The field relates generally to machining and other fabrication and manufacturing processes, and more specifically, to methods and apparatus for reducing wear of surfaces in contact with relative motion with respect to one another, including, for example, sliding, rolling, and other forms of motion.
Many processes are known where friction from a first metal device engaging a second metal device produces heat, wear, deformation, and surface blemishes. Sometimes, the two devices may be different metals, one of the devices may not be a metal, or neither of the devices may be metal, such as ceramic. One simple example is the drilling of holes into a component using a bit. In many of these applications, the wear resulting from the sliding engagement between the two devices eventually results in reduced quality, increased heat generation and a corresponding reduction in process speed or reduced energy efficiency. Other detrimental results from the above described sliding engagement between two surfaces are also known. Types of wear include erosion, cavitation, rolling, sliding and rolling, and impact (large body, small particle, and liquid). Types of contact between surfaces can include sliding abrasion (“two body”), rolling abrasion (“three body”) and scratching.
Reducing wear in such applications is desired since it allows a tool or a die to be used longer simply because it lasts longer. In physical terms, reducing wear translates into reducing the rate at which material from one of the devices is removed from its acting surface. In one practical example, reducing wear allows a drill bit to drill more holes before it needs to be replaced. The drill bit can be used longer because the surface quality, including for example a smoothness associated with the surface, is less adversely affected.
Current implementations within such processes do not necessarily reduce wear. Instead, such implementations attempt to reduce friction. Solutions for reducing friction include the adding of lubricants, such as oils, greases, and solid lubricants, for example, molybdenum disulfide (MoS2), to processes; and dry lubricants such as coatings and powders. Other solutions include custom coatings applied to the surface where engagement is expected to occur.
Various custom coatings can be used to protect surfaces, such as coating the cutting surfaces of drill bits. However, once the drill bit is worn out (in some applications this can occur in as few as three holes, at $75/bit, for some composite material drilling processes), it must be reground. Regrinding removes the coating so the bit must also go through the coating processes again before it can once again be utilized in the process.
While the accumulation and agglomeration of wear particles at the sliding interface and their adverse effects on friction and wear are known, the means for breaking down wear agglomerates has not been well considered. One beneficial method is to develop a method or system to reduce particle size that can accumulate between sliding surfaces, especially in applications with substantial forces between the surfaces. Particle size reduction can result in greater direct contact between the surfaces. Such a method and system would improve efficiency and cost effectiveness of many industrial applications such as drilling and grinding.
In one aspect, a method for reducing wear between two surfaces in sliding contact with one another is provided. The method includes introducing nanoparticles between the two surfaces, in a quantity and composition that results in shear lines being generated within at least one agglomerated wear particle. These agglomerated wear particles are generated between the two surfaces as a result of the sliding contact between the surfaces. By subjecting the agglomerated wear particles to at least one load, using at least one of the two surfaces, such that the agglomerated wear particles disassemble along the shear lines into multiple smaller wear particles, allowing for protected contact between the two surfaces.
In another aspect, a method for reducing wear between two surfaces in sliding contact with one another is provided. The method includes using nanoparticles to destabilize agglomerated wear particles that build up between the two surfaces as a result of the sliding contact, and causing the destabilized, agglomerated wear particles to break down into smaller pieces, allowing for protected contact between the two surfaces.
The features, functions, and advantages that have been discussed can be achieved independently in various embodiments, of the present invention or may be combined in yet other embodiments further details of which can be seen with reference to the following description and drawings.
The embodiments described herein relate to methods and compositions for reducing mass loss of either or of both surfaces when those two surfaces are in sliding contact with one another. Generally, the surfaces are metal, such as a drill bit and a component on which the drill bit is operating. However, the embodiments are certainly applicable in applications where one or both of the surfaces are not metal. The reduction in the loss of mass occurs through the destabilization of agglomerated wear particles that are generated during the sliding contact, or rubbing, between the two items or surfaces. In other embodiments, the agglomerated wear particles may be referred to as a “solid film” which may have a relatively higher aspect ratio that is different from substantially spherical.
As is known in the art, worn debris removed from one or both rubbing surfaces 12 and 14 tend to aggregate under the contact pressure to create the agglomerated wear particle 10, which can be abrasive especially to the softer of the two surfaces 12 and 14. This agglomerated wear particle 10 is less effective as an abrasive as long as it remains smaller than some characteristic dimension of the surface finish. As wear particle 10 increases in size, the interaction between the two surfaces 12 and 14 is diminished due to the buildup in size of wear particle 10. More specifically, surfaces 12 and 14 stop interacting directly with one another because the wear particle 10, and other particles like wear particle 10, increase in size. The wear particles, such as wear particle 10, are abrasive because they are work hardened as a result of plastic deformation and affect both of the opposing surfaces 12 and 14. Essentially, wear particle 10 is operating on both surfaces 12 and 14. In the drilling example, when the wear particle 10 is of sufficient size, it is performing the material removal, based on a pressure applied by the bit to the wear particle 10, instead of the bit acting directly on a surface. However, this interaction is not nearly as efficient as a direct interaction between the surfaces 12 and 14. Further, as surface 12 represents a cutting tool designed to operate on surface 14, the abrasion received on surface 12 from wear particle 10 acts to reduce the operating life of the cutting tool.
Wear particles 18, 20, 22, and 24, at the point in time shown in
Generally, to reduce wear on surfaces 12 and 14, the wear particles should remain to remain small enough to “hide” in the surface roughness, pits, and grooves of the rubbing surfaces 12 and 14, as do the smaller wear particles 18, 20, 22, and 24. Unfortunately, with continued interaction between surfaces 12 and 14, the agglomerated wear particle 10 will continue to increase in size up to a stable large size determined by material properties and the conditions of contact between the two surfaces 12 and 14. As described above, additional wear action between the surfaces 12 and 14 will result.
The following paragraphs describe how to convert the agglomerated wear particle 10, which is created in the process of rubbing surfaces 12 and 14 together, into a particle that is apt to fall apart or disassemble into smaller particles under the normal and frictional loads typically experienced in such operations. Such a wear particle is created by essentially causing sheer planes or fault lines to be added within wear particles as they agglomerate.
Generally, when thinking of processes that use lubrication, those processes are thought of as being low in friction and also thought of in terms of the part being produced. More specifically, it is generally considered that the part being produced is invariably made from the softer of the two metals in the process, and that the harder metal works the softer metal. As a result, most solutions deal with lubrication and nanoparticles within the lubrication material being used to improve the processing of the part being made.
In contrast, the following embodiments relate more to the tooling that makes such parts, through destabilization, for example through shearing, of the agglomerated wear particle to reduce a rate of wear at both surfaces. These embodiments take advantage of the latest understanding of the interaction at the point of contact between surfaces of the two materials in contact. More specifically, the embodiments describe how to destabilize agglomerated wear particles, which in turn can be utilized to reduce the wear of tooling (and hence recurring cost of tools, drill bits, saws, etc.) in many processes including, for example, stamping, peening, drilling, machining, grinding, polishing, incremental sheet forming, cutting, and punching.
In regard to the shearing of wear agglomerates, the wear agglomerates are formed when wear particles are trapped at the interface and compacted under the large contact pressure (see generally, Oktay, S. T., and Suh, N. P., “Wear particle formation and agglomeration”, Journal of Tribology 114, No. 2, (1992) 379-393). Since the wear agglomerate is subjected to the frictional shearing (destabilization) during sliding, lowering the shear strength between compacted particles results in easier breakage of the wear agglomerate. Due to the abundance of oil with dispersed nanoparticles as the lubricating fluid at the interface, nanoparticles adhere to individual wear particles and participate in the wear agglomeration process. The non-limiting examples of nanoparticles described herein, i.e. MoS2, WS2, and hBN, are solid lubricants with very low shear strengths (see generally, Kazuhisa Miyoshi, Solid Lubrication Fundamentals & Applications, CRC; 1st edition (Oct. 15, 2001)). Therefore, the shearing of the wear particles within the agglomerate requires less shear force. SEM micrographs have revealed the existence of MoS2, WS2, and hBN at the sheared interfaces.
Such embodiments are operable for reducing wear between two components in sliding and rolling contact, rather than reducing friction between the components. Using configurations formulated to reduce wear, rather than formulated to reduce friction, experimental tests have shown up to 70 percent reduction in weight loss of the harder material (the tool or die). It should be noted that a configuration for reducing wear may not be the configuration that results in the least amount of friction.
For one embodiment of the present invention, a sonicator was used for dispersing the nanoparticles in the oil samples whose volume was 10 cm3. The sonication was carried out for two periods of five minutes at 10 watts output power while the oil was cooled, via a heat exchanger, with cold water to prevent heating. The concentration of nanoparticles by weight fraction in the oil was varied from a fraction of a percentage to several percentages to study the effect of nanoparticle concentration on friction and wear. The sonication process improved the dispersion quality and reduced the average particle size in the oil compared with simple shaking of oil and nanoparticle solutions. Table 1 shows the dispersion characteristic of nanoparticle in the oil.
A preliminary result of the introduction of nanoparticles 102 is illustrated by
The agglomerated wear particle 10 (shown in
Wear particle 100 is in contrast because wear particle 100 builds up from the wearing of surfaces 110 and 112, and the clustering of particles therefrom, along with some number of the nanoparticles 102. The presence of the nanoparticles 102 and the resulting shear planes 120 and 122 operate to prevent wear particle 100 from attaining a size similar to that of wear particle 10. More specifically, in the presence of a sufficient pressure against wear particle 100, it will break down into multiple, smaller pieces as shown in
By adding nanoparticles at a certain percentage by weight, generally to a lubricant associated with that process, those nanoparticles cluster with materials removed from the surfaces to form the agglomerated wear particle 100. It should be noted that nanoparticles themselves may be provided in one or more various shapes including, but not limited to, flakes, balls, and rods. The agglomerated wear particle 100 is sometimes referred to as an abrasive wear ball. This abrasive wear ball breaks apart at the shear planes 120, 122, which are caused by the nanoparticles 102 once a force, such as that which may be introduced by the sliding contact associated with a machining process, is applied. The choice of composition and concentration of nanoparticles added, for example to a lubricant, depends in part on the metals, alloys, composite materials and any other materials that may be used in a machining process. The choice of composition and concentration of nanoparticles added may also be affected by a viscosity associated with the lubricant, for example, maintaining a usable working viscosity of the lubricating fluid, both prior to and after addition of the particular nanoparticles. The reduced size of the separate pieces of the agglomerated wear particle 100 reduces wear on both surfaces.
The embodiments described herein relate to the addition of nanoparticles to an existing work area. There are a host of possible nanoparticles, possible lubricants, and non-lubricant approaches that can be brought to bear against any of a host of machining processes. More specifically, the embodiments relate to the destabilization of agglomerated wear particles, as well as the determination of nanoparticle, and weight percentage of that nanoparticle to use, to gain a significant advantage in the machining process.
Since more than one nanoparticle choice may work for a given pair of surfaces, such as a metal surface pairing, it should be noted that the choice of nanoparticle can be made based on cost and/or a desire to not “gum up” the lubricant being utilized in the machining process by adding too much nanoparticle powder. In one example, a lubricant will effectively contain between about zero and ten percent by weight of a nanoparticle, with a particle size of about 100 nanometers, or less. This percentage will vary depending upon the surface chemistry of the nanoparticles used, the chemistry of the lubricant, and the operating conditions.
Graph 250 also illustrates a reduction in wear particle production of over 50 percent. A cost component may also be illustrated by the fact that only a one percent concentration of hexagonal boron nitride provides a result that is only slightly reduced from the results associated with a four percent concentration of either MoS2 or WS2.
Unlike many nanoparticle uses, the processes described here are insensitive to the uniformity of dispersion of the nanoparticles. Once the nanoparticles are engaged with the wear particles formed in the machining process, the force of the process breaks down agglomerations. However, it is important to keep the nanoparticles in suspension as they are being applied to the machining process. The sonication process described above is but one example of suspension, or dispersion, of the nanoparticles within a lubricant.
The above described embodiments are capable of reducing the weight loss of a hard surface, such as a tool or die by up to 70% as compared to existing oils and lubricants. In addition, the embodiments are also effective in reducing the weight loss of the softer surface, the part being tooled, at least as compared to existing oils and lubricants.
This written description uses examples to disclose various embodiments, which include the best mode, to enable any person skilled in the art to practice those embodiments, including making and using any compositions or systems and performing any incorporated methods. For example, the embodiments may include biocompatible applications, for example, artificial joints, insulin pumps, ventricular assist devices, and others as known in the art. In addition, other applications include vacuum-compatible lubrication (e.g., spacecraft and satellites), contaminate-sensitive manufacturing, and non-outgassing applications. The patentable scope is defined by the claims, and may include other examples that occur to those skilled in the art. Such other examples are intended to be within the scope of the claims if they have structural elements that do not differ from the literal language of the claims, or if they include equivalent structural elements with insubstantial differences from the literal languages of the claims.
This application claims the benefit of Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/166,849, filed Apr. 6, 2009, and entitled “Modification of Sheet Metal Forming Fluids With Dispersed Nanoparticles for Improved Lubrication”, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes.
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H07118683 | May 1995 | JP |
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20100255203 A1 | Oct 2010 | US |
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61166849 | Apr 2009 | US |