Methods and compositions for production of mycoplasmal adhesins

This application is related to co-pending U.S. application Ser. No. 07/004/767, which is incorporated herein by reference.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. FIELD OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to the molecular cloning of the gene encoding Mycoplasma pneumoniae P1 cytadhesin protein. This protein mediates mycoplasmal colonization of host respiratory epithelium and is a critical virulence determinant. By the present invention, a complete DNA sequence of the complete P1 gene as well as a deduced amino acid sequence of the P1 cytadhesin protein is presented for the first time. In addition, clones expressing M. pneumoniae peptides are provided. Those peptides contain the functional cytadhesin epitopes and have been used to localize the cytadhesin binding domain of P1.
2. DESCRIPTION OF THE RELATED ART
M. pneumoniae is a non-invasive pathogen that colonizes the mucosal surface of the respiratory tract and causes a primary, atypical pneumonia. Although this disease appears to occur most frequently in young adults and children, its incidence in the general population may be underestimated because the symptoms are often relatively mild and diagnostic procedures are suboptimal.
M. pneumoniae initiates infection by colonizing cells of the respiratory epithelium. This colonization is mediated by a specialized tip-like organnelle containing clusters of a surface-localized, trypsin sensitive protein designated P1. Numerous studies show P1 to be a critical virulence determinant. For example, mutants of M. pneumoniae that lack P1 or are unable to mobilize and anchor P1 at the tip are avirulent. In addition, treatment of virulent M. pneumoniae with trypsin abrogates adherence to the respiratory epithelium. Finally, monoclonal antibodies to P1 have been shown to block M. pneumoniae cytadherence. Plummer, et al., Infect. Immun., 53:398-403 (1986).
Unfortunately, despite the critical importance of P1 as a mycoplasmal virulence determinant, efforts to provide a cloned gene encoding the P1 cytadhesin have been generally unsatisfactory. For example, Trevino, et al., Infect. Immun., 53:129-134 (1986), describe an attempt to clone M. pneumoniae antigens by constructing an M. pneumoniae genomic library using lambda phage EMBL3 as the vector and immunoscreening the library with adsorbed anti-M. pneumoniae serum. Although this procedure produced several clones exhibiting antigenic cross-reactivity with M. pneumoniae P1, none of the clones reacted with monoclonal antibodies specific for critical antigenic determinants of P1 shown by the present inventors to mediate cytadherence. Moreover, the largest immunoreactive protein identified had a molecular weight of only 140 kDa. In contrast, native P1 has a molecular weight of approximately 165 kDa. Therefore, it could not be definitely established whether or not the 140 kDa protein was a product of the structural P1 gene. The approach was then abandoned.
Since the P1 cytadhesin is probably the most important mediator of mycoplasma cytadsorption, further elucidation of the structure of this molecule is likely to provide information essential for a complete understanding of the role of cytadherence in pathogenesis of mycoplasmal disease. This goal can be achieved most readily by cloning and sequencing the structural gene encoding P1. Furthermore, recent studies have shown that adherence of mycoplasma to respiratory epithelium can be inhibited by certain antibodies directed against cytadhesin epitopes of P1. Therefore, vaccines comprising recombinant P1 protein or selected cytadhesin polypeptides derived from recombinant P1 are likely to prove effective in preventing mycoplasmal infection. In addition, the availability of the complete gene sequence and deduced amino acid sequence for M. pneumoniae P1 will allow one to map critical antigenic epitopes and produce selected synthetic peptides useful as diagnostic probes or vaccines.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
By the present invention, the cloning and DNA sequencing of the complete P1 gene is described for the first time. In addition, the complete amino sequence of the P1 protein is provided. The invention also provides recombinant P1 polypeptides, including polypeptides expressed as fusion proteins comprising cytadhesin epitopes. Accordingly, in a general and overall scope, the present invention comprises recombinant clones encoding P1, recombinant DNA sequences suitable for use as hybridization probes to assist cloning of genes encoding P1 and other mycoplasmal cytadhesins, methods for isolating such genes, and recombinant P1 polypeptides.
More particularly, the invention relates to substantially purified nucleic acid molecules comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding the P1 protein or portion of the C-terminal portion thereof. Of course, absolute purification of the nucleic acid molecule is not necessary. Rather, the term "substantially purified" is intended to distinguish the claimed species from species found in nature. Moreover, it will be appreciated that there is no requirement that the nucleic acid encode a complete P1 protein. All that is required is that the molecule encode at least a portion of the C-terminal portion of the P1 protein. For the purposes of the present invention, a C-terminal portion of P1 is defined as the portion of P1 encoded by nucleotides downstream from nucleotide 2440.
In a further embodiment, the substantially purified nucleic acid molecule encodes a P1 protein having molecular weight of about 165-170 kDa. In yet still a further embodiment, the invention relates to a nucleic acid molecule wherein the nucleotide sequence is defined as a nucleotide sequence encoding the amino acid sequence of FIG. 6. Although the term nucleic acid is meant to include both ribonucleic acid (RNA) and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), DNA is preferred for the purposes of the present invention. Accordingly, in one embodiment, the nucleic acid is described as DNA.
In addition, the invention provides a substantially purified nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding an M. pneumoniae P1 polypeptide having a cytadhesin epitope. For purposes of the present invention, a polypeptide is defined as a peptide of more than one amino acid, and a P1 cytadhesin epitope is considered to be any P1 polypeptide which binds to an antibody capable of inhibiting P1 mediated cytadherence or is itself capable of competitively inhibiting P1 mediated cytadherence. For example, a more specific embodiment relates to a nucleic acid molecule wherein the cytadhesin epitope encoded is capable of reacting immunologically with monoclonal antibody 5B8, produced by ATCC #HB9586. Similarly, an additional embodiment is directed toward a nucleic acid molecule where the cytadhesin peptide is capable of reacting immunologically with monoclonal antibody 6E7, produced by ATCC #HB 8420. Further embodiments of the invention relate to nucleic acid molecules comprising DNA sequences encoding M. pneumoniae P1 polypeptides of at least thirteen amino acids in length. More specifically, the invention provides for nucleic acid molecules wherein the P1 polypeptide comprises at least the particular amino acid sequence of the thirteen amino acid cytadhesin epitope described by the present inventors, or the amino acid sequences corresponding to those expressed by phage clones P1-7, P1-9, and P1-10. These amino acid sequences are described by claims 8, 9, 10, and 11, respectively.
Of course, as those of skill in the art will appreciate, the DNA sequences claimed are not required to be actively expressing mycoplasmal P1 polypeptides or in a proper expression vector or expression frame to express the polypeptide. In addition, due to the redundancy of the genetic code, a number of nucleotide sequences may encode the indicated amino acid sequences. Any such nucleotide sequence is considered to be within the scope of the present invention. Moreover, those of skill in the art will appreciate that, in some cases, conservative amino acid substitutions may allow the production of a polypeptide which has a slightly different amino acid sequence than any of those recited in the claims, but has essentially identical function. Such polypeptides are considered to be functional equivalents of the polypeptides described herein and nucleotide sequences encoding such polypeptides are considered to be within the scope of the present claims.
Additional embodiments of the invention are directed towards DNA vectors comprising any one of the DNA molecules described above as well as toward bacterial strains comprising such recombinant vectors. In a more particular embodiment, the bacterial strain is defined as E. coli.
A further embodiment of the invention is directed towards DNA molecules comprising a DNA sequence which includes at least a tetradecameric portion of the DNA sequence of FIG. 6. These DNA molecules are believed to possess a number of utilities. First, they may be used as hybridization probes to assist in cloning the P1 gene from M. pneumoniae. In addition, it is contemplated that they may be used to detect homologous nucleotide sequences in other mycoplasmal species, and thus aid in cloning of cytadhesin genes from such species, M. genitalium, for example. Of course, in some cases they may also be used to direct synthesis of the polypeptides encoded.
In more specific embodiments of this aspect of the invention, particular nucleotides sequences are claimed. For example, embodiments directed to DNA molecules wherein the DNA sequence comprises nucleotides 178 to 191 or 196 to 213 of FIG. 6 are essentially directed to the 14-mer and 18-mer probes encoding the amino acids shown in FIG. 2A or 2B, respectively. A further embodiment, directed towards the DNA sequence comprising nucleotides -70 to 258 of the DNA sequence of FIG. 6 is essentially directed towards the nucleotide sequence of the Hae III restriction fragment described herein. A still further embodiment is directed to the EcoRI/Pst I restriction fragment (nucleotides -204 to 911) used by the present inventors to isolate the P1 gene. Of course, yet another embodiment is directed to the DNA fragment containing the complete structural gene itself. Additional embodiments are directed to the DNA molecule encoding the thirteen amino acid cytadhesin epitope (nucleotides 4148-4185) and to DNA sequences comprising the DNA inserts of phage clones P1-7 (nucleotides 4067-4085 ), P1-9 (nucleotides 4148-4881), and P1-10 (nucleotides 4202-4881), respectively. Yet still a further embodiment is directed to a DNA sequence comprising at least the transcribed portion of the DNA sequence of FIG. 6. Yet still a further embodiment is directed to the DNA sequence of FIG. 6.
It will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art that FIG. 6 depicts both the coding and non-coding strand of the P1 DNA. It should be expressly pointed out that the claims of the present invention are not limited to double stranded DNA molecules, but are intended to encompass both double stranded and single stranded molecules, since, in many systems, either strand may be used as a nucleotide probe and one strand may easily be produced from its complementary strand. The only requirement is that the DNA molecule include the specified nucleotide sequence.
In addition, although certain embodiments refer only to DNA molecules, those of skill in the art will also appreciate that the DNA sequences of the present invention can easily be transcribed into a corresponding RNA molecule. Therefore, RNA molecules corresponding to the DNA sequences of the present invention are considered to be functional equivalents of such DNA molecules and are intended to be encompassed by the present claims.
Additional embodiments of the invention relate to DNA molecules capable of hybridizing to the recombinant insert of the 6 kbp EcoRI fragment designated plasmid pMPN P1 under selected hybridization conditions, said molecules suitable for use as hybridization probes. For example, one embodiment is directed toward a DNA molecule capable of hybridizing to the recombinant insert of plasmid pMPN P1, obtainable from ATCC #67560 (pending) under moderately stringent hybridization conditions while another embodiment is directed toward a DNA molecule capable of hybridizing to the recombinant insert of plasmid pMPN P1, obtainable from ATCC #67560 under stringent hybridization conditions. For the purposes of the present invention, such conditions are described as moderately stringent in that they allow detection of a nucleotide sequence at least 14 nucleotides in length having at least approximately 75% homology with the sequence of the nucleotide probe used. Stringent hybridization conditions are defined as conditions wherein the probe detects nucleotide sequences at least 14 nucleotides in length having a homology greater than about 90%. The conditions necessary for hybridization of a particular probe to a particular nucleotide sequence having a specified degree of homology may be determined by referring to Nucleic Acid Hybridization, A Practical Approach, Hames and Higgins, eds., IRL Press, Oxford and Washington, 1985, or Wood, et al., PNAS, 82:1585-1588 (1985), both incorporated herein by reference.
In addition, claims are directed toward recombinant DNA vectors comprising the claimed DNA molecules as well as bacterial cells comprising such recombinant vectors. In a more particular embodiment, the bacterial cells are defined as E. coli.
The invention also includes polypeptide fragments of M. pneumoniae having M. pneumoniae P1 cytadhesin epitopes. More specific embodiments are directed toward polypeptides further defined as being capable of immunospecifically binding to monoclonal antibody 6E7, ATCC #HB 8420. Similarly, an additional specific embodiment is directed towards polypeptides defined as capable of immunospecifically binding to monoclonal antibody 5B8, ATCC #HB 9586. Of course, where the recombinant polypeptide is encoded by a DNA sequence inserted in a particular type of expression vector, the polypeptide will be expressed as a fusion protein. For example, when lambda gt11 is used as an expression vector, the M. pneumoniae polypeptide will be expressed in the form of a beta-galactosidase fusion protein. Although such fusion proteins are considered to be polypeptides and, thus, intended to be encompassed by the claims of the present invention, one embodiment is specifically directed to fusion proteins.
Additional claims are directed towards polypeptides comprising specific sequences as outlined in the claims. Of course, recombinant polypeptides are included within the scope of the present invention. Moreover, synthetic polypeptides can be prepared from known amino acid sequences. The present invention is also meant to encompass any synthetic polypeptide comprising the claimed amino acid sequences or polypeptides having conservative amino acid substitutions and essentially identical function. Additional embodiments of the invention relate to vaccines comprising such polypeptides and methods for inducing resistance to M. pneumoniae infection. Still further embodiments relate to diagnostic kits comprising polypeptides having cytadhesin epitopes.
More specifically, the invention provides for a cytadhesin polypeptide corresponding biologically to that produced by clones P1-7, P1-9 or P1-10, ATCC #40386, 40385 or 40384 respectively. For the purposes of the present invention, a cytadhesin polypeptide corresponding biologically to a polypeptide encoded by an identified recombinant vector is considered to be any polypeptide having similar or identical function to that encoded by the specified recombinant vector. Such peptides may include synthetic peptides, including synthetic peptides having a slightly different amino acid sequence but essentially similar function. In a more specific embodiment, the polypeptides are further defined as M. pneumoniae P1 polypeptides.
With even more particularity, the invention provides for a number of DNA molecules comprising a recombinant DNA vector which includes the recombinant inserts of phages P1-7, P1-9, P1-10, ATCC #40386, ATTC #40385, ATCC #40384, respectively. The invention also includes a recombinant DNA vector which includes a recombinant insert of plasmid pMPN P1, ATCC #67560 (pending). Bacterial strains comprising recombinant vectors which include such inserts are also included.
Finally, yet another feature of the present invention relates to a method for screening mycoplasmal DNA for DNA sequences that correspond to those of M. pneumoniae P1, using the novel nucleotide sequences of the present invention. This method essentially comprises fractionating mycoplasmal DNA to produce DNA fragments; separating the DNA fragments according to their sizes or molecular weights; hybridizing the DNA fragments with DNA molecules provided by the present invention; and identifying at least one fragment which hybridizes to said DNA molecules by means of a label.
Of course, the method will prove useful for isolation of M. pneumoniae DNA sequences. However, it may also be useful for screening other Mycoplasmal species for homologous genes encoding M. pneumoniae P1. For example, the present inventors have observed that portions of the M. pneumoniae P1 gene are homologous to a gene from M. genitalium. Therefore, one embodiment of the present invention relates to screening of M. genitalium. The specificity of the novel nucleotides probes will depend, in part, on the hybridization conditions used. For example, where one desires to isolate nucleotide sequences encoding proteins homologous but not identical to M. pneumoniae P1, less stringent hybridization conditions should be used.
Methods which have proved particularly useful in fragmenting the DNA utilize restriction enzyme digestion or mechanical shearing. However, restriction enzyme digestion was utilized for the practice of the present invention. More particularly, the invention provides for digestion of the mycoplasmal DNA with the restriction enzyme EcoRI.
The fragmented DNA can be separated into recognizable patterns using various methods, the most useful of which take advantage of the varying sizes of discrete DNA fragments. For example, DNA fragments can be separated according to molecular weight by velocity sedimentation through a density gradient or, by molecular size exclusion chromatography. However, for purposes of the present invention, the preferred technique is to separate the DNA fragments by electrophoresis through an agarose or polyacrylamide gel matrix.
The P1 hybridization probe can be conveniently labeled with radioactive nucleotides which allow for ready visualization of the hybridized DNA by autoradiography. Of course, other labeling techniques, including heavy isotopes or biotinylation, may also be used.
It should also be appreciated there is also no absolute requirement that the hybridization probes be derived from cloned M. pneumoniae P1 DNA. Since the present invention provides the complete gene sequence of M. pneumoniae P1, various oligonucleotide probes can be synthetically prepared on the basis of the disclosed sequence.
The substantially purified DNA molecules, recombinant DNA cloning vectors, recombinant cells, and recombinant proteins of the present invention may be used to prepare M. pneumoniae P1 polypeptide fragments or fusion proteins suitable for use as vaccines or reagents for use in diagnostic kits. Furthermore, the substantially purified DNA sequences of the present invention are likely to prove useful as hybridization probes for selectively isolating mycoplasmal cytadhesin genes. Modification of the products of the present invention so as to facilitate their utility in these or other areas is considered to be well within its scope.
CHARACTERISTICS OF DEPOSITED MICROORGANISMS
Recombinant lambda gt11 vectors P1-7, P1-9, and P1-10 comprising clones P1-7, P1-9, and P1-10 have been deposited under the Budapest Treaty with the American Type Culture Collection, Rockville, Md., and assigned ATCC accession numbers 40386, 40385, and 40386, respectively. These clones comprise lambda gt11 bacteriophages having a mycoplasmal DNA sequence ligated into the EcoRI site within the beta-galactosidase gene.
E. coli HB101 comprising a recombinant pUC 19 plasmid vector having a mycoplasmal DNA insert approximately 6 kbp in length ligated into the EcoRI site (plasmid pMPN P1) has been deposited under the Budapest Treaty with the American Type Culture Collection, Rockville, Md., and assigned ATCC accession #67560.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1--SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis of protein samples during the purification of P1.
FIG. 1 (A) total protein extract from M. pneumoniae. Arrow indicates the position of P1;
FIG. 1 (B) same sample from FIG. 1 (A) after a single passage through the anti-P1 affinity column;
FIG. 1 (C) protein eluted from the anti-P1 affinity column; and
FIG. 1 (D) P1 after preparative gel electrophoresis and electroelution. Proteins were separated by 7.5% polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and stained with Coomassie blue.
FIG. 2--The N-terminal 18 amino acid sequence of protein P1 and the 14-mer and 18-mer oligonucleotide probes designed to hybridize to the P1 gene. The 14-mer covers amino acids 1 to 5 and the 18-mer covers amino acids 7 to 12. X=ACGT.
FIG. 3--M. pneumoniae DNA (12 ug/lane) digested with different restriction enzymes and separated by 0.7% agarose gel electrophoresis.
FIG. 3 (A) standard;
FIG. 3 (B) EcoRI;
FIG. 3 (C) Hae III;
FIG. 3 (D) Pst I;
FIG. 3 (E) Hind III;
FIG. 3 (F) BamHI;
FIG. 3 (G) Kpn I; and
FIG. 3 (H) Sal I.
FIG. 4--Southern blot analysis of M. pneumoniae genome. M. pneumoniae DNA was digested with Hind III, separated by 0.7% agarose electrophoresis and transferred to nitrocellulose paper according to the method of Southern (Mizusawa, et al., Nucleic Acids Res., 14:1319-1324 (1986)). The nitrocellulose strip was then hybridized to the 14-mer (A) and 18-mer (B) probes labeled with .sup.32 P. A single band (4.3 kb) hybridizes to both probes (arrow).
FIG. 5--Restriction enzyme map of the P1 gene. The first clone (62A) contains the 4.3 kb Hind III piece, and the second clone contains the 6 kb EcoRI piece. Both the 14-mer and 18-mer probes hybridize to the DNA at a site very close to the first Sma I site. The cross-hatched box represents the P1 structural gene.
FIG. 6A-N--Complete nucleotide sequence and deduced amino acid sequence of the P1 gene. Both the coding and non-coding strand is shown. The presumed starting codon of P1 (ATG) is numbered as 1. In the 5' flanking region, the possible promoter elements (-10 and -35) are underlined. The 18 amino acids which match those determined by protein sequencing of P1 are boxed (nucleotides 178-231). In the 3' flanking region, a sequence with dyad symmetry, which may be a termination signal, is indicated by the arrows and the "*" indicates mismatched sequences in this sequence. The complete P1 gene contains 4881 nucleotides coding for a protein of a calculated 176,288 daltons which includes an apparent leader peptide (see text).
FIG. 7--Plot of hydrophilicity value versus sequence position of P1 according to the method of Hopp and Woods, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., U.S.A., 78:3824-3828 (1981). Hydrophilicity values are averaged over six amino acids through the length of P1; highest positive values represent charged hydrophilic regions.
FIG. 8--Location of the ten lambda gt11 clones within the P1 structural gene. The predicted fusion protein size and DNA insert size of each clone are given. Molecular weight values of the M. pneumoniae fusion proteins were calculated by subtracting the value of the beta-galactosidase protein (116 kD). , indicates the location and dimension of the insert size. The numbers indicate nucleotides encompassed by each clone. A "t" indicates that the clone extends through the end of the P1 gene. As indicated in text, a TGA stop codon exists just downstream from the EV site.
FIG. 9A-B--Gene sequence and deduced protein sequence of epitopes involved in cytadherence by M. pneumoniae. The 13 amino acids within which one epitope is located are underlined. Symbols corresponds to the following : , start of clone P1-7; , end of clone P1-7; *, start of clone P1-9; and .gradient., start of clone P1-10. The stop codon is indicated by the box.
FIG. 10--Hybridization of .sup.32 P-labeled M. pneumoniae insert DNA from clone P1-7 to M. pneumoniae genomic DNA digested with EcoRI (lane A), Hind III (lane B), Pst I (lane C), Sac I (land E), and Sma I (lane E). Molecular weights in kb are shown at the left.
FIG. 11--Immunoblot of cytadhesin fusion proteins using anti-P1 MAbs. Lane A represents total M. pneumoniae proteins reacted with a pool of the two MAbs designated 5B8 and 6E7 (see text). Lane B is the beta-galactosidase protein reacted with a monoclonal Ab to beta-galactosidase (Promega Biolab, Madison, Wis.). Lanes C and D are clones P1-7 and P1-9, respectively, reacted with MAb6E7. Lane E is clone P1-10 reacted with MAb5B8.
FIG. 12--Immunophage blot of the ten different clones reacted with acute (I) and convalescent (II,III) sera of patients infected with M. pneumoniae. Numbers 7, 9, and 10 indicate clones P1-7, P1-9, and P1-10, respectively.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
The present invention describes the isolation and nucleic acid sequence of the gene encoding the P1 cytadhesin protein from M. pneumoniae, the amino acid sequence of P1, and production of highly antigenic P1 polypeptides, including fusion proteins.
The present invention is disclosed in terms of two general approaches employed by the inventors to isolate clones and identify nucleic acid sequences encoding M. pneumoniae P1 protein, or highly antigenic M. pneumoniae polypeptides. The first general approach is primarily directed toward isolating, cloning, and sequencing the complete M. pneumoniae P1 gene, while the primary goal of the second approach is to identify particular nucleotide sequences encoding the functional cytadhesin domains of P1 and to produce antigenic cytadhesin polypeptides suitable for use as diagnostic reagents or vaccines.
As indicated earlier, past attempts to clone the P1 gene were found to be generally unsatisfactory. This failure was due, at least in part, to lack of a suitable method for unequivocally demonstrating that a particular cloned DNA sequence actually represented the P1 gene. Fortunately, the present inventors have now discovered a technique allowing the complete structural P1 gene to be isolated and cloned. The P1 gene has now been completely sequenced and the nucleotide sequence unequivocally established as the structural P1 gene. In addition, the amino acid sequence of the complete P1 protein has been deduced from the nucleotide sequence.
Accordingly, the general approach described below represents a particularly preferred approach for obtaining recombinant DNA clones containing the complete P1 gene. However, as illustrated below, the method has also been successfully used for cloning partially complete P1 genes.
The technique described below, disclosed for the first time by the present application, is one preferred method for obtaining recombinant DNA molecules and clones of the present invention. Of course, variations of this method may also allow the gene to be cloned successfully. It is also possible that other techniques could be successfully used to clone M. pneumoniae P1. Any M. pneumoniae P1 gene cloned by such procedures is considered to be within the scope of the present invention, unless the claims provide otherwise.
In general, recombinant clones produced in accordance with the present invention are made by first isolating mycoplasmal DNA. Any mycoplasma encoding the P1 protein, may be used as a source of DNA. However, virulent strains of M. pneumoniae are preferred. These strains include, but are not limited to, M. pneumoniae isolated from infected humans or animals, as well as defined strains maintained as laboratory cultures. The strain M. pneumoniae M129 is particularly preferred.
A number of methods for extracting DNA from prokaryotic organisms are known which may, with possible routine modifications within ordinary skill in the art, be used to extract mycoplasmal DNA. A preferred method generally comprises lysing the organisms in a lysing buffer, for example, sodium dodecyl sulfate in phosphate-buffered saline, extracting the DNA from the lysed cell mixture with a suitable organic solvent such as phenol, n-butanol or chloroform and reprecipitating the DNA with a suitable reagent such as ethanol, ethanol-acetate or isopropanol.
The extracted DNA is then fragmented. Any of a number of techniques suitable for producing DNA fragments, such as mechanical shearing or partial or complete restriction enzyme digestion, may be used. However, where a complete clone of the structural gene is desired, it is important to fragment the DNA so as to produce fragments at least about 4.75-5.0 kb.
In general, digestion with restriction enzymes is a preferred method of fragmenting the mycoplasmal DNA. Although any of a number of restriction enzymes may be used (for example, see those listed in MOLECULAR CLONING, Maniatis, et al., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., pp. 93-103) under properly selected digestion conditions, the present inventors have discovered that the M. pneumoniae genome contains an EcoRI site on either side of the P1 structural gene, but not within the gene itself. Therefore, when EcoRI is used as a restriction enzyme, complete digestion of M. pneumoniae DNA will produce a single DNA fragment containing the entire structural gene. For this reason, it is especially preferred that the M. pneumoniae DNA be digested to completion with EcoRI in cases where a full length structural gene is desired.
Conversely, if one desires to obtain a fragment containing only a portion of the P1 structural gene, complete digestion with Sal I, Pst, BamHI, Kpn I, Sma I, Sac I, Hind III, or Eco RV may be used since the P1 structural gene is now shown to contain restriction sites for these enzymes. Of course, it may be also possible to use these enzymes in partial digestion procedures in cases where a full length P1 gene is desired.
The fragmented DNA can be separated into a recognizable pattern using various methods, the most useful of which take advantage of the varying sizes of the discrete DNA fragments. For example, DNA fragments can be separated according to molecular weight by velocity sedimentation through a density gradient, or by molecular size by gel exclusion chromatography. However, according to a technique preferred for the purposes of the present invention, DNA fragments are separated by electrophoresis through an agarose gel matrix and then transferred to a nitrocellulose sheet so that an exact replica of the DNA fragments in the gel is transferred to the nitrocellulose sheet.
A specific labelled probe is then applied to the nitrocellulose sheet under selected hybridization conditions so as to hybridize with complementary DNA fragments localized on the sheet. Although various labels known to those of skill in the art may be employed, a radioactive probe is preferred. The sheet may then be analyzed by autoradiography to locate particular fragments which hybridize to the probe.
Various hybridization probes may be used to detect the P1 structural gene. For example, in experiments performed in conjunction with development of the present invention, the N-terminal amino acid sequence of the P1 protein was determined and two oligonucleotides based on this sequence (the 14-mer and 18-mer probes described in Example I) were utilized. In subsequent experiments, an EcoRI/Pst I restriction fragment digested from an incomplete P1 clone (62A) was used as a hybridization probe. However, as those of skill in the art will appreciate, any number of suitable hybridization probes can now be prepared, based on sequences contained within the complete P1 gene sequence provided for the first time by the present invention. All that is required is that the DNA fragments to be used as probes be of sufficient length to form a stable duplex or hybrid with the P1 DNA. Such fragments are said to be "hybridizable" in that they are capable of stable duplex formation. Generally, a DNA fragment of at least fourteen nucleotides in length (a tetradecamer) is capable of forming a stable duplex. Of course, in practice, it may be sometimes preferable to use a probe containing more nucleotides or alternatively, to use a battery of individual probes to detect a single fragment that hybridizes to each probe in the battery.
In any event, after DNA of the size range containing the desired restriction fragments is identified by the procedure generally described above, the fragment may be removed from the gel by a variety of techniques known to those of ordinary skill in the art (e.g., electroelution, dialysis, etc.) and cloned into an appropriate vector. Although it is likely that the restriction fragment containing the P1 gene could successfully be cloned into several types of vectors, (e.g., cosmids or phage), it is generally preferred to use a plasmid cloning vector, particularly where the desired restriction fragment is smaller than 15 kbp.
After construction of recombinant vectors, the vectors are used to transform an appropriate host. In a preferred embodiment, the host is an E. coli cell of a type which is compatible with the selected vector type. However, although the present invention is disclosed in terms of E. coli host/vector systems, other host/vector systems are known in the art and may be employed where desired. For example, see those described in DNA Cloning (Vol. II), P. M. Glover, ed., IRL Press, Oxford, Washington, D.C. (1985).
Transformation of host cells by the recombined vector is achieved using standard procedures known in the art. For example, where plasmid vectors are employed, transformation is typically achieved by permeabilizing competent cells with calcium and contacting the permeabilized cells with the recombinant vector DNA. Where bacteriophage vectors are employed, one may additionally choose to package the recombinant phage with phage coat proteins, which affords direct transformation capability through cell infection with a resultant increase in transformation efficiency.
Once the cells are successfully transformed with the recombinant vector DNA, they are culture plated to provide individual recombinant clonal colonies or plaques, a portion of which may express proteins or peptides encoded by the M. pneumoniae P1 genome. In addition, clones may be used as a source of M. pneumoniae DNA suitable for subcloning, sequencing studies or use as hybridization probes.
The second general approach utilized by the present inventors relates to cloning and expression of M. pneumoniae DNA encoding polypeptides having a cytadhesin epitope. The polypeptides so produced may be used as diagnostic reagents or vaccines.
The focus of this approach differs somewhat from that described above in that it is generally directed toward isolation and expression of M. pneumoniae DNA that encodes a particular functional domain of the P1 protein, the domain responsible for cytadherence. In general then, this second approach involves fragmenting M. pneumoniae DNA by procedures similar to those described above and using the fragmented DNA to construct an M. pneumoniae DNA library or clone bank which is then screened with a reagent specific for clones encoding cytadhesin epitopes.
The DNA libraries may generally be constructed in either plasmids or bacteriophage, however, where expression of the cloned gene sequence is desired, it is preferred that the library be constructed in an expression vector. The lambda gt11 expression vector is particularly preferred where expression of the cloned gene is desired because use of lambda gt11 has been found to ameliorate several problems generally associated with production of foreign proteins in E. coli. (See Huynh, et al., In DNA Cloning (Vol. I), E. M. Glover, ed., IRL Press, Oxford, Washington, D.C. (1985) and incorporated herein by reference.) Of course, it is contemplated that a number of other vectors could also be used to generate and/or express the M. pneumoniae DNA library.
The library may be screened for clones containing the DNA sequences encoding the cytadhesin domain of P1 by various procedures so long as the screening reagents used allow isolation of a recombinant DNA clone encoding at least a portion of the cytadhesin domain. For example, the present inventors used monoclonal antibodies previously shown to recognize the cytadhesin binding domain of M. pneumoniae P1 (See Morrison-Plummer, et al., Infect. Immun., 55:49-56 (1987)). Notably, those antibodies do not react with the DNA clones described by Trevino, et al.
Of course, since the present disclosure describes the nucleic acid sequence of the critical regions of the P1 gene, nucleic acid hybridization probes that selectively hybridize to these regions of the P1 genome may also be used for screening. (For examples of a nucleic acid screening procedure, see Huynh, et al., In DNA Cloning (Vol. I), E. M. Glover, ed., IRL Press, Oxford, Washington, D.C. (1985)). However, where one desires to screen with specific nucleic acid probes, lambda gt10 may be a preferred vector.
Once clones containing the M. pneumoniae cytadhesin epitopes are isolated, they may then be expanded and used as a source of M. pneumoniae DNA for sequencing studies. The sequence of the DNA inserts of the selected clones can then be compared with the complete DNA sequence of the P1 gene provided for the first time by the present invention. In this manner, the cloned inserts can be unequivocally identified as encoding all or part of the P1 protein.
DNA or deduced amino acid sequences from a battery of clones may then be correlated with the antigenic phenotype of the polypeptides produced by such clones to precisely map the location of nucleotide sequences encoding particular antigenic epitopes. Moreover, certain monoclonal antibodies specific for the P1 protein have been shown to inhibit cytadherence of M. pneumoniae and, therefore, are specific for the functional domain of P1 that mediates cytadherence. When these monoclonal antibodies are used for screening, the epitopes involved in mediating cytadherence can be mapped as well.
The recombinant DNA clones encoding all or part of the functional domain responsible for cytadherence are particularly valuable. First, the peptides expressed by such clones may be used as immunodiagnostic reagents to detect M. pneumoniae infection. More importantly, the peptides may be incorporated into an antimycoplasmal vaccine. In addition, antigenic peptides comprising the cytadhesin specific epitopes can be synthesized, on the basis of the amino acid sequences deduced from the mapped nucleotide sequence and used as vaccines or antigens for immunodiagnostic tests.
Finally, it should be pointed out that, for practical reasons, it may often be easier to demonstrate the P1 cytadhesin epitopes using a monoclonal antibody since polyclonal antiserum will usually contain antibody molecules specific for regions of the P1 protein not associated with the cytadhesin domain as well as antibody molecules specific for cytadhesin epitopes. However, polyclonal antiserum capable of inhibiting P1 mediated cytadherence may also be used to demonstrate presence of the cytadhesin epitopes by a number of techniques generally known to those of skill in the art. For example, selected P1 polypeptides may be used to extensively adsorb the polyclonal antiserum and adsorbed and nonadsorbed antiserum compared for the ability to inhibit cytadherence. By this procedure, specific polypeptides capable of significantly reducing the antibody mediated inhibition of P1 mediated cytadherence may be considered to express cytadhesin epitopes. In addition, cytadhesin epitopes may be demonstrated directly by their ability to competitively inhibit P1 mediated cytadherence in any of a number of experimental systems commonly used to measure cytadherence, described by Morrison-Plummer, et al., Infect. Immun., 53:398 (1986), or Krause and Baseman, Infect. Immun., 39:1180-1186 (1983).
Although the methodology described herein contains sufficient detail to enable one skilled in the art to practice the present invention, a commercially available technical manual entitled MOLECULAR CLONING (Maniatis, et al., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.) may provide additional details useful to assist practice of some aspects of the invention. Accordingly, this manual is incorporated herein by reference.
The following examples are designed to illustrate certain aspects of the present invention. However, they should not be construed as limiting the claims thereof.
EXAMPLE I
ISOLATION OF A RECOMBINANT CLONE THAT CONTAINS A DNA SEQUENCE ENCODING M. PNEUMONIAE P1
This example is designed to illustrate the actual steps followed by the inventors in obtaining a specific recombinant clone that contained a DNA sequence encoding the mycoplasma P1 protein. However, tis example is not meant to represent the only procedure for cloning the P1 gene.
A. Culture Of Mycoplasma And E. Coli
Virulent hemadsorbing Mycoplasma pneumoniae strain M129 in the sixteenth broth passage was grown at 37.degree. C. in 32 ounce glass prescription bottles containing 70 ml of Edward medium (Edward, J. Gen. Microbiol., 1:238-243 (1947)). Glass adherent mycoplasmas were washed four times with phosphate buffered saline (PBS; pH 7.2) and collected by centrifugation (9,500.times.g 20 min.). Cells were harvested 72 hours after inoculation and stored at -70.degree. C.
Escherichia coli strain HB101, DH5 alpha, and JM 107 were purchased from commercial sources and grown in LB broth (10 g/1 Bacto-tryptone, 5 g/1 Bacto-yeast extract, 10 g/1 NaCl, pH 7.5).
B. Purification Of P1 Protein By Affinity Chromatography
The P1 protein was purified by antibody affinity chromatography according to the method described by Leith and Baseman, J. Bacteriol., 157:678-680 (1984). Briefly, this method was as follows.
Four anti-P1 monoclonal antibodies secreted by hybridomas (Morrison-Plummer, et al., Infect. Immun., 55:49-56 (1987); Morrison-Plummer, et al., Infect. Immun., 53:398-403 (1986)) were combined and purified by protein A-Sephadex column chromatography. Anti-P1 affinity columns were prepared by coupling 50 mg of purified anti-P1 antibody to 15 ml of cyanogen bromide activated Sephadex gel (Pharmacia, Piscataway, N.J.).
Pellets from 100 bottles of M. pneumoniae were suspended in 50 ml of 20 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8.0), 0.2% sodium deoxycholate (Fisher Scientific), 0.1% sodium dodecyl sulfate (BDH Chemicals, Poole, England), 10 mM EDTA, and 0.2% Triton-X-100 containing 1 mM phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride. Solubilization of proteins was assisted by passing the cell suspension through successively smaller gauge needles (22 to 27 gauge). Insoluble material was removed by centrifugation at 100,000.times.g for 30 minutes.
Solubilized proteins were applied to the affinity column at 4.degree. C. and washed with 5 column volumes of the same buffer minus sodium deoxycholate. Bound protein was eluted with 0.1M acetic acid (pH 3) containing 0.15M NaCl and 0.1% SDS. The eluted protein was immediately neutralized with 1.0M Tris and concentrated in a pressure ultrafiltration concentrator (Amicon, Danvers, Mass.).
As shown in FIG. 1 (panels A-C), this procedure selectively enriched for the Mycoplasma pneumoniae cytadhesin protein P1 (165 kilodaltons). Approximately 400 ug of P1 protein was recovered after the immunoaffinity step from an initial M. pneumoniae extract containing 300 mg total protein.
As an additional purification step, the affinity column-purified P1 was further processed by preparative gel electrophoresis through a 5% polyacrylamide-SDS gel. The gel was stained with Coomassie blue and the P1 protein band was cut out of the gel and electroeluted according to the procedure of Hunkapiller, et al. (In Methods in Enzymology, C. H. W. Hirs and S. N. Timasheff (eds.) pp. 227-236 (1983)). About 60% recovery was achieved after 24 hours of elution at room temperature in 50 mM ammonium carbonate containing 0.1% SDS. The eluted protein was then precipitated in 80% methanol to remove SDS. SDS-PAGE analysis of the recovered P1 revealed that the sample contained intact P1 protein (FIG. 1D), and the gel was deliberately overloaded to show the purity of the sample. Finally, the purified protein was shown to be P1 since it reacted with anti-P1 monoclonal antibodies in Western blot analyses (data not shown).
C. Determination Of The N-Terminal Amino Acid Sequence Of P1 Protein And Preparation Of Specific Oligonucleotide Probes
The purified P1 protein was sequenced from the amino terminus with a gas phase protein sequencer. Approximately 50 ug of purified P1 was used (300 pmole) for each sequence analysis. Three separate determinations yielded the sequence shown in FIG. 2.
The N-terminal amino sequence was used to deduce sequences for oligonucleotide probes. Two oligonucleotide probes complementary to all the possible mRNA combinations encoding different portions of the protein were synthesized, a 14-mer corresponding to amino acids 1-5 and a 18-mer corresponding to amino acids 7-12 (FIG. 2). The present inventors used both C and T in the third position of the trypotophan codon of the 18 bp oligonucleotide in order to ensure hybridization with the probe in the event that M. pneumoniae uses TGA (a stop codon in bacterial and eukaryotic systems) rather than TGG to encode tryptophan. The oligonucleotides were synthesized in the Department of Biochemistry, Baylor College of Medicine according to a procedure similar to that described by Alvarado-Urbina, et al., Science, 214:270-274 (1981), incorporated herein by reference, and purified by electrophoresis in 20% polyacrylamide gel containing 8M urea (Berent, et al., Biotech., 3:208-220 (1985)). For use as hybridization probes, the oligonucleotides were labeled at the 5' end with Y-P.sup.32 ATP by the T4-polynucleotide kinase reaction (Maniatis, et al., MOLECULAR CLONING, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y. (1982), pp. 122-127).
D. Southern Blot Analysis Of M. pneumoniae DNA
M. pneumoniae DNA was prepared from exponentially growing cells according to the following procedure. Pellets of M. pneumoniae were suspended in 2.7 ml of PBS, lysed by the addition of 0.3 ml of 10% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and incubated with 10 ug of RNase for 30 minutes at 37.degree. C. Preparations were extracted three times with an equal volume of redistilled phenol (equilibrated with 100 mM Tris [pH 8.0] -10 mM EOTA [TE]) followed by dialysis overnight at 4.degree. C. against a total of 6 liters of sterile TE. Twelve ug of DNA was digested to completion with EcoRI, Hae III, Pst I, Hind III, BamHI, Kpn I or Sal I prior to electrophoretic separation on 0.7% agarose gels. Gels were stained with ethidium bromide and photographed under UV illumination (FIG. 3).
The gels were then analyzed according to the procedure of Southern, J. Mol. Biol., 98:503-519 (1975), incorporated herein by reference. Briefly, DNA was transferred to nitrocellulose filter paper with 20.times.SSC (0.3M sodium citrate, pH 7.0, 3M NaCl), rinsed once with 6.times.SSC, then baked at 80.degree. C. for 2 hours under vacuum. Filters were prehybridized overnight at 37.degree. C. in 20 ml of prehybridization solution containing 6.times.SSC, 60 mM sodium phosphate (pH 7.0), 5.times.Denhardt's solution (bovine serum albumin, polyvinylpyrolidone, Ficoll at 1 mg/ml) and 0.1 mg/ml of denatured herring sperm DNA.
Hybridizations with the 14 base pair [bp] and 18 base pair [bp] oligonucleotide probes were carried out for 12 hours in 10 ml of prehybridization solution plus 10% dextran sulfate and .sup.32 P labeled oligonucleotide probes (3.times.10.sup.8 cpm) at 25.degree. C. (14 bp, 14-mer) or 37.degree. C. (18 bp, 18-mer). After incubation, filters were rinsed twice with 6.times.SSC at 4.degree. C. (30 min. each), then washed twice in wash solution (3M tetramethylammonium chloride, 50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0, 2 mM EDTA, 0.1% SDS) at the appropriate temperature (14-mer at 37.degree. C. and 18-mer at 45.degree. C.) for 20 min. according to the procedure of Wood, et al., Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., U.S.A., 82:1585-1588 (1985). After washing, filters were rinsed in 6.times.SSC at 4.degree. C., dried and exposed to X-ray film using an intensifying screen.
Both probes hybridized to several DNA bands in each digestion, possibly because the probes were comprised of a mixture of oligonucleotides formulated to react with all possible nucleotide sequences that could encode the 12 N-terminal amino acids. A 4.3 kb Hind III fragment hybridized most intensely to both the 14-mer and 18-mer (FIG. 4) strongly implicating this DNA fragment as containing the N-terminal sequence of P1.
E. Cloning DNA Fragments Encoding M. pneumoniae P1 Protein
To clone the DNA fragment described above, M. pneumoniae DNA was digested with Hind III, separated by agarose gel electrophoresis, and stained briefly with ethidium bromide. DNA in the 4.3 kb size range was eluted from the gel by electrophoresis onto DE-81 paper, eluted from the paper with 20 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0, and 1.5M NaCl, then precipitated with ethanol and redissolved in TE buffer.
The DNA was then ligated into the Hind III site of pUC 9. For this procedure, the plasmid was digested with an appropriate restriction enzyme (Hind III) and the 5' end phosphate removed by calf intestinal alkaline phosphatase according to the procedure described on page 133 of Maniatis, et al., MOLECULAR CLONING, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y. (1982). Mycoplasma DNA and vector were mixed at 1:1 molar ratio ad ligated at room temperature for 4 hours with T.sub.4 DNA ligase. After incubation, the reaction was stopped by adding EDTA to 10 mM, diluted 5-fold with distilled H.sub.2 O.
The ligated plasmid DNA was then used to transform competent HB101 or DH5 alpha E. coli cells according to the manufacturer's instructions (BRL, Bethesda, Md.). Transformants were selected on LB agar plates containing 50 ug/ml of ampicillin. About 5,000 transformants were obtained, of which 200 individual colonies were picked and grown overnight in 5 ml of LB broth containing 50 ug/ml of ampicillin. Plasmid DNA was isolated from overnight cultures by the alkaline lysis method (Ish-Horowicz and Burke, Nucleic Acid Res., 9:2989-2998 (1981)) and analyzed on agarose gels.
To determine which insert-containing plasmids carried the P1 gene, DNAs from about 40 plasmids with inserts in the 4-5 kb range were blotted onto nitrocellulose filters. The filters were then hybridized to the .sup.32 P labeled 14-mer and 18-mer oligonucleotide probes, washed and exposed to film as described above. Three clones hybridized strongly to both probes. By restriction endonuclease analysis the three clones contained the same insert designated 62A (FIG. 5).
The DNA sequence which hybridized to both probes was narrowed to a 350 bp Hae III restriction fragment by digesting the 62A plasmid with the Hae III, separating the DNA on a 5% polyacrylamide gel, and transferring the DNA from the gel onto nitrocellulose paper for hybridization with each individual probe (data not shown). The 350 bp Hae III piece was subcloned into M13mp18 and its sequence determined. It contains both the 14-mer and 18-mer sequences, and most importantly the DNA has an open reading frame which codes for the 18 amino acids found by sequencing the amino terminus of the P1 protein (FIG. 6). Thus, clone 62A was shown to contain at least a part of the structural gene encoding P1.
However, based upon the location of the sequenced Hae III fragment in the 62A clone, the 4.3 kb Hind III DNA fragment was not large enough to encode the entire 165 kDa P1 protein. Therefore, an EcoRI/Pst I restriction fragment from 62A was used to clone a larger DNA fragment. This procedure was performed as follows:
Plasmid 62A was isolated from overnight cultures by the alkaline lysis method (Ish-Horowicz and Burke, Nucleic Acids Res., 9:2989-2998 (1981)) and digested to completion with a mixture containing 500 units EcoRI and 500 units Pst I. The resulting restriction fragment was purified by agarose gel electrophoresis, labeled by nick translation (Maniatis, et al., MOLECULAR CLONING, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y. (1982), pp. 109-112) and used to probe Southern blots of M. pneumoniae DNA digested to completion with EcoRI. This procedure was performed essentially as described above, except that the hybridization conditions were more stringent including a higher temperature of hybridization and wash (65.degree. C.).
By this procedure, an M. pneumoniae DNA fragment approximately 6 kbp was detected. Accordingly, DNA in this size range was eluted from an agarose gel of the EcoRI-digested DNA by electrophoresis onto DE-81 paper, eluted from the paper with 20 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0, and 1.5M NaCl, then precipitated with ethanol and redissolved in TE buffer.
The DNA was then ligated into the EcoRI site of pUC 19, essentially as described above and used to transform E. coli, as described above. Restriction enzyme analysis of the cloned insert indicated that the 6 kbp insert overlapped clone 62A and was sufficiently large to encode the entire P1 protein. The restriction enzyme map depicting both the 4.3 kbp Hind III fragment and the 6 kbp EcoRI fragment is shown in FIG. 5.
EXAMPLE II
DETERMINATION OF THE COMPLETE DNA SEQUENCE OF THE GENE ENCODING MYCOPLASMA PNEUMONIAE P1 AND DEDUCTION OF THE COMPLETE AMINO ACID SEQUENCE OF THE P1 PROTEIN
A. Sequencing Of The P1 Gene
DNA sequences were determined by the dideoxy-chain-termination method of Sanger, et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., U.S.A., 74:5463-5467 (1977). M13 sequencing kits were purchased from BRL and the reactions were performed according to the manufacturer's instructions except deoxy-7-deaza GTP (Boehringer Mannheim, Indianapolis, Ind.) was used in sequencing reactions in place of dGTP (Messing, et al., Nuc. Acid Res., 9:309-321 (1981)). Some DNA fragments were sequenced by subcloning appropriate restriction enzyme fragments into an M13 phage vector (Messing, et al., Nuc. Acids Res., 9:309-321 (1981)) and the single strand DNA purified for use as a sequencing template. To sequence the rest of the P1 gene, a large piece of DNA from the Pst I to the Sal I (see FIG. 5) was subcloned into an M13 vector and a series of deletions from the 3' end were generated by treating the double strand DNA with exonuclease III according to the method of Heinkoff, Gene, 28:351-359 (1981). Subclones with progressive deletions were selected for use as sequencing templates. Both strands of the entire P1 gene were sequenced. Nucleic acid and protein computer analyses were performed using the Microgenie program (Beckman, Palo Alto, Calif.). Comparisons of the P1 DNA and deduced protein sequences were to the most recent releases of the NIH Genbank DNA sequence database and the National Biomedical Research Foundation protein sequence database, respectively.
B. Analysis Of The P1 Nucleotide Sequence
The nucleotide sequence of the P1 gene is shown in FIG. 6. There is an open reading frame of 4881 nucleotides and at the end of the gene is a TAG stop codon followed by 2 in-frame TAA stop codons 21 and 27 bp downstream. This sequence could encode a protein of 1627 amino acids with a calculated molecular weight of 176,288.
The nucleotide sequence includes a possible in frame translation initiation site, ATG, 177 nucleotides from the P1 N-terminal sequence. There are conventional transcription initiation sites at -35 and -10 upstream with a distance of 14 nucleotides between these two consensus sequences (Reznikoff, et al., Ann. Rev. Genet., 19:355-387 (1985)), but no ribosomal binding site is observed between -10 and the initiation codon. This predicts a protein with an extension of 59 amino acids from the N-terminus. Another possible translation initiation codon is the GTG (Gold, et al., Ann. Rev. Microbiol., 35:365-403 (1981)) at position 91. Use of this initiation site would predict a 28 amino acid precursor.
The open reading frame contains the 18 amino acids identified by gas phase sequencing (FIG. 6, Box). Comparison of the gas phase sequence with the nucleotide sequence demonstrates that the inventors' hunch that M. pneumoniae might use this codon to encode tryptophan was correct.
Moreover, it was observed that the 18 amino acids are found at position 60-77 of the deduced protein instead of at the amino terminus of the open reading frame. The reason for this apparent discrepancy could well be that P1, like many outer membrane proteins, is initially synthesized as a precursor (Oliver, Ann. Rev. Microbial., 39:615-648 (1985)). Consistent with this hypothesis is the observation that the extra 59 amino acids found at the amino terminus of the deduced protein appear like a signal peptide; they include positively charged amino acids followed by a stretch of hydrophobic amino acids (Oliver, Ann. Rev. Microbial., 39:615-648 (1985)). If protein p1 is indeed synthesized as a precursor and processed into a mature protein, then the molecular weight of the mature protein would be 169,758 which is very close to the 165 kDa reported earlier [Baseman, et al., J. Bacteriol., 151:1514-1522 (1982); Krause, et al., Infect. Immun., 35:809-817 (1982); Leith and Baseman, J. Bacteriol., 157:678-680 (1984); and Morrison-Plummer, et al., Infect. Immun., 55:49-56 (1987)] and almost identical to the value (168 kDa) determined by Jacobs, et al., J. Clin. Microbiol., 23:517-522 (1986) on SDS-PAGE.
Other relevant features of the sequence include a typical eubacterial promoter (Reznikoff, et al., Ann. Rev. Genet., 19:355-387 (1985)) for RNA polymerase which is upstream of the first ATG codon, at approximately -35 and -10. Also, a not-so-perfect invert repeat sequence is detected 19 base pairs downstream from the TAG stop codon. The inverted repeat sequence is a common feature of an RNA terminator (Rosenberg and Court, Ann. Rev. Genet., 13:319-353 (1979)). However, no typical ribosomal binding site is observed between -10 and the initiation codon.
C. Determination Of The Amino Acid Sequence Of The P1 Protein
The complete amino acid sequence of the M. pneumoniae (FIG. 6) P1 protein was predicted from the DNA sequence, also shown in FIG. 6. The predicted amino acid sequence is consistent with available information about protein P1: the predicted molecular weight of P1 approximates the reported values; and the predicted N-terminal amino acid sequence fits exactly with the gas phase sequence analysis of purified P1 protein. The predicted P1 sequence contains more basic amino acids (Arg+Lys+His=169) than acidic (Asp=Glu=143) (isoelectric focusing data shows that P1 has an isoelectric point at a basic pH). The predicted P1 contains no cysteine and thus has no intramolecular disulfide bonding, a finding which correlates with the previous observation that the P1 position in polyacrylamide gels is not changed after exposure to sample buffer containing reducing agents.
By referring again to FIG. 6, it can be seen that the predicted P1 protein has several other interesting features: a) it contains high percentages of hydroxy amino acids (17.7% are serine and threonine); and the high proline content (13 of 26 amino acids) at the carboxy terminus is unusual and may place structural restraints on the protein and assist in regulating the topological organization of the cytadhesin in the membrane [Baseman, et al., J. Bacteriol., 151:1514-1522 (1982); Baseman, et al., In Molecular Basis of Oral Microbial Adhesion, S. E. Mergenhagen and B. Rosan (eds.), (1985); Kahane, et al., Infect. Immun., 49:457-458 (1985); and Krause, et al., Infect. Immun., 35:809-817 (1982)].
It should be noted that FIG. 6 displays the actual nucleotide sequence determined by sequence analysis of the 6 kbp EcoRI fragment (plasmid pMPN P1) insert obtainable from ATCC #67560. As those of skill in the art will appreciate, due to the redundancy of the genetic code, numerous other nucleotide sequences may be constructed which code for the same amino acid sequence. Therefore, any nucleic acid sequence encoding for the M. pneumoniae P1 protein as depicted in FIG. 6 is meant to be included within the scope of the present invention. This includes nucleotide sequences containing either the mycoplasmal (TGA) or traditional (TGG) tryptophan codons.
D. Homology Between M. pneumoniae And Other Proteins Having Known Amino Acid Sequences
The deduced amino acid sequence for the P1 protein was compared to known amino acid sequences listed in the National Biomedical Research Foundation protein sequence database. This analysis revealed that the predicted P1sequence is homologous to coat protein A of bacteriophage Ike (protein P1 amino acid numbers 1308 through 1322 compared to bacteriophage amino acid numbers 240 through 254, 73.3% homology; 257-290 vs. 231-264, 41.2% homology), protein 3A of Brome Mosaic virus (956-979 vs. 133-159, 52% homology), coat protein vp2 and vp3 of mouse polyomavirus (733-746 vs. 24-38, 66.7% homology), and coat protein A precursor of bacteriophage fd, M-13 and Fl (1296-1330 vs. 245-280, 51.3% homology). The 1290-1350 region of P1 also shares extensive homology With cytoskeletal keratin of mammalian species. In addition, two regions of P1 share extensive homology with human fibrinogen alpha chain precursor (337-352 vs. 338-354, 70.6% homology; 822-852 vs. 544-565, 59.1% homology). It is fascinating that parts of the P1 sequence are homologous to specific viral coat proteins, mammalian cytoskeletal keratin and to human fibrinogen alpha chain precursor. These findings may help explain observations of autoimmune-like mechanisms of physiopathology associated with mycoplasma disease (Biberfeld, S., Clin. Exp. Immunol., 8:319-333 (1971); Wise and Watson, Infect. Immun., 48:587-591 (1985)).
E. Analysis Of Individual Antigenic Determinants Within The P1 Molecule By Hydrophillicity Plotting
Cytadhesin P1 is strongly immunogenic and the appearance of anti-P1 antibodies correlates with resolution of the atypical pneumoniae induced by M. pneumoniae. Therefore, the recombinant P1 protein or selected peptides derived from the P1 protein provide attractive vaccine candidates. The present inventors have performed experiments directed towards mapping individual antigenic sites within the protein. One approach is used to map the antigenic sites and is described below.
In general, antigenic sites are usually hydrophilic. Therefore, where the amino acid sequence of a protein is known, hydrophilicity plots may be constructed which allow one to predict the location of antigenic determinants (Hopp and Woods, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., U.S.A., 78:3824-3828 (1981)). Hydrophilicity plotting of the predicted M. pneumoniae P1 sequence was performed using the Microgenie program obtained from Beckman (Palo Alto, Calif.). This analysis revealed potential antigenic sites (FIG. 7) at positions 240-260, 280-304, 314-333, 450-479, 680-690, 746-767, 898-913, 1244-1260, and 1476-1485.
EXAMPLE III
EXPRESSION OF THE COMPLETE RECOMBINANT P1 PROTEIN
The following prophetic example is intended to describe methods by which the P1 gene could be expressed to provide a complete P1 protein.
The P1 protein could be expressed by ligating the piece of DNA that includes the first Hind III site through the second EcoRI site (see FIG. 5) to a mycoplasma compatible vector, such as E. coli plasmid pAM120, then transforming fast growing mycoplasma species (such as Acholeplasma) for production of large quantities of P1. (See Dybvig, K., et al., Science, 235:1392 (1987), which is incorporated herein by reference.)
The P1 gene could also be modified to express whole P1 in E. coli. All the UGA codons in the structural gene of P2 could be changed into UGG by site specific mutagenesis. See Shortle, D., et al., Meth. in Enzymol., 100:457 (1983), which is incorporated herein by reference. Then a powerful E. coli promoter such as the lac promoter could be ligated to the P1 gene to overproduce P1. Alternatively, an E. coli strain with UGA suppressor phenotype (Raftery, L., et al., J. Bacteriol., 158:849 (1984), which is incorporated herein by reference) could be used as host to express the unmodified P1 gene.
Also, the P1 gene promoter is a unique mycoplasma promoter which can be used for the expression of other proteins in mycoplasma species.
EXAMPLE IV
CLONING, SEQUENCING, AND EXPRESSION OF NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCES ENCODING THE FUNCTIONAL CYTADHESIN BINDING DOMAIN OF M. PNEUMONIAE
This example describes the construction of the lambda gt11 recombinant DNA expression library of M. pneumoniae used to characterize the P1 domain involved in cytadherence. In general, clones expressing P1 epitopes were identified by screening the library with two anti-P1 monoclonal antibodies known to block M. pneumoniae attachment to erythrocytes (RBCs) and respiratory epithelium.
A. Construction Of The Lambda gt11 Library
1. Bacteria, Vector, and Restriction Enzymes
M. pneumoniae strain M129-B16 was cultured as described in Example I. E. coli Y1088 (American Type Culture Collection (ATCC #37195), Y1089 (ATCC #37196), and Y1090 (ATCC #37197) were cultured in LB medium. These cell lines are available through the American Type Culture Collection or from Clontech Laboratories (Palo Alto, Calif.).
Lambda gt11 DNA arms and phage extracts were purchased from Promega Biotech (Madison, WI). Enzymes used for constructing the genomic library were from New England Biolabs (Beverly, MS); restriction enzymes were from BRL (Gaitherburg, Md.).
2. Construction Of The M. pneumoniae Genomic Library In Lambda gt11
M. pneumoniae strain M129-B16 genomic DNA library was constructed in the expression vector lambda gt11 according to general procedures described by Young and Davis, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 80:1194-1198 (1983) and Science, 222:778-782 (1983) incorporated herein by reference.
More specifically, mycoplasmal DNA was extracted and fragmented as described in Example I, but using mechanical shearing in place of restriction endonucleases.
The sheared DNA was then ligated to EcoRI linkers, and these DNA fragments were ligated into the EcoRI site in lambda gt11 arms essentially as described by Young and Davis, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 80:1194 (1983) and Science, 222:778 (1983). Briefly, this procedure comprises incubating the vector DNA and the M. pneumoniae DNA fragments at high vector/insert ratio of 2:1 in ligation buffer (0.066M Tris-HCl, pH 7.5; 5 mM MgCl.sub.2 ; 5 mM DTT; 1 mM ATP) with IU T4 DNA ligase at 12.degree. C. for 2-16 hours.
Recombinant DNA was packaged to provide viable phage according to instructions provided by the commercial supplier of the phage arms and phage extracts (Promega Biotech, Madison, Wis.). Alternatively, packaging extracts may be prepared and packaging reactions carried out according to protocols described on pages 256-268 of MOLECULAR CLONING.
The phage may then be tittered by plating a small number of phage from the packaging mix (about 100) on E. coli Y1088 at 42.degree. C., using 2.5 ml LB soft agar (pH 7.5) containing 40 ul of 40 mg/ml.times.gal and 40 ul of IMPTG for a 90 mm Petri dish. Plaques produced by the parental lambda gt11 phage are blue, while plaques produced by the recombinant phage are colorless. (In a few cases, particular recombinant phage plaques will produce a slight amount of blue color.)
The library may then be amplified by plating out the library at a density of 10.sup.6 p.f.u. per 150 mm Petri dish, using 600 ul of Y1088 plating cells per dish and fresh LB plates and incubating at 42.degree. C. Plate stocks may be prepared as described by Davis, et al., Bacterial Genetics, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y. (1980).
Alternatively, it is possible to screen the lambda gt11 library without amplification. For this procedure, 0.1 ml Y1088 plating cells are infected with .ltoreq.10.sup.5 plaque forming units at 37.degree. C. for 15 minutes. Then 0.5 ml of Y1090 plating cells and 7.5 ml LB soft agar are added. The mixture is poured into a two-day old 150 mm LB plate (pH 7.5).
B. Screening Lambda gt11 M. pneumoniae DNA Libraries With Monoclonal Antibody Probes
The M. pneumoniae DNA phage library was screened with a pool of two anti-P1 monoclonal antibodies directed against unique M. pneumoniae epitopes involved in cytadherence. The screening procedure was generally performed as follows.
E. coli Y1090 was grown to saturation in LB (pH 7.5) at 37.degree. C. and 0.6 ml of the Y1090 culture was mixed with up to 10.sup.5 p.f.u. in lambda diluent for each plate. The phage were absorbed to the cells at 37.degree. C. for 15 minutes. Then 7.5 ml of LB soft agar (pH 7.5) was added to the culture and the mixture was poured onto an LB plate (pH 7.5). The plates were incubated at 42.degree. C. for 3-4 hours and then placed at 37.degree. C. Each plate was then overlayed with a dry nitrocellulose filter disk which had been saturated in 10 mM IPTG in water. The plates were then incubated for an additional 2-3 hours at 37.degree. C. and removed to room temperature. The filters were then removed from the plate and the following steps were performed.
First, the filters were rinsed briefly in TBS (50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0, 150 mM NaCl) and incubated in TBS plus 20% fetal calf serum for 15-30 minutes. The filters were then incubated in TBS plus 20% fetal calf serum plus a mixture containing 1 ug/ml MAb6E7 and 2 ug/ml MAb5B8 for one hour. Preparation of these antibodies is described in Plummer, et al., Infect. Immun., 53:398-403 (1986), incorporated herein by reference.
The filters were then washed in TBS for 5-10 minutes, washed again in TBS plus 0.1% NP-40 for 5-10 minutes, rewashed in TBS alone for 5-10 minutes, rinsed briefly in TBS plus 20% fetal calf serum, and transferred to TBS plus 20% fetal calf serum containing horseradish peroxidase-conjugated to goat anti-mouse immunoglobulin. The filters were then washed again in TBS, TBS plus 0.1% NP-40, and TBS. The filters were dried and 4-chloro-1-naphthol was used as substrate to develop the immunoblots.
When the lambda gt11 M. pneumoniae genomic library was screened with the two monoclonal antibodies, ten independent clones that produced strong signals were isolated. Eight of the clones reacted with both monoclonal antibodies, one clone (P1-7) reacted only with MAb6E7 and another clone (P1-10) reacted only with MAb5B8. The nucleotides encompassed by each of these clones is indicated by FIG. 8.
C. Analysis Of The Recombinant Phage Clones
The following experiments were performed in order to further characterize the mycoplasmal proteins produced by the recombinant phage. Positive signal-producing phage were grown in E. coli Y1090 as described in MOLECULAR CLONING, pp. 64-65. DNA was extracted by a rapid small-scale plate lysate method using 2 units of EcoRI to excise the M. pneumoniae DNA inserts essentially as described in MOLECULAR CLONING, pp. 371-372.
1. Sequencing Of the M. pneumoniae DNA Inserts
DNA sequences of the recombinant phage inserts were determined essentially as described in Example II. The results of this analysis are shown in FIGS. 8 and 9. By comparing the sequences of these clones to the complete P1 gene sequence (FIG. 6), the cytadhesin binding domain of the M. pneumoniae P1 protein was mapped to the C-terminal region of the P1 gene. The sequences of three clones were of particular utility in further mapping antigenic epitopes of P1. These clones were P1-7, P1-9, and P1-10. As shown in FIG. 9, clone P1-7 starts at position 4067 and ends at position 4185; clone P1-9 starts at position 4148 and extends beyond the end of the P1 gene. These two clones both contain nucleotides 4148-4185. These nucleotides code for a P1 polypeptide thirteen amino acids in length, the thirteen amino acids that contain the epitope reactive with the cytadherence-blocking MAb6E7. Clone P1-10 starts at position 4202 and extends beyond the P1 gene. This clone is nonreactive with MAb6E7, yet shares a stretch of nucleotides that overlap with clone P1-9; further demarcating the thirteen amino acid cytadherence related epitope.
Therefore, a key domain of adhesion P1 that mediates the cytadherence of virulent M. pneumoniae to respiratory epithelium has been mapped to a thirteen amino acid region located in the C-terminal end of the P1 molecule. In addition, the present studies have established that a second cytadhesin epitope, recognized by MAb5B8, is C-terminal to position 4202. Therefore, the C-terminal end of the P1 protein appears to be the primary effector region of the P1 molecule. It is interesting that the carboxy terminus of the P1 protein is proline rich (13 of the last 26 amino acids are proline). This hydrophobic domain may function to anchor the carboxy terminal end of the P1 molecule in the M. pneumoniae membrane.
2. The Thirteen Amino Acid Cytadhesin Epitope Is Unique To M. pneumoniae P1
By comparing the sequence of the P1-7 probe to the known DNA sequence of the complete P1 gene, it was determined that the P1 molecule contained only one copy of the thirteen amino acid epitope described above. However, it was of interest to determine whether or not this epitope was unique to M. pneumoniae. Therefore, the following experiment was performed.
Mycoplasma DNA was digested with different restriction enzymes (BamHI, EcoRI, Hind III, Pst I, Sac I, Sma I) and fractionated by agarose gel electrophoresis, essentially as described in Example ID above. However, the DNA insert from clone P1-7 was used as a hybridization probe. Hybridization was carried out at 68.degree. C. overnight according to Maniatis, et al., MOLECULAR CLONING, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y. (1982), pp. 382-289. The results of this procedure, shown in FIG. 10, clearly demonstrate that the cytadherence related epitope of clone P1-7 occurs only once in the M. pneumoniae genome.
D. Analysis Of M. pneumoniae P1 Cytadhesin Peptides
The following studies were undertaken to further characterize the cytadhesin polypeptides produced by the recombinant lambda gt11 bacteriophage.
It will be appreciated by those familiar with the lambda gt11 fusion system, that the site used for insertion of foreign DNA is a unique EcoRI cleavage site located within the lacZ gene, 53 base pairs upstream from the beta-galactosidase translation termination codon. Because the site of insertion for foreign DNA in lambda gt11 is within the structural gene for beta-galactosidase, foreign DNA sequences in this vector have the potential to be expressed as fusion proteins with beta-galactosidase. The position within the beta-galactosidase gene chosen for fusion with foreign DNA sequences, corresponds to a region near the carboxy terminus of the beta-galactosidase protein.
Fusion proteins expressed by the recombinant clones of the present invention were analyzed by Western blotting. This procedure was performed essentially as follows. M. pneumoniae protein (2 mg) was suspended in 0.3 ml of PBS, and an equal volume of 100 mM Tris (pH 6.8) -2% S.D.S. -20% glycerol -2% 2-mercaptoethanol-0.02% bromophenol blue buffer (SP buffer) was added. Samples were boiled for 5 minutes. Recombinant fusion proteins were harvested from plate lysates of individual clones by scraping soft agarose overlays from the plates, passing them through a 22 gauge needle into a Corex tube and eluding with 4 m of SM buffer for two hours at 4.degree. C. The agarose was pelleted by centrifugation at 10,000.times.g for 15 minutes at 4.degree. C. prior to trichloracetic acid precipitation of the supernatant by the addition of cold trichloracetic acid, for a final concentration of 10%. Samples were incubated at 4.degree. C. overnight prior to centrifugation at 10,000.times.g for 20 minutes at 4.degree. C. Supernatants were discarded, and pellets were washed twice with 1 ml of PBS, suspended in 200 ul of SP buffer, and neutralized with 1 ul of 5 N NaOH. Samples were boiled for 5 minutes and solubilized proteins were electrophoresed on a 5.0% polyacrylamide gel prior to electrophoretic transfer to nitrocellulose paper (Towbin, et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., U.S.A., 76:4350-4354 (1979)).
After protein transfer, the nitrocellulose was cut into strips and reacted with a pool of the two MAbs (monoclonal antibodies) designated 5B8 and 6E7. For this procedure, nitrocellulose blots were blocked in 1.5% bovine serum albumin (BSA) -1.5% gelatin in TBS for 3-4hours prior to incubation with the pooled monoclonal antibodies. The final concentration of the antibodies in the reaction mixture was 2 ug/ml 5B8 and 1 ug/ml 6E7 in a buffer comprising TBS plus 20% FCS. Blots were incubated with the diluted antibody preparation overnight at room temperature with shaking, following by three ten minute washes with TBS. Horseradish peroxidase-conjugated goat anti-mouse IgG diluted 1:2000 in TBS containing 0.75% BSA -0.75% gelatin was added to the blots and incubated with shaking for 3-4 hours at room temperature. Blots were washed three times for ten minute periods with TBS prior to substrate development.
The results of this procedure, shown in FIG. 11, show the representative clones produced fusion proteins larger than the control lambda gt11 beta-galactosidase protein. However, except for clone P1-7, the size of each fusion protein was much smaller than that predicted from the size of the corresponding recombinant DNA insert. This finding may be explained as resulting from early termination of the cytadhesin peptide due to the presence of the TGA codon at position 4556. The present inventors have discovered that M. pneumoniae utilizes this codon for tryptophan, while E. coli reads UGA as stop signal. Therefore, when E. coli is used as a host for a vector containing the recombinant Pneumoniae insert, a prematurely truncated polypeptide may be produced.
E. Cytadhesin Peptides Can Be Used For Serodiagnosis Of M. pneumoniae Infection
Studies have shown that adhesion P1 is highly immunogenic (Hu, et al., Science, 216:313-315 (1982)) and patients infected with M. pneumoniae exhibit neutralizing antibodies to the P1 adhesion (Leith, et al., J. Exp. Med., 157:502-516 (1983)). Since the isolated clones express P1 cytadhesin peptides, these clones were analyzed for reactivity with sera of patients with early and late stages of M. pneumoniae infection. Normal human sera was used as a control. These experiments were performed by the immunophage blot method. Briefly, this procedure was performed as follows. Individual recombinant phages were dotted on a lawn of E. coli Y1090. The plates were incubated at 42.degree. C. for 3-5 hours. Then a nitrocellulose filter (HAHY, M) previously saturated with 10 mM IPTG was overlayed on individual plates and incubation continued at 37.degree. C. overnight. Filters were removed and reacted with sera from M. pneumoniae infected patients or normal human controls essentially as described in FIG. 12 using horseradish peroxidase-conjugated goat anti-human immunoglobulin, and 4-chloro-1-naphthol to develop the immunoblots.
The results of this procedure, shown in FIG. 12, indicated that fusion proteins produced by all ten anti-P1 MAb reactive clones also reacted with acute and convalescent sera of M. pneumoniae infected patients but did not react with normal human serum. Therefore, the cytadherence related P1 peptides or fusion proteins described herein may be used for serodiagnosis of patients infected with M. pneumoniae.
F. Preparation Of Recombinant Antigens From The Lambda gt11 Recombinant Clones
It is often useful to have preparative amounts of polypeptides specified by a cloned piece of DNA. For some purposes, for instance, radioimmunoassays, it is sufficient to have a crude E. coli lysate containing an antigen specified by the cloned DNA of interest. This prophetic example illustrates how a crude lysate containing a cytadhesin peptide fusion protein can be prepared by expressing a lambda gt11 recombinant as a lysogen in E. coli 1089 (E. coli Delta lac U169 proA+Delta lon ara D139 strA hsl A150 [chr::Tn10] (p MC9)). The recombinant fusion protein would be produced by lysogenizing Y1089 with the lambda gt11 clone of interest. The lysogen would be grown to high cell density, lacZ-directed fusion protein production induced by the addition of IPTG to the medium, and the cells harvested and lysed.
More specifically, the Y1089 cells would be grown to saturation in LB medium (pH 7.5/0.2% maltose) at 37.degree. C. and then infected with the selected lambda gt11 recombinant phage (preferably P1-7) at a multiplicity of approximately 5 for 20 minutes at 32.degree. C. in LB medium (pH 7.5) supplemented with 10 mM MgCl.sub.2 The cells would then be plated on LB plate at a density of approximately 200/plate and incubated at 32.degree. C. At this temperature, the temperature sensitive phage repressor is functional. Single colonies would be tested for temperature sensitivity at 42.degree. C. by spotting cells from single colonies using sterile toothpicks onto two LB plates. The first plate would be incubated at 42.degree. C. and the second at 32.degree. C. Clones growing at 32.degree. C. but not at 42.degree. C. are assumed to be lysogens. Lysogens should arise at a frequency between 10% and 70%.
The crude lysate would then be prepared from the lambda gt11 recombinant lysogen by incubating 100 ml of LB medium with a single colony of the Y1089 recombinant lysogen at 32.degree. C. with aeration. When the culture has grown to an optical density of 0.5 measured at 600 mm, the temperature of the culture would be increased to 42.degree.-54.degree. C. as rapidly as possible and the culture incubated at the elevated temperature for 20 minutes with good aeration. IPTG would be added to 10 mM and the culture is incubated at 37.degree.-38.degree. C. for approximately one hour. At this stage, the Y1089 lysogen will sometimes lyse, even though the Y1089 does not suppress the mutation, causing defective lyses (S100) in lambda gt11. The reason for this is that the S100 amber mutation is leaky and foreign proteins accumulating in E. coli often render it susceptible to lysis. Therefore, the longest incubation time achievable at 37.degree.-38.degree. C. without lysis occurring should be determined for each individual recombinant lysogen. After incubation, the cells would be harvested in a Beckman J. A.-ten rotor at 5,000 r.p.m. for 5 minutes 27.degree.-37.degree. C. The cells would then be rapidly resuspended in 1/20 to 1/50 of the original culture volume in a buffer suitable for protein and the resuspended cells are rapidly frozen in liquid nitrogen. When the frozen cells are thawed, essentially complete lysis of the induced lysogen results.
If crude antigen is required, the crude lysate described above could be used. However, if pure antigen is needed, the beta-galactosidase fusion protein would be purified by any of a number of methods known to those of skill in the art. The most rapid method of purification takes advantage of the size of the beta-galactosidase fusion protein (approximately 114 kDa). Since only a few proteins in E. coli are larger than beta-galactosidase, the fusion protein is often resolved from other proteins on SDS-polyacrylamide gels. Preparative gels could be used to isolate large quantities of denatured protein. If pure antigen in native form is required, then the fusion protein could be prepared by classical column chromatography.
G. Synthesis Of A Synthetic Peptide Containing The Amino Acid Cytadhesin Epitope
The following prophetic example describes methods for preparing synthetic polypeptides containing cytadhesin epitopes. M. pneumoniae P1 polypeptides could be prepared by any of a number of methods known to those of skill in the art. These methods include but are not limited to solid and liquid phase chemical synthesis and biological in vitro synthesis. For example, see Marglin and Merrifield, Annu. Red. Biochem., 39:841-866 (1970); Merrifield, et al., Biochemistry, 21:5020-5031 (1982); Pelham and Jackson, Eru. J. Biochem., 67:247-256 (1976); and Shinnick, et al., Ann. Rev. Microbiol., 37:425-446 (1983), all incorporated herein by reference. Of course, where an mRNA translation system is used, e.g., reticulocyte lysate system, it is important to prepare mRNA from the DNA clones of the present invention. Techniques for preparing the mRNA from DNA clones are known in the art. For example, see those described in Chapter 2, 1987 Promega Biological Research Products Catalogue, obtainable from Promega Biolabs, 2800 South Fish Hatchery Road, Madison, Wis. 53711-5305 and incorporated herein by reference. A preferred method for preparing a synthetic peptide may be found in Nestor, Jr., et al. U.S. Pat. No. 4,493,795, and incorporated herein by reference. A second method is found in Arman, et al. U.S. Pat. No. 4,474,757, and also incorporated herein by reference.
H. Preparation Of M. pneumoniae Compositions For Use As M. pneumoniae Vaccines
Of course, it is also likely that the cytadhesin peptides may be effectively used as vaccines to prevent atypical pneumoniae caused by M. pneumoniae. The preparation of vaccines which contain peptide sequences as active ingredients is generally well understood in the art, as exemplified by U.S. Pat. Nos.: 4,474,757; 4,493,795; 4,608,251; 4,601,903; 4,599,231; 4,599,230; 4,596,792; and 4,578,770, all incorporated herein by reference.
This prophetic example describes preparation and administration of such vaccines. In general, immunogenic compositions suitable for administration as vaccines could be formulated to include one or more of the antigenic epitopes produced by the recombinant cells of the present invention or synthetically prepared. The antigens could be included in optimal amounts, for example, approximately equimolar or equi-antigenic amounts. Typically, such vaccines are prepared as injectables: either as liquid solutions or suspensions, solid forms suitable for solution in, or suspension in, liquid prior to injection may also be prepared. The preparation could also be emulsified. The reactive immunogenic ingredient is often mixed with excipients which are pharmaceutically acceptable and compatible with the active ingredient. Suitable excipients are, for example, water, saline, dextrose, glycerol, ethanol, or the like and combinations thereof. In addition, if desired, the vaccine could contain minor amounts of auxiliary substances such as wetting or emulsifying agents, pH buffering agents, or adjuvants which enhance the effectiveness of the vaccine.
In addition, immunogenicity of cytadhesin peptides could be increased by conjugation of a carrier molecule, for example, dipalmityl lysine. (See Hopp, Mol. Immunol., 21:13-16 (1984) incorporated herein by reference.)
The proteins or polypeptides could be formulated into the vaccine as neutral or salt forms and administered in a manner compatible with the dosage formulation, and in such amount as will be therapeutically effective and immunogenic. The vaccines could be conventionally administered parenterally, by injection, for example, either subcutaneously or intramuscularly. Additional formulations which are suitable for other modes of administration might include oral or intranasal formulations. The quantity to be administered will depend on the subject to be treated, capacity of the immune system to synthesize antibodies, and the degree of protection desired. Precise amounts of active ingredient required to be administered will depend on the judgment of the practitioner and may be peculiar to each individual. However, suitable dosage ranges will be on the order of 1 to 100 ug active ingredient per individual. Suitable regimes for initial administration and booster shots will also be variable, but may be typified by an initial administration followed by subsequent inoculations or other administrations.
In many instances, it may be desirable to have multiple administrations of the vaccine, usually not exceeding six vaccinations, more usually not exceeding four vaccinations and preferably one or more, usually at least about three vaccinations. The vaccinations will normally be at from two to twelve week intervals, more usually from three to five week intervals. Periodic boosters at intervals of 1-5 years, usually three years, will be desirable to maintain protective levels of the antibodies. The course of the immunization may be followed by assays for antibodies for the antigens as described below.
I. Immunoassay For M. pneumoniae Antibodies
As demonstrated by Example IV E., certain of the P1 polypeptides are known to react with antisera from patients infected with M. pneumoniae. Accordingly, these polypeptides may be used as antigens in immunoassay procedures. These assays are well known to those of skill in the art. For examples of such assays, see Nisonoff, Introduction to Molecular Immunology, 2nd Ed., Sinaues Associates, Inc., Sunderland, Mass. (1984) and U.S. Pat. No. 4,376,110, both incorporated herein by reference.
The following prophetic example is designed to illustrate such procedures. Generally, for detection of antibody in aqueous samples, the antigen, or antigen composition, is preferably adsorbed, or otherwise attached, to an appropriate adsorption matrix, for example, the inside surface of a microtiter dish well, and an aqueous suspected antibody-containing composition contacted therewith to cause immunocomplex formation. The matrix is then washed to remove non-specifically bound material and the amount of material which is specifically immunocomplexed thereto determined, typically through the use of an appropriate labeled ligand.
The cytadhesin polypeptides provided by the present invention may also be incorporated into a diagnostic kit. Such kits are widely used in clinical settings because they often offer greater convenience and simplicity than other assays. A number of kits might be utilized in the practice of the present invention, for example, a kit comprising a carrier compartmentalized to receive at least one, at least two, or at least three or more containers and to maintain said containers enclosed confinement.
A first container might include one or more of the M. pneumoniae antigens, or antigen-containing compositions. Alternatively, or in addition, the kits will include antibody compositions having specificity for one or more of the antigens. Both antibody and antigen preparations should preferably be provided in a suitable titrated form, with antigen concentrations and/or antibody titers given for easy reference in quantitative applications.
The kits will also typically include an immunodetection reagent or label for the detection of specific immunoreaction between the provided antigen and/or antibody, as the case may be, and the diagnostic sample. Suitable detection reagents are well known in the art as exemplified by radioactive, enzymatic or otherwise chromogenic ligands, which are typically employed in association with the antigen and/or antibody, or in association with a second antibody having specificity for the antigen or first antibody. Thus, the reaction is detected or quantified by means of detecting or quantifying the label. Immunodetection reagents and processes suitable for application in connection with the novel compositions of the present invention are generally well known in the art.
The foregoing description has been directed to particular embodiments of the invention in accordance with the requirements of the Patent Statutes for the purposes of illustration and explanation. It will be apparent, however, to those skilled in this art, that many modifications and changes in the apparatus and procedure set forth will be possible without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention. It is intended that the following claims be interpreted to embrace all such modifications and changes.

Methods and compositions for production of mycoplasmal adhesins

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