Methods and compositions for controlling insects

Abstract

Compositions and methods for controlling insects by co-expressing an amino acid oxidase and a second enzyme that provides insecticidal activity when present in a mixture with the amino acid oxidase are disclosed. Also disclosed are DNA and protein sequences, and transformed microorganisms and plants useful for achieving such insect control.

Description

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

[0002] This invention relates to compositions and methods for controlling coleopteran insects by use of two proteins in combination which may be applied directly to the plant or produced thereon by microorganisms or by genetically modifying the plant to produce the proteins, to genes encoding these proteins, to methods for identifying such genes and proteins, and to recombinant microorganisms and plants capable of expressing these genes for use in controlling plant infestation by the target coleopteran insects.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0003] The control of insect pests by naturally occurring proteins is a well established practice. The most commonly used insect control proteins are the endotoxins derived from Bacillus thuringiensis (B.t.) that are used to control both lepidopteran and coleopteran insect pests. Expression of these proteins in transgenic plants also confers protection against certain insect pests (Barton et al., 1987; Fischhoff et al., 1987 Perlak et al., 1990; Vaeck et al., 1987).

[0004] A variety of insect pests that cause significant economic losses were not previously known to be controlled by B.t. endotoxins. Boll weevil (BWV), Anthonomus grandis, corn rootworm (CRW), Diabroticla spp., and wireworm (WW), Melanotus spp. are examples of coleopteran insect pests that inflict significant crop damage yet, until recently were not known to be controlled by known B.t. endotoxins. Thus, it would be useful to identify new insecticidal proteins which, alone or in combination, are able to control these coleopteran insects. Furthermore, it would be useful to identify new insecticidal proteins with different modes of action to delay the development of B.t. endotoxin resistance in coleopteran pests such as the Colorado potato beetle (CPB), Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), that are currently controlled by certain B.t. endotoxins (Krieg et al., 1983).

[0005] Preparations of enzymes from several different sources are available from Sigma Chemical Company (St. Louis, Mo.) and other suppliers. Amino acid oxidases can also be obtained from sources including, but not limited to snake venom, mammalian, and avian sources (Bright and Porter, 1975). Lysine and other amino acid oxidases (E.C. 1.4.3.2) are naturally produced by micro-organisms such as Trichoderma sp., Neurospora sp., Penicillium sp., and Proteus sp. (Kusakabe et al., 1979; 1980; Niederman and Lerch, 1990; Knight, 1948; Stumpf and Green, 1944). Although lysine oxidase has been shown to have antitumor activity (Kusakabe et al., 1979; Id., 1980), there have been no reports of insecticidal activity associated with this enzyme. Also, there have been no reports of insecticidal activity being associated with an amino acid oxidase enzyme when combined with any other compound. However, we have unexpectedly found that a composition comprising a lysine oxidase and a previously unidentified Mr 50,000 protein yield potent insecticidal activity when combined in a mixture and ingested by an insect. The Mr 50,000 protein is described herein as a tedanalactam synthase shown herein to have at is least one enzyme activity in which Δ1-piperideine-2-carboxylate is converted to tedanalactam. Described herein are methods for using a combination of lysine oxidase and tedanalactam synthase to control infestation of plants by insect pests.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0006] This invention relates generally to novel compositions and methods for the control of undesired insects. It is therefore a particular object of the present invention to present materials and methods used in the preparation of compositions and plants capable of controlling insect infestation when ingested by the insect. It is also an object of the present invention to provide protein compositions capable of controlling BWV, CRW, WW, CPB or other insect pests, and genes useful in producing such proteins. It is a further object of the present invention to provide genetic constructs for and methods of inserting such genetic material into microorganisms and plant cells. It is another object of the present invention to provide transformed microorganisms and plants containing such genetic material. Still another object of this invention relates to methods and reagents such as polynucleotides and antibodies, and the use of such methods and reagents in kit form, for detecting the individual molecules which comprise the active compositions as noted herein. In addition, variants of the molecules which comprise the active compositions are also contemplated by this invention.

[0007] Among the several advantages found to be achieved by the present invention, therefore, may be noted the provision of a composition containing at least two proteins, lysine oxidase enzyme and tedanalactam synthase enzyme, which is capable of controlling insects, particularly coleopteran insects. These two proteins cause mortality and stunting of larvae of coleopteran insects when co-ingested. The proteins may be applied directly to plants or introduced in other ways such as through the application of plant-colonizing microorganisms or by transformed plants generated using recombinant DNA methods wherein the recombinant plants express genes encoding these enzymes.

[0008] In accomplishing the foregoing, there is provided, in accordance with one aspect of the present invention, a method of controlling insect infestation of plants comprising providing a composition containing at least a lysine or amino acid oxidase along with a second enzyme, which is preferably a tedanalactam synthase, for ingestion by the insect. It is apparent that neither protein alone is able to confer any insecticidal activity. However, it is the combination of the amino acid oxidase along with the second enzyme which is effective in confering insecticidal activity upon ingestion of such a composition by an insect. The composition, upon ingestion by the insect, contains a sufficient insecticidal amount of the proteins, such that the insect is unable to survive or is rendered incapable of causing further damage to a plant to which the composition has been applied. The composition contains a first enzyme which is a lysine oxidase enzyme, and a second enzyme which is capable of converting Δ1-piperideine-2-carboxylate to tedanalactam. The proteins in the composition are preferably isolated from extracts of fungal species fermentations in which the extracts have been shown to exhibit insecticidal activity. The fungal species herein which produces an insecticidally effective extract composition was determined to be a Trichoderma species of fungi, and in particular a Trichoderma viride. Another Monsanto Company fungal isolate was designated as Trichoderma sp. F22844 also produces an insecticidally effective extract composition. The genes encoding the proteins in the illustrative composition are therefore preferably isolated from a Trichoderma species of fungi, however, other uncharacterized fungal species are believed to contain at least a lysine oxidase gene and a second protein which, in combination provide efficacious insecticidal activity.

[0009] The composition can contain as the second enzyme a protein which is approximately 50,000 Da, which is also recognized by one skilled in the art as a protein or enzyme which is approximately Mr 50,000. It is believed that the second enzyme can be isolated from any number of species, however it is preferably isolated from a species which produces compounds which exhibit coleopteran insecticidal activity, and more preferably isolated from a fungal species. It is also believed that any fungal species which exhibits coleopteran insecticidal activity and also produces a lysine oxidase may also produce a second enzyme which in combination with the lysine oxidase confers effective insecticidal activity when ingested by target insect. Furthermore, any species which produces a lysine oxidase and which also contains a gene which hybridizes under stringent conditions to a Trichoderma species gene encoding an approximately Mr 50,000 Da protein which converts Δ1-piperideine-2-carboxylate to tedanalactam may confer effective insecticidal activity when a composition containing both enzymes is ingested by a target insect. The property of converting Δ1-piperideine-2-carboxylate to tedanalactam may be independent of the property which, in combination with an amino acid oxidase confers insecticidal activity upon the composition when ingested by the insect. It is intended that the composition not be limited to a combination of an amino acid oxidase and a tedanalactam synthase, but conceivably could also include the combination of a gene encoding an amino acid oxidase and a gene encoding a tedanalactam synthase, together with all necessary genetic regulatory elements required for expression, including repression and activation, transcription and translation, and post-transcriptional and post-translational modification signals incorporated therein. The genes as described could also be present either alone or in combination with each other on a single replicon.

[0010] The composition which confers coleopteran insecticidal activity is directed preferably to coleopteran species selected from the group consisting of Diabrotica species, Melanotus species, Leptinotarsa species, and Anthonomus species. Moreover, the composition is directed to controlling insects selected from the group consisting of boll weevil (BWV), corn rootworm (CRW), corn wireworm (WW), and the Colorado potato beetle (CPB).

[0011] The compositions in particular can contain the indicated enzymes in a mixture in which the molar ratios of the two enzymes are generally such that effective insect control is manifested. Insect control can be effected when the amino acid oxidase and the tedanalactam synthase are present within the composition in molar ratios of about 100:1 to about 1:1 respectively, or when the ratios are about 10:1 to about 1:1, respectively, or when the ratios of the two proteins are present from about 1:10 to about 1: 1, or when the ratios of the two proteins are present from about 1:100 to about 1:1, respectively. In addition, effective concentrations of these proteins in a composition in which the proteins are each present from about one part per million to about 10 parts per million are effective in conferring insecticidal activity and control. The most effective insecticidal activity is conferred when the proteins are each present in a composition from about one part per million to about 20 parts per million.

[0012] Another aspect of the present invention provides the structural genes which encode the enzymes which are the active components in the insecticidal compositions. Briefly, the genes can be isolated from genomic DNA and from cDNA molecules which are obtained by isolating mRNA from species which are shown to produce these enzymes. The structural genes encoding these enzymes, which may also be isolated as proenzymes or precursor proteins, preferably are identified by first isolating the active components or enzymes from extracts of organisms which produce these enzymes. Isolated enzymes can be digested with proteolytic enzymes, and amino acid sequences of proteolytic peptide fragments can be characterized. Redundant nucleotide probes corresponding to the characterized peptide fragments can be produced based on the deduced amino acid sequences, and used as probes or primers for identifying or amplifying particular segments of mRNA, cDNA, or genomic polynucleotides. Full length mRNA, full length cDNA, and uninterrupted full length genes can be further identified and isolated.

[0013] In accordance with other aspects of the present invention, there are provided methods and compositions for producing genetically transformed plants which express an amount of a lysine or other amino acid oxidase along with a second enzyme or tedanalactam synthase effective to control coleopteran insects. Recombinant plasmids have been produced which contain regulatory elements which function in plants for producing messenger RNA molecules, from which the proteins of the present invention are translated. Expression cassettes are disclosed which contain various elements alone or in combination for enabling the production of the amino acid oxidase or the tedanalactam synthase. Specifically, the amino acid oxidase gene is provided in a cassette comprising a polynucleotide sequence flanked 5′ by a promoter which functions in plants to cause the production of an RNA sequence is operably linked to an intron and a DNA sequence which functions in plants as a targeting signal or transit peptide and flanked 3′ by a DNA sequence which functions in plants to cause the addition of a 3′ non-translated polyadenylated nucleotide sequence to the 3′ end of the RNA is fused 3′ to the amino acid oxidase gene so that the expression of the cassette is under the control of the promoter. There are numerous alternatives to this construction, some of which are provided herein in specific examples. For example, the intron and targeting sequence can be replaced by a 5′ non-translated leader sequence; or the non-translated leader can be removed; the intron can be inserted between the non-translated leader and the oxidase gene or between the leader and the targeting sequence. The tedanalactam synthase can be assembled in a similar fashion, and specific examples are provided herein. An expression cassette for producing an amino acid oxidase can be combined into a single vector along with a cassette for producing a tedanalactam synthase so that delivery of both cassettes for simultaneous expression either in a plant or other organism such as a bacterium or fungi is also contemplated. Also, in a plant it is possible to express one of the cassettes in one tissue type, for example in roots, and express the other cassette in another tissue type, for example in leaves. It may also be possible to produce the proteins separately temporally or spatially, but in the same tissue type. For example, expression of one cassette in young leaves and the other cassette later in the same leaves is contemplated, however co-expression is normally desirable. The expression cassette can be designed to function in plants by using plant specific regulatory elements such as promoters, introns, targeting sequences, non-translated leaders, and 3′ polyadenylation sequences. The expression cassette can also be designed to function in prokaryotic systems as contemplated and described herein, also by using prokaryotic specific regulatory elements. The cassettes described herein can be inserted into plants by high velocity DNA coated particle projectile bombardment, by naked DNA protoplast transformation, or by bacterial mediated methods known in the art.

[0014] In describing this particular embodiment of the invention, it should be understood that expression of the amino acid oxidase, which can also be a precursor or proenzyme, and tedanalactam synthase can be controlled by two independent promoters from two separate and independent transcriptional units. It should also be understood that a single promoter could be used to drive expression of a single transcription unit containing an in frame translational fusion of both proteins. The hybrid polyprotein could then be post-translationally cleaved to yield both proteins by previously described schemes (Halpin and Ryan, WO 95/17514). Another advantage achieved by the present invention provides a peptide fusion to be produced from the genes encoding the two enzymes wherein the coding sequences of the two genes are fused in frame to allow for the expression of a recombinant gene encoding an in-frame translational peptide fusion of the amino acid oxidase and the tedanalactam synthase. The fusion can be one in which either enzyme is amino terminal with respect to the other. The fusion can be post-translationally cleaved by a plant endogenous endoprotease to produce an insecticidally active composition in the plant tissues so that lysine oxidase and tedanalactam synthase are present as separate and individual molecules. Alternatively, the fusion can be post-translationally cleaved by an endogenous insect endoprotease, generally found within the midgut of contemplated insect targets, so that the cleavage of the fusion protein produces an insecticidally active composition while within the midgut of the feeding insect.

[0015] In keeping with this aspect of the present invention, is the provision for a variety of promoters for transcriptional initiation and expression of the contemplated genes, in particular in plants. A number of promoters which are active in plant cells have been described in the literature. Such promoters may be obtained from plants or plant viruses and include, but are not limited to the nopaline synthase (NOS) and octopine synthase (OCS) promoters, which are carried on tumor-inducing plasmids generally found within virulent and non-virulent strains of Agrobacterium tumefaciens, the cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 19S and 35S promoters, the light-inducible ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase small subunit promoter(ssRUBISCO), and the Figwort Mosaic Virus 35S promoter (FMV). All of these promoters have been used to create various types of DNA constructs which have been expressed in plants (see for example Barry et al. U.S. Pat. No. 5,463,175, which is herein incorporated by reference). Particularly desirable promoters which are contemplated because of their constitutive nature are the Cauliflower Mosaic Virus 35S (CaMV35S) and the Figwort Mosaic Virus 35S (FMV35S) promoters which have previously been shown to produce high levels of expression in most plant organs. Other preferred promoters are root enhanced or root tissue specific promoters such as the Cauliflower Mosaic Virus derived AS4 promoter (also designated as the 4×as-1 or the 4as-1 promoter), the tobacco RB7 promoter, or the rice RC2 promoter (Lam et al., 1991; Yamamoto et al., 1991; Xu et al., 1995). The root enhanced or root tissue specific promoters would be particularly preferred for the control of corn rootworm (Diabrotica spp.) in transgenic corn plants. Other promoters are also contemplated which would direct tissue specific targeted expression are also contemplated, for example in tissue such as leaves, meristem, flower, fruit and organs of reproductive character. IN addition, chimeric promoters are also envisioned.

[0016] Other expression regulatory elements are considered to be of importance, especially in contemplation of transformed plant tissue or transformed plant cell expression. These elements comprise at least non-translated sequences and introns. For example, transcriptional events leading to RNA production from the contemplated DNA constructs as set forth herein could contain 5′ non-translated leader sequences. These sequences can be derived from new or existing promoters which are selected for gene expression, and can be specifically modified so as to increase translational efficiency of the mRNA. A plant gene leader sequence which has been shown to be particularly useful in the present invention is the petunia heat shock protein 70 leader (hsp70)(Winter et al., 1988). It has also been shown that introns are preferred for optimum expression in monocotyledenous plants. Any number of introns could function for this purpose, and without intending any limitation these could be selected from the group consisting of the maize hsp70 intron and the rice actin intron. Another nontranslated regulatory element of particular importance in plant systems are DNA sequences which function in plants to cause the addition of a 3′ non-translated polyadenylated nucleotide sequence to the 3′ end of an RNA sequence produced as a result of transcription from an indicated promoter sequence. These particular non-translated sequences are also commonly known as polyadenylation sequences or signals.

[0017] A further embodiment provides for the targeted delivery of a gene product to a particular organellar compartment, such as a vacuole, a mitochondrion, a chloroplast, a plastid, an endoplasmic reticulum compartment, a Golgi compartment, or even the nuclear or nucleolar domains. Particular peptide sequences have been shown to be necessary in obtaining efficient delivery of protein products to these sites, in particular signal peptides, signal sequences, and targeting sequences. Targeting signals or transit peptides contemplated herein, without intending to be limited to these, can be selected from the group consisting of a rice malate dehydrogenase amino terminal peroxisomal targeting signal and a maize ATP synthase beta subunit mitochondrial transit peptide.

[0018] A further embodiment of the present invention provides for the insertion of one or more of the contemplated expression cassettes along with any expression regulatory elements into the genome of a plant cell to form a stable recombinant plant cell. In one embodiment the DNA inserted into the plant genome would be comprised of a single cassette encoding a fusion peptide formed from the gene fusions described above, along with regulatory elements necessary for expression of the gene fusion. In another embodiment, the DNA inserted into the genome would be comprised of a single cassette encoding only an amino acid oxidase or a tedanalactam synthase, along with any regulatory elements necessary for expression of the gene. In the preferred embodiment, the DNA inserted into the plant genome would be comprised of a first gene cassette encoding an amino acid oxidase in which expression was controlled by a first promoter, and a second gene cassette encoding a tedanalactam synthase in which expression was controlled by a second promoter, along with any other necessary regulatory elements for expression of either gene. This embodiment contemplates that the first and the second promoters can be identical in sequence and function, or they can be different from each other, so long as each gene is expressed in an amount which provides a composition for controlling insect infestation of plants comprising a mixture of the enzymes when the mixture is ingested by a susceptible insect.

[0019] A further embodiment of the present invention provides methods for generating plants which express an insecticidally effective amount of a lysine or amino acid oxidase or proenzyme along with a tedanalactam synthase. The methods utilize contemplated DAN expression cassettes designed for producing either or both enzymes separately or in combination inserted into plasmids. The plasmid DNAs can be directly inserted into the genome of a plant by mechanical approaches, such as biolistic methods or by protoplast fusion techniques. A preferred method utilizes Agrobacterium mediated double border plant transformation, preferably using a DNA vector containing the desired expression cassette or cassettes flanked by Ti plasmid border recombination sequences in order to introduce the desired genes into the plant genome. The transformation procedure generally produces events which provides transformed plant cells selected on solid or in liquid media using any number of selectable markers known in the art, preferably glyphosate selectable markers such as GOX or EPSPS, antibiotic selectable markers, or others. Transformed cells obtained using these methods can be further regenerated to produce stably transformed genetically engineered plants which express insecticidally effective amounts of the amino acid oxidase or the tedanalactam synthase.

[0020] There is also provided, in accordance with another aspect of the present invention, transformed bacterial and plant cells that contain DNA comprised of the expressible gene cassettes as described above, along with appropriate control sequences necessary to provide for desired and appropriate expression of the coding sequences, producing insecticidally effective amounts of the enzymes. The control sequences can be any known in the art to function in a particular cell or organelle type. It is contemplated that the genes herein can be expressed in bacterial systems, plant nucleolar compartments, plant nuclear compartments, and in plant mitochondrial and chloroplast compartments. While particular examples of using the invention described herein to control corn rootworm in corn or Colorado potato beetle in potato are provided, it is understood that the methods of this invention could be applied to provide insect protection, and more preferably coleopteran insect protection, to plant species from the genera Fabaceae, Medicago, Trifolium, Vigna, Daucus, Arabidopsis, Brassica, Raphanus, Sinapis, Lycopersicon, Capsicum, Solanum, Nicotiana, Helianthus, Bromus, Asparagus, Panicum, Pennisetum, Cucumis, Lolium, Glycine, Triticum, Gossypium and Zea. In addition, forestry crop species from the genera Pinus, Populus, Eucalyptus, Acacia, Silex, and Larix are also prone to important coleopteran pest infestation which may be controlled by the methods and compositions described herein. Also, turf grass species such as St. Augustine (Stenotaphrum secundatum), Kentucky blue grass (Poa pratensis), and creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera) among others are susceptible to coleopteran pests such as white grub and the like which may also be controlled by the present invention. Insect pests which infest Roses (Rosa) and perennials such as Begonia, Pelagonium, Imaptiens, Tagetes, Viola, Petunia and Catharanthus and the like may also be subjects of the present invention.

FIGURE LEGENDS

[0021] FIG. 1 represents a plasmid map of pMON25061 which is a plant transformation vector containing a neomycin phosphotransferase selectable marker under the control of a cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter; and a tedanalactam synthase gene and lysine oxidase gene each under the control of separate root enhanced 4AS1 promoters.

[0022] FIG. 2 represents a plasmid map of pMON25049 which is an Agrobacterium mediated double border plant transformation vector containing a neomycin phosphotransferase selectable marker under the control of a cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter; a lysine oxidase gene fused to a petunia hsp70 leader sequence under the control of a figwort mosaic virus promoter; and a tedanalactam synthase gene fused to a petunia hsp70 leader sequence under the control of a figwort mosaic virus promoter.

[0023] FIG. 3 represents a plasmid map of pMON23671 which contains an 800 base pair cDNA fragment representing a portion of a lysine oxidase gene.

[0024] FIG. 4 represents a plasmid map of pMON23683 which contains a 650 base pair cDNA fragment representing a portion of the 3′ end of a lysine oxidase gene.

[0025] FIG. 5 represents a plasmid map of pMON23681which contains a 300 base pair cDNA fragment representing a portion of the 5′ end of a lysine oxidase gene.

[0026] FIG. 6 represents a plasmid map of pMON23680 which contains a genomic DNA fragment encoding a lysine oxidase gene.

[0027] FIG. 7 represents a plasmid map of pMON23684 which contains a genomic DNA fragment encoding a lysine oxidase gene.

[0028] FIG. 8 represents a plasmid map of pMON25421 which contains a cDNA fragment representing a partial coding sequence of a tedanalactam synthase gene.

[0029] FIG. 9 represents a plasmid map of pMON25422 which contains a cDNA fragment representing a partial coding sequence of a tedanalactam synthase gene.

[0030] FIG. 10 represents a plasmid map of pMON25424 which contains a full length cDNA representing the coding sequence of a tedanalactam synthase gene.

[0031] FIG. 11 represents a plasmid map of pMON25030 which represents a yeast expression vector containing a DNA fragment encoding a lysine oxidase.

[0032] FIG. 12 represents a plasmid map of pMON25428 which contains a cDNA fragment encoding a tedanalactam synthase under the control of an arabinose inducible promoter.

[0033] FIG. 13 represents a plasmid map of pMON19469 which is a monocot expression vector containing a cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter, an hsp70 intron, and a nopaline synthase polyadenylation sequence.

[0034] FIG. 14 represents a plasmid map of pMON25040 which contains a DNA sequence encoding a lysine oxidase variant under the control of a cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter.

[0035] FIG. 15 represents a plasmid map of pMON15786 which is a plant transient expression vector containing a neomycin phosphotransferase coding sequence fused to an hsp70 intron, under the control of a cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter.

[0036] FIG. 16 represents a plasmid map of pMON25041 which contains a DNA fragment encoding a lysine oxidase variant under the control of a cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter.

[0037] FIG. 17 represents a plasmid map of pMON30411 which is a plant transformation vector containing a tedanalactam synthase variant gene under the control of a cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter.

[0038] FIG. 18 represents a plasmid map of pMON30410 which is a plant transformation vector containing a tedanalactam synthase gene under the control of a cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter.

[0039] FIG. 19 represents a plasmid map of pMON30417 which is a plant transformation vector containing a neomycin phosphotransferase selectable marker, a tedanalactam synthase gene, and a lysine oxidase gene each under the control of a separate cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter.

[0040] FIG. 20 represents a plasmid map of pMON25058 which is a plant transient expression vector containing a lysine oxidase gene fused to an hsp70 intron under the control of a root tissue enhanced promoter.

[0041] FIG. 21 represents a plasmid map of pMON25043 which is a plant transient expression vector containing a tedanalactam synthase gene fused to an hsp70 leader under the control of a figwort mosaic virus promoter.

[0042] FIG. 22 represents a plasmid map of pMON10098 which is an Agrobacterium mediated double border plant transformation vector containing a neomycin phosphotransferase selectable marker under the control of a cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter.

[0043] FIG. 23 represents a plasmid map of pMON25046 which is an Agrobacterium mediated double border plant transformation vector containing a neomycin phosphotransferase selectable marker under the control of a cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter, and a tedanalactam synthase gene fused to an hsp70 leader under the control of a figwort mosaic virus promoter.

[0044] FIG. 24 represents a plasmid map of pMON25042 which contains a lysine oxidase gene fused to a petunia hsp70 leader sequence under the control of a figwort mosaic virus promoter.

[0045] FIG. 25 represents a plasmid map of pMON25050 which is an Agrobacterium mediated double border plant transformation vector containing a neomycin phosphotransferase selectable marker under the control of a cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter, and a lysine oxidase gene fused to a petunia hsp70 leader sequence under the control of a figwort mosaic virus promoter.

[0046] FIG. 26 represents a plasmid map of pMON33700 which is a plant transient expression vector containing a lysine oxidase gene fused to a sequence encoding a maize ATP synthase beta subunit mitochondrial transit peptide, which is fused to an hsp70 intron sequence under the control of a root tissue enhanced promoter.

[0047] FIG. 27 represents a plasmid map of pMON33701 which is a plant transformation vector containing a neomycin phosphotransferase gene under the control is of a cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter, and a tedanalactam synthase gene fused to an hsp70 intron sequence under the control of a root tissue enhanced promoter.

[0048] FIG. 28 represents a plasmid map of pMON33702 which is a plant transformation vector containing a neomycin phosphotransferase gene under the control of a cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter; a lysine oxidase gene fused to a sequence encoding a maize ATP synthase beta subunit mitochondrial transit peptide, which is fused to an hsp70 intron sequence under the control of a root tissue enhanced promoter; and a tedanalactam synthase gene fused to an hsp70 intron sequence under the control of a root tissue enhanced promoter.

[0049] FIG. 29 represents a plasmid map of pMON38800, which is a plant transformation vector containing a neomycin phosphotransferase gene under the control of a cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter; a lysine oxidase gene fused to an amino terminal His6 coding region, a rice malate dehydrogenase amino terminal peroxisomal targeting signal, an intron and a 5′ wheat chloroplast AB untranslated leader under the control of a 4AS1 promoter and a wheat 17 kd heat shock protein 3′ untranslated sequence; and a tedanalactam synthase gene fused to an intron under the control of a 4AS1 promoter and a nopaline synthase 3′ untranslated sequence.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0050] The following detailed description of the invention is provided to aid those skilled in the art in practicing the present invention. Even so, the following detailed description should not be construed to unduly limit the present invention as modifications and variations in the embodiments discussed herein may be made by those of ordinary skill in the art without departing from the spirit or scope of the present inventive discovery.

[0051] The work described herein has identified compositions and methods of expressing an amino acid oxidase gene in combination with a second gene encoding a protein which, when provided in a composition with the amino acid oxidase, confers plant resistance to coleopteran insects. Agronomic, horticultural, ornamental, and other economically or commercially useful plants can be made in a functionally operable manner, described herein, to express effective levels of protein to confer resistance to coleopteran insects. Such plants may co-express the genes encoding the amino acid oxidase and the second gene along with other genes encoding antifungal, antibacterial, or antiviral pathogenesis-related peptides, polypeptides, or proteins; insecticidal proteins; proteins conferring herbicide resistance; and genes encoding proteins involved in improving the quality of plant products or agronomic performance of plants. Simultaneous co-expression of multiple proteins in plants is advantageous in that it exploits more than one mode of action to control plant pathogenic damage. This can minimize the possibility of developing resistant pathogen strains, broaden the scope of resistance, and potentially result in a synergistic effect, thereby enhancing the level of resistance. Note WO 92/17591, for example, in this regard. Examples are provided herein in which a lysine oxidase and a second gene which encodes a tedanalactam synthase are used in combination to control coleopteran insects through either direct feeding or by use of microbes expressing genes which encode these proteins.

[0052] As used herein, the term composition means a mixture of ingredients which, when combined, provides an insecticidally effective substance containing an amount of the active ingredients encoded by a first enzyme comprising an amino acid oxidase and a second enzyme that provides insecticidal activity when the second enzyme is present in the mixture with the first enzyme. The composition can be an artificial mixture comprising the two active ingredients along with aqueous or non-aqueous ingredients which may be combined to provide a substrate suitable for feeding to an insect. The feeding insect can be a larvae form or may be an adult form. The composition can also be a mixture which contains one or more bacteria expressing the genes encoding the first and the second enzymes, such that the mixture, when provided in a suitable form for feeding to insects, causes an insecticidally effective amount of the two gene products to be delivered to the feeding insects. The composition can also be a mixture within plant tissues or plant cells, produced as a result of expression of the genes encoding the first and the second enzymes by the plant nuclear or nucleolar genome, by the plant mitochondrial genome, or by the plant chloroplast genome, such that the mixture, when consumed by a feeding insect, causes an insecticidally effective amount of the two gene products to be delivered to the feeding insects.

[0053] By “controlling insect infestation” it is meant that the composition upon which susceptible insects feed, usually a crop expressing the contemplated genes, is capable of delivering an insecticidally effective amount of the amino acid oxidase and the second gene product to the feeding insect so that insect growth is stunted, or slowed, or that the insect dies without causing an unnecessary or unacceptable amount of crop damage.

[0054] “A plurality of cells” is intended to mean two or more cells, and the cells can be of any type which are capable of being transformed with the genetic constructs described herein, such as bacterial cells, plant cells, yeast cells, insect cells, and fungal cells.

[0055] “An insecticidally effective amount” is intended to mean any amount of any composition described herein capable of providing insecticidal activity upon ingestion of the composition by a susceptible insect, wherein the composition contains at least an amino acid oxidase and a second gene product that provides insecticidal activity when present in a mixture with the amino acid oxidase. The insecticidal activity is readily observed upon ingestion by a susceptible insect. A susceptible insect which consumes an insecticidally effective amount will not continue to grow at the same rate as a control susceptible insect.

[0056] Stringent conditions as related to polynucleotide hybridization is well known in the art, and so one skilled in the art would know that a number of factors are applicable, both in influencing the stability of hybrid polynucleotide molecules and in influencing the hybridization rate of polynucleotides. For example, factors which influence hybrid stability include ionic strength of any hybridization solution; the base composition of the probe and the target polynucleotides; destabilizing agents present in the hybridization solution such as formamide or urea; the presence or availability of mismatched base pairs; and the duplex length of the probe or target. All of these factors also influence the hybridization rate in addition to the temperature selected for hybridization; the viscosity of the solution; the complexity of the probe, meaning the presence of repetitive sequences which would tend to increase the hybridization rate; the pH of the hybridization solution; and the base composition of the probe and target. One skilled in the art would be able to determine the optimum conditions for establishing stringency as related to identifying a polynucleotide by using hybridization under stringent conditions to a probe of known base pair composition.

[0057] Trichoderma sp. genes that encode 1) lysine oxidase (E.C. 1.4.3.14) proenzyme and 2) a Mr 50,000 tedanalactam synthase have been isolated and sequenced. These new genes or genes from other organisms known to produce or capable of producing lysine or other amino acid oxidases or proproteins and a tedanalactam synthase may be inserted into expressible cassettes which can then be placed into a transformation vector for use in transforming plant-colonizing microorganisms which, when applied to plants, express the genes producing these proteins, thereby providing control of insects. Alternatively, genes which are also part of expression cassettes, and which function in plants to encode the subject proteins may be inserted into plant transformation vectors for use in transforming the genome of a plant or plant subcellular organelle such as a mitochondria or chloroplast. Such transformed plants are thus provided with a capability to protect itself from attack by expressing the recombinant gene or genes and producing a lysine or amino acid oxidase along with a tedanalactam synthase. Additionally, the plant expressing this combination of insecticidal proteins may also be transformed or crossed with other recombinant plants to obtain plants expressing B.t. genes for the control of either the same or additional insects. Alternatively, the recombinant plants expressing this combination of insecticidal proteins may be crossed to other, more preferable germ plasm for purposes of providing commercial product lines. Examples of plants transformed to express B.t. genes are disclosed in European Patent Publication No. 0385 962 (Fischhoff and Perlak, 1990).

[0058] An expression cassette is intended to mean a DNA molecule comprising a promoter sequence which functions to cause the production of an RNA sequence from a DNA sequence containing an open reading frame encoding either an amino acid oxidase, a second enzyme which provides insecticidal activity when present in a mixture with an amino acid oxidase, or a chimeric gene open reading frame constructed from the in frame fusion of an amino acid oxidase and a second enzyme which provides insecticidal activity when present in a mixture with an amino acid oxidase. The promoter sequence is required to be operably or operatively linked to the DNA sequence containing one or more of the open reading frames. It is understood that the promoter chosen is functional in a particular cell type. The cell type in which a promoter is functional can be any known in the art, in particular a bacterial or bacterial virus promoter is known to be functional in various bacterial species; a plant or plant virus promoter is known to be functional in various plant species or in various plant cells, either tissue specific or non-tissue specific. A promoter which is root enhanced or root specific or root tissue specific is one which provides expression preferentially in cells derived from root tissues in a variety of plant types, and more particularly in corn, rice, wheat, soybean, canola, and cotton. By root enhanced it is meant that the promoter has been isolated or genetically engineered to preferentially express or be more active in root tissue when compared to other plant tissue types such as leaves, fruit, flowers, and such. In eukaryotic cell types, and preferably in plant cell types, a particular expressible cassette includes a 3′ non-translated DNA sequence which functions in plants to cause the addition of a polyadenylated nucleotide sequence to the 3′ end of an RNA sequence generated from the function of an upstream operable promoter and gene sequence.

[0059] Expressible cassettes can also contain other elements in addition to those described above. For example, a DNA sequence which specifies a 5′ non-translated leader sequence can be present downstream of the promoter but upstream of the translatable gene sequence. DNA which specifies leader sequences are generally found in association with particular promoter sequences, yet have been successfully utilized when associated with heterologous promoters and gene sequences. Such leader sequence can increase expression levels of desired proteins when associated with particular genes. Another DNA sequence which can increase expression levels of desired proteins when associated with particular genes specifies a non-translated RNA sequence known as an intron. Introns are well known in the art. Intron sequences are excised post-transcriptionally from the initial RNA transcript while still within the boundaries of the nuclear envelope in a process known as splicing in which RNA 5′ adjacent to the intron sequence and 3′ adjacent to the intron sequence are fused to create the resulting mRNA sequence which is ultimately translated into a protein product. In this application, intron sequences are preferred in gene constructs which are prepared for insertion into monocotyledenous species of plants, however this is not meant to be limiting, because introns can function in dicotyledenous species for the same purposes. Introns preferably are provided downstream of a promoter but upstream of the gene coding sequence, however introns can also be placed within a gene coding sequence, or even downstream of a gene coding sequence but upstream of a 3′ nontranslated polyadenylation coding sequence. Other elements can be signal peptide encoding sequences or transit peptide encoding sequences. These are also well known in the art. Signal peptides are ubiquitous and are generally fifteen to thirty amino acids long and are directed to targeting a precursor peptide, often a nascent peptide, to a secretion or secretory apparatus within the cell. The secretory apparatus can be found on or within the cytoplasmic or intracytoplasmic membrane of a bacterium or the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi, or other vacuolar or cytoplasmic membrane surface to which the signal peptide directs the precursor peptide. The signal peptide is generally cleaved by some faction of the secretory apparatus to release a proenzyme in which case the precursor would be a pre-proenzyme, or to release a mature peptide. A targeting or transit peptide encoding sequence similarly directs a protein to a particular membrane surface, which can be either a plastid, a chloroplast, or a mitochondria. The targeting or transit peptide leads the attached protein sequence into the particular organelle, and is generally cleaved to release the mature peptide into the particular organelle.

[0060] A DNA vector can be any of a number of constructions which are well known in the art. These can be selected from the group consisting of but not limited to plasmid, bacmid, phage, cosmid, yeast artificial chromosome (YAC), bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC), plant virus, or linear DNA or RNA, so long as the vector is capable of being delivered to a target cell for the express purpose of either transforming the cell by incorporation into the genome of the cell, by stable or temporary replication or otherwise existing for a period of time within the target cell so that the genes encoding proteins, which in combination provide or exhibit coleopteran insecticidal activity, are able to produce the contemplated composition either for purposes of enzymatic or immunological detection or for protection of a plant or plant cell from insect damage.

[0061] The present invention includes not only the Trichoderma lysine oxidase and tedanalactam synthase proteins, but also biologically equivalent peptides, polypeptides, and proteins. The phrase “biologically equivalent peptides, polypeptides, and proteins” denotes peptides, polypeptides, and proteins that exhibit the same or similar activities when assayed in comparison to the Trichoderma counterpart by in vitro or in vivo assays. The phrase “same or similar activities” denotes the ability to perform the same or similar function as the Trichoderma counterpart. These peptides, polypeptides, and proteins can contain a region or moiety exhibiting sequence similarity to a corresponding region or moiety of the Trichoderma proteins disclosed herein, but this is not required as long as they exhibit the same or similar activity as their Trichoderma counterpart. Biologically equivalent peptides, polypeptides, and proteins may include, but are not limited to truncated fragments deleted from the N-terminal end, C-terminal end, internal regions of the protein, or combinations thereof. Additionally, variants resulting from changes in one or more amino acid to a different natural or non-natural amino acid, deletions, or insertions of natural or non-natural amino acids may result in a biologically equivalent compound. Such variants may be naturally occurring materials, or may be produced by mutagenesis or random mutagenesis of the encoding nucleotide sequence.

[0062] The present invention encompasses not only the Trichoderma DNA sequences listed, but also biologically functional equivalent nucleotide sequences. The phrase “biologically functional equivalent nucleotide sequences” denotes DNAs and RNAs, including genomic DNA, cDNA, synthetic DNA, and mRNA nucleotide sequences, that encode peptides, polypeptides, and proteins exhibiting the same or similar activities as the Trichoderma lysine oxidase or tedanalactam synthase when assayed by in vitro or in vivo methods. Such biologically functional equivalent nucleotide sequences can encode peptides, polypeptides, or proteins that contain a region or moiety exhibiting sequence similarity to the corresponding region or moiety of the Trichoderma counterpart. Nucleotide sequences may contain conservative amino acid changes, altering the codon usage for a particular amino acid, but leaving the encoded peptide, polypeptide, or protein sequence unchanged. Alternatively, nucleotide sequences may contain non-conservative changes including, but not limited to substitutions, deletions, additions, or combinations thereof. These biologically functional equivalent nucleotide sequences may be naturally occurring or produced by in vitro methods. These biologically functional equivalent nucleotide sequences are preferably 80% identical to their Trichoderma counterparts. More preferably, biologically functional equivalent nucleotide sequences are 85%, 87.5%, 90%, 92.5%, 95%, 97.5%, and ideally 100% identical to their Trichoderma counterparts. Biologically functional equivalent nucleotide sequences may be identified by their capability of hybridizing under stringent conditions to the lysine oxidase or tedanalactam synthase encoding sequences, or the complements thereof.

[0063] Methods for identifying other genes which encode a first gene encoding an amino acid oxidases and a second gene which encodes a protein that provides insecticidal activity when present in a mixture with an amino acid oxidase are contemplated herein. Methods for identifying such sequences are well known in the art, however the novelty of the second gene provides a particular advantage to the invention. The second gene described herein as a tedanalactam synthase can be used to detect and identify the presence of other genes of substantial similarity, meaning genes which are capable of being detected by hybridization to the tedanalactam synthase gene. Any mixture or sample containing a polynucleotide sequence encoding a protein that provides insectidical activity when present in a mixture with an amino acid oxidase can be probed with a labeled polynucleotide sequence which is or is complementary to all or a portion of the tedanalactam synthase gene. The act of probing a sample with the tedanalactam synthase gene will provide a probe/sample complex in mixtures which contain a homologous gene or a heterologous gene capable of binding to the probe. The probe/sample complex can be detected in any number of ways not limited to enhanced chemiluminescence, radioisotopic, fluorescent, or colorimetric methods well known in the art. The complex can be isolated, particularly if the method chosen has utilized a phage blot or a cell culture blot method. The polynucleotide or polynucleotides which bound to the probe can be isolated either from the probe/sample complex or derived from the particular sample which gave rise to the probe/sample complex to yield a gene which encodes a protein that provides insectidical activity when present in a mixture with an amino acid oxidase. The gene isolated in this way may or may not have tedanalactam synthase activity.

[0064] Antibodies can be generated to detect either of the active peptides which comprise the compositions herein. An amino acid oxidase enzyme or a tedanalactam synthase enzyme can be purified by any number of means well known in the art. Purified enzymes can be provided in adjuvant form for injection into a variety of animals, also well known in the art. Preferably rabbits are used, however goats, guinea pigs, horses, turkeys, chickens, and even humans could be used for producing reagent grade antiserum directed to particular epitopes of these proteins for use in methods which utilize antibodies for detection and purification of such peptides. While serum from animals provides polyclonal antibodies which are directed to a large number or a variety of epitopes on each protein, monoclonal antibodies could easily be produced by methods well known in the art.

[0065] Kits could also be used, in particular when immunological reagents are available, such as antibodies directed to detection of amino acid oxidase or tedanalactam synthase enzyme, or by designing oligonucleotide sequences for use in detecting the presence of genes contemplated herein by thermal amplification methods or in combination with immunological methods.

[0066] The expression of a plant gene which exists in double-stranded DNA form involves transcription of messenger RNA (mRNA) from one strand of the DNA by RNA polymerase enzyme, and the subsequent processing of the mRNA primary transcript inside the nucleus. This processing involves a 3′ non-translated region which adds polyadenylate nucleotides to the 3′ end of the RNA. Transcription of DNA into mRNA is regulated by a region of DNA usually referred to as the “promoter”. The promoter region contains a sequence of bases that signals RNA polymerase to associate with the DNA and to initiate the transcription of mRNA using one of the DNA strands as a template to make a corresponding strand of RNA.

[0067] One skilled in the art will recognize that many promoters, 5′ non-translated leader sequences, introns and polyadenylation sequences may be used in accordance with the present invention. Suitable examples of promoter sequences include, but are not limited to nopaline synthase (NOS), octopine synthase (OCS), cauliflower mosaic virus 19S and 35S (CaMV19S, CaMV35S), ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (ssRUBISCO), figwort mosaic virus (FMV), asparagine synthase, glutathione-S-transferase, T-DNA, CPRF1, histone H3, wheat gliadin, nopaline synthase, Agrobacterium rhizogenes rolC, tobacco anionic peroxidase, napA storage protein, Cassava vein mosaic virus (CVMV), polyubiquitin, glycinin Gy2, mas, mustard CHS1, Chlorella virus adenine methyltransferase, Arabidopsis phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, potato ubi3, and the tomato hmg2 promoter. Suitable examples of root enhanced or root specific promoter sequences include, but are not limited to CaMV derived AS4, tobacco RB7, and the rice RC2 promoter. Suitable examples of intron sequences include, but are not limited to the maize heat shock protein 70 (hsp70), rice actin, cox11, histone H3, RNA polymerase II, chloroplast DNA trnl, maize ADH1 intron 1, maize actin intron 3, Arabidopsis thaliana polyubiquitin, and the plant hemoglobin exon 2 intron. Suitable examples of 5′ leader sequences include, but are not limited to petunia heat shock protein 70 (hsp70), AMV RNA4, 16S ribosomal, Arabidopsis ACT2, Arabidopsis ACT8, TMV RNA, and soybean Gy2. Suitable examples of polyadenylation signals include, but are not limited to Agrobacterium nopaline synthase (NOS) and the Pisum sativum RUBISCO small subunit E9.

[0068] A number of promoters which are active in plant cells have been described in the literature. Such promoters may be obtained from plants or plant viruses and include, but are not limited to, the nopaline synthase (NOS) and octopine synthase (OCS) promoters (which are carried on tumor-inducing plasmids of Agrobacterium tumefaciens), the cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 19S and 35S promoters, the light-inducible promoter from the small subunit of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (ssRUBISCO, a very abundant plant polypeptide), and the Figwort Mosaic Virus (FMV) 35S promoter. All of these promoters have been used to create various types of DNA constructs which have been expressed in plants (see e.g., Barry and Kishore, U.S. Pat. No. 5,463,175).

[0069] The particular promoter selected should be capable of causing sufficient expression of the enzyme coding sequence to result in the production of an insecticidal effective amount of lysine oxidase and tedanalactam synthase. One set of preferred promoters are constitutive promoters such as the CaMV35S or FMV35S promoters that yield high levels of expression in most plant organs. Another set of preferred promoters are root enhanced or specific promoters such as the CaMV derived AS4 promoter, the tobacco RB7 promoter, or the rice RC2 promoter (Lam et al., 1991; Yamamoto et al., 1991; Hertig et al., 1991; Xu et al., 1995). The root enhanced or specific promoters would be particularly preferred for the control of corn rootworm (Diabrotica spp.) in transgenic corn plants.

[0070] The promoters used in the DNA constructs (i.e. chimeric plant genes) of the present invention may be modified, if desired, to affect their control characteristics. For example, the CaMV35S promoter may be ligated to the portion of the ssRUBISCO gene that represses the expression of ssRUBISCO in the absence of light, to create a promoter which is active in leaves but not in roots. The resulting chimeric promoter may be used as described herein. For purposes of this description, the phrase “CaMV35S” promoter thus includes variations of CaMV35S promoter, e.g., promoters derived by means of ligation with operator regions, random or controlled mutagenesis, etcetera. Furthermore, the promoters may be altered to contain multiple “enhancer sequences” to assist in elevating gene expression. Examples of such enhancer sequences have been reported by Kay et al. (1987).

[0071] The RNA produced by a DNA construct of the present invention also contains a 5′ non-translated leader sequence. This sequence can be derived from the promoter selected to express the gene, and can be specifically modified so as to increase translation of the mRNA. The 5′ non-translated regions can also be obtained from viral RNAs, from suitable eucaryotic genes, or from a synthetic gene sequence. The present invention is not limited to constructs wherein the non-translated region is derived from the 5′ non-translated sequence that accompanies the promoter sequence. As shown below, a plant gene leader sequence which is useful in the present invention is the petunia heat shock protein 70 (hsp70) leader (Winter et al., 1988).

[0072] For optimized expression in monocotyledenous plants, an intron should also be included in the DNA expression construct. This intron would typically be placed near the 5′ end of the mRNA in untranslated sequence. This intron could be obtained from, but not limited to, a set of introns consisting of the maize hsp70 intron (Brown and Santino U.S. Pat. No. 5,424,412; 1995) or the rice Act1 intron (McElroy et al., 1990). As shown below, the maize hsp70 intron is useful in the present invention.

[0073] As noted above, the 3′ non-translated region of the chimeric plant genes of the present invention contains a polyadenylation signal which functions in plants to cause the addition of adenylate nucleotides to the 3′ end of the RNA. Examples of preferred 3′ regions are (1) the 3′ transcribed, non-translated regions containing the polyadenylate signal of Agrobacterium tumor-inducing (Ti) plasmid genes, such as the nopaline synthase (NOS) gene and (2) plant genes such as the pea ssRUBISCO E9 gene (Fischhoff et al., 1987).

[0074] A chimeric plant gene containing the structural coding sequences of the present invention can be inserted into the genome of a plant by any suitable method. Suitable plant transformation vectors include those derived from a Ti plasmid of Agrobacterium tumefaciens, as well as those disclosed, e.g., by Herrera-Estrella (1983), Bevan (1983), Klee (1985) and EPO publication 0 120 516 (Schilperoort et al.). In addition to plant transformation vectors derived from the Ti or root-inducing (Ri) plasmids of Agrobacterium, alternative methods can be used to insert the DNA constructs of this invention into plant cells. Such methods may involve, for example, the use of liposomes, electroporation, chemicals that increase free DNA uptake, free DNA delivery via microprojectile bombardment, and transformation using viruses or pollen (Fromm et al., 1986; Armstrong et al., 1990; Fromm et al., 1990).

[0075] To identify a transgenic plant expressing lysine oxidase and/or tedanalactam synthase, it is necessary to screen the herbicide or antibiotic resistant transgenic, regenerated plants (R0 generation) for expression of these genes. This can be accomplished by various methods well known to those skilled in the art, including but not limited to: 1) obtaining small tissue samples from the transgenic R0 plant and directly assaying the tissue for activity against susceptible insects in parallel with tissue derived from a non-expressing, negative control plant. For example, R0 transgenic potato plants expressing lysine oxidase and tedanalactam synthase can be identified by assaying leaf tissue derived from such plants for activity against CPB; 2) analysis of protein extracts by enzyme linked immunoassays (ELISAs) or immunoblot assays specific for lysine oxidase and/or tedanalactam synthase (antibodies useful for such detection schemes are described in the examples) or 3) reverse transcriptase PCR (RT PCR) to identify events expressing the gene of interest.

[0076] The following examples describe preferred embodiments of the invention. Other embodiments within the scope of the claims herein will be apparent to one skilled in the art from consideration of the specification or practice of the invention as disclosed herein. It is intended that the specification, together with the examples, be considered exemplary only, with the scope and spirit of the invention being indicated by the claims which follow the examples. In the examples all percentages are given on a weight basis unless otherwise indicated.

EXAMPLES

[0077] The present invention can be better understood from the following illustrative, non-limiting Examples. Effective control of coleopteran insect pests is demonstrated when these proteins are obtained or expressed within their natural source organism, in heterologous microorganisms, or in transgenic plants.

Example 1

[0078] This example illustrates the discovery and characterization of insecticidal activity from a Trichoderma species.

[0079] The culture filtrate from a Trichoderma species, Monsanto fungal isolate # F22844, was found to exhibit insecticidal activity in a southern corn rootworm bioassay. The proteinaceous nature of the active component was suggested by characterization experiments which showed that first, the corn rootworm activity was completely lost after heating and second, only components within the filtrate which were larger than 10 kDa in size maintained insecticidal bioactivity (Table 1). A qualitative visual assessment of the assay revealed that the >10 kDa sample severely stunted the surviving larvae and also had ovicidal effects in addition to the mortality noted in Table 1.

[0080] A sample of a >10 kDa preparation of F22844 was utilized in diet-preincubation studies to determine if the corn rootworm activity was due to a modification of the artificial diet. It was demonstrated that diet pre-incubated with F22844 retained full insecticidal activity, while similar samples subjected to heat treatment prior to larval addition exhibited reduced bioactivity (Table 1).

[0081] An important consideration in determining the utility of an insecticidal lead is bioactivity in bioassays using plant tissue in the assay media. F22844 retained its insecticidal activity in assays with plant tissue when a >10 kDa preparation of F22844 was added to BMS corn callus. Significant mortality of corn rootworm larvae feeding on this material was seen in this bioassay (Table 1).

TABLE 1
% Mortality
Sizing and heat lability study
[> 10 kDa]                  68
[< 10 kDa]                  0
[> 10 kDa] - Heated 100° C. 0
Diet pre-incubation study
Un-incubated                94
Incubated                   94
Incubated/Heated 80° C.     19
Callus diet assay
[> 10 kDa]                  94

Example 2

[0082] This example illustrated the identification and characterization of proteins with insecticidal activity isolated from Trichoderma fermentation extracts.

[0083] SDS-PAGE analysis of chromatography fractions generated during the purification of the southern corn rootworm-active protein(s) from F22844 showed that major proteins of Mr 56,000 and Mr 50,000 were present in the corn rootworm-active fractions. These proteins were then purified by sizing and ion exchange chromatography. This protocol consistently yielded significantly purified proteins. The bioassay results obtained with purified proteins from two separate fermentations of F22844 are shown in Tables 2a and 2b. In both cases, no bioactivity was detected when the proteins were assayed individually but significant stunting was seen when the proteins were combined in assay. These results demonstrate that it is a combination of the two proteins that is responsible for the corn rootworm activity in F22844.

TABLE 2a.
		Mean larval weight
Sample	Conc. (μg/mL)	(mg) ± (SEM)	% Stunting
Acetate buffer	0	1.14 ± (0.17)	—
Mr 56,000	10	0.91 ± (0.09)	NSS
Mr 50,000	1.5	0.83 ± (0.05)	NSS
Mr 56,000 +	10 + 1.5	0.37 ± (0.07)	67
Mr 50,000
NSS = not statistically significant

[0084]

TABLE 2b
		Mean larval weight
Sample	Conc. (μg/mL)	(mg) ± (SEM)	% Stunting
Acetate buffer	—	1.29 ± (0.16)	—
Mr 56,000	2	1.63 ± (0.22)	—
Mr 50,000	2	1.39 ± (0.22)	—
Mr 56,000 +	2 + 2	0.56 ± (0.22)	57
Mr 50,000

[0085] Native-PAGE studies were effective in confirming that the Mr 56,000 and Mr 50,000 proteins were responsible for the southern corn rootworm bioactivity of F22844. The chromatographically purified Mr 56,000 and Mr 50,000 proteins were further purified by native PAGE. SDS-PAGE analysis demonstrated that the proteins were purified to single bands. The individual purified proteins did not yield statistically significant stunting of corn rootworm (Table 3). A sample containing a combination of the two proteins at concentrations of 9.7 μg/mL of Mr 56,000 and 2.5 μg/ml of Mr 50,000 yielded 89% stunting of corn rootworm larvae (Table 3).

TABLE 3
		Mean larval weight
Sample	Conc. (μg/mL)	(mg) ± (SEM)	% Stunting
Acetate buffer	0	0.88 ± (0.11)	—
Mr 56,000	9.7	0.84 ± (0.06)	NSS
Mr 50,000	2.5	1.04 ± (0.11)	NSS
Mr 56,000 ±	9.7 ± 2.5	0.10 ± (0.01)	89
Mr 50,000

[0086] An SDS-PAGE gel of the proteins produced by Trichoderma F22844, isolated as above, were blotted onto a PVDF membrane (Immobilon, Millipore, Bedford, Mass.) using the protocol of Matsudaira (Matsudaira, 1987). The N-terminus was sequenced using automated Edman degradation chemistry. A gas phase sequencer (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif.) was used for the degradation using the standard sequencer cycle. The respective PTH-aa derivatives were identified by reverse phase HPLC analysis in an on-line fashion employing a PTH analyzer (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif.) fitted with a Brownlee 2.1 mm i.d. PTH-C18 column. For internal sequences, digestions were carried out on purified lysine oxidase and Mr 50,000 proteins from F22844 using trypsin (TPCK-treated, from Worthington Biochemicals Corp., Freehold, N.J.). Fragments were then purified by reverse phase HPLC and sequenced in an N-terminal fashion.

[0087] F22844 was identified taxonomically as a Trichoderma species. A search in the CRC antibiotic database for proteins produced by Trichoderma yielded L-lysine oxidase (LO), an Mr 56,000 protein identified as an antitumor agent (Kusakabe et al., 1979; 1980). The purified Mr 56,000 protein from F22844 was identified as L-lysine oxidase by enzymatic assay (Gallo et al., 1981). We determined the lysine oxidase from F22844 to have a Km for lysine of 26 μM, a value very similar to the reported Km for lysine of 40 μM for the T. viride lysine oxidase (Kusakabe et al., 1980). The substrate specificity of F22844 lysine oxidase was also determined (Table 4). The relative reaction rates are very similar to the values in the literature for T. viride lysine oxidase (Kusakabe et al., 1980).

	TABLE 4
	Relative activity (%)
	Substratea	F22844a	T. virideb
	Lysine	100.0	100
	Ornithine	10.8	18.2
	Phenylalanine	6.6	8.3
	Histidine	5.0	3.8
	Arginine	2.6	6.1
	aRelative activities of less than 1% were detected with L-isomers of leucine, proline, threonine, tryptophan, serine, alanine, asparagine, valine, methionine, tyrosine, glutamic acid, glutamine, isoleucine, glycine, aspartic acid and cysteine.
	bT. viride data from Kusakabe et al., 1980. No activity against L-isomers of leucine, proline, threonine, tryptophan, serine, alanine, asparagine, valine, methionine, tyrosine, glutamic acid, glutamine, isoleucine, glycine, aspartic acid and cysteine was observed (Kusakabe, et al., 1980).

[0088] Data generated thus far indicate that the Mr 50,000 protein catalyses the conversion of Δ1-piperideine-2-carboxylate (P2C) to product I. High resolution mass spectral data suggest that I is the 3,4-epoxide of 2-piperidone, which has previously been identified as tedanalactam (Cronan and Cardellina, 1994). Hydrogen peroxide appears to be the byproduct of the Mr 50,000 protein reaction. The formation of hydrogen peroxide was monitored by a colorimetric assay (Gallo, 1981). P2C was prepared by two separate methods for the initial Mr 50,000 protein assay. The two methods used for preparing P2C were

[0089] 1) L-lysine with lysine oxidase and catalase; and

[0090] 2) DL-pipecolic acid with D-amino acid oxidase and catalase.

[0091] P2C was isolated from the protein mixture by filtration using an Amicon filter (10 kDa cutoff) before using in the Mr 50,000 protein assay. Pipecolic acid and lysine are not substrates of Mr 50,000 protein.

[0092] Note that in proposing an enzymatic activity for the Mr 50,000 protein, we do not limit our claims. More specifically, we propose that both the Mr 50,000 protein and any substantially homologous proteins will yield coleopteran insect control when combined with lysine oxidase and other amino acid oxidases. Moreover, it is conceived that any enzyme capable of converting Δ1-piperideine-2-carboxylate to tedanalactam would be considered by one skilled in the art to have tedanalactam synthetic activity, and would be characterized as a tedanalactam synthase enzyme. Any tedanalactam synthase enzyme capable of converting Δ1-piperideine-2-carboxylate to tedanalactam could be used in compositions with lysine oxidase or other amino acid oxidases as described herein for controlling insect infestation of plants, and may also be effective in controlling insect infestation in general when supplied in any form capable of being ingested by an insect. Genes encoding tedanalactam synthases may not necessarily be homologous to genes encoding such enzymes isolated from fungal species such as Trichoderma. Other tedanalactam synthase genes may encode enzymes which would be substantially smaller than such enzymes observed from Trichoderma. Conversely, it is entirely possible that still other tedanalactam synthase genes may encode enzymes which are substantially larger than such Trichoderma enzymes. Therefore, it is not desired that this invention be limited to enzymes approximately Mr 50,000 having tedanalactam synthase activity.

Example 3

[0093] This example illustrates the bioactivity of lysine oxidase and the tedanalactam synthase derived from naturally occurring source organisms.

[0094] Lysine oxidase and tedanalactam synthase were purified from culture filtrates of the native F22844 fungus. Both proteins were greater than 90% pure by SDS-PAGE. Concentration response curves were run to determine the efficacy of these purified proteins on neonate western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte larvae. An LC50 below 2 ppm of each protein was demonstrated (Table 5).

TABLE 5
Sample	Conc. (ppm)	% Mortality	% Stunting
LO + Mr 50,000	20 + 20	100	—
	10 + 10	100	—
	2 + 2	63	80
Control	—	0	0

[0095] Western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte, bioassays were also conducted using second instar larvae with lysine oxidase present at 30 ppm and tedanalactam synthase present at 4 ppm. By day 10, the western corn rootworm larvae exposed to the active proteins had a corrected mortality of 81% and the surviving larvae actually lost weight over the course of the assay (Table 6).

TABLE 6
		Larval					Larval
	#Larv.	Wts. (mg) -	#Larv.	#Larv.	#Larv.	#Larv.	Wts. (mg) -
	Initial	Day 1 ±	Surv.	Surv.	Surv.	Surv.	Day 10 ±
Sample	Day 1	(SEM)	Day 4	Day 7	Day 9	Day 10	(SEM)
Buffer	48	2.63 ±	46	44	43	43	8.48 ±
control		(0.18)					(0.57)
Lysine	48	2.63 ±	38	21	10	8	1.44 ±
oxidase +		(0.18)					(0.10)
Mr 50,000

[0096] Concentration response studies using chromatographically purified proteins were conducted. A concentration of 10 ppm of each protein (lysine oxidase+tedanalactam synthase) yielded 80% stunting of southern corn rootworm while 2 ppm of each yielded 60% stunting (Table 7).

TABLE 7
		Mean larval weight	%
Sample	Conc. (μg/mL)	(SEM)	Stunting
Acetate buffer	0	1.00 (0.11)	—
Lysine oxidase +	2 + 2	0.40 (0.05)	60
Mr 50,000
Lysine oxidase +	10 +10	0.20 (0.05)	80
Mr 50,000

[0097] The purified proteins were also bioassayed in a BMS callus diet and bioactivity was retained in this assay (Table 8). These data demonstrated that the proteins were bioactive against southern corn rootworm in plant based bioassays in addition to artificial diet bioassays.

TABLE 8
		Mean larval weight	%
Sample	Conc. (μg/mL)	(mg) ± (SEM)	Stunting
Artificial Diet
Acetate buffer	0	1.15 ± (0.28)	—
Lysine oxidase +	17 + 2	0.35 ± (0.06)	70
Mr 50,000
BMS Callus
Acetate buffer	0	0.27 ± (0.04)	—
Lysine oxidase +	17 + 2	0.13 ± (0.01)	53
Mr 50,000

[0098] Bioassays were done with purified Mr 56,000+Mr 50,000 proteins from F22844 against two other coleopteran insects. Bioactivity was detected against Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), and boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis grandis Boheman.

TABLE 9
			Mean Larval wt
Sample	Surv/Init	% Mortality	(mg) ± (SEM)	% Stunting
Boll weevil
Buffer control	30/32	—	11.05 ± (1.49)	—
LO + 50 (2 ppm each)	13/16	13	12.07 ± (2.05)	—
LO + 50 (6 ppm each)	11/16	27	5.67 ± (2.10)	49
LO + 50 (18 ppm each)	6/16	60	1.42 ± (0.48)	87
CO. potato beetle
Buffer control	31/32	—	3.31 ± (0.33)	—
LO + 50 (2 ppm each)	15/16	3	2.83 ± (0.24)	15
LO + 50 (6 ppm each)	12/16	22	2.57 ± (0.48)	23
LO + 50 (18 ppm each)	8/16	48	2.08 ± (0.32)	37

[0099] Culture supernatants from four other Monsanto fungal isolates that had corn rootworm insecticidal activity were strongly positive for lysine oxidase enzymatic activity—F25528, F25634, F26040 and F25508. These leads were not characterized further. Culture supernatants from ATCC T. viride isolates #20536 and #20538 expressed lysine oxidase and an Mr 50,000 protein and were insecticidally active against southern corn rootworm. Lysine oxidase from Trichoderma viride is available commercially from Sigma (St. Louis, Mo.). The enzyme was purified to a single band from this preparation and bioassayed against southern corn rootworm. Bioassays were conducted to compare the concentration responses of the T. viride lysine oxidase (±Mr 50,000 protein from F22844) with the lysine oxidase purified from F22844. The bioactivity of the T. viride lysine oxidase agrees very well with the bioactivity of lysine oxidase from F22844 when bioassayed in the presence of tedanalactam synthase from F22844 (Table 10). Very similar stunting levels are seen at equivalent doses (compare Table 10 to Table 7). In addition, no bioactivity is seen with either lysine oxidase in the absence of tedanalactam synthase from F22844.

TABLE 10
		Mean larval weight
Sample	Conc. (ppm)	(mg) ±](SEM)	% Stunting
Buffer control	0	0.77 ± (0.09)	—
T. viride LO	10	0.74 ± (0.07)	4*
T. viride LO	2	0.73 ± (0.09)	5*
T. viride LO +	10 + 10	0.21 ± (0.04)	73
F22844 Mr 50,000
T. viride LO +	2 + 2	0.39 ± (0.05)	49
F22844 Mr 50,000
*not statistically significant

Example 4

[0100] This example illustrates mode of action studies of the lysine oxidase and tedanalactam synthase and effects which were observed on the corn root worm midgut.

[0101] The effects of lysine oxidase and tedanalactam synthase proteins on the morphology and ultrastructure of the southern corn rootworm midgut were investigated by light and electron microscopy. Light microscopy showed that the midguts were intact with microvilli but there was marked apical folding of epithelium and basal infolding in treated individuals and an apparent loss of the basal regenerative cells. Several ultrastructural changes were evident by electron microscopy. The rough endoplasmic reticulum of the epithelial cells was dramatically reduced in treated individuals indicating a reduced potential for protein synthesis. There was an increased electron density (osmiophilia) of lateral plasma membranes suggesting an abnormality in lipid metabolism. In the fat body, lipid vesicles were significantly reduced in treated individuals. These micrographs showed that there are some definite cellular changes associated with the treatment of corn rootworm with the purified proteins.

Example 5

[0102] This example describes the isolation and characterization of the genes encoding a lysine oxidase and a tedanalactam synthase.

[0103] The lysine oxidase and tedanalactam synthase genes were isolated from one of the Trichoderma sp. microorganisms isolated in Ecuador and the sequences determined.

[0104] Peptide sequences from purified tryptic peptides from F22844 lysine oxidase were obtained and used to design degenerate oligonucleotides to clone the lysine oxidase gene. From peptide P1 (SEQ ID NO: 1) was deduced the antisense strand oligonucleotide N1 (SEQ ID NO: 2), from peptide P2 (SEQ ID NO: 3) was deduced the antisense strand oligonucleotide N2 (SEQ ID NO: 4) and sense strand oligonucleotides N3, N4, and N5 (SEQ ID NOS:5,6,7). From peptide P3 (SEQ ID NO: 8) was derived the sense strand oligonucleotides N6 (SEQ ID NO: 9) and N7 (SEQ ID NO: 10).

P1 (SEQ ID NO:1):  Asp Ala Pro Pro Gin Pro Pro Lys Glu Asp Glu Leu Val Glu Leu Ile
                   Leu Gin Asn Leu Ala Arg
N1 (SEQ ID NO:2):  TC(AG) TC(CT) TC(CT) TTI GGI GG(CT) TG
P2 (SEQ ID NO:3):  Gly Leu Asn Leu His Pro Thr Gln Ala Asp Ala Ile Arg
N2 (SEQ ID NO:4):  ATIGC(AG)TCIGC(CT)TGIGTIGG(AG)TG
N3 (SEQ ID NO:5):  CA(CT)CCIACICA(AG)GCIGA(CT)GCIAT
N4 (SEQ ID NO:6):  AA(CT)CTICA(CT)CCIACICA(AG)GC
N5 (SEQ ID NO:7):  AA(CT) TT(AG) CA(CT) CCI ACI CA(AG) GC
P3 (SEQ ID NO:8):  Lys Gln Gln Ala Phe Gly Tyr Tyr Lys
N6 (SEQ ID NO:9):  AA(AG)CA(AG)CA(AG)GCITT(CT)GGITA
N7 (SEQ ID NO:1O): CA(AG)GCITT(CT)GGITA(CT)TA(CT)AA

[0105] To obtain a partial cDNA clone, nested sense and antisense degenerate oligonucleotides to three internal tryptic peptide sequences from the purified lysine oxidase were randomly combined in separate pair-wise PCR reactions with total cDNA from Trichoderma F22844 (Lee at al, 1988). The combination of sense strand oligonucleotides from peptide P3 (SEQ ID NO: 8) and an antisense strand oligonucleotide from peptide P1 (SEQ ID NO: 1) yield a PCR product of approximately 800 bp representing an internal portion of the lysine oxidase cDNA. More specifically, sense strand oligonucleotides N6 (SEQ ID NO: 9) or N7 (SEQ ID NO: 10) were combined with the antisense strand oligonucleotide N1 (SEQ ID NO: 2) in a 50 μL PCR reaction containing 50 picomoles of each oligonucleotide, 1× TAQ buffer (Perkin-Elmer, Norwalk, Conn.), 1.5 mM MgCl2, 660 μM dNTPs, and 0.5 units of Taq polymerase. The thermocycling profile was 1 cycle at 94° C. 5 minutes, 80° C. for 5 minutes in the absence of Taq polymerase followed by addition of Taq. After Taq addition, there were 3 cycles of 94° C. for 1 minute, 30 second ramp to 37° C. for 30 seconds, a 2.5 minute ramp to 72° C. for 2 minutes. This was followed by a PCR profile of 37 cycles of 94° C. for 1 minute, 48° C. for 1 minute, 72° C. for 2 minutes and terminated with a final incubation at 74° C. for 4 minutes.

[0106] To clone the internal lysine oxidase cDNA fragment, the 800 bp PCR fragment can then be ligated as a blunt ended fragment into a cloning vector such as pBSIIKS+ (Stratagene, La Jolla, Calif.) digested with SmaI to produce plasmid pMON23671 (FIG. 3). DNA sequencing of this fragment reveals DNA sequences coding for peptide fragments P2 (SEQ ID NO: 3) and P4 (SEQ ID NO: 11) as well as portions of peptide fragments P1 (SEQ ID NO: 1) and P3 (SEQ ID NO: 8), confirming the identity of the clone as a lysine oxidase cDNA fragment (SEQ ID NO: 12). Note that the first residue of the P3 (SEQ ID NO: 8) was later found to be a leucine rather than a lysine upon review of both the DNA and protein sequencing data. The oligonucleotide N7 (SEQ ID NO: 10) apparently still hybridized and functioned under the conditions described since only the first two nucleotides at its 5 prime end are mismatched.

[0107] It is useful to identify a complete cDNA sequence to determine if the genomic DNA contains introns that disrupt the coding sequence. Such introns could inhibit expression of the cloned gene in heterologous systems such as plants. To obtain the complete sequence of the lysine oxidase cDNA, the standard RACE (Rapid Amplification of cDNA Ends) procedure (Frohman et al., 1988) was used to extend the cDNA sequence from the internal core cDNA sequence present in pMON23671.

[0108] To recover the 3′ end, cDNA synthesized from poly A enriched F22844 with the 3′ Race Adapter primer (Gibco-BRL, Gaithersburg, Md.) was PCR amplified with the Universal Amplification Primer (Gibco-BRL, Gaithersburg, Md.) and the lysine oxidase sense strand oligonucleotide N8 (SEQ ID NO: 13). This PCR reaction yields a product of approximately 700 bp that can be re-amplified with the internally nested oligonucleotide N9 (SEQ ID NO: 14) to yield a PCR product of approximately 650 bp. The 650 bp product was subsequently subcloned as a blunt ended fragment into EcoRV digested pBSIIKS+ to yield pMON23683 (FIG. 4). Subsequent sequencing of this cDNA clone displayed uninterrupted homology to the genomic lysine oxidase genomic DNA sequence (SEQ ID NO: 15).

N8 (SEQ ID NO:13): ACCTCTACGAACTTGCGTTTACC
N9 (SEQ ID NO:14): CAACTCGCATTGGATCGTTGGTG

[0109] To recover the 5′ end, two sets of 5′ RACE reactions were performed. In the first set, poly A enriched RNA from F22844 was reverse transcribed into cDNA with oligonucleotide N10 (SEQ ID NO: 16) and dC tailed with Terminal Transferase (Gibco-BRL, Gaithersburg, Md.). This cDNA was then amplified first with oligonucleotide N11 (SEQ ID NO: 17) and the Anchor Primer or AP (Gibco-BRL, Gaithersburg, Md.). This PCR reaction was subsequently re-amplified with oligonucleotide N12 (SEQ ID NO: 18) and the Universal Amplification Primer or UAP (Gibco-BRL, Gaithersburg, Md.) to yield a 300 bp product which was blunt end cloned into EcoRV digested pBSIIKS+ to yield pMON23681 (FIG. 5). Sequence analysis of this cDNA clone (SEQ ID NO: 19) revealed uninterrupted homology to the genomic lysine oxidase genomic DNA sequence. However, a second set of 5′ RACE reactions was then needed to recover the remaining 5′ portion of the lysine oxidase cDNA sequence. This was accomplished by use of oligo dT primed first strand cDNA as template, followed by one round of PCR amplification with the AP and N13 (SEQ ID NO: 20), and completed with a final round of PCR amplification using the preceding PCR reaction product as template with the UAP and N14 (SEQ ID NO: 21) oligonucleotides as primers. The final 520 bp, 5 prime RACE product was subcloned into the PCR II vector (Invitrogen, San Diego, Calif.) to yield pMON25433 and sequenced to obtain the remaining cDNA sequence (SEQ ID NO: 22). This sequence also displayed uninterrupted homology to the lysine oxidase genomic sequence.

N10 (SEQ ID NO:16) CAT GTC GTC GAC GAG CAT GAG C
N11 (SEQ ID NO:17) CAT CGA ACC CTT TGT CGA AGT CC
N12 (SEQ ID NO:18) CAG CAA GCT TCT CTT TGT AAT ACC C
N13 (SEQ ID NO:20) GTC GAA GTC CTC AGC CAG CTT CTC TTT GTA A
N14 (SEQ ID NO:21) CAT GCT GGG GAT GTC AGG

[0110] To obtain a complete clone of the genomic DNA encoding the lysine oxidase, a lambda phage genomic DNA library (Frischauf et al., 1987) derived from F22844 was screened by hybridization with the lysine oxidase partial cDNA fragment. In brief, approximately 20,000 plaque forming units from the library were plated, transferred to filters, and probed with radiolabelled lysine oxidase cDNA fragment (SEQ ID NO: 12) which had been isolated from pMON23671. Briefly, filters were hybridized with a 32P labeled probe (Feinberg and Vogelstein, 1983) with a specific activity of approximately 2×108 DPM/μg in 5×SSC, 5×Denhardts, 0.1% SDS, 50% formamide, and 500 μg/mL DNA at 42° C. for 18 hours, washed twice in 2×SSC, 0.1% SDS for 15 minutes at 25° C. or room temperature, washed twice in 0.1×SSC, 0.1% SDS for 20 minutes at 60° C. and autoradiographed. Positive or hybridizing plaques were then picked, re-plated , and re-probed until a purified isolate consisting of only of hybridizing plaques is obtained. Five independent, hybridizing lambda phage clones were obtained.

[0111] The DNA from the purified lambda phage was then prepared by standard procedures and analyzed by both direct DNA sequencing and southern blot techniques. Sequencing of the lambda genomic clones reveals essentially complete sequence homology to the partial lysine oxidase cDNA clone in pMON23671 and to one another, indicating that the clones are independent isolates of the same gene. Southern blot analysis of lambda phage genomic DNA digested with BamHI indicated that all of the clones carried a common cross hybridizing BglII fragment of approximately 5 kb and that genomic DNA of the F22844 has a similar band. The 5 kb BglII fragment from the lambda phage digest was subsequently isolated and cloned into the BamHI site of pBSIIKS+ (Stratagene, La Jolla, Calif.) to yield pMON23680 (FIG. 6). An internal 1.0 kb Xbal fragment restriction mapped to the 3′ end of the genomic DNA was deleted from pMON23680 to yield pMON23684 (FIG. 7). The complete sequence of the genomic DNA encoding the lysine oxidase gene is given (SEQ ID NO: 15).

[0112] The complete sequence of the genomic clone of the F22844 lysine oxidase gene was determined and compared to the sequence of the lysine oxidase cDNA. Comparison of the genomic and cDNA sequence indicates that the lysine oxidase gene has no introns within its coding region. More specifically, the DNA sequences of the genomic DNA (in lambda clone 56-3 and derived pMONs 23680 and 23684) were determined by automated sequencing of both strands (Prism DyeDeoxy Cycle Sequencing-Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif.) and confirmed with manual sequencing (Sanger dideoxy chain termination). Sequences of the cDNA fragments in pMONs 23671, 23681, 23683 and pMON25433 were obtained by automated sequencing as well as by manual sequencing for pMON25433.

[0113] Analysis of the lysine oxidase genomic sequence shows a single open reading frame encoding a 617 amino acid residue ORF of approximate predicted Mr 69,400. Since the native protein has an apparent Mr 56,000 this ORF encodes a pre-protein that is post-translationally modified to yield the mature protein. N-terminal sequence data and mass spectroscopy data indicate that approximately 77 amino acid residues are cleaved from the N-terminus to yield the mature lysine oxidase protein of approximate Mr 60,000.

[0114] A search of the SWISS PROT database with the entire 617 amino acid residue lysine oxidase ORF (SEQ ID NO: 46; predicted Mr=69,400) encoded by the genomic sequence revealed homology of the Trichoderma lysine oxidase to the Neurospora L-amino acid oxidase (LAO) precursor protein (Niedermann and Lerch, 1990). The overall homology score was 24% identity, 50% similarity over 606 residues with the highest conservation in a region identified as a FAD binding site (8 of 9 contiguous residues). Both lysine oxidase and LAO are apparently synthesized as proproteins since the first 129 amino acids of the non-secreted (intracellular) LAO proprotein are removed to yield the mature LAO (Niedermann and Lerch, 1990). This result suggests that the LAO of Neurospora or other L-amino acid oxidases may be combined with the F22844 Mr 50,000 protein or other proteins to yield control of other insects.

[0115] The full length tedanalactam synthase cDNA was isolated in stages using PCR based protocols of mixed oligonucleotide primed amplification of cDNA (MOPAC) (Lee et al., 1988) and rapid amplification of cDNA ends (R.A.C.E.) (Frohman et al., 1988). First strand cDNA was generated from poly A+RNA isolated from 4 day old culture of F22844 and served as templates for the MOPAC and RACE reactions. The first 5 prime (sense) gene specific amplification primer (GSP), primer N15 (SEQ ID NO: 23), was designed from the protein sequence P5 (SEQ ID NO: 24) obtained from tryptic peptide fragment 11. A second nested 5 prime GSP, primer N16 (SEQ ID NO: 25), was designed from protein sequence P6 (SEQ ID NO: 26) derived from tryptic fragment 9. The 3 prime (antisense) GSP, primer N17 (SEQ ID NO: 27), was designed from the protein sequence P7 (SEQ ID NO: 28) obtained from tryptic peptide fragment 16. A 623 bp partial cDNA fragment (SEQ ID NO: 29) was obtained from an RT-PCR reaction with primers N16 (SEQ ID NO: 25) and N17 (SEQ ID NO: 27), and subcloned into pBluescript II KS+ (Stratagene, La Jolla, Calif.) at the SmaI site (blunt ligation) resulting in pMON25421 (FIG. 8). The partial cDNA was sequenced and the deduced protein sequence matched the protein sequence obtained from tryptic fragments 9, 7, and 16 (SEQ ID NO: 26, SEQ ID NO: 30,SEQ ID NO: 28).

N15 (SEQ ID NO:23): GAR CAR AAY AAY TTY TTY AAY CAY GC
P5  (SEQ ID NO:24): Val Val Val Leu Glu Gln Asn Asn Phe Phe Asn His Ala Gly Ser
                    Ser Asn Asp Leu Ala
N16 (SEQ ID NO:25): ATG TAY ACI GAR CAY TAY ATG
P6  (SEQ ID NO:26): Thr Met Tyr Thr Glu Asp Tyr Met Ala Asp Leu Ala Lys
N17 (SEQ ID NO:27): GG IGC RAA YTG RAA CCA CAT
P7  (SEQ ID NO:28): Gly Thr Ile Phe Pro Ser Met Trp Phe Gln Phe Ala Pro Asp Lys
P8  (SEQ ID NO:30): Leu Gly Met Thr Tyr Gln Glu Met Ser Ala Lys

[0116] RACE was used to identify the remaining 5 prime and 3 prime cDNA sequence of the tedanalactam synthase gene. 5 prime RACE was performed according the Gibco-BRL kit using P6 (SEQ ID NO: 26) derived gene specific antisense primers N18 (SEQ ID NO: 31) and N19 (SEQ ID NO: 32). The 380 bp, 5 prime RACE product (SEQ ID NO: 33) was subcloned into the PCR II vector (Invitrogen, San Diego, Calif.) resulting in pMON25422 (FIG. 9). To recover the 3 prime portion of the cDNA, 3 prime RACE was performed using a P6 (SEQ ID NO: 26) derived gene specific sense primer N20 (SEQ ID NO: 34) and the Universal Amplification Primer (Gibco-BRL, Gaithersburg, Md.) which generated a 1423 base pair fragment. The 1423 bp fragment 3 prime race product (SEQ ID NO: 35) was subcloned into PCR II vector (Invitrogen, San Diego, Calif.) to yield pMON25423.

[0117] The full length 50 kb cDNA was generated by overlap PCR (Horton et al., 1989) using F22844 first strand cDNA as template and primers:

[0118] 1) N21 (SEQ ID NO: 36), a 5 prime sense primer that introduces BglII and NcoI restriction sites at the start codon (ATG) (primer mr50000-1)

[0119] 2) N22 (SEQ ID NO: 37) sense and N23 (SEQ ID NO: 38) antisense 31-mers (primer mr50000-2 and mr50000-3) to remove the internal NcoI site.

[0120] 3) N24 (SEQ ID NO: 39) an oligonucleotide that introduces a EcoRI and HindIII restriction sites 3 prime to the stop codon that is located 1363 bp downstream of the start codon (ATG).

[0121] The engineered full length cDNA, 1385 bp PCR product (SEQ ID NO: 40), was subcloned into PCR II vector (Invitrogen, San Diego, Calif.) resulting in pMON25424 (FIG. 10). The deduced translated protein sequence is shown (SEQ ID: 41).

N21 (SEQ ID NO:36): GGG AGA TCT CCA TGG CAG ACG AAA TCT
N22 (SEQ ID NO:37): GGC TTT CCA GCA CTT CCT TGG GGC CCT CCA A
N23 (SEQ ID NO:38): TTG GAG GGC CCC AAG GAA GTG CTG GAA AGC C
N24 (SEQ ID NO:39): CCC AAG CTT GAA TTC ACT TTC TTC TAT TGC C

[0122] Genomic DNA was isolated from the fungal pellet of a 5 day old liquid culture of F22844 (Fedoroff et al. 1983). Southern blot analysis indicated that the gene encoding tedanalactam synthase was a single copy gene and mapped to an 8.0 kb BglII fragment. A F22844 genomic library was constructed from genomic DNA partially digested with MboI ligated into the BamHI site of the lambda EMBL3 vector (Frischauf et al., 1987). pMON 25421 cDNA insert was used to screen 48,000 plaque forming units from the primary library and nine positive overlapping clones were identified. The tedanalactam synthase gene was localized to a 9.0 kb SalI fragment. In three of the lambda clones, the gene mapped to one of the vector arms indicating that partial MboI digestions of F22844 genomic DNA used in the construction of the library had created truncation of the 9.0 kb SalI fragment to a 6.0 kb, 4.4 kb and 2.5 kb. The 4.4 kb SalI fragment was subcloned into pBluescript II KS+ (Stratagene, La Jolla, Calif.) resulting in pMON25425. The insert was sequenced and contained the complete 50 kb genomic clone with 5 introns (SEQ ID NO: 42).

Example 6

[0123] This example illustrates bioactivity of lysine oxidase and tedanalactam synthase derived from cloned genes against western corn rootworm.

[0124] The lysine oxidase and tedanalactam synthase genes can be isolated from novel sources or known sources. These genes may than be used to transform bacterial, yeast or plant cells, resulting in the production of lysine oxidase (or lysine oxidase proprotein) and tedanalactam synthase and permitting use of the methods of this invention. Examples of how this could be done for the lysine oxidase and tedanalactam synthase genes from fungal isolate F22844 are given below.

[0125] To introduce restriction endonuclease sites permitting expression of the lysine oxidase structural gene in transformed microorganisms and plants, the cloned genomic DNA sequence of the F22844 lysine oxidase gene (SEQ ID NO: 15 in pMON23680 or 23684) was subjected to PCR mediated site-directed mutagenesis. Briefly, about 100 picograms of pMON23680 in a 100 μL reaction containing 1× Pfu buffer (Stratagene, La Jolla, Calif.), 100 μM dNTPs, 0.5 μM oligonucleotide primer N25 (SEQ ID NO: 43), 0.5 μM oligonucleotide primer N26 (SEQ ID NO: 44), 2.5 units of Pfu polymerase (Stratagene, La Jolla, Calif.) was overlaid with mineral oil and subjected to thermal cycling in a Perkin Elmer Model 480 DNA Thermo Cycler. The thermal cycling profile was 1 cycle at 94° C. for 1.5 minutes, 50° C. for 1 minute, 74° C. for 3 minutes followed by 25 cycles of 94° C. for 1 minute, 50° C. for 1 minute, 74° C. for 2 minutes and terminated with a final cycle of 94° C. for 1 minute, 50° C. for 1 minute, 74° C. for 15 minutes. The PCR reaction product of approximately 1,900 bp was electrophoresed on an agarose gel, purified (Qiagen, Chatsworth, Calif.), and digested with restriction endonucleases NcoI and EcoRI. The sequence of the resultant PCR product is given (SEQ ID NO: 45). Note that the amino acid sequence of the lysine oxidase Mr 69,400 proprotein (SEQ ID NO: 46) encoded by the mutagenized DNA sequence is identical to the deduced translation product of unmutagenized lysine oxidase genomic sequence (SEQ ID NO: 15; translation start at base number 663, translational stop at base number 2513).

N25 (SEQ ID NO:43): TTGCAAACCATGGACAATGTTGACTTTGCTGAATC
N25 (SEQ ID NO:44): GCCGTAGTACCGAATTCTTATTAAATCTTCACC

[0126] Convenient restriction sites for placing the tedanalactam synthase gene into plant expression vectors were also introduced by PCR site-directed mutagenesis as described previously.

[0127] To obtain functional lysine oxidase protein from the cloned gene, the lysine oxidase gene was engineered for expression in a heterologous yeast system. The yeast expression construct, pMON25030 (FIG. 11), was made by cloning a PCR generated fragment encoding the lysine oxidase Mr 69,400 proprotein (SEQ ID NO: 46) into a pYES2 yeast expression plasmid (Invitrogen, San Diego, Calif.). The PCR fragment (approximately 1.9 kb) was generated by using two primers, N26 (SEQ ID NO: 47) and N27 (SEQ ID NO: 48) and PCR amplifying a segment of DNA from pMON23680 (SEQ ID NO: 15). Each primer carried a unique restriction site which provided directional cloning of the fragment into the pYES2 vector under GALl promoter control. Primer N26 (SEQ ID NO: 47) carried a BglII site while N27 (SEQ ID NO: 48) had an XbaI site. The resulting PCR fragment was digested with BglII and XbaI and cloned into BamHI and XbaI sites of the pYES2 vector. Note that the amino acid sequence of the lysine oxidase Mr 69,400 proprotein (SEQ ID NO: 46) encoded by this DNA fragment is not affected by introduction of these restriction sites.

N26
(SEQ ID NO:47): CCCAGATCTATATTTGCAAACATGGACAATG
N27
(SEQ ID NO:48): GGGTCTAGACTAACAAACATCACACTTTCTATG

[0128] Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) transformed with pMON25030 were grown in the presence of galactose and shown to produce enzymatically active lysine oxidase. Yeast transformed with pMON25030 had soluble lysine oxidase activity in both disrupted cell pellets and cell free culture media. Culture media incubated for five days of galactose induction was found to hold the majority of lysine oxidase activity at approximately 1 ng equivalent of lysine oxidase activity per 1 μl of media (activity units are standardized to the activity of known amounts of F22844 lysine oxidase). Lysine oxidase from the yeast culture media was subsequently purified and shown to have bioactivity against corn rootworm when combined with tedanalactam synthase. Surviving larvae exhibit 51% stunting with the combination sample of recombinant lysine oxidase purified from yeast and the F22844 culture filtrate purified tedanalactam synthase (Table 11). No significant stunting was seen with either protein individually. The yeast purified lysine oxidase had a specific activity of 25 U/mg protein versus a specific activity of 37 U/mg protein when the enzyme is purified from F22844

TABLE 11
Treatment	Concentration	# of	Mean larval wt.
(16 wells/sample)	(ppm)	survivors	(mg) (±SEM)
Acetate buffer	—	61	0.94 ± 0.08
Acetate buffer	—	45	0.84 ± 0.07
Lysine oxidase	14	38	0.76 ± 0.06
Mr 50,000	10	43	0.80 ± 0.07
Lysine oxidase +	14 + 10	36	0.44 ± 0.05
Mr 50,000

[0129] An NcoI-HindIII fragment containing the full length tedanalactam synthase cDNA gene (SEQ ID NO: 40) from pMON25424 was inserted into pMON6235, an E. coli expression vector containing an arabinose inducible promoter and GIG leader sequence to produce pMON25428 (FIG. 12). Western blot analysis showed that the E. coli expressed protein was cross reactive to polyclonal antibodies raised against the F22844 purified tedanalactam synthase. The relative migration of the expressed protein on SDS-PAGE was identical to the F22844 purified tedanalactam synthase. The recombinant tedanalactam synthase was purified in a 5 step procedure from E. coli expressing the tedanalactam synthase gene. Lysine oxidase was purified from a commercial preparation of T. viride lysine oxidase. Both the lysine oxidase and tedanalactam synthase were >95% pure by SDS-PAGE. In bioassays against SCRW neonate larvae, >80% stunting of survivors was seen with the combination sample of T. viride lysine oxidase and the E. coli produced F22844 tedanalactam synthase (Table 12). The number of survivors was also dramatically reduced. No significant mortality or stunting was seen with either protein individually. This demonstrates that the heterologously expressed or recombinant tedanalactam synthase is insecticidally active against corn rootworm when assayed in the presence of lysine oxidase.

TABLE 12
Treatment (16	Concentration		Mean larval
wells/sample)	(ppm)	# of survivors	wt. (mg) (+SEM)
Tris/acetate buffer	—	51	0.68 ± 0.04
Tris/acetate buffer	—	52	0.57 ± 0.04
Lysine oxidase	10	46	0.48 ± 0.04
Mr 50,000	18	80	0.52 ± 0.03
Lysine oxidase +	10 + 18	23	0.11 ± 0.01
Mr 50,000

[0130] Lysine oxidase isolated from yeast transformed with pMON25030 and tedanalactam synthase isolated from E. coli transformed with pMON25428 were tested in bioassays for activity against western corn rootworm (Diabrotica) when combined respectively with tedanalactam synthase or lysine oxidase from F22844. Concentration response curves were run to determine the efficacy of these purified proteins on neonate WCRW larvae (Table 13). Excellent bioactivity was observed with LC50's below 2 ppm for each protein.

	TABLE 13
	Sample	Conc. (ppm)	% Mortality	% Stunting
	F50/FLO1	20 + 20	100	—
		10 + 10	100	—
		2 + 2	63	80
	F50/YLO2	20 + 20	100	—
		10 + 10	100	—
		2 + 2	90	87
	E50/FLO3	10 + 10	84	80
	1F22844 tedanalactam synthase and F22844 lysine oxidase
	2F22844 tedanalactam synthase and yeast lysine oxidase (recombinant)
	3E. coli tedanalactam synthase (recombinant) and F22844 lysine oxidase

Example 7

[0131] This example illustrates the production of antibodies useful for detection and quantitation of lysine oxidase and tedanalactam synthase

[0132] To detect and quantitate tedanalactam synthase, polyclonal antibody #208 was developed by immunizing a rabbit with partially purified 50K protein derived from the E. coli expression vector pMON25428. A quantitative Enzyme Linked Immunoassay (ELISA) where polyclonal antibody #208 is both the coating and a Horse Radish Peroxidase (HRP) conjugated antibody was devised. The linear range of the tedanalactam synthase ELISA is between approximately 2.5 to 40 ng . Antibody #208 is also used for 50K Western blot analysis using the Enhanced Chemi-Luminescence (ECL) method of Amersham (cat #RPN 2106). The Western blot procedure utilizes antibody #208 as the primary antibody and an Amersham goat anti-rabbit HRP conjugated secondary antibody (cat #NA 934). Incubation in the ECL reagents allows visualization of the antigens by autoradiography.

[0133] To detect and quantitate lysine oxidase, polyclonal antibody #450 was developed by immunizing a rabbit with partially purified lysine oxidase protein derived from the S. cerevisiae expression vector pMON25030. A quantitative Enzyme Linked Immunoassay (ELISA) for lysine oxidase where polyclonal antibody #450 is both the coating and HRP-conjugated antibody was devised. The linear range of the lysine oxidase ELISA is between approximately 0.25 to 4.0 ng.

[0134] For analysis of the lysine oxidase by Western blot analysis, polyclonal antibody #2262 sera #3 was developed by immunizing a rabbit with a KLH conjugated 25-mer peptide CSVGEKLQQAFGYYKEKLAEDFDKG where all but the N-terminal cysteine residue is derived from the lysine oxidase peptide sequence. This antibody will detect both the lysine oxidase proenzyme of approximate Mr 69,000 as well as the enzymatically active and mature form of approximate Mr 69,000. Antibody #2262 sera #3 is used for LO Western blot analysis using the Enhanced Chemi-Luminescence (ECL) method of Amersham (cat #RPN 2106). The Western blot procedure utilizes antibody #2262 sera #3 as the primary antibody and an Amersham goat anti-rabbit HRP conjugate as the secondary antibody (cat #NA 934). Incubation in the ECL reagents allows visualization of the antigens by autoradiography.

Example 8

[0135] This example illustrates control of insects by expression of lysine and Mr 50,000 proteins in plant colonizing bacteria.

[0136] To control insects, it may be desirable to express lysine oxidase and tedanalactam synthase in plant colonizing bacteria, and then apply this bacteria to the plant. As the insect feeds on the plant, it ingests a toxic dose of lysine oxidase and tedanalactam synthase produced by the plant colonizers. Plant colonizers can be either those that inhabit the plant surface, such as Pseudomonas or Agrobacterium species, or endophytes that inhabit the plant vasculature such as Clavibacter species. For surface colonizers, the lysine oxidase and tedanalactam synthase genes may be inserted into a broad host range vector capable of replicating in these Gram-negative hosts. Examples of these such vectors are pKT231 of the IncQ incompatibility group (Bagdasarian et al., 1981) or pVK100 of the IncP group (Knauf and Nester, 1982). For endophytes the tedanalactam synthase and lysine oxidase genes can be inserted into the chromosome by homologous recombination or by incorporation of the gene onto an appropriate transposon capable of chromosomal insertion in these endophytic bacteria.

Example 9

[0137] This example illustrates control of coleopteran insects by expression of lysine oxidase and tedanalactam synthase in transgenic monocotlyedenous plants.

[0138] To place the lysine oxidase gene in a vector suitable for expression in monocotyledonous plants (i.e. under control of the enhanced Cauliflower Mosaic Virus 35S promoter and linker to the hsp70 intron followed by a nopaline synthase polyadenylation site as in Brown and Santino, U.S. Pat. No. 5,424,412; 1995), the vector pMON19469 (FIG. 13) was digested with NcoI and EcoRI. The larger vector band of approximately 4.6 kb was electrophoresed, purified, and ligated with T4 DNA ligase to the Ncol-EcoRI fragment of approximately 1.9 kb containing the lysine oxidase gene (SEQ ID NO: 45). The ligation mix was transformed into E. coli strain XL-1 Blue (Stratagene, La Jolla, Calif.). Carbenicillin resistant colonies were recovered and plasmid DNA recovered by DNA miniprep procedures. This DNA was subjected to restriction endonuclease analysis with enzymes such as NcoI and EcoRI (together), NotI, and PstI to identify plasmid pMON25040, which contains the lysine oxidase coding sequence fused to the hsp70 intron under control of the enhanced CaMV35S promoter (FIG. 14). Expression of functional lysine oxidase by pMON25040 in corn protoplasts was confirmed by electroporation of pMON25040 DNA into protoplasts followed by enzymatic assays of the plant protoplasts for lysine oxidase activity.

[0139] To place the lysine oxidase gene in a vector suitable for recovery of stably transformed and insect resistant plants, the 3.6 kb Notl restriction fragment from pMON25040 containing the lysine oxidase coding sequence fused to the hsp70 intron under control of the enhanced CaMV35S promoter was isolated by gel electrophoresis and purification. This fragment was ligated into NotI digested, alkaline phosphatase treated pMON15786, a plant transient expression vector containing the neomycin phosphotransferase coding sequence fused to the hsp70 intron under control of the enhanced CaMV35S promoter (FIG. 15). Kanamycin resistant colonies were obtained by transformation of this ligation mix into E. coli XL-1 Blue (Stratagene, La Jolla, Calif.) and colonies containing pMON25041 (FIG. 16) identified by restriction endonuclease digestion of plasmid miniprep DNAs. Restriction enzymes such as NotI, EcoRV, HindIII, NcoI, EcoRI, and BglII can be used to identify the appropriate clones containing the NotI fragment of pMON25040 in the NotI site of pMON15786 (i.e. pMON25041) in the orientation such that both genes are in tandem (i.e. the 3′ end of the lysine oxidase expression cassette is linked to the 5′ end of the nptII expression cassette). This vector can be introduced into the genomic DNA of corn embryos by particle gun bombardment followed by paromomycin selection to obtain corn plants expressing the lysine oxidase gene essentially as described in Brown and Santino U.S. Pat. No. 5,424,412. These plants can then be “crossed” by pollen transfer to plants containing the tedanalactam synthase gene (construction described below, from pMON30411) to obtain plants that are resistant to insect infestation, particularly corn rootworm (Diabrotica spp.). Alternatively, pMON30411 and 25040 could be co-bombarded to obtain plants that are resistant to insect infestation, particularly corn rootworm (Diabrotica spp.).

[0140] To place the tedanalactam synthase gene in a vector suitable for expression in monocotyledonous plants (i.e. under control of the enhanced Cauliflower Mosaic Virus 35S promoter and linked to the hsp70 intron followed by a nopaline synthase polyadenylation site), the vector pMON19469 was digested with NcoI and EcoRI. The larger vector band of approximately 4.6 kb was electrophoresed, purified, and ligated with T4 DNA ligase to the NcoI-EcoRI fragment of approximately 1.4 kb containing the tedanalactam synthase gene (SEQ ID NO: 40) obtained from the E. coli expression vector pMON25428. The ligation mix was transformed into E. coli strain XL-1 Blue (Stratagene, La Jolla, Calif.), carbenicillin resistant colonies recovered and plasmid DNA recovered by DNA miniprep procedures. This DNA was subjected to restriction endonuclease analysis with NcoI and EcoRI, NotI, and SacI to identify clones containing pMON30410, containing the tedanalactam synthase coding sequence fused to the hsp70 intron under control of the enhanced CaMV35S promoter (FIG. 18). Expression of the tedanalactam synthase gene by pMON30410 in corn protoplasts was confirmed by electroporation of pMON30410 DNA into protoplasts followed by Western blot analysis of the plant protoplast extracts for tedanalactam synthase cross reacting species of the same Mr as native tedanalactam synthase.

[0141] To place the tedanalactam synthase gene in a vector suitable for recovery of stably transformed and insect resistant monocot plants, the 3.1 kb NotI restriction fragment from pMON30410 containing the tedanalactam synthase coding sequence fused to the hsp70 intron under control of the enhanced CaMV35S promoter was isolated by gel electrophoresis and purification. This fragment was ligated with pMON15786 treated with NotI and calf intestinal alkaline phosphatase (pMON15786 contains the neomycin phosphotransferase coding sequence fused to the hsp70 intron under control of the enhanced CaMV35S promoter). Kanamycin resistant colonies were obtained by transformation of this ligation mix into E. coli XL-1 Blue (Stratagene, La Jolla, Calif.) and colonies containing pMON30411 (FIG. 17) identified by restriction endonuclease digestion of plasmid miniprep DNAs. Restriction enzymes such as NotI, EcoRV, HindIII, NcoI, EcoRI, and BglII may be used to identify the appropriate clones containing the NotI fragment of pMON30411 in the NotI site of pMON15786 (i.e. pMON30411) in the orientation such that both genes are in tandem (i.e. the 3′ end of the tedanalactam synthase expression cassette is linked to the 5′ end of the nptII expression cassette). This vector can be introduced into the genomic DNA of corn embryos by particle gun bombardment followed by paromomycin selection to obtain corn plants expressing the tedanalactam synthase gene. These plants can then be “crossed” by pollen transfer to plants containing the lysine oxidase gene (pMON25041; see description below) to obtain plants that are resistant to insect infestation, particularly corn rootworm (Diabrotica spp.). Alternatively, pMON30411 and 25040 could be co-bombarded to obtain corn plants that are resistant to insect infestation, particularly corn rootworm (Diabrotica spp.).

[0142] To place both the tedanalactam synthase and lysine oxidase genes in a vector suitable for recovery of stably transformed and insect resistant plants, the 3.6 kb NotI restriction fragment from pMON25040 containing the lysine oxidase coding sequence fused to the hsp70 intron under control of the enhanced CaMV35S promoter was isolated by gel electrophoresis and purification. This fragment was ligated with pMON30411 that was partially digested with NotI to obtain pMON30411 plasmid DNA cut only once with NotI and treated with calf intestinal alkaline phosphatase (pMON30411 contains the neomycin phosphotransferase coding sequence fused to the hsp70 intron under control of the enhanced CaMV35S promoter and the tedanalactam synthase coding sequence fused to the hsp70 intron under control of the enhanced CaMV35S promoter). Partial digestion and isolation of pMON30411 plasmid with only one NotI site cut was accomplished by digesting 5 μg of DNA in 1×HSB buffer (Boehringer-Mannheim, Indianapolis, Ind.), 10 μg/mL bovine serum albumin, 10 μg/mL ethidium bromide and 0.4 units of NotI restriction endonuclease followed by gel electrophoresis and purification of the linearized plasmid DNA. Kanamycin resistant colonies were obtained by transformation of this ligation mix into E. coil XL-1 Blue (Stratagene, La Jolla, Calif.). Colonies containing pMON30417 (FIG. 19) were identified by restriction endonuclease digestion of plasmid miniprep DNAs. Restriction enzymes such as NotI, Sacl, HindIII/BamHI, NcoI/EcoRI, EcoRV and BglII may be used to identify the appropriate clones containing the NotI fragment of pMON25040 in the NotI site of pMON30411 upstream of the tedanalactam synthase gene (i.e. pMON30417) in the orientation such that all genes are in tandem (i.e. the 3′ end of the lysine oxidase cassette is linked to the 5′ end of the tedanalactam synthase expression cassette and the 3′ end of the Mr 50,000 expression cassette is linked to the 5′ end of the nptII expression cassette). Expression of both the lysine oxidase and tedanalactam synthase in genes in corn leaf protoplasts electroporated with pMON30417 was observed. This vector can be introduced into the genomic DNA of corn embryos by particle gun bombardment followed by paromomycin selection to obtain corn plants expressing both the lysine oxidase and tedanalactam synthase genes essentially as described in Brown and Santino U.S. Pat. No. 5,424,412. Transgenic corn plants expressing the lysine oxidase and tedanalactam synthase genes can be identified by an ELISA assay specific for the two proteins or via an enzymatic assay for lysine oxidase activity. These plants may be resistant to insect infestation, particularly corn rootworm (Diabrotica spp.).

[0143] Both the lysine oxidase gene in pMON25040 and the tedanalactam synthase gene in pMON30410 were shown to express the respective F22844 genes in corn leaf protoplasts. Corn leaf protoplasts were electroporated with pMONs 25040 and 30410 as well as a pMON19649 control and incubated for about 24 hours. Total protein was extracted and assayed for the presence of enzymatic lysine oxidase activity (Table 14) or tedanalactam synthase cross reacting material by Western blot analysis. Both genes are expressed in corn cells.

	TABLE 14
	ng LO activity/mg total protein1
	Vector	cell pellet2	culture media (conc)3
	pMON25040	148 ± 12	411 ± 3
	pMON19649	0	0
	1Lysine oxidase equivalents in nanograms per mg of total extracted protein. Lysine activity equivalents were determined by assaying in parallel a dilution series of known amounts of purified F22844 lysine oxidase.
	2cell pellet was extracted with glass beads and desalted prior to assay.
	3culture media was concentrated over a Centricon 10 column (Amicon).

[0144] Corn plants transformed with the monocot transformation vector containing both the lysine oxidase and tedanalactam synthase expression cassettes (i.e. pMON30417) were obtained as described above. A transgenic event that expressed both lysine oxidase and tedanalactam synthase was identified and outcrossed to yield progeny that express both the lysine oxidase and tedanalactam synthase proteins at approximately 2.5 and 4.5 PPM, respectively (leaf expression levels as determined by an ELISA). Progeny plants of the pMON30417 event and genotypically identical controls that do not express the lysine oxidase or tedanalactam synthase proteins were infested with western corn rootworm eggs and scored for root damage by the Iowa Rating system (Hills and Peters, 1971) after 3 weeks of feeding. These results are summarized in Table 15.

TABLE 15
pMON30417 mediated control of western corn rootworm
in transgenic corn
	Treatment	N1	Mean RDR2 (SE)3	Range4
	pMON30417	10	3.0 (0)	3
	Control	5	4.6 (0.24)	4-5
	1N is number of plants assayed.
	2RDR is the Root Damage Rating; 1-5 scale, 5 most severe.
	3X2 = 19.095, P < 0.002
	4Range of values obtained.

[0145] In addition to the quantitative Root Damage Rating data demonstrating protection of corn plant roots expressing the lysine oxidase and tedanalactam synthase proteins (pMON30417), a number of qualitative observations also indicate that these genes confer corn rootworm control. First, the above ground nodal roots were intact in the pMON30417 plants but were destroyed in the control plants. Second, the control plants had copious numbers of larvae within the stalk at the time of examination while the pMON30417 plants had none.

[0146] A bare root assay was performed on segregating ‘Laffite’ plants to measure plant insecticidal activity and larval growth. Survival on the control was 39% as compared to 4% on F22844. Those surviving on F22844 were in very poor condition (Table 16). Because of the poor condition of the F22844 larvae, no larval weights were recovered.

TABLE 16
Percent survival and mean larval weight of WCR in a bare root assay.
	Treatment	N	Survival (%)	Larval weight (mg)
	Control	15	38.7	0.24
	F22844	9	4.4	—

[0147] The western corn rootworm whole plant bioassay was repeated with ‘Laffite’ in ten inch pots. The larger pot would allow for near normal plant development, thus allowing for both the opportunity to study insect control and the phytotoxic effects. Positive plants (2-4 ppm) were approximately 30-40 percent stunted at the end of the assay period for the H99 and B73 pedigrees, respectively. The root system on the positive plants appeared normal for that size of a plant. The insect control on the positive plants appeared normal for that size of a plant.

[0148] The average root damage ratings of the F22844 plants were significantly lower than the negative plants, 2.6 and 2.7 versus 5.2 and 5.9 for the H99 and B73 pedigrees, respectively. The negative segregants showed severe rootworm damage with 2-3 entire nodes of the roots pruned (Table 17). Note that constitutive expression of enzymatically active LO can result in plant height reductions (Table 17). Combinations of root specific promoters, LO69 proenzyme variants resistant to plant protease activation, and/or organellar or extracellular targeting of LO69 or LO69 proenzyme variants are anticipated to relieve this effect of LO expression in plants.

TABLE 17
Mean root ratings (RDR) for F22844, Event ‘Laffite’, for both
a B73 and H99 S1 cross from the R0 in a ten inch pot WCR bioassay
					Plant Height
Treatment	Pedigree	N	RDR Mean	RDR Range	Mean (inch)
F22844	H99	16	2.6	1-3	28.0
	B73	10	2.7	1-3	30.6
Control	H99	10	5.2	3-5	39.3
	B73	8	5.9	5-6	49.6

[0149] To reduce plant height reductions caused by lysine oxidase expression and to target expression of the insecticidal proteins to the roots attacked by Diabrotica sp, promoters that limit expression of lysine oxidase to roots are valuable. In this example, the 4 as-1 root enhanced promoter (Lam et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,023,179; designated pAS4 in plasmid maps) was fused to a transcription unit containing the maize hsp70 intron, the lysine oxidase gene, and the nos polyadenylation site in pMON25058 (FIG. 20). The 4 as-1 promoter was also fused to a transcription unit containing the maize hsp70 intron, the tedanalactam synthase gene, and the nos polyadenylation site in pMON25060. Both the lysine oxidase and tedanalactam synthase transcription units is were subsequently combined in a vector containing a neomycin phosphotransferase coding sequence fused to the hsp70 intron under control of the enhanced CaMV35S promoter to yield pMON25061 (FIG. 21). Transgenic corn plants expressing both lysine oxidase and tedanalactam synthase genes were recovered as previously described.

[0150] One illustrative pMON25061 event, R44482, was further analyzed and shown to express lysine oxidase and tedanalactam synthase at relatively high levels in root tissue and at relatively low levels in leaf tissue (2.9 ppm lysine oxidase in root versus 0.9 ppm in leaf; 8.4 ppm tedanalactam synthase in root versus 1.9 ppm in leaf). Event 44482 was also displayed significant levels of CRW resistance in both growth chamber and field tests (Table 18). Although plant height reductions associated with the pMON25061 transgene in R44482 were not eliminated, the level of stuntung is clearly less than that observed when Lysine oxidase is expressed from a constitutive CaMV e35S promoter (Tables 17 and 18).

TABLE 18
Corn Rootworm Damage Rating and Height of CRW infested and
non-infested pMON25061 plants and wild type controls
	CRW RDR1	CRW RDR1	CRW RDR1
	(Height) [Growth	(Height) [Field	(Height) [Field
Plants	Chamber]	Test Site #1]	Test Site #2]
25061#44482	3.2 RDR	5.8 RDR	5.6 RDR
(infested)	(51.5 in)	(47 in)	(37 in)
wild type	10.4 RDR	9.4 RDR	11.9 RDR
(infested)	(50.6 in)	(60 in)	(51 in)
25061#44482	ND	ND	ND
(uninfested)		(79 in)	(84 in)
wild type	ND	ND	ND
(uninfested)		(84 in)	(86 in)
1RDR is the Root Damage Rating; 1-15 scale, 15 most severe.

Example 10

[0151] This example illustrates construction of lysine oxidase and tedanalactam synthase dicot plant expression vectors, production of dicot plants expressing these genes, and use of these plants to control insect pests.

[0152] To control coleopteran insect pests such as the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), in dicotyledonous plants such as potato, Solanum tuberosum, or to control boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis, in cotton, Gossypium hirsutum, it would be useful to engineer the lysine oxidase and tedanalactam synthase genes for expression in dicotyledonous plants.

[0153] To express tedanalactam synthase in dicots, the HindIII/Ncol fragment containing a duplicated or enhanced version of the FMV promoter (Rogers, 1995) and petunia hsp70 5 prime untranslated leader (Winter et al., 1988) from pMON18411 was ligated into the NcoI/HindIII sites of pMON30410 located 5 prime to the tedanalactam synthase coding region (SEQ ID NO: 40) to yield pMON25043, containing a tedanalactam synthase variant under the control of an enhanced FMV promoter/petunia hsp70 untranslated leader with a NOS polyadenylation signal (FIG. 21). The composite eFMV/hsp70/tedanalactam synthase/nos gene cassette was isolated as a HindIII/NotI fragment from pMON25043 and ligated into the HindIII and NotI sites in pMON10098, a double border plant transformation vector(FIG. 22), to form pMON25046 (FIG. 23). The pMON25046 plasmid is an Agrobacterium-based plant transformation vector that places the composite eFMV/hsp70/tedanalactam synthase/nos gene and enhanced CaMV35S/neomycin phosphotransferase/nos kanamycin selectable marker gene between the right and left T-DNA border fragments. This vector can be mobilized into Agrobacterium (Ditta et al., 1980) and used to obtain transgenic dicotyledonous plants as described (Horsch et al., 1985).

[0154] To express lysine oxidase in dicots, the NcoI/SmaI fragment of the lysine oxidase gene from pMON25040 (SEQ ID NO: 45) was ligated into the NcoI and SmaI sites located between the enhanced FMV promoter/petunia hsp70 5 prime untranslated leader (utl or UTR) and the NOS polyadenylation signal to yield pMON25042, containing a lysine oxidase variant under the control of the enhanced FMV promoter/petunia hsp70 leader with a NOS polyadenylation signal (FIG. 24). The composite eFMV/hsp70 utl/lysine oxidase/nos gene from pMON25042 was isolated from pMON25042 on a single NotI fragment and subsequently ligated into the NotI site of pMON25048, a derivative of pMON10098, containing a single NotI site and kanamycin selectable marker gene located between the right and left T-DNA border sequences, to obtain pMON25050 (FIG. 25). pMON25050 can be mobilized into Agrobacterium (Ditta et al., 1980) and used to obtain transgenic dicotyledonous plants as described previously (Horsch et al., 1985).

[0155] To place both the tedanalactam synthase and lysine oxidase genes in a vector suitable for recovery of stably transformed and insect resistant dicotyledonous plants, the NotI fragment containing the lysine oxidase expression cassette from pMON25042 was ligated into a single NotI site in pMON25046 introduced by single hit partial NotI digestion to obtain pMON25049 (FIG. 2). The pMON25049 plasmid is an Agrobacterium mediated transformation vector containing a kanamycin selectable marker gene, the tedanalactam synthase expression cassette, and the lysine oxidase expression cassette between the right and left T-DNA border sequences. This vector can be used to obtain dicotyledonous plants expressing both the tedanalactam synthase and lysine oxidase genes via the previously described Agrobacterium-mediated plant transformation techniques.

[0156] Arabidopsis plants were transformed with pMON25046 and pMON25050 via the Agrobacterium mediated meristem infiltration technique (Bechtold et al., 1993) and screened for expression of the tedanalactam synthase and lysine oxidase genes, respectively. Identification of tedanalactam synthase expressors was via an ELISA assay specific for the tedanalactam synthase protein. Lysine oxidase expressors were identified via direct enzymatic assays. Pollen was transferred from lysine oxidase expressing pMON25050 lines to tedanalactam synthase expressing pMON25046 lines to obtain F1 progeny that express both the tedanalactam synthase and lysine oxidase genes. These F1 progeny plants that expressed both the lysine oxidase and tedanalactam synthase genes and appropriate controls were exposed to southern corn rootworm larvae to determine if these genes would cause larval stunting (as assayed by reductions in larval weight post-feeding) and reduced feeding (as assayed by a Leaf Damage Rating). The results displayed in Table 19 demonstrate that these genes cause significant larval stunting and yield reduced leaf damage when expressed in transgenic Arabidopsis plants.

TABLE 19
Activity of F22844 expressing Arabidopsis on SCRW as shown by
mean larval weight (mg) and Leaf Damage Rating (LDR).
N is the number of larvae weighed.
Treatment	N	Mean Larval wt. (mg) (±SEM)	Mean LDR
LO + Mr 50,000	25	0.23 (±0.02)	0.84
untransformed	49	0.44 (±0.02)	2.79
LO only	25	0.47 (±0.03)	2.11
Mr 50,000 only	37	0.39 (±0.02)	2.00

[0157] It may also be advantageous to localize the lysine oxidase or tedanalactam synthase to the plastids. Proteins can be directed to the chloroplast by including at their N-termini a chloroplast transit peptide (CTP). One CTP that has worked to localize heterologous proteins to the chloroplast of dicotyledonous plants is from the RUBISCO small subunit gene of Arabidopsis, denoted ats1A. A variant of this transit peptide that encodes the transit peptide, 23 amino acids of mature RUBISCO sequence, plus a reiteration of the transit peptide cleavage site has been constructed for the successful chloroplast localization of the B.t.k protein (Fischhoff and Perlak, 1990). It is anticipated that this same fragment of the ats1a gene, when fused in frame to the amino-terminal coding region of the lysine oxidase or tedanalactam synthase genes, will similarly result in chloroplast localization of these proteins in dicotyledonous plants. Note that this chloroplast targeted expression cassette is subsequently cloned into a binary Agrobacterium transformation vector, mobilized into disarmed Agrobacterium hosts and used to transform dicots.

[0158] To localize lysine oxidase in corn plastids, A fragment of the maize RUBISCO small subunit gene denoted mSSU CTP or zmSl containing a duplicated cleavage site (Russell et al., 1993) was used to localize either the lysine oxidase or tedanalactam synthase in chloroplasts of corn plants. For example, an Xbal/Ncol fragment (SEQ ID NO: 49) encoding the mSSU CTP derived from pMON22089 was ligated into the Xbal and NcoI sites of pMON30405 (lysine oxidase; SEQ ID NO: 50) or pMON30410 (Mr 50,000 protein) that are located between the hsp70 intron and coding regions of these genes to obtain in-frame fusions of the mSSU CTP to the N-termini of these proteins. The pMON30405 lysine oxidase sequence (SEQ ID NO: 50) was obtained by PCR mutagenesis using pMON23684 (SEQ ID NO: 15) as template with oligonucleotides N28 (SEQ ID NO: 51) and N29 (SEQ ID NO: 52) as primers. The mSSU CTP fusions to lysine oxidase or Mr 50,000 protein under control of the enhanced CaMV35S promoter and the hsp70 intron are cloned as NotI fragments into pMON15786, a monocot transformation vector described above. Transgenic corn plants expressing lysine oxidase were obtained at a lower frequency when the plastid targeting signal was employed, indicating that plastid targeting is not a preferred method of expressing lysine oxidase in transgenic corn.

Example 11

[0159] This example illustrates mitochondrial targeting of the tedanalactam synthase or lysine oxidase proteins in transgenic plants.

[0160] It may also be advantageous to target the tedanalactam synthase or lysine oxidase proteins to the mitochondria. This may be accomplished by fusing a suitable mitochondrial targeting peptide (MTP) to the amino-terminus of either the tedanalactam synthase or lysine oxidase proteins. One example of an MTP that has been demonstrated to target heterologous proteins to mitochondria of dicots is from the beta subunit of the mitochondrial ATP synthase (Boutry et al., 1987). We infer that this same sequence will direct mitochondrial import of either the tedanalactam synthase or lysine oxidase proteins in transgenic dicot plants when fused in frame to the amino-termini of these proteins. Appropriate promoter and termination sequences, Agrobacterium vectors, and transformation procedures needed to obtain transgenic dicotyledonous plants expressing the MTP fusion genes were described previously.

[0161] It may similarly be desirable to target the tedanalactam synthase or lysine oxidase proteins to the mitochondria of monocotyledonous plants by making fusions of monocotyledonous plant derived MTPs to these proteins. One example of a sequence that may direct mitochondrial import in monocots is one that is substantially homologous to the maize mitochondrial ATP synthase beta subunit (Winning et al., 1990). Another example would be the MTP from the maize superoxide dismutase isozyme 3 (Sod3) (White and Scandalios, 1989).

[0162] For example, the XbaI/NcoI fragment containing the portion of the maize ATP synthase beta subunit MTP sufficient to direct mitochondrial import (SEQ ID NO: 53) from pMON30447 was ligated into the XbaI and NcoI sites of pMON25058 (lysine oxidase) that are located between the hsp70 intron and lysine oxidase coding region to obtain in-frame fusions of the maize ATP synthase beta subunit MTP (zmBATP) to the N-termini of lysine oxidase, producing plasmid pMON33700 (FIG. 26). The pMON33700 NotI cassette containing the zmBATP-lysine oxidase expression cassette was engineered into pMON33701 (FIG. 27) to obtain pMON33702, a plant transformation vector containing the zmBATP-Lysine oxidase expression cassette as well as previously described neomycin phosphotransferase and tedanalactam synthase expression cassettes (FIG. 28).

[0163] Transgenic corn expressing both lysine oxidase and tedanalactam synthase in roots were obtained with pMON33702. Phenotypic analysis of these lines indicated that use of the zmBATP targeting signal did not alleviate stunting associated with high level lysine oxidase expression in leaves. However, root specific or enhanced expression of the mitochondrial targeted lysine oxidase expression may alleviate stunting. It is also possible that a strategy similar to that described above could be used in combination with plant protease insensitive variants of lysine oxidase proenzyme to obtain transgenic maize that are not stunted.

Example 12

[0164] This example illustrates apoplastic, vacuolar, endoplastic reticulum, and peroxisomal targeting of lysine oxidase proenzyme or enzyme.

[0165] To target the lysine oxidase proprotein to the extracellular or apoplastic space, a secretory signal peptide sequence derived from plants can be fused in frame to the amino terminus of the lysine oxidase proprotein gene. One example of such a sequence is the signal peptide derived from a barley cysteine endoproteinase gene (Koehler and Ho, 1990). Another example is the tobacco PRIb signal peptide (Cornelissen et al., 1986).

[0166] It is also recognized that both the lysine oxidase and tedanalactam synthase proteins contain N-linked glycosylation sites that are not used in the native proteins derived from Trichoderma. To avoid inactivation caused by N-glycosylation of secreted lysine oxidase or tedanalactam synthase, the glycosylation sites of these proteins could be eliminated by site directed mutagenesis. More specifically, all or a subset of the amino acid sequences N(×)S/T could be converted to N(×)A by replacing the native Ser or Thr codon for an Ala codon. For the lysine oxidase proprotein (SEQ ID NO: 46), this would entail conversion of either all or a subset of T140, T325, S373, T391, and T423 to alanine or another result effective amino acid residue. Conversion of lysine oxidase residues N138, N323, N371, N389, and N421 to glutamine (Q) residues results in loss of enzymatic activity, indicating that this particular set of substitutions is not preferred. For the tedanalactam synthase protein (SEQ ID NO: 41), S188 and S424 could be converted to alanine residues.

[0167] Having constructed apoplastically targeted, glycosylation deficient lysine oxidase or tedanalactam synthase proteins, it is also possible to retain the proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum. This could be accomplished by an in frame fusion of DNA sequence encoding the peptide sequence KDEL to the C-termini of the apoplastically targeted lysine oxidase or tedanalactam synthase coding sequences (Munro and Pelham, 1987; Tillmann et al., 1989). It would also similarly be possible to achieve vacuolar localization via in frame fusions of vacuolar targeting signals (Bednarek et al., 1990; Neuhaus et al., 1991) to the C-termini of the apoplastically targeted, glycosylation deficient lysine oxidase or tedanalactam synthase proteins.

[0168] To target lysine oxidase enzyme or proenzyme to peroxisomes, the C-terminal peroxisomal targeting sequences could be fused in frame to the C-terminus of lysine oxidase (Gould et al., 1987; Volokita, 1991). In this example, an amino terminal peroxisomal targeting signal (nPTS) derived from a rice malate dehydrogenase gene (Seq ID NO: 54; SEQ ID NO: 55) was fused to the N-terminus of the lysine oxidase proenzyme with six N-terminal histidine residues. A plant expression cassette consisting of the 4as-1 promoter, the rice actin intron, the wheat CAB leader, the nPTS-lysine oxidase fusion gene, and a wheat tahsp 17 3′ polyadenylation site was constructed in pMON25092. The pMON25092 NotI cassette containing the nPTS-lysine oxidase expression cassette was engineered into pMON33701 to obtain pMON38800, a plant transformation vector containing the nPTS-Lysine oxidase expression cassette as well as previously described neomycin phosphotransferase and tedanalactam synthase expression cassettes (FIG. 29).

[0169] Transgenic corn expressing both lysine oxidase and tedanalactam synthase in roots were obtained with pMON38800. Phenotypic analysis of this lines indicated that use of the nPTS targeting signal did not alleviate stunting associated with high level lysine oxidase expression in leaves. However, root specific or enhanced expression of the mitochondrial targeted lysine oxidase expression may alleviate stunting. It is also possible that a strategy similar to that described above could be used in combination with plant protease insensitive variants of lysine oxidase proenzyme to obtain transgenic maize that are not stunted.

Example 13

[0170] This example illustrates activation of lysine oxidase proprotein by corn rootworm midgut proteases and engineering of improved proenzyme variants.

[0171] The lysine oxidase gene encodes a 69 kDa proenzyme which is N-terminally cleaved when expressed in Trichoderma or Saccharomyces to yield a mature and enzymatically active protein of approximately 60 kDa. To determine if the lysine oxidase −69 (LO69) proenzyme (Seq ID NO: 46) expressed in corn protoplasts can be activated by the proteases present in the midgut of southern corn rootworm, midguts were dissected from late instar larvae and the proteases extracted. Protease activity assays confirmed the presence of proteases in this extract. This extract and appropriate controls were incubated for about 22 hours at 25° C. with extracts from protoplasts electroporated with pMON25040 (i.e. the CaMV35S promoter and hsp70 intron fused to the 1.9 kb lysine Is oxidase gene encoding the Mr 69,000 proprotein, SEQ ID NO: 45) and non-electroporated controls and assayed for lysine oxidase activity. These results are summarized in Table 20.

TABLE 20
Lysine oxidase activity in corn leaf protoplast extracts treated with
southern corn rootworm midgut extracts.
Sample	Treatment	Lysine oxidase Sp. Act.	Fold Difference1
LO69	gut extract	1292	U/μg protein	130
LO69	gut extract,	997		97
	protease inhibitor
LO69	BSA	12		1.2
LO69	heated gut extract	10		0
control	all above	0		NA
	treatments
1Fold difference is relative to the LO69 with heated gut extract
NA = not applicable

[0172] To confirm that the observed increase in lysine oxidase activity was due to proteolysis of the proprotein, the LO69 and control extracts treated with both active and heated gut extract were analyzed by Western blot with antibodies directed against lysine oxidase. LO69 extract treated with the gut extract yielded a band that migrates with the “mature” lysine oxidase of approximately Mr 60,000 while LO69 extracts treated with heated gut extract yield a much larger band of approximately Mr 69,000. The Western data thus support our hypothesis that the CRW gut extracts activate the LO69 proenzyme by proteolysis.

[0173] These results indicate that expression of the LO69 zymogen in transgenic plants may prevent deleterious effects of lysine oxidase on plant growth and development. However, ingestion of LO69 expressing root tissue by CRW is likely to result in activation of lysine oxidase by proteolysis and subsequent insecticidal activity when the tedanalactam synthase protein is also present. To test the hypothesis that enzymatically inactive LO69 has insecticidal activity, LO69 proenzyme (LO69) was purified from a heterologous Saccharomyces cerevisiae system and tested for bioactivity in a diet overlay assay with SCRW (Table 21). The absence of LO activity in the proenzyme sample was confirmed by direct enzymatic assays just prior to exposure to insects. The results of this experiment indicate that SCRW growth is inhibited by ingestion of enzymatically inactive LO69 protoxin, supporting the concept that enzymatically inactive LO69 could be produced within transgenic plants to yield control of target insects upon ingestion.

TABLE 21
Bioactivity of the LO69 proenzyme when combined with
Tedanalactam Synthase (50 kD) against Southern Corn
Rootworm Larvae
			Av. Wght		%
Sample (ppm)1	n	Surv	(mg)	SEM2	inhibition3
Tris control	18	18	2.6	0.48
50kD (2)	18	18	3.5	0.46	0
50kD (10)**	18	18	1.5	0.39	39
LO69 (2)	18	17	2.1	0.56	20
LO69 (10)	17	17	3.3	0.52	0
LO69 (20)	18	18	2.8	0.51	0
50kD(2)/ LO(2)	18	18	1.6	0.37	39
50kD(2)/ LO69(2)	18	18	1.5	0.4	41
50kD(2)/LO69(10)	18	18	0.34	0.03	87
50kD(2)/LO69(20)	18	15	0.59	0.26	77
1Sample Key: 50kD = tedanalactam synthase; LO69= LO proenzyme; LO = LO (active enzyme); (2) = concentration of 2 ppm
2SEM is standard error of measurement
3% inhibition is: Control Larval Weight - Test Larval Weight/ Control Larval Weight × 100.
**Low level LO contamination in the Trichoderma derived 50 kD sample accounts for the bioactivity observed at this concentration of the 50 kD preparation.

[0174] Note that the stability of the native LO69 zymogen in planta may be improved by changing the amino acid sequences in the proprotein region that are recognized by plant proteases. These sequences can be identified by obtaining the N-terminal protein sequence of enzymatically active lysine oxidase (i.e. the approximately Mr 60,000 protein produced by proteolysis of the Mr 69,000 proprotein) isolated from transgenic plants. For example, mature and enzymatically active lysine oxidase from roots of corn transformed with pMON25040 or pMON30417 is apparently produced by cleavage at the C-terminus of the glu 80 residue. A mutagenized or improved LO69 proenzyme would display greater stability in transgenic plants, resulting in lower levels of enzymatically active lysine oxidase and decreased impact of plant growth and/or lysine content. The improved LO69 proenzyme would retain amino acid sequences recognized by coleopteran midgut proteases, resulting in full activation and biological activity upon ingestion (Table 22).

TABLE 22
Design of lysine oxidase proenzyme variants resistant to plant
proteases yet susceptible to target insect midgut proteases
Name	Sequence	Type	SEQ ID NO
WT1	N-KPALLKEAPRAEEELPPRK-C	wild type	46
mut1	N-KPALLGGGGXXXXXXGGGG-C	mutant	56
mut2	N-GGGSGGXXXXXXGGGPPRK-C	mutant	57
mut3	N-KPGGGGXXXXXXGGGPPRK-C	mutant	58
(X is any of the 20 naturally occurring amino acid residues)

[0175] It is also recognized that amino acid residues lys 68 through lys 86 of the lysine oxidase proenzyme (SEQ ID NO: 46) represent a protease sensitive region in the lysine oxidase proprotein or zymogen. Variants in this region may yield the desired characteristic of being susceptible to CRW gut proteases, yet resistant to plant root proteases. One preferred embodiment of this invention would be the substitution of this entire region of nineteen (19) amino acids with a peptide sequence that represents an optimal corn rootworm gut protease cleavage site. Potential representation of this type of amino acid substitutions are shown in SEQ ID. NOS: 56-58. Methods for identifying optimal protease substrates in combinatorial peptide libraries have been identified and could be employed (Duan and Laursen, 1994). For example, a library of protease substrates consisting of a randomized target protease cleavage site separating a floresence donor and acceptor pair can be immobilized on a cellulose filter. This filter is then exposed to plant and insect gut proteases; peptides that floresce only in the presence of insect proteases would represent preferred substrates.

[0176] It is finally recognized that the entire lysine oxidase proenzyme sequence (SEQ ID NO: 46) extending from amino acid residues 1 (met) to 87 (val) may be modified to encode a variant with the desired property of being resistant to activation by corn root proteases yet sensitive to activation by corn rootworm gut proteases. This region could be mutagenized by either site-directed or random mutagenesis techniques familiar to those skilled in the art (Kunkel, 1985; Spee et al, 1993; Muhlrad et al, 1992). The population of mutagenized lysine oxidase proprotein expressing clones expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae could potentially be screened via exposure to plant and insect proteases followed by lysine oxidase enzymatic assays to identify the variant with the desired protease activation properties. Finally, the improved lysine oxidase zymogen could be targeted to plastids, mitochondria, the apoplastic space, or the vacuole as described above.

[0177] The lysine oxidase proenzyme sequence extending from amino acids 1 to 87 (SEQ ID NO: 46) may also be fused to proteins other than lysine oxidase to create other zymogens that would be activated upon insect ingestion. The resultant chimeric protein could then be activated by coleopteran or lepidopteran midgut proteases to yield enzymatically active, insecticidal proteins.

[0178] All of the compositions and methods disclosed and claimed herein can be made and executed without undue experimentation in light of the present disclosure. While the compositions and methods of this invention have been described in terms of preferred embodiments, it will be apparent to those of skill in the art that variations may be applied to the compositions and methods and in the steps or in the sequence of steps of the methods described herein without departing from the concept, spirit and scope of the invention. All such similar substitutes and modifications apparent to those skilled in the art are deemed to be within the spirit, scope and concept of the invention as defined by the appended claims.

[0179] In view of the above, it will be seen that the several advantages of the invention are achieved and other advantageous results attained.

[0180] As various changes could be made in the above methods and compositions without departing from the scope of the invention, it is intended that all matter contained in the above description and shown in the accompanying drawings shall be interpreted as illustrative and not in a limiting sense.

[0181] References

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Claims

1. A composition for controlling insect infestation of plants comprising a mixture of: a first enzyme comprising an amino acid oxidase; and a second enzyme that provides insecticidal activity when present in said mixture with said first enzyme; wherein said mixture is ingested by an insect.

2. The composition of claim 1, wherein said first enzyme is a lysine oxidase and said second enzyme converts Δ1-piperideine-2-carboxylate to tedanalactam.

3. The composition of claim 2, wherein said second enzyme is approximately Mr 50,000.

4. The composition of claim 3, wherein: said second enzyme is isolated from an extract of a fungal species fermentation; and said extract exhibits coleopteran insecticidal activity.

5. The composition of claim 4, wherein the fungal species is a Trichoderma.

6. The composition of claim 4, wherein said insecticidal activity is independent of tedanalactam synthase activity.

7. The composition of claim 4, wherein said coleopteran insecticidal activity is effective in controlling coleopteran species selected from the group consisting of Diabrotica, Melanotus, Leptinotarsa, and Anthonomus.

8. The composition of claim 7, wherein said coleopteran insecticidal activity is effective in controlling insects selected from the group consisting of boll weevil (BWV), corn rootworm (CRW), wireworm (WW), and Colorado potato beetle (CPB).

9. The composition of claim 1, wherein said first enzyme and said second enzyme are present respectively in said mixture in a molar ratio of about 100:1 to about 1:1.

10. The composition of claim 1, wherein said first enzyme and said second enzyme are present respectively in said mixture in a molar ratio of about 10:1 to about 1:1.

11. The composition of claim 1, wherein said second enzyme and said first enzyme are present respectively in said mixture in a ratio of about 100:1 to about 1:1.

12. The composition of claim 1, wherein said second enzyme and said first enzyme are present respectively in said mixture in a ratio of about 10:1 to about 1:1.

13. A method of controlling insect infestation of plants comprising providing a combination of: a first enzyme comprising an amino acid oxidase; and a second enzyme that provides insecticidal activity when present in a mixture with said first enzyme; wherein said mixture is ingested by an insect.

14. The method of claim 13, wherein said first enzyme is a lysine oxidase and said second enzyme converts Δ1-piperideine-2-carboxylate to tedanalactam.

15. The method of claim 14, wherein said second enzyme is approximately Mr 50,000.

16. The method of claim 15, wherein: said second enzyme is isolated from an extract of a fungal species fermentation; and said extract exhibits coleopteran insecticidal activity.

17. The method of claim 16, wherein the fungal species is a Trichoderma.

18. The method of claim 16, wherein said insecticidal activity is independent of tedanalactam synthase activity.

19. The method of claim 16, wherein said coleopteran insecticidal activity is effective in controlling coleopteran species selected from the group consisting of Diabrotica, Melanotus, Leptinotarsa, and Anthonomus.

20. The method of claim 19, wherein said coleopteran insecticidal activity is effective in controlling insects selected from the group consisting of boll weevil (BWV), corn rootworm (CRW), wireworm (WW), and Colorado potato beetle (CPB).

21. The method of claim 13, wherein said first enzyme and said second enzyme are present respectively in said mixture in a molar ratio of about 100:1 to about 1:1.

22. The method of claim 13, wherein said first enzyme and said second enzyme are present respectively in said mixture in a molar ratio of about 10:1 to about 1:1.

23. The method of claim 13, wherein said second enzyme and said first enzyme are present respectively in said mixture in a ratio of about 100:1 to about 1:1.

24. The method of claim 13, wherein said second enzyme and said first enzyme are present respectively in said mixture in a ratio of about 10:1 to about 1:1.

25. A method of controlling insect infestation of plants comprising providing a plant containing a composition comprising: a first enzyme comprising an amino acid oxidase; and a second enzyme that provides insecticidal activity when present in a mixture with said first enzyme; wherein said plant is ingested by an insect.

26. The method of claim 25 wherein said first enzyme is a lysine oxidase and said second enzyme converts Δ1-piperideine-2-carboxylate to tedanalactam.

27. The method of claim 26, wherein said second enzyme is approximately Mr 50,000.

28. The method of claim 27, wherein: said second enzyme is isolated from an extract of a fungal species fermentation; and said extract exhibits coleopteran insecticidal activity.

29. The method of claim 28, wherein said fungal species is a Trichoderma.

30. The method of claim 28, wherein said insecticidal activity is independent of tedanalactam synthase activity.

31. The method of claim 28, wherein said coleopteran insecticidal activity is effective in controlling coleopteran species selected from the group consisting of Diabrotica, Melanotus, Leptinotarsa, and Anthonomus.

32. The method of claim 31, wherein said coleopteran insecticidal activity is effective in controlling insects selected from the group consisting of boll weevil (BWV), corn rootworm (CRW), wireworm (WW), and Colorado potato beetle (CPB).

33. The method of claim 25, wherein said first enzyme and said second enzyme are present respectively in said mixture in a molar ratio of about 100:1 to about 1:1.

34. The method of claim 25, wherein said first enzyme and said second enzyme are present respectively in said mixture in a molar ratio of about 10:1 to about 1:1.

35. The method of claim 25, wherein said second enzyme and said first enzyme are present respectively in said mixture in a molar ratio of about 100:1 to about 1:1.

36. The method of claim 25, wherein said second enzyme and said first enzyme are present respectively in said mixture in a molar ratio of about 10:1 to about 1:1.

37. A method of controlling insect infestation of plants comprising providing a plurality of plant cells containing a composition comprising: a first enzyme comprising an amino acid oxidase; and a second enzyme that provides insecticidal activity when present in a mixture with said first enzyme; wherein said plant cells are ingested by an insect.

38. The method of claim 37, wherein said first enzyme is a lysine oxidase and said second enzyme converts Δ1-piperideine-2-carboxylate to tedanalactam.

39. The method of claim 38, wherein said second enzyme is approximately Mr 50,000.

40. The method of claim 37, wherein: said second enzyme is isolated from an extract of a fungal species fermentation; and said extract exhibits coleopteran insecticidal activity.

41. The method of claim 40, wherein the fungal species is a Trichoderma.

42. The method of claim 40, wherein said insecticidal activity is independent of tedanalactam synthase activity.

43. The method of claim 40, wherein said coleopteran insecticidal activity is effective in controlling coleopteran species selected from the group consisting of Diabrotica, Melanotus, Leptinotarsa, and Anthonomus.

44. The method of claim 43, wherein said coleopteran insecticidal activity is effective in controlling insects selected from the group consisting of boll weevil (BWV), corn rootworm (CRW), wireworm (WW), and Colorado potato beetle (CPB).

45. The method of claim 37, wherein said first enzyme and said second enzyme are present respectively in said mixture in a molar ratio of about 100:1 to about 1:1.

46. The method of claim 37, wherein said first enzyme and said second enzyme are present respectively in said mixture in a molar ratio of about 10:1 to about 1:1.

47. The method of claim 37, wherein said second enzyme and said first enzyme are present respectively in said mixture in a molar ratio of about 100:1 to about 1:1.

48. The method of claim 37, wherein said second enzyme and said first enzyme are present respectively in said mixture in a molar ratio of about 1 0:1 to about 1:1.

49. A method of controlling insect infestation of plants comprising providing a plurality of bacterial cells containing a composition comprising: a first enzyme comprising an amino acid oxidase; and a second enzyme that provides insecticidal activity when present in a mixture with said first enzyme; wherein said bacterial cells are ingested by an insect.

50. The method of claim 49 wherein said first enzyme is a lysine oxidase and said second enzyme converts Δ1-piperideine-2-carboxylate to tedanalactam.

51. The method of claim 50, wherein said second enzyme is approximately Mr 50,000.

52. The method of claim 49, wherein: said second enzyme is isolated from an extract of a fungal species fermentation; and said extract exhibits coleopteran insecticidal activity.

53. The method of claim 52, wherein the fungal species is a Trichoderma.

54. The method of claim 52, wherein said insecticidal activity is independent of tedanalactam synthase activity.

55. The method of claim 52, wherein said coleopteran insecticidal activity is effective in controlling coleopteran species selected from the group consisting of Diabrotica, Melanotus, Leptinotarsa, and Anthonomus.

56. The method of claim 55, wherein said coleopteran insecticidal activity is effective in controlling insects selected from the group consisting of boll weevil (BVWV), corn rootworm (CRW), wireworm (WW), and Colorado potato beetle (CPB).

57. The method of claim 49, wherein said first enzyme and said second enzyme are present respectively in said mixture in a molar ratio of about 100:1 to about 1:1.

58. The method of claim 49, wherein said first enzyme and said second enzyme are present respectively in said mixture in a molar ratio of about 10:1 to about 1:1.

59. The method of claim 49, wherein said second enzyme and said first enzyme are present respectively in said mixture in a molar ratio of about 100:1 to about 1:1.

60. The method of claim 49, wherein said second enzyme and said first enzyme are present respectively in said mixture in a molar ratio of about 10:1 to about 1:1.

61. A structural gene encoding a lysine oxidase enzyme or proenzyme, said structural gene selected from the group consisting of: a) a DNA sequence at least 80% identical to that indicated in SEQ ID NO: 15 from base number 663 to base number 2513; b) a DNA sequence encoding an amino acid sequence at least 80% identical to that indicated in SEQ ID NO: 46; and c) a DNA sequence that hybridizes under stringent conditions with the DNA sequence indicated in SEQ ID NO: 15 from base number 663 to base number 2513, or the complement thereof.

62. The structural gene of claim 61 having the DNA sequence of SEQ ID NO: 15 from base number 663 to base number 2513.

63. A structural gene encoding a lysine oxidase protein, said protein comprising a variant of a lysine oxidase or proenzyme susceptible to cleavage and enzymatic activation by insect midgut proteases but resistant to cleavage and enzymatic activation by endogenous plant proteases.

64. A structural gene encoding an enzyme that provides insecticidal activity when combined with an amino acid oxidase, said structural gene comprising a gene selected from the group consisting of: a) a DNA sequence at least 80% identical to that indicated in SEQ ID NO: 40 from base number 12 to base number 1349; b) a DNA sequence encoding an amino acid sequence at least 80% identical to the amino acid sequence indicated in SEQ ID NO: 41; and c) a DNA sequence that hybridizes under stringent conditions with the DNA sequence indicated in SEQ ID NO: 40 from base number 12 to base number 1349, or to the complement thereof.

65. The structural gene of claim 64, wherein the amino acid oxidase is a lysine oxidase or lysine oxidase proenzyme.

66. A structural gene of claim 64, wherein said enzyme converts Δ1-piperideine-2-carboxylate to tedanalactam.

67. The structural gene of claim 66 having the DNA sequence of SEQ ID NO: 40 from base number 12 to base number 1349.

68. The structural gene of claim 66, wherein said enzyme is approximately Mr 50,000.

69. The structural gene of claim 64, wherein: said enzyme is isolated from an extract of a fungal species fermentation; and said extract exhibits coleopteran insecticidal activity.

70. The structural gene of claim 69, wherein the fungal species is a Trichoderma.

71. The structural gene of claim 69, wherein said insecticidal activity is independent of tedanalactam synthase activity.

72. The structural gene of claim 69, wherein said coleopteran insecticidal activity is effective in controlling coleopteran species selected from the group consisting of Diabrotica, Melanotus, Leptinotarsa, and Anthonomus.

73. The structural gene of claim 72, wherein said coleopteran insecticidal activity is effective in controlling insects selected from the group consisting of boll weevil (BWV), corn rootworm (CRW), wireworm (WW), and Colorado potato beetle (CPB).

74. An enzyme that provides insecticidal activity when present in a mixture with an amino acid oxidase, wherein said enzyme is isolated from an extract of a fungal species fermentation and is substantially free of other proteinaceous materials.

75. The enzyme of claim 74, wherein said enzyme converts Δ1-piperideine-2-carboxylate to tedanalactam.

76. The enzyme of claim 75, wherein said enzyme is approximately Mr 50,000.

77. The enzyme of claim 74, wherein the fungal species is a Trichoderma.

78. The enzyme of claim 74, wherein said insecticidal activity is independent of tedanalactam synthase activity.

79. The enzyme of claim 74, wherein said coleopteran insecticidal activity is effective in controlling coleopteran species selected from the group consisting of Diabrotica, Melanotus, Leptinotarsa, and Anthonomus.

80. The enzyme of claim 79, wherein said coleopteran insecticidal activity is effective in controlling insects selected from the group consisting of boll weevil (BWV), corn rootworm (CRW), wireworm (WW), and Colorado potato beetle (CPB).

81. A plurality of genetically transformed plant cells expressing one or more genes which encode a composition comprising: a first enzyme comprising an amino acid oxidase enzyme; and a second enzyme that provides insecticidal activity when present in a mixture with said first enzyme; wherein said composition is effective in controlling coleopteran insects that ingest said genetically transformed plant cells.

82. The plurality of genetically transformed plant cells of claim 81, wherein said amino acid oxidase enzyme is a lysine oxidase enzyme and said second enzyme converts Δ1-piperideine-2-carboxylate to tedanalactam.

83. The plurality of genetically transformed plant cells of claim 82, wherein said second enzyme is approximately Mr 50,000.

84. The plurality of genetically transformed cells of claim 81, wherein: said second enzyme is isolated from an extract of a fungal species fermentation; and said extract exhibits coleopteran insecticidal activity.

85. The plurality of genetically transformed plant cells of claim 84, wherein the fungal species is a Trichoderma.

86. The plurality of genetically transformed plant cells of claim 84, wherein said insecticidal activity is independent of tedanalactam synthase activity.

87. The plurality of genetically transformed plant cells of claim 84, wherein said coleopteran insecticidal activity is effective in controlling coleopteran species selected from the group consisting of Diabrotica, Melanotus, Leptinotarsa, and Anthonomus.

88. The plurality of genetically transformed plant cells of claim 87, wherein said coleopteran insecticidal activity is effective in controlling insects selected from the group consisting of boll weevil (BWV), corn rootworm (CRW), wireworm (WW), and Colorado potato beetle (CPB).

89. A genetically transformed plant expressing one or more genes which encode a composition comprising: a first enzyme comprising an amino acid oxidase enzyme; and a second enzyme that provides insecticidal activity when present in a mixture with said first enzyme; wherein said composition is effective in controlling coleopteran insects that ingest said genetically transformed plant.

90. The genetically transformed plant of claim 89, wherein said amino acid oxidase enzyme is a lysine oxidase enzyme and said second enzyme converts Δ1-piperideine-2-carboxylate to tedanalactam.

91. The genetically transformed plant of claim 90, wherein said second enzyme is approximately Mr 50,000.

92. The genetically transformed plant of claim 89, wherein: said second enzyme is isolated from an extract of a fungal species fermentation; and said extract exhibits coleopteran insecticidal activity.

93. The genetically transformed plant of claim 92, wherein said fungal species is a Trichoderma.

94. The genetically transformed plant of claim 92, wherein said insecticidal activity is independent of tedanalactam synthase activity.

95. The genetically transformed plant of claim 92, wherein said coleopteran insecticidal activity is effective in controlling coleopteran species selected from the group consisting of Diabrotica, Melanotus, Leptinotarsa, and Anthonomus.

96. The genetically transformed plant of claim 95, wherein said coleopteran insecticidal activity is effective in controlling insects selected from the group consisting of boll weevil (BWV), corn rootworm (CRW), wireworm (WW), and Colorado potato beetle (CPB).

97. The genetically transformed plant of claim 89, wherein said plant is selected from the group of genera consisting of Fabaceae, Medicago, Trifolium, Vigna, Daucus, Arabidopsis, Brassica, Raphanus, Sinapis, Lycopersicon, Capsicum, Solanum, Nicotiana, Helianthus, Bromus, Asparagus, Panicum, Pennisetum, Cucumis, Lolium, Glycine, Passifloraceae, Triticum, Gossypium, and Zea.

98. A plurality of genetically transformed bacterial cells expressing one or more genes which encode a composition comprising: a) a first enzyme comprising an amino acid oxidase enzyme; and b) a second enzyme that provides insecticidal activity when present in mixture with said first enzyme; wherein said composition is effective in controlling coleopteran insects that ingest said genetically transformed bacterial cells.

99. The bacterial cells of claim 98, wherein said amino acid oxidase enzyme is a lysine oxidase enzyme and said second enzyme converts Δ1-piperideine-2-carboxylate to tedanalactam.

100. The bacterial cells of claim 99, wherein said second enzyme is approximately Mr 50,000.

101. The bacterial cells of claim 98, wherein: said second enzyme is isolated from an extract of a fungal species fermentation; and said extract exhibits coleopteran insecticidal activity.

102. The bacterial cells of claim 101, wherein the fungal species is a Trichoderma.

103. The bacterial cells of claim 101, wherein said insecticidal activity is independent of tedanalactam synthase activity.

104. The bacterial cells of claim 101, wherein said coleopteran insecticidal activity is effective in controlling coleopteran species selected from the group consisting of Diabrotica, Melanotus, Leptinotarsa, and Anthonomus.

105. The bacterial cells of claim 104, wherein said coleopteran insecticidal activity is effective in controlling insects selected from the group consisting of boll weevil (BWV), corn rootworm (CRW), wireworm (WW), and Colorado potato beetle (CPB).

106. The bacterial cells of claim 98, wherein said bacterial cells are of the species Pseudomonas.

107. The bacterial cells of claim 98, wherein said bacterial cells are of the species Agrobacterium.

108. The bacterial cells of claim 98, wherein said bacterial cells are of the species Clavibacter.

109. A genetically transformed plant containing a double stranded DNA molecule, wherein said DNA molecule comprises: a) a promoter sequence which functions in plants to cause the production of an RNA sequence, operably linked to; b) a first structural gene encoding a first enzyme comprising an amino acid oxidase enzyme; c) a second structural gene encoding a second enzyme that provides insecticidal activity when present in a mixture with said first enzyme; and d) a 3′ non-translated DNA sequence which functions in plants to cause the addition of a polyadenylated nucleotide sequence to the 3′ end of said RNA sequence; wherein said DNA molecule encodes an in frame translational fusion protein of said amino acid oxidase enzyme and said second enzyme.

110. The genetically transformed plant of claim 109, wherein said amino acid oxidase enzyme is a lysine oxidase enzyme and said second enzyme converts Δ1-piperideine-2-carboxylate to tedanalactam.

111. The genetically transformed plant of claim 110, wherein said second enzyme is approximately Mr 50,000.

112. The genetically transformed plant of claim 109, wherein: said second enzyme is isolated from an extract of a fungal species fermentation; and said extract exhibits coleopteran insecticidal activity.

113. The genetically transformed plant of claim 112, wherein the fungal species is a Trichoderma.

114. The genetically transformed plant of claim 113, wherein said insecticidal activity is independent of tedanalactam synthase activity.

115. The genetically transformed plant of claim 112, wherein said coleopteran insecticidal activity is effective in controlling coleopteran species selected from the group consisting of Diabrotica, Melanotus, Leptinotarsa, and Anthonomus.

116. The genetically transformed plant of claim 115, wherein said coleopteran insecticidal activity is effective in controlling insects selected from the group consisting of boll weevil (BWV), corn rootworm (CRW), wireworm (WW), and Colorado potato beetle (CPB).

117. The genetically transformed plant of claim 109, wherein a plant endogenous endoprotease is capable of post-translationally cleaving said fusion protein to produce an insecticidally active composition comprising said first enzyme and said second enzyme.

118. The genetically transformed plant of claim 109, wherein an insect endogenous endoprotease is capable of post-translationally cleaving said fusion protein to produce an insecticidally active composition comprising said first enzyme and said second enzyme upon ingestion of said plant by an insect.

119. The genetically transformed plant of claim 109, wherein said promoter sequence is selected from the group of root tissue enhanced or root tissue specific promoter sequences consisting of the CaMV derived AS4 promoter sequence, tobacco RB7 promoter sequence, and the rice RC2 promoter sequence.

120. The genetically transformed plant of claim 109, wherein said promoter sequence is selected from the group of plant promoter sequences consisting of nopaline synthase promoter sequence (NOS), octopine synthase promoter sequence (OCS), cauliflower mosaic virus 19S promoter sequence (CaMV19S), cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter sequence (CaMV35S), ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase small subunit promoter sequence (ssRUBISCO), and the figwort mosaic virus (FMV) promoter sequence.

121. A DNA vector comprising: a) a promoter which functions in a plant cell to cause the production of an RNA sequence, operably linked to a polynucleotide cassette comprising; b) a 5′ non-translated leader sequence; c) a structural gene encoding an enzyme capable of converting Δ1-piperideine-2-carboxylate to tedanalactam; and d) a DNA sequence which functions in plants to cause the addition of a 3′ non-translated polyadenylated nucleotide sequence to the 3′ end of said RNA sequence; wherein expression of said cassette is under the control of said promoter in said plant cell.

122. The DNA vector of claim 121, wherein the promoter is selected from the group consisting of nopaline synthase promoter (NOS), octopine synthase promoter (OCS), cauliflower mosaic virus 19S promoter (CaMV19S), cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter (CaMV35S), ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase promoter (ssRUBISCO), and the figwort mosaic virus promoter (FMV).

123. The DNA vector of claim 121, wherein the promoter is selected from the group of root tissue enhanced or root tissue specific promoters consisting of the CaMV derived AS4 promoter, tobacco RB7 promoter, and the rice RC2 promoter.

124. The DNA vector of claim 121, wherein said enzyme is approximately Mr 50,000.

125. The DNA vector of claim 121, wherein: said enzyme is isolated from an extract of a fungal species fermentation; and said extract exhibits coleopteran insecticidal activity.

126. The DNA vector of claim 125, wherein said insecticidal activity is independent of tedanalactam synthase activity.

127. The DNA vector of claim 125, wherein the fungal species is a Trichoderma.

128. The DNA vector of claim 121, wherein said 5′ non-translated leader sequence is obtained from a 70 kDa petunia heat shock protein (hsp70) gene.

129. A DNA vector comprising: a promoter which functions in a plant cell to cause the production of an RNA sequence, operably linked to a polynucleotide cassette comprising; a 5′ non-translated leader sequence; a structural gene encoding a lysine oxidase enzyme or proenzyme; and a DNA sequence which functions in plants to cause the addition of a 3′ non-translated polyadenylated nucleotide sequence to the 3′ end of said RNA sequence; wherein expression of said cassette is under the control of said promoter in said plant cell.

130. The DNA vector of claim 129, wherein the promoter is selected from the group consisting of nopaline synthase promoter (NOS), octopine synthase promoter (OCS), cauliflower mosaic virus 19S promoter (CaMV19S), cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter (CaMV35S), ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase promoter (ssRUBISCO), and the figwort mosaic virus promoter (FMV).

131. The DNA vector of claim 129, wherein said promoter is selected from the group of root enhanced or specific promoters consisting of the CaMV derived AS4 promoter, tobacco RB7 promoter, and the rice RC2 promoter.

132. The DNA vector of claim 129, wherein the lysine oxidase enzyme is isolated from an extract of a fungal species fermentation, and wherein said extract exhibits coleopteran insecticidal activity.

133. The DNA vector of claim 132, wherein the fungal species is a Trichoderma.

134. The DNA vector of claim 129, wherein said 5′ non-translated leader sequence is obtained from a 70 kDa petunia heat shock protein (hsp70) gene.

135. A genetically transformed seed containing a double stranded DNA molecule, said DNA molecule comprising: a first structural gene encoding a lysine oxidase enzyme or proenzyme; and a second structural gene encoding an enzyme that converts Δ1-piperideine-2-carboxylate to tedanalactam.

136. The genetically transformed seed of claim 135, wherein said second structural gene encodes an enzyme that is approximately Mr 50,000.

137. The genetically transformed seed of claim 135, wherein: said second structural gene encodes an enzyme that is isolated from an extract of a fungal species fermentation; and said extract exhibits coleopteran insecticidal activity.

138. The genetically transformed seed of claim 137, wherein the insecticidal activity is independent of tedanalactam synthase activity.

139. The genetically transformed seed of claim 137, wherein the fungal species is a Trichoderma.

140. A seed capable of germination into a plant, said plant containing a double stranded DNA molecule, said DNA molecule comprising: a first structural gene encoding a lysine oxidase enzyme or proenzyme; and a second structural gene encoding an enzyme that converts Δ1-piperideine-2-carboxylate to tedanalactam.

141. The seed of claim 140, wherein said second structural gene encodes an enzyme that is approximately Mr 50,000.

142. The seed of claim 140, wherein: said second structural gene encodes an enzyme that is isolated from an extract of a fungal species fermentation; and said extract exhibits coleopteran insecticidal activity.

143. The seed of claim 142 wherein the insecticidal activity is independent of tedanalactam synthase activity.

144. The seed of claim 142, wherein the fungal species is a Trichoderma.

145. A plant germinated from the seed of claim 140.

146. A DNA vector comprising: a promoter which functions in a plant cell to cause the production of an RNA sequence, operably linked to a polynucleotide cassette comprising; an intron sequence; a structural gene encoding an enzyme that converts Δ1-piperideine-2-carboxylate to tedanalactam; and a DNA sequence which functions in plants to cause the addition of a 3′ non-translated polyadenylated nucleotide sequence to the 3′ end of said RNA sequence; wherein expression of said cassette is under the control of said promoter in said plant cell.

147. The DNA vector of claim 146, wherein said promoter is selected from the group consisting of nopaline synthase promoter (NOS), octopine synthase promoter (OCS), cauliflower mosaic virus 19S promoter (CaMV19S), cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter (CaMV35S), ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase promoter (ssRUBISCO), and the figwort mosaic virus promoter (FMV).

148. The DNA vector of claim 146, wherein said promoter is selected from the group of root enhanced or specific promoters consisting of the CaMV derived AS4 promoter, tobacco RB7 promoter, and the rice RC2 promoter.

149. The DNA vector of claim 146, wherein said enzyme is approximately Mr 50,000.

150. The DNA vector of claim 146, wherein: said enzyme is isolated from an extract of a fungal species fermentation; and said extract exhibits coleopteran insecticidal activity.

151. The DNA vector of claim 150, wherein said insecticidal activity is independent of tedanalactam synthase activity.

152. The DNA vector of claim 150, wherein the fungal species is a Trichoderma.

153. The DNA vector of claim 146, wherein said intron is selected from the group consisting of the maize hsp70 intron and the rice actin intron.

154. A DNA vector comprising: a) a promoter which functions in a plant cell to cause the production of an RNA sequence, operably linked to a polynucleotide cassette comprising; b) an intron sequence; c) a structural gene encoding a lysine oxidase enzyme or proenzyme; and d) a DNA sequence which functions in plants to cause the addition of a 3′ non-translated polyadenylated nucleotide sequence to the 3′ end of said RNA sequence; wherein expression of said cassette is under the control of said promoter in said plant cell.

155. The DNA vector of claim 154, wherein said promoter is selected from the group consisting of nopaline synthase promoter (NOS), octopine synthase promoter (OCS), cauliflower mosaic virus 19S promoter (CaMV19S), cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter (CaMV35S), ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase promoter (ssRUBISCO), and the figwort mosaic virus promoter (FMV).

156. The DNA vector of claim 154, wherein said promoter is selected from the group of root enhanced or specific promoters consisting of the CaMV derived AS4 promoter, tobacco RB7 promoter, and the rice RC2 promoter.

157. The DNA vector of claim 154, wherein: said lysine oxidase enzyme is isolated from an extract of a fungal species fermentation; and said extract exhibits insecticidal activity.

158. The DNA vector of claim 157, wherein said fungal species is a Trichoderma.

159. The DNA vector of claim 154, wherein said intron is selected from the group of specific introns consisting of the maize hsp70 intron and the rice actin intron.

160. A DNA vector comprising: a) a first promoter which functions in a plant cell to cause the production of a first RNA sequence, operably linked to a first polynucleotide cassette comprising; b) a first intron sequence; c) a first DNA sequence encoding an amino acid sequence which functions in plants as a targeting signal or transit peptide; d) a first structural gene encoding an amino acid oxidase; and e) a first DNA sequence which functions in plants to cause the addition of a 3′ non-translated polyadenylated nucleotide sequence to the 3′ end of said RNA sequence; wherein expression of said first cassette is under the control of said first promoter in said plant cell; and f) a second promoter which functions in a plant cell to cause the production of a second RNA sequence, operably linked to a second polynucleotide cassette comprising; g) a second intron sequence; h) a second structural gene encoding an enzyme that converts Δ1-piperideine-2-carboxylate to tedanalactam; and i) a second DNA sequence which functions in plants to cause the addition of a 3′ non-translated polyadenylated nucleotide sequence to the 3′ end of said RNA sequence; wherein expression of said second cassette is under the control of said second promoter in said plant cell.

161. The DNA vector of claim 160, wherein said amino acid oxidase is a lysine oxidase.

162. The DNA vector of claim 160, wherein: said enzyme is isolated from an extract of a fungal species fermentation; and said extract exhibits coleopteran insecticidal activity.

163. The DNA vector of claim 162, wherein said insecticidal activity is independent of tedanalactam synthase activity.

164. The DNA vector of claim 163, wherein said fungal species is a Trichoderma.

165. The DNA vector of claim 160, wherein said first promoter and said second promoter are selected from the group consisting of nopaline synthase promoter (NOS), octopine synthase promoter (OCS), cauliflower mosaic virus 19S promoter (CaMV19S), cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter (CaMV35S), ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase promoter (ssRUBISCO), and the figwort mosaic virus promoter (FMV).

166. The DNA vector of claim 160, wherein said first promoter and said second promoter are selected from the group of root enhanced or specific promoters consisting of the CaMV derived AS4 promoter, tobacco RB7 promoter, and the rice RC2 promoter.

167. The DNA vector of claim 160, wherein said first intron and said second intron are selected from the group of specific introns consisting of the maize hsp70 intron and the rice actin intron.

168. The DNA vector of claim 160, wherein said targeting signal or transit peptide are selected from the group consisting of a rice malate dehydrogenase amino terminal peroxisomal targeting signal and a maize ATP synthase beta subunit mitochondrial transit peptide.

169. A method for identifying a gene encoding an enzyme comprising the steps of: a) contacting a polynucleotide probe and a heterologous polynucleotide sample to produce a complex; b) detecting said complex; c) isolating said complex; and d) purifying the bound heterologous polynucleotide from said complex; wherein: a mixture of said enzyme and an amino acid oxidase provides insecticidal activity; and said polynucleotide probe is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 40, SEQ ID NO: 42, the complement of SEQ ID NO: 40, and the complement of SEQ ID NO: 42.

170. A method for detecting a peptide comprising the steps of: a) contacting an antibody and a sample to produce an antibody-peptide complex; and b) detecting said complex; wherein a mixture of said peptide and an amino acid oxidase provides insecticidal activity.

171. The method of claim 170, wherein said sample comprises a composition derived from cells selected from the group consisting of bacteria, plants, and fungi.

172. The method of claim 171, wherein said fungi are members of the fungal species Trichoderma.

173. A kit for detecting the presence of a peptide in a sample, said kit comprising a nucleic acid molecule packaged in a container; wherein: a mixture of said peptide and an amino acid oxidase provides insecticidal activity; and the nucleic acid molecule is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 40, a derivative of SEQ ID NO: 40, or a fragment of SEQ ID NO: 40.

174. The kit of claim 173, wherein said sample comprises a composition derived from cells selected from the group consisting of bacteria, plants, and fungi.

175. The kit of claim 174, wherein said fungi are members of the fungal species Trichoderma.

176. A kit for detecting a peptide in a sample, said kit comprising an antibody packaged in a container; wherein: said antibody binds to SEQ ID NO: 40; said antibody binds to said peptide; and a mixture of said peptide and an amino acid oxidase provides insecticidal activity.

177. The kit of claim 176, wherein said sample comprises a composition derived from cells selected from the group consisting of bacteria, plants, and fungi.

178. The kit of claim 177, wherein said fungi are members of the fungal species Trichoderma.