Patent Application
20210205360
The present technology generally relates to methods and compositions for treating, preventing, or ameliorating osteopetrosis. More specifically, the present technology relates to administering a composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of engineered monocytic cells or wild-type monocytic cells from a healthy donor to a subject suffering from or at risk for osteopetrosis.
The following description is provided to assist the understanding of the reader. None of the information provided or references cited is admitted to be prior art.
Osteoclasts are multinucleated giant cells that resorb bone, ensuring development and continuous remodeling of the skeleton and the bone marrow hematopoietic niche. Defective osteoclast activity leads to osteopetrosis and bone marrow failure, while excess activity can contribute to bone loss and osteoporosis. Osteopetrosis can be partially treated by bone marrow transplantation in human and mice, in accordance with osteoclasts hematopoietic origin, and studies suggesting that they develop by fusion of hematopoietic stem cell (HSC)-derived monocytic precursors in the presence of CSF1 and RANK-Ligand. However, the developmental origin and lifespan of osteoclasts, and the mechanisms that ensure maintenance of osteoclast function throughout life in vivo remain largely unexplored. Moreover, there is a need to develop alternative therapeutic approaches to the treatment of osteopetrosis as the current treatment by bone marrow transplantation is plagued by an approximate 48% overall survival at 6 years.
In one aspect, the present disclosure provides a method for treating or preventing osteopetrosis in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising administering a composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of monocytic cells from a healthy donor to the subject. In some embodiments, the subject is characterized by decreased expression of one or more of CA2, CLCN7, CTSK, CSF1R, IKBKG, ITGB3, OSTM1, PLEKHM1, TCIRG1, TNFRSF11A, and TNFSF11, as compared to the monocytic cells of the donor. In some embodiments, the osteopetrosis comprises one or more of stunted growth, skeletal deformity, increased likelihood of bone fracture, anemia, recurrent infections, hepatosplenomegaly, facial paralysis, abnormal cortical bone morphology, abnormal form of vertebral bodies, abnormal temperature regulation, abnormality of the ribs, abnormality of vertebral epiphysis morphology, bone pain, cranial nerve paralysis, craniosynostosis, hearing impairment, and hypocalcemia. In some embodiments, the composition is formulated for intravenous administration by injection, infusion, or transfusion. In some embodiments, the subject is a mammal. In some embodiments, the mammalian subject is a human. In some embodiments, the subject is characterized by a cathepsin K deficiency.
In one aspect, the present disclosure provides a method for treating or preventing osteopetrosis in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the subject a composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of monocytic cells engineered to express one or more genes selected from CA2, CLCN7, CTSK, CSF1R, IKBKG, ITGB3, OSTM1, PLEKHM1, TCIRG1, TNFRSF11A, and TNFSF11. In some embodiments, the osteopetrosis comprises one or more of stunted growth, skeletal deformity, increased likelihood of bone fracture, anemia, recurrent infections, hepatosplenomegaly, facial paralysis, abnormal cortical bone morphology, abnormal form of vertebral bodies, abnormal temperature regulation, abnormality of the ribs, abnormality of vertebral epiphysis morphology, bone pain, cranial nerve paralysis, craniosynostosis, hearing impairment, and hypocalcemia. In some embodiments, the composition is formulated for intravenous administration by injection, infusion, or transfusion. In some embodiments, the subject is a mammal. In some embodiments, the mammalian subject is a human. In some embodiments, the subject is characterized by a cathepsin K deficiency. In some embodiments, the monocytic cells are obtained from the subject.
In one aspect, the present disclosure provides a donor monocytic cell line engineered to express one or more genes selected from CA2, CLCN7, CTSK, CSF1R, IKBKG, ITGB3, OSTM1, PLEKHM1, TCIRG1, TNFRSF11A, and TNFSF11, wherein the one or more genes is operably linked to a heterologous nucleic acid to form a chimeric nucleic acid construct. In some embodiments, the heterologous nucleic acid encodes a selectable marker. In some embodiments, the selectable marker is a bioluminescent protein, a fluorescent protein, a chemiluminescent protein, a xanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase gene (gpt), or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the heterologous nucleic acid encodes one or more control sequences suitable for directing expression of the one or more genes in a monocytic cell. In some embodiments, the one or more control sequences comprises a promoter. In some embodiments, the donor cells comprise a vector encoding one or more genes selected from CA2, CLCN7, CTSK, CSF1R, IKBKG, ITGB3, OSTM1, PLEKHM1, TCIRG1, TNFRSF11A, and TNFSF11. In some embodiments, the vector is a mammalian expression vector, a lentiviral vector, or transposon vector.
The technology described and claimed herein has many attributes and embodiments including, but not limited to, those set forth or described or referenced in this brief summary. It is not intended to be all-inclusive and the technology described and claimed herein is not limited to or by the features or embodiments identified in this brief summary, which is included for purposes of illustration only and not restriction. Additional embodiments may be disclosed in the detailed description below.
It is to be appreciated that certain aspects, modes, embodiments, variations and features of the present technology are described below in various levels of detail in order to provide a substantial understanding of the present technology. The definitions of certain terms as used in this specification are provided below. Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein generally have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this present technology belongs.
The following terms are used herein, the definitions of which are provided for guidance.
As used herein, the singular forms “a”, “an” and “the” include plural referents unless the content clearly dictates otherwise. For example, reference to “a cell” includes a combination of two or more cells, and the like.
As used herein, the term “about” and the use of ranges in general, whether or not qualified by the term about, means that the number comprehended is not limited to the exact number set forth herein, and is intended to refer to ranges substantially within the quoted range while not departing from the scope of the invention. As used herein, “about” will be understood by persons of ordinary skill in the art and will vary to some extent on the context in which it is used. If there are uses of the term which are not clear to persons of ordinary skill in the art given the context in which it is used, “about” will mean up to plus or minus 10% of the particular term.
A “chimeric nucleic acid” comprises a coding sequence or fragment thereof linked to a nucleotide sequence that is different from the nucleotide sequence with which it is associated in cells in which the coding sequence occurs naturally.
As used herein, the terms “effective amount,” or “therapeutically effective amount,” and “pharmaceutically effective amount” refer to a quantity sufficient to achieve a desired therapeutic and/or prophylactic effect, e.g., an amount which results in the prevention of a disease, condition, and/or symptom(s) thereof. In the context of therapeutic or prophylactic applications, the amount of a composition administered to the subject will depend on the type and severity of the disease and on the characteristics of the individual, such as general health, age, sex, body weight, and tolerance to the composition drugs. It will also depend on the degree, severity, and type of disease or condition. The skilled artisan will be able to determine appropriate dosages depending on these and other factors. In some embodiments, multiple doses are administered. Additionally or alternatively, in some embodiments, multiple therapeutic compositions or compounds are administered. In the methods described herein, compositions comprising the monocytic cells of the present technology, may be administered to a subject having one or more signs, symptoms, or risk factors of osteopetrosis, including, but not limited to stunted growth, skeletal deformity, increased likelihood of bone fracture, anemia, recurrent infections, hepatosplenomegaly, facial paralysis, abnormal cortical bone morphology, abnormal form of vertebral bodies, abnormal temperature regulation, abnormality of the ribs, abnormality of vertebral epiphysis morphology, bone pain, cranial nerve paralysis, craniosynostosis, hearing impairment, and hypocalcemia. For example, a “therapeutically effective amount” of the compositions of the present technology, includes levels at which the presence, frequency, or severity of one or more signs, symptoms, or risk factors of osteopetrosis are, at a minimum, ameliorated. In some embodiments, a therapeutically effective amount reduces or ameliorates the physiological effects of osteopetrosis, and/or the risk factors of osteopetrosis, and/or the likelihood of developing osteotpetrosis. In some embodiments, a therapeutically effective amount is achieved by multiple administrations. In some embodiments, a therapeutically effective amount is achieved with a single administration.
The term “engineered” is used herein to refer to a cell or organism that has been manipulated to be genetically altered, modified, or changed, e.g., by disruption of the genome. For example, an “engineered monocytic cell” refers to a monocytic cell that has been manipulated to be genetically altered, modified, or changed. For example, in some embodiments, an engineered monocytic cell refers to a monocytic cell that has been transduced with a lentivirus designed to express a nucleotide sequence of interest, e.g., a cDNA coding for the wild type allele of any one or more of CA2, CLCN7, CTSK, CSF1R, IKBKG, ITGB3, OSTM1, PLEKHM1, TCIRG1, TNFRSF11A, or TNFSF11 under a strong promoter.
“Heterologous nucleic acid” refers to a nucleic acid, DNA, or RNA, which has been introduced into a cell (or the cell's ancestor), and which is not a copy of a sequence naturally found in the cell into which it is introduced. Such heterologous nucleic acid may comprise segments that are a copy of a sequence that is naturally found in the cell into which it has been introduced, or fragments thereof.
As used herein, “prevention,” “prevent,” or “preventing” of a disorder or condition refers to, in a statistical sample, reduction in the occurrence or recurrence of the disorder or condition in treated subjects/samples relative to an untreated controls, or refers delays the onset of one or more symptoms of the disorder or condition relative to the untreated controls.
As used herein “subject” and “patient” are used interchangeably and refer to a mammalian subject. In some embodiments, “subject” means any animal (mammalian, human, or other) patient that can be afflicted with osteopetrosis and when thus afflicted is in need of treatment. In some embodiments, the subject is a human.
“Treating,” “treat,” “treated,” or “treatment” of a disease or disorder includes: (i) inhibiting the disease or disorder, i.e., arresting its development; (ii) relieving the disease or disorder, i.e., causing its regression; (iii) slowing progression of the disorder; and/or (iv) inhibiting, relieving, or slowing progression of one or more symptoms of the disease or disorder.
It is to be appreciated that the various modes of treatment or prevention of medical diseases and conditions as described are intended to mean “substantial,” which includes total but also less than total treatment or prevention, and wherein some biologically or medically relevant result is achieved.
Described herein are compositions and methods for the treatment of osteopetrosis. Taken together, the data described herein identify: (i) the developmental origin of osteoclasts, the cells that shape bone architecture; (ii) a mechanism that controls the maintenance of osteoclast function after birth; and (iii) a novel strategy to treat osteopetrosis and to modulate osteoclast activity in vivo. In particular, the data described herein demonstrate that parabiosis or transfusion of monocytic cells results in long-term gene transfer in osteoclasts in the absence of HSC chimerism and can rescue an adult-onset osteopetrotic phenotype caused by cathepsin-K deficiency. Transfusion of monocytic cells is also sufficient to rescue bone development in early-onset autosomal recessive osteopetrosis in newborn mice.
Osteopetroses are a heterogeneous group of genetic disorders characterized by increased bone density due to impaired bone resorption by osteoclasts. The increased bone density places the affected individual at an increased risk for bone fracture. Normally, bone growth is a balance between osteoblasts (cells that create bone tissue) and osteoclasts (cells that destroy bone tissue). Individuals with osteopetrosis have a deficiency of osteoclasts, resulting in too little bone resorption and too much bone creation. The types of osteopetrosis are distinguished based on their pattern of inheritance: autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, or X-linked.
The signs and symptoms of osteopetrosis may vary depending on the type of the disease, and mild forms of osteopetrosis may be asymptomatic. However, the typical signs and symptoms of osteopetrosis include: stunted growth, skeletal deformity, increased likelihood of bone fracture, anemia, recurrent infections, hepatosplenomegaly, facial paralysis, abnormal cortical bone morphology, abnormal form of vertebral bodies, abnormal temperature regulation, abnormality of the ribs, abnormality of vertebral epiphysis morphology, bone pain, cranial nerve paralysis, craniosynostosis, hearing impairment, and hypocalcemia.
The signs and symptoms of autosomal dominant osteopetrosis (ADO; also known as Albers-Schonberg disease), include multiple bone fractures, scoliosis, arthritis in the hips, and/or osteomyelitis. Autsomal recessive osteopetrosis (ARO) is often characterized by one or more of a high risk of bone fracture resulting from minor bumps or falls, pinched nerves in the head and face, impaired bone marrow function, slow growth, short stature, dental abnormalities, hepatosplenomegaly, intellectual disability, and epilepsy. Individuals diagnosed with intermediate autosomal osteopetrosis (IAO), which is a form of osteopetrosis that can have either an autosomal dominant or recessive pattern or inheritance, may be characterized by one or more of a high risk of bone fracture and anemia, calcifications in the brain, intellectual disability, and renal tubular acidosis. Individuals with the X-linked pattern of inheritance may be characterized by one or more of lymphedema, anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia, and immunodeficiency.
Mutations in several genes have been linked to the various forms of osteopetrosis or may underlie the development of osteopetrosis. These include mutations in CA2, CLCN7, CTSK, CSF1R, IKBKG, ITGB3, OSTM1, PLEKHM1, TCIRG1, TNFRSF11A (which encodes for receptor activator of NF-κB (RANK)), and TNFSF11 (which encodes for receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL)). Many of the genes associated with osteopetrosis are involved in the formation, development, and function of osteoclasts.
In some embodiments, a method for treating or preventing osteopetrosis in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering a composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of monocytic cells from a healthy donor to the subject is provided. In some embodiments, the subject is characterized by decreased expression of one or more genes implicated in or potentially underlying the development of osteopetrosis, such as CA2, CLCN7, CTSK, CSF1R, IKBKG, ITGB3, OSTM1, PLEKHM1, TCIRG1, TNFRSF11A, and TNFSF11. In some embodiments, the subject is characterized by a cathepsin K deficiency.
In some embodiments, a method for treating or preventing osteopetrosis in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of monocytic cells engineered to express one or more genes implicated in or potentially underlying the development of osteopetrosis, such as CA2, CLCN7, CTSK, CSF1R, IKBKG, ITGB3, OSTM1, PLEKHM1, TCIRG1, TNFRSF11A, and TNFSF11 is provided. In some embodiments monocytic cells used for treatment are genetically modified to correct a genetic abnormality or to improve or changed cellular functioning according to known genetic engineering protocols. In some embodiments, a method of treating or preventing osteopetrosis in a subject comprises: (a) obtaining a sample of monocytic cells from the subject; (b) genetically correcting one or more mutations in the monocytic cells, (c) culturing the monocytic cells; and (d) providing the corrected monocytic cells to the subject. In some embodiments, a method for treating or preventing osteopetrosis comprises: (a) obtaining a sample of monocytic cells from the subject; (b) genetically engineering the cells to express a nucleotide sequence coding for the wild type allele of any one or more of CA2, CLCN7, CTSK, CSF1R, IKBKG, ITGB3, OSTM1, PLEKHM1, TCIRG1, TNFRSF11A, and TNFSF11 with a suitable transducing vector, such as a lentiviral vector; (c) culturing the engineered monocytic cells under conditions sufficient to express the nucleotide sequence; (d) removing the viral particles from the engineered monocytic cells; and (e) providing the engineered monocytic cells to the subject. In some embodiments, the transducing vector encoding the one or more of CA2, CLCN7, CTSK, CSF1R, IKBKG, ITGB3, OSTM1, PLEKHM1, TCIRG1, TNFRSF11A, and TNFSF11 is a mammalian expression vector. In some embodiments, the mammalian expression vector is a lentiviral vector or transposon vector.
Subjects suffering from osteopetrosis can be identified by any or a combination of diagnostic or prognostic assays known in the art. For example, typical symptoms of osteopetrosis include, but are not limited to, stunted growth, skeletal deformity, increased likelihood of bone fracture, anemia, recurrent infections, hepatosplenomegaly, facial paralysis, abnormal cortical bone morphology, abnormal form of vertebral bodies, abnormal temperature regulation, abnormality of the ribs, abnormality of vertebral epiphysis morphology, bone pain, cranial nerve paralysis, craniosynostosis, hearing impairment, and hypocalcemia.
For therapeutic applications, a composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of monocytic cells from a health donor and/or monocytic cells engineered to express one or more genes selected from CA2, CLCN7, CTSK, CSF1R, IKBKG, ITGB3, OSTM1, PLEKHM1, TCIRG1, TNFRSF11A, and TNFSF11 is administered to the subject. In some embodiments, the composition is administered according to any acceptable transfusion regimen. In some embodiments, the composition is administered one, two, three, four, or five times per day. In some embodiments, the composition is administered more than five times per day. Additionally or alternatively, in some embodiments, the composition is administered every day, every other day, every third day, every fourth day, every fifth day, or every sixth day. In some embodiments, the composition is administered weekly, bi-weekly, tri-weekly, or monthly. In some embodiments, the composition is administered for a period of one, two, three, four, or five weeks. In some embodiments, the composition is administered for six weeks or more. In some embodiments, the composition is administered for twelve weeks or more. In some embodiments, the composition is administered for a period of less than one year. In some embodiments, the composition is administered for a period of more than one year or until a desired therapeutic outcome is observed in the subject.
In some embodiments, treatment of subjects diagnosed with or suspected of having osteopetrosis with one or more compositions of the present technology ameliorates or eliminates one or more of the following symptoms of osteopetrosis: stunted growth, skeletal deformity, increased likelihood of bone fracture, anemia, recurrent infections, hepatosplenomegaly, facial paralysis, abnormal cortical bone morphology, abnormal form of vertebral bodies, abnormal temperature regulation, abnormality of the ribs, abnormality of vertebral epiphysis morphology, bone pain, cranial nerve paralysis, craniosynostosis, hearing impairment, and hypocalcemia.
Prophylactic Methods
In one aspect, the present technology provides a method for preventing or delaying the onset of osteopetrosis or one or more symptoms of osteopetrosis in a subject at risk of having or developing osteopetrosis. In prophylactic applications, compositions of the present technology are administered to a subject susceptible to, or otherwise at risk of for osteopetrosis in an amount sufficient to eliminate or reduce the risk, or delay the onset of the disease, including biochemical, histologic and/or behavioral symptoms of the disease, its complications and intermediate pathological phenotypes presenting during development of the disease.
Administration of a prophylactic compositions can occur prior to the manifestation of symptoms characteristic of the disease or disorder, such that the disease or disorder is prevented or, alternatively, delayed in its progression.
The following examples are provided by way of illustration only and not by way of limitation. Those of skill in the art will readily recognize a variety of non-critical parameters that could be changed or modified to yield essentially the same or similar results. The examples should in no way be construed as limiting the scope of the present technology, as defined by the appended claims.
Csf1riCre, Csf1rMeriCreMer, Csf1rflox were kindly provided by Dr Jeffrey Pollard, Csf1r−/− from Richard Stanley, Flt3Cre were kindly provided by Dr Thomas Boehm, Myb+/− mice were kindly provided by Dr John Frampton, and VavCre were kindly provided from Dr Thomas Graf. Tnfrsf11aflox mice were kindly provided by J M Penninger, Tnfrsf11akoba/Cre mice were kindly provided by Dr Yasuhiro Kobayashi, Ctsktm1(cre)Ska mice were kindly provided by Dr. Ostrowsky (MSKCC) and Tnfrsf11aWask/Cre mice were genereated in the Waskow Lab. Rosa.26-CreERT2 (R26-CreERT2) were kindly provided from Drs. Pierre Chambon and Anton Berns. Rosa26LSL-YEP (stock number: 006148) and Rosa26LSL-tdTomato (stock number: 007908) reporter mice were purchased from The Jackson Laboratory.
Animal procedures. Mice were bred and kept under specific pathogen conditions in separated ventilated cages in the animal facility of MSKCC and the Medical Theoretical Center of the TU Dresden. All experiments with osteopetrotic mice that lack teeth were performed with mice maximal 4 weeks of age that were kept with the lactating mother or provided with DietGel 76A (Clear H2O, 72-07-5022) to avoid secondary effects from malnutrition. Experiments were performed in adherence to the Institutional Review Board (IACUC 15-04-006) from MSKCC and Landesdirektion Dresden and were in compliance with relevant ethical regulations. Mice greater than 7 days old were sacrificed by cervical dislocation (TU Dresden), CO2 asphyxiation or anesthesia (MSKCC). To harvest embryos, pregnant females were sacrificed and embryos were collected by postmortem cesarean from the uterus and exsanguinated through decapitation in cold PBS (Fisher, 14190).
Genotyping: PCR genotyping was performed according to protocols described previously and indicated in Table 1. The investigators were not blinded to allocation during experiments and outcome assessment.
Fate mapping with tamoxifen inducible Cre models. For timing of embryonic development, mice were crossed at night, the following day a positive vaginal plug was considered as 0.5 days post-coitum (dpc), as previously described. Embryos were harvested as indicated below. For postnatal time point, pregnant females were monitored for the date of delivery, caesarean sections were carried out at term and neonates were fostered using lactating CD-1 females.
Csf1rMeriCreMer female mice were crossed with male Rosa26LSL-YFP/LSL-YFP mice. Cre recombination in Csf1rMeriCreMer; Rosa26LSL-YFP embryos at embryonic day E8.5 was induced with a single dose of 4-hydroxytamoxifen (4-OHT) injected intraperitoneally in pregnant mothers at a dose of 75 μg/g of body weight supplemented with 37.5 μg/g of progesterone as previously described. Cre-mediated recombination in Rosa.26-CreERT2 tamoxifen (TAM) was introduced to pregnant mother by a single TAM gavage (5 mg) at E10.5, supplemented with progesterone (37.5 μg/g body weight resolved in Sunflower seed oil, Sigma-Aldrich) was injected i.p. directly after gavage. To analyze newborn or 3 weeks old mice, caesarean sections were carried out at term and neonates were fostered using lactating CD-1 females.
Parabiosis. For cellular complementation female Csf1iCre mice were crossed to male Rosa26LSL-YFP/YFP or Rosa26LSL-tdTomato/tdTomato mice. Csf1riCre; Rosa26LSL-YFP and Csf1riCre; Rosa26LSL-tdTomato females were used for parabiosis. For rescue of CathepsinK activity 4 week old female CtskCre/Cre and control littermate mice were used for parabiosis. Parabionts were kept on Sulfamethoxazole/Trimethoprim (Sulfatrim) diet for up to 8 weeks. Ex-parabionts were separated after 4 weeks for cellular complementation and 6 weeks for rescue of CathepsinK activity.
Surgical procedure, pre-operative procedure: weight-matched female partner mice for parabiosis were caged together few days before surgery. One day before the surgery the fur from lateral sides of mice was carefully removed with a trimmer followed by depilatory cream (for 3 minutes) at the site of surgery, excess of fur was removed with a moist gauze pad. Left side partner is shaved on the right side and vice versa. This procedure was performed under Isofluorane inhalation anesthesia. Mice were fed with food supplemented with Sulfatrim ad libitum one day prior to surgery.
Surgery: Mice were anesthetized intraperitoneally with 150 mg/kg of ketamine and 15 mg/kg of xylazine. Sterile eye lubricant (Paralube Vet Ointment, 17033-211-38) was applied to both eyes to prevent corneal drying during surgery. Following confirmation that a suitable anesthetic plane (no response to stimulation) has been attained, mice were placed in a supine position on a surgical tray with heat support provided by a heating pad. The surgical site was cleaned 3 times with cotton swabs soaked in povidone-iodine (Betadine) then with 70% ethanol. Before surgery a volume of 0.2 ml of anesthetic agent bupivacaine (Marcaine 0.25-0.5% solution) was applied locally. Surgery was performed by a longitudinal skin incision on the lateral side of mice, approximately 0.5 cm above the elbow to 0.5 cm below the knee joint. Mice were laid side-by-side in close contact and the ligaments of the two knees and elbows were sutured together using monofilament non-absorbable suture. Then, the skin incisions was closed by apposing and clipping skin to skin of the pair with 9 mm wound clips.
Post-operative procedure: immediately after surgery mice were injected subcutaneously with 2 mg/kg of meloxicam and 0.5 mg/kg of buprenorphine and for a maximum of 48 hours postoperatively. Mice are provided with Sulfatrim and Hydrogel (Clear H2O, 70-01-5022) in medicups. Wound clips were removed 14 days after surgery under Isofluorane anesthesia.
Parabiosis separation procedure: Mice were anesthetized and prepared for surgery as indicated above. Mice were separated at the site of parabiosis junction. Using scissors, the skin joining both mice is cut longitudinally. The sutures around the elbows and knees are cut and removed. The resulting wound is closed with 9 mm wound clips. Mice were injected subcutaneously with 2 mg/kg of meloxicam and 0.5 mg/kg of buprenorphine and for a maximum of 48 hours postoperatively. Wound clips were removed 14 days after surgery.
Analysis: Bones were prepared for histology on frozen sections as detailed below, and stained with antibodies to detect fluorescent proteins: anti-GFP biotin, anti-RFP (Abcam), fluorescent TRAP staining and TO-PRO-3 as a nuclear stain. Histological sections of 15 μm thickness were scanned by confocal microscopy at 1.5 μm Z stacks. Sections were quantified for the number of TRAP+ multinuclear cells (more than 3 nuclei per cell) and their YFP and Tomato expression using Imaris in 3D view and individual Z stacks. Pictures of the region of interest (area=2 mm2) were then generated in Tiff format and analyzed by ImageJ software using ROI manager to calculate the mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of YFP and Tomato for individual osteoclasts. For rescue of CathepsinK activity, dissected femurs were fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin for 24 hours. Undecalcified bones were embedded in methyl methacrylate resin, and 7-μm sections were prepared on a rotation microtome. For mineralized bone volume over the total volume % (BV/TV %), sections were de-plastified and stained with von Kossa reagent (1% Silver nitrate/Sodium formamide/5% Sodium thiosulfate) counterstained with Van Gieson solution.
EdU pulse labeling. 12 week old C57BL/6N mice (Charles River) were injected intraperitoneally with 25 μg/g of a 2.5 mg/mL solution of EdU prepared extemporaneously (Fisher C10420, Click-iT EdU Alexa Fluor 488 Flow Cytometry Assay Kit). Blood, bone marrow, and bone samples were collected at 60 hrs and 72 hrs post injection and bone were prepared for histology of frozen sections as indicated above for adult mice.
Histology of frozen sections. Frozen sections were cut at 15 μm thickness using cryofilm and stained overnight with rat anti-Tubulin (Abcam, ab6160, 1:200) and with secondary goat anti-rat Alexa Fluor 555 (ThermoFisher Scientific A21430), as described below. Sections were washed 3 times with PBS and stained for EdU using Click-iT EdU Alexa Fluor 488 Imaging Assay Kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific, C10337). Click-it reaction: 357.5 μL of 1× Click-it reaction buffer, 40 μL of CuSO4 solution (100 mM), 2.5 μL of Alexa Fluor 488 azide solution and 100 μL of Reaction buffer additive for 500 μL. Sections are incubated for 45 minutes at room temperature with 100 μL of Click-iT EdU reaction buffer then washed with PBS and stain for fluorescent TRAP (ELF 97) and TO-PRO-3 (nuclear stain). Mounting media was 75% glycerol in PBS.
Microscopy. Images were acquired using an inverted Zeiss LSM880 laser scanning confocal microscope. Histological sections of 15 μm thickness were tile-scanned at 1.0 μm Z stacks.
Analysis. Sections were analyzed using Imaris in 3D view and individual Z stacks to quantify the percentage of EdU+ TRAP+ multinuclear cells and EdU+ nuclei per individual osteoclasts.
Adoptive transfers. Bone marrow monocytes were isolated from 12-16 weeks old donor. In fate-mapping experiments 1×106 total cells from Csf1riCre; Rosa26LSL-tdTomato mice were transferred at day 0, day 3 and day 6 by retro-orbital injections into recipient Csf1riCre; Rosa26LSL-YFP age and gender matched mice. Mice were sacrificed at day 11 and day 60 after the first transfer. For rescue of osteoclast activity 1×106 total bone marrow monocytes from Csf1riCre; Rosa26LSL-YFP or Csf1riCre; Rosa26LSL-tdTomato were transferred intra-peritoneal at p5, p8, and p11. Mice were sacrificed at p14 5 days after the last transfer. Bone marrow and blood was analyzed for the percentage of chimerism. To enrich Ly6C+ cells the Monocyte Isolation Kit (BM) for mouse (MACS Miltenyi Biotec, 130-100-629) was used as indicated by the manufacturer. Cell numbers of Ly6C+ cells were calculated by determining the cell number/ml using a Neubauer chamber in combination with a staining for Ly6C analyzed by flow cytometry. Bone samples were dissected and prepared for frozen sections as described above and stained for anti-GFP, anti-RFP, fluorescent TRAP and TO-PRO-3. The percentages of YFP+ or Tomato+ multinuclear cells was quantified in femurs of recipients.
Preparation and analysis of bone for histology of paraffin embedded samples. Bone samples were fixed in 4% formaldehyde (Fisher, 28908) in PBS for 1 day (embryo) or 3 days (post-natal mice) at 4° C. then washed 3 times with PBS and decalcified (for mice older than P7) in a 14% EDTA pH7.1 solution at 4° C. for 5 days to 15 days, washed 3 times with PBS and dehydrated in 70% ethanol for 1 day and processed for paraffin sections. Longitudinal sections of femurs were cut at 5 μm thickness using a Leica RM2265 paraffin microtome then place in Superfrost microscope slides let dry for 48 hours and heated in a dry incubator at 65° C. for 1 hour, dewaxed and stained for TRAP and hematoxylin.
Tartrate Resistant Acid Phosphatase (TRAP) staining protocol. To stain for TRAP, slides were placed in coplin jars and incubated in a 1% (v/v) Naphtol-Ether substrate solution in basic stock solution for 1 hr at 37° C. followed by incubation in a solution containing 2% (v/v) sodium nitrate solution and 2% (v/v) basic fuchsin solution in basic stock solution for 20 mins at 37° C. Slides are rinse in 3 changes of water then stained with hematoxylin solution (Sigma, GHS332) diluted 1:4 in water for 2 minute, washed 3 times with water then dehydrated and mounted in Entellan (Millipore, 107960). Solutions for TRAP staining. Basic stock solution: 0.92% (w/v) anhydrous sodium acetate (Sigma, 58750), 1.14% (w/v) dibasic dihydrate sodium tartrate (Sigma. S4797) and 0.28% (v/v) glacial acetic acid (Sigma, 537020) in distilled water, pH was adjusted between 4.7-5.0 with 5M sodium hydroxide (Fisher, S318-1). Napthol-Ether substrate solution: 2% (w/v) Napthol AS-BI. Phosphate (Sigma, 70482) in 2-Ethoxyethanol (Sigma, 256374). Sodium nitrate solution: 4% (w/v) Sodium nitrate (Sigma, 237213) in water. Basic fuchsin solution: 5% (w/v) basic fuchsin dye (Sigma, 857343) in 2N HCL (Fisher, A144-500).
Individual images from histological sections of 5 μm thickness were acquired using a Zeiss Axio Lab.A1 light microscope with a N-Achroplan 2.5X/0.07 M27 (420920-9901) or a N-Achroplan 20X/0.45 M27 (420950-9901) objective. Pictures were taken in ZEN lite software and exported as tiff files. Panoramic images were created with the photo-merge tool in Adobe Photoshop CS6. Pictures of mice were acquired with a dissecting microscope Leica M80 equipped with a Leica IC80 HD camera at 1.0× magnification. The region of interest analyzed was the methaphyseal trabecular bone 2 mm below the growth plate. The numbers of TRAP+ multinuclear cells (more than 3 nuclei per cell), associated to bone tissue, were quantified in ImageJ using the Cell Counter plugin. Numerical values were plotted using GraphPad Prism. For Static and dynamic histomorphometry. Young and aged mice were injected (i.p.) twice with 15 mg/kg body weight Calcein (Sigma) dissolved in 1.4% NaHCO3/PBS 2 and 3 days apart, respectively. Mice were sacrificed 2 days after the last calcein injection. Femora and tibiae were fixed in 4% PBS-buffered paraformaldehyde and dehydrated in an ascending ethanol series. Subsequently, bones were embedded in methacrylate and cut into 7 μm sections to assess the fluorescent calcein labels. Unstained sections were analyzed using fluorescence microscopy to determine the mineralized surface/bone surface (MS/BS), the mineral apposition rate (MAR), and the bone formation rate/bone surface (BFR/BS). To determine numbers of osteoclasts, bones were decalcified for one week using Osteosoft (Merck), dehydrated, and embedded into paraffin. Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase staining was used to assess the osteoclast surface per bone surface (Oc.SBS) and number of osteoclasts per bone surface (N.OcBS). Bone sections were analyzed using the Osteomeasure software (Osteometrics, USA) following international standards.
Preparation of and analysis of bones for immunofluorescence on frozen sections. Samples were prepared as above and after decalcification and washing were soaked in 30% sucrose in PBS at 4° C. for 1-2 days. Tissue samples were placed in disposable histology plastic molds and embedded in FSC22 Frozen Section Compound Clear (Leica, 3801480) and placed on a flat surface of dry ice to let freeze.
Immunofluorescence. Bones were cut at 15 μm thickness using a Cryostat Leica CM3050S with high profile microtome blades (Leica Surgipath DB80 HS) and cryofilm (Section Lab Inc.) and let to dry for 48 hours at 4° C. Before staining with antibodies, sections were let to equilibrate at room temperature for 30 minutes, rehydrated with PBS (Fisher, 14190) 3 times for 5 min at room temperature. Sections were incubated with blocking buffer containing 0.25% BSA (Fisher BP1600), 10% normal goat serum (Life Technologies, PCN 5000) and 0.3% triton (Sigma, T8787) in PBS for 1 hr at room temperature. Sections were washed 2 times with PBS for 5 minutes. Sections stained with anti-GFP biotin antibody were first incubated with Biotin/Streptavidin blocking kit (Vector laboratories, SP2002). Streptavidin blocking solution is prepared by adding 4 drops of streptavidin solution to 1 mL of PBS/0.25% BSA, samples were incubated for 15 min, then washed once with PBS for 5 min. Biotin blocking solution is prepared by adding 4 drops of biotin solution to 1 mL of PBS/0.25% BSA, samples were incubated for 15 min then washed once with PBS for 5 min. Primary and secondary antibodies used are listed in Table 2. Sections were also stained with fluorescent TRAP and nuclear stain.
Fluorescent TRAP staining. Sections were prepared for fluorescent TRAP by incubating with TRAP incubation solution (112 mM sodium acetate, 76 mM sodium tartate, and 11 mM sodium nitrite, pH 4.1-4.3) at room temperature for 10 minutes. Buffer was removed and incubated with ELF97 substrate (Molecular Probes E6589, 2 mM) at a concentration of 125 μM in TRAP incubation solution for 15 min under UV light and washed 2 times with PBS for 5 minutes. Nuclear stain used was TO-PRO-3 Iodide (Fisher T3605) 1:4000 in PBS for 5 minutes. Mounting media was 75% glycerol in PBS. Images were acquired using an inverted Zeiss LSM880 laser scanning confocal microscope with Argon-ion 488 nm, Diode 405-30 nm, DPSS 561-10 nm, HeNe 633 nm laser lines and Plan-Apochromat 40X/1.4 N.A. DIC (UV) VIS-IR oil objective. Histological sections of 15 μm thickness were tile-scanned at 1.5 μm Z-stacks in ZEN black and processed using ZEN lite. Sections were analyzed using Imaris in 3D view and individual Z stacks to quantify TRAP+ multinuclear cells and YFP and Tomato labeling. Pictures of the region of interest were generated in tiff format and analyzed by ImageJ software using ROI manager to calculate the mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of individual osteoclasts. Numerical values were plotted using GraphPad Prism.
Animal imaging by computed tomography. NanoSPECT/CT: Mice were anesthetized under Isofluorane anesthesia and placed on an imaging table containing an animal bed equipped with a nosecone for gas inhalation and body temperature stabilization. For 3 week old mice a mouse bed was used and for mice 8 weeks and older a rat bed was used. Whole-body imaging of mice was acquired using a NanoSPECT/CT scanner (Mediso) for non-invasive and longitudinal monitoring of the 3D skeletal structure. Each CT scan averaged 15 minutes and was acquired with an exposure time of 1,000 ms and 240 projections set at a pitch of 1 degree. The tube energy of the X-ray was 55KVp and 145 μA. The in-plane voxel size was medium generating a voxel size of 147 μm3. Reconstructed images were analyzed using In Vivo Scope 2.0 (Bioscan, Inc.) software.
microCT. For tri-dimensional X-ray imaging by micro computed tomography, mice were sacrificed and bones placed in 70% ethanol until scanning. Bone microarchitecture was analyzed using the vivaCT40 (Scanco Medical, Switzerland). Entire femora or humeri were imaged at a resolution of 10.5 μm (1 slice) with an X-ray energy of 70 kVp, 114 mA, and an integration time of 200 ms. The machine was routinely calibrated using hydroxyapatite phantoms for density and geometry. Trabecular bone in femora or humeri from old mice was assessed in the metaphysis 20 slices below the growth plate using 150 slices. The trabecular region within the cortical bones (P21 mice) was determined in the femoral midshaft (100 slices up, 100 slices down). Pre-defined scripts from Scanco were used for the evaluation.
Preparation of tissues and staining for Flow cytometry. Yolk sac from E10.5 embryos was digested for 60 min at 37° C. in PBS containing 5% FCS, Collagenase Type 4 (Worthington, final 4.2 U/ml) and DNAseI (Sigma-Aldrich, final 100 μg/ml). The digestion reaction was stopped by incubation with 12.5 mM EDTA. Fetal liver was gently dissociated between the frosted ends of glass slides, and was then digested for 30 minutes using the same digestion enzyme mix as yolk sac. Blood was collected from anesthetized mice by retro-orbital venous sinus bleeding or cardiac puncture using a 1 mL syringe and a 26G needle rinsed with 100 mM EDTA (sigma E4884). The collected blood was lysed with 3 mL of red blood cell lysis buffer (155 mM NH4Cl sigma A9434, 10 mM NaHCO3 sigma S5761 and 0.1 mM EDTA sigma E4884) for 5 mins, washed with 10 mL of FACS buffer (PBS, 0.5% BSA and 2 mM EDTA) and centrifuged at 320 g for 7 minutes at 4° C. All mice were perfused with 10 ml of PBS after blood withdrawal. Bone marrow cells were harvested by crushing or flushing femurs and tibias using a syringe and a 26G needle with 10 mL of PBS/5% FCS or RPMI supplemented with 10% FBS. Bone marrow was dissociated by gently pipetting up and down with a 1 mL or 10 mL pipette. Spleens were gently dispersed between frosted slides and digested for 30 min at 37° C. in PBS with 5% FCS containing Collagenase Type 4 (Worthington) at a final concentration of 4.2 U/ml and 100 μg/ml DNAseI (Sigma-Aldrich). The reaction was stopped by incubation with 12.5 mM EDTA. Peritoneal cells were harvested by flushing the peritoneal cavity with 10 mL PBS/5% FCS heated to 37° C. Adult brain and liver were dissected, cut into small fragments, and incubated at 37° C. for 30 min in enzyme mix consisting of PBS with 1 mg/ml collagenase D (Sigma, 11088882001), 100 U/ml DNase I (Sigma, DN25), 2.4 mg/ml of dispase (Fisher, 17105-041) and 3% FBS (ThermoFisher Scientific 10438026) or PBS containing 4.2 U/ml Collagenase type 4 (Worthington), 100 μg/ml DNAseI, 2.4 mg/ml of Dispase (Gibco) and 3% FCS at 37° C. for 30 min. After enzyme digestion all tissues were further dissociated by mechanical disruption using 100 μm cell strainers (Falcon, 352360) and a 3 ml syringe plunger in 6 well plates containing 4 mL or 5 mL of cold FACS buffer or PBS/5% FCS. Single cell suspensions were transferred to 5 mL FACS tubes and pelleted by centrifugation at 320 g for 7 minutes at 4° C. The cell pellets were resuspended in FACS buffer containing purified anti-mouse CD16/32 antibody (1:100, Biolegend 101301), 5% normal mouse (Fisher, 015-000-120), 5% normal rat (Fisher 012-000-120) and 5% normal rabbit serum (Fisher, 011-000-120) and incubated for 10 minutes on ice or directly stained using blocking antibodies in the staining mixtures. Samples were immunostained with fluorochrome-conjugated antibodies for 30 minutes on ice, and analyzed by flow cytometry using an LSRFortessa or an LSR II (BD-Bioscience). Full list of antibodies for flow cytometry is provided in Table 3. Each sample was stained with Hoechst (ThermoFisher Scientific, Hoechst 33258, 1 μg/ml) or DAPI (Applichem, 1 μg/25 ml) moments prior to flow cytometry acquisition.
All analysis was conducted using FlowJo (Tree Star). In all tissues single live cells were gated by exclusion of dead cells labeled positive by Hoechst or DAPI, side scatter (SSC-A) and forward scatter (FSC-A) and doublet exclusion using forward scatter width (FSC-W) against (FSC-A), as previously described. In order to calculate cell numbers per organ or per gram of tissue, organs were weighted, cell suspensions were prepared from a weighted amount (20 to 500 mg) of tissue, and the number of cells per gram of tissue was determined using a cell counter (GUAVA easyCyte HT).
Statistical analysis and reproducibility. Data are shown as mean with individual values per mouse represented as circles, unless stated otherwise. Statistical significance was analyzed with GraphPad Prism using unpaired t-tests and two-way ANOVA with Tukey's multiple comparisons test as indicated in the figure legends. Significance was considered at P value (P) *P<0.05; **P<0.01; ***P<0.001; ****P<0.0001. Then value represents biological replicates. Experiments were repeated to ensure reproducibility of the observations. Equal variance was assumed for cell-counting experiments. No statistical methods were used to predetermine sample size.
In vitro, osteoclasts arise by fusion of HSC-derived precursors and require expression of Csf1r and Tnfrsf11a (Rank). To probe the origin of osteoclasts in vivo, Csf1Cre; Csf1rfl/fl; and Csf1rCre; Tnfrsf11afl/fl mice were generated. These mice presented with an osteopetrotic phenotype similar to Csf1 (op/op), Csf1r, and Tnfrsf11a mutants and characterized in young mice by lack of teeth eruption, skull and skeletal deformities with shortness of long bones, increased bone density, and lack of osteoclasts and hematopoietic cells (
Mice lacking Csf1r expression in Flt3Cre-expressing progenitors presented with a similar phenotype: Flt3Cre; Csf1rfl/fl mice have normal teeth and bone morphology at 4 week of age (
Fetal expression of Csf1rCre and Flt3Cre was analyzed using a fluorescent reporter in Csf1rCre; Rosa26LSL-YFP and Flt3Cre; Rosa26LSL-YFP mice (
In support of this hypothesis, it was found that TRAP+ multinucleated cells develop in ˜E15 ossification centers from Myb-deficient embryo, which lack HSC but still support the development of EMP-derived macrophages (
Whether EMP are required for bone development was investigated. Tnfrsf11a is expressed by osteoclasts, but its expression is also a hallmark of EMP-derived pMacs that colonize the developing embryo. In two independent lines of Tnfrsf11aCre knock-in mice, Cre-mediated expression of a Rosa26LSL-YFP fluorescent reporter is achieved with high efficiency in fetal macrophages but with low efficiency or not at all in HSC and their progeny in blood and tissues (
To probe the mechanisms that underlie the contribution of HSC-derived blood cells to osteoclast maintenance as well as the lifespan and dynamics of osteoclasts in vivo, time-course parabiosis experiments were performed (
The number and fusion-rate of HSC-derived nuclei acquired by osteoclasts in short-term 5-ethynyl-2′-deoxyuridine (EdU) incorporation studies was calculated. A single intravenous pulse of EdU (20 μg/g) labels mitotic nuclei, is bioavailable in the bone marrow for ˜90 min, and ˜50% of bone marrow and blood monocytic cells are EdU+ for ˜48 hrs (
A prediction from this model is that osteopetrosis due to a recessive mutation affecting osteoclasts function may be rescued or prevented through parabiosis with a wild-type partner. Parabiosis experiments between 4 week-old cathepsin K deficient mice, which develop an adult-onset form of osteopetrosis known as pycnodysostosis, and cathepsin K+/− or cathepsin K−/− littermates and between wild type mice as control showed a reduction of bone volume in 10 weeks old cathepsin K−/− mice paired with cathepsin K+/− littermates (
Partial rescue of osteopetrosis occurs postnatally in Tnfrsf11aCre; Csf1rfl/fl mice, suggesting that transfusion of monocytic cells may also be able to rescue bone development in early-onset congenital osteopetrosis in the absence of a bone marrow transplantation. Intra-peritoneal injections of Kit− Ly6C+ monocytic cells from Csf1rCre; Rosa26LSL-YFP into Csf1rCre; Csf1rF/F neonates starting from post-natal day 5, resulted in complete or partial rescue of teeth eruption (
The results described above show that osteoclasts originating from EMP are essential for normal bone development. Moreover, it is shown that osteoclasts are long-lived in adult and their function is maintained by iterative fusion of individual HSC-derived circulating cells with existing syncytia. In the absence or deficiency of EMP-derived osteoclasts, however, their timely replacement by transfusion with monocytic cells can rescue bone development in early-onset osteopetrotic mice in the absence of bone marrow transplantation. This could contribute to the treatment of early onset osteopetrosis, since the current treatment by bone marrow transplantation. This is of potential clinical relevance because bone marrow/HSC transplantation, the standard of care in early-onset osteopetrosis in mice and human, requires irradiation or chemotherapy which carry the risk of threatening infections and is frequently performed late in patients who already suffer severe complications and is plagued by a ˜48% overall survival at 6-years. In addition, the original mechanism that mediates osteoclast maintenance suggests that they represent a unique target for gene transfer by cellular therapies based on transfusion of wild type or engineered monocytic cells to modulate osteoclast activity and bone remodeling in adults. Accordingly, these results demonstrate that monocytic cells may be effective in methods for treating osteopetrosis, and to modulate osteoclast activity and bone remodeling.
This example demonstrates the prophetic use of monocytic cells obtained from a subject and engineered to express a gene, such as CTSK, for the treatment of osteopetrosis in the subject.
Pycnodysostosis is an autosomal recessive form of osteopetrosis, due to loss of function mutations in the cathepsin K gene (CTSK), compatible with life, and characterized by short stature, deformity of the skull maxilla and phalanges, increased density of the bones, osteosclerosis, and fragility of bone. There is no treatment for this disease as the relatively comparably milder symptoms do not qualify for bone marrow transplantation.
Subjects suspected of having or diagnosed as having cathepsin K deficiency will be selected for a gene therapy trial and will undergo GMP grade collection of peripheral blood monocytes by apheresis and/or elutriation. Purified monocytes will then be transduced with a lentivirus designed to express a cDNA coding for the wild type allele of CTSK under a strong promoter (e.g., CMV). Transduced monocytes will then be washed to remove contaminating viral particles and rested for 12 hours followed by reinfusion to the patient. Assuming ˜109 monocytes can be collected, the number of cells transferred per kilogram of body weight would be >10′. Following the auto-transfusion, the subject will be monitored at regular intervals for clinical and radiological signs of pycnodysostosis in order to determine the efficiency of the procedure and the frequency with which it should be repeated.
It is predicted that subjects suspected of having or diagnosed as having pycnodysostosis and receiving therapeutically effective amounts of monocytic cells engineered to express CTSK will display reduced severity or elimination of one or more symptoms associated with pycnodysostosis. Accordingly, these results will show that transfusion of monocytic cells engineered to express the wild-type version of one or more genes implicated in osteopetrosis is useful in methods for treating subjects in need thereof for the treatment of osteopetrosis.
This example demonstrates the prophetic use of monocytic cells obtained from a subject and engineered to express a gene, such as TCIRG1, TNFRSF11a, CA2, CLCN7, OSTM1, and/or PLEKHM1, for the treatment of osteopetrosis in the subject.
Infants diagnosed with severe infantile autosomal recessive osteopetrosis with defects in TCIRG1, TNFRSF11a, CA2, CLCN7, OSTM1, and/or PLEKHM1 will be eligible for an early auto-transfusion of corrected monocytes (as described in Example 3), to try to prevent early developmental complications, including blindness and skeletal deformities, and increase the success of bone marrow transplantation, by restoring a bone marrow niche. The protocol will be carried out in a manner similar to that of Example 3, and monocytes will be transduced with a lentivirus designed to express a cDNA coding for the wild type allele of the deficient gene under a strong promoter, with a similar number of transferred cells per kg of weight. Following the auto-transfusion, subjects will be monitored at regular intervals for clinical and radiological signs, and possibly bone biopsy in order to determine the efficiency of the procedure. In addition, collection of monocytes and hematopoietic stem cells/progenitors at the same time would allow to proceed with the auto transfusion of transduced monocytes, while stem cells would undergo gene editing in view of auto transplantation and long term genetic rescue.
It is predicted that subjects suspected of having or diagnosed as having severe infantile autosomal recessive osteopetrosis and receiving therapeutically effective amounts of monocytic cells engineered to express TCIRG1, TNFRSF11a, CA2, CLCN7, OSTM1, and/or PLEKHM1 will display reduced severity or elimination of one or more symptoms associated with severe infantile autosomal recessive osteopetrosis. Accordingly, these results will show that transfusion of monocytic cells engineered to express the wild-type version of one or more genes implicated in osteopetrosis is useful in methods for treating subjects in need thereof for the treatment of osteopetrosis.
The following references are incorporated by reference.
The present technology is not to be limited in terms of the particular embodiments described in this application, which are intended as single illustrations of individual aspects of the present technology. Many modifications and variations of this present technology can be made without departing from its spirit and scope, as will be apparent to those skilled in the art. Functionally equivalent methods and apparatuses within the scope of the present technology, in addition to those enumerated herein, will be apparent to those skilled in the art from the foregoing descriptions. Such modifications and variations are intended to fall within the scope of the appended claims. The present technology is to be limited only by the terms of the appended claims, along with the full scope of equivalents to which such claims are entitled. It is to be understood that this present technology is not limited to particular methods, reagents, compounds compositions or biological systems, which can, of course, vary. It is also to be understood that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only, and is not intended to be limiting.
In addition, where features or aspects of the disclosure are described in terms of Markush groups, those skilled in the art will recognize that the disclosure is also thereby described in terms of any individual member or subgroup of members of the Markush group.
As will be understood by one skilled in the art, for any and all purposes, particularly in terms of providing a written description, all ranges disclosed herein also encompass any and all possible subranges and combinations of subranges thereof. Any listed range can be easily recognized as sufficiently describing and enabling the same range being broken down into at least equal halves, thirds, quarters, fifths, tenths, etc. As a nonlimiting example, each range discussed herein can be readily broken down into a lower third, middle third and upper third, etc. As will also be understood by one skilled in the art all language such as “up to,” “at least,” “greater than,” “less than,” and the like, include the number recited and refer to ranges which can be subsequently broken down into subranges as discussed above. Finally, as will be understood by one skilled in the art, a range includes each individual member. Thus, for example, a group having 1-3 cells refers to groups having 1, 2, or 3 cells. Similarly, a group having 1-5 cells refers to groups having 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 cells, and so forth.
All patents, patent applications, provisional applications, and publications referred to or cited herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety, including all figures and tables, to the extent they are not inconsistent with the explicit teachings of this specification.
Other embodiments are set forth within the following claims.
The present application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/679,553, filed on Jun. 1, 2018, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.
This invention was made with government support under CA008748, AI130345 and HL138090 awarded by the National Institutes of Health. The government has certain rights in the invention.
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/US2019/034984 | 5/31/2019 | WO | 00 |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 62679553 | Jun 2018 | US |
