital sequence of 999,999,999,999 to the called mobile terminal, it will be sent as 9,999,999,999, x99, where x represents a disturbance frequency pattern. At the called mobile terminal, the received sequence 9,999,999,999, x99 will be restored to 999,999,999,999.
FIG. 6 shows a circuit 80 for adding the extra information as digital signals in a calling mobile terminal in accordance with one embodiment of the invention. Circuit 80 includes a silence control circuit 82 and a watermarking circuit 83. Silence control circuit 82 detects silent periods in the input voice and upon detecting a silent period, provides a control signal to watermarking circuit 83. Watermarking circuit 83 receives the extra information, including the IP address, user profile, etc. from the user agent and upon receiving the control signal, outputs the extra information to a time multiplexer 84. Watermarking circuit 83 may be implemented with a latch circuit. An ADC 86 converts the input voice into digital signals and provides the digital signals to a coding circuit 88 for coding to comply with a specific communication standard (e.g., GSM). The output from coding circuit 88 and the extra information from watermarking circuit 83 will be time multiplexed by multiplexer 84 to provide a combined output for baseband processing. In this way, the extra information is inserted in the silent periods of the input voice.
FIG. 7 shows a watermarking detection circuit 90 for extracting the extra information inserted as digital signals, in a called mobile terminal in accordance with one embodiment of the invention. Watermarking detection circuit 90 detects a pair of pre-defined digital sequences (described below in detail) from the input voice to recover the extra information. The voice will be allowed to pass through watermarking detection circuit 90 and will be output to a decoding circuit 96, which decodes the voice in accordance with a specific communication standard. A digital-to-analog (DAC) 98 converts the decoded voice into analog signals and provides them to an output device.
In FIGS. 6 and 7, a pre-defined digital sequence is used for marking the start point and end point of the extra information. For example, a digital sequence 1010101010101010 may be used for marking the start and end of the extra information. All the extra information must be enclosed within a pair of two such sequences. If the extra information or the input voice contains the same sequence pattern as the start or the end sequence, then this sequence pattern must be transformed. For example, if the extra information contains 1010101010101010, this sequence will be changed to 101010101010101110, with “11” being inserted in between the last two bits.
In addition, since DTMF signal cannot be imitated by human voice, with the watermarking technology, the extra information can be mixed with voice and exchanged in the voice channel in spite of whether there is a silence or not.
FIG. 8 shows a circuit 100 for adding the extra information as analog signals in a calling mobile terminal, in accordance with another embodiment of the invention. The circuit 100 includes a watermarking modulation circuit 104 and a multiplexer 102. The user agent of the calling mobile terminal provides the extra information in the form of a digital sequence to the watermarking modulation circuit 104 for modulation into DTMF-like analog signals. The watermarking modulation circuit 104 outputs the extra information in DTMF-like analog form to the multiplexer 102. When the user is speaking, the multiplexer 102 multiplexes the input voice with the extra information and sends a combined output to the ADC for transmitting to a called mobile terminal in the voice channel. When the user isn't speaking, the multiplexer 102 only sends the extra information to the ADC.
FIG. 9 shows a circuit 110 for demodulating the extra information added as analog signals in a called mobile terminal, in accordance with another embodiment of the invention. The circuit 110 includes a signal detection circuit 112, a signal filtering circuit 114 and a watermarking demodulation circuit 116. The signal detection circuit 112 receives the voice or combined analog signal from the DAC, including both the voice and the extra information in DTMF-like analog form. If the signal from the DAC is only the voice, the signal detection circuit 112 will disable the signal filtering circuit 114 and the voice will pass through the signal filtering circuit 114 without any modification. If the signal from the DAC is the combined analog signal, the signal detection circuit 112 will demultiplex separate DTMF-like analog signal from the combined analog signal, then feed the DTMF-like analog signal to the watermarking demodulation circuit 116. The watermarking demodulation circuit 116 will demodulate the extra information from the DTMF-like analog signal and then output the extra information in digital form. At the same time, the signal detection circuit 112 will enable the signal filtering circuit 114 and feed the combined analog signal to the signal filtering circuit 114, then the signal filtering circuit 114 will filter the DTMF-like analog signal from the combined analog signal, and output the voice signal.
FIG. 10 shows a circuit 120 for adding the extra information as digital signals in a calling mobile terminal in accordance with another embodiment of the invention. The circuit 120 includes an ADC 124, a time multiplexer 122 and a digital watermarking modulation circuit 126. The digital watermarking modulation circuit 126 receives the extra information and outputs the extra information in DTMF-like digital signal form to the time multiplexer 122. The ADC 124 converts the input voice into digital signals. The voice digital signal from the ADC 124 and the DTMF-like digital signal from the digital watermarking modulation circuit 126 will be time multiplexed by the multiplexer 122 to provide a combined output for subsequent processing. When the user isn't speaking, the multiplexer 122 only outputs the extra information.
FIG. 11 shows a circuit 130 for extracting the extra information inserted as digital signals, in a called mobile terminal in accordance with another embodiment of the invention. The circuit 130 includes a digital signal detection circuit 132, a digital signal filtering circuit 134, a digital watermarking demodulation circuit 136 and a DAC 138. The digital signal detection circuit 132 receives the voice digital signal or combined digital signal, including both the voice digital signal and the extra information in DTMF-like digital form. If there is only the voice digital signal, the digital signal detection circuit 132 will disable the digital signal filtering circuit 134 and the voice digital signal will pass through the digital signal filtering circuit 134 without any modification. If there is the combined digital signal, the digital signal detection circuit 132 will demultiplex separate DTMF-like digital signal from the combined digital signal, then feed the DTMF-like digital signal to the digital watermarking demodulation circuit 136. The digital watermarking demodulation circuit 136 will decode the extra information from the DTMF-like digital signal and then output the extra information in digital form. At the same time, the digital signal detection circuit 132 will enable the digital signal filtering circuit 134 and feed the combined digital signal to the signal filtering circuit 134, then the signal filtering circuit 134 will filter the DTMF-like analog signal from the combined digital signal, and output the voice digital signal. The DAC 138 converts the voice digital signal into analog signal and outputs the voice to a subsequent device.
In the above, the invention has been illustrated in conjunction with a WWAN and WLAN. However, the invention may be used for roaming between any two wireless communication networks.
The present invention may be embodied as methods, communication devices, communication systems, and/or computer program products. Accordingly, the present invention may be embodied in hardware and/or in software (including firmware, resident software, micro-code, etc.). Furthermore, the present invention may take the form of a computer program product on a computer-usable or computer-readable storage medium having computer-usable or computer-readable program code embodied in the medium for use by or in connection with an instruction execution system. In the context of this document, a computer-usable or computer-readable medium may be any medium that can contain, store, communicate, propagate, or transport the program for use by or in connection with the instruction execution system, apparatus, or device.
While the invention has been described in conjunction with specific embodiments, it is evident that many alternatives, modifications and variations will be apparent to those skilled in the art in light of the foregoing description. Accordingly, it is intended to embrace all such alternatives, modifications and variations as fall within the spirit and scope of the appended claims.
Patent Application
20080096565
