Patent Grant
7259001
The invention relates to compositions that can ameliorate or prevent sexual disorders and are useful as a dietary supplement or medication. These compositions contain yeast cells obtainable by growth in electromagnetic fields with specific frequencies and field strengths.
Impotence is one of the most common forms of male sexual dysfunction. It may be caused by diseases (e.g., diabetes) or certain medications. A variety of Western medicines and Chinese herbal medicines have been used to restore erectile function. However, these medicines are all less than satisfactory. There remains a need for an effective method for treating impotence.
This invention is based on the discovery that certain yeast cells can be activated by electromagnetic fields having specific frequencies and field strengths to treat sexual disorders. Compositions comprising these activated yeast cells can be used as a dietary supplement for improving sexual functions, e.g., for alleviating or preventing impotence.
This invention embraces a composition comprising a plurality of yeast cells that have been cultured in an alternating electric field having a frequency in the range of about 7900–13200 MHz (e.g., 7900–8000 or 12700–13200), and a field intensity in the range of about 240–500 mV/cm (e.g., 260–280, 290–320, 300–320, 310–340, 330–360, 350–380, 360–400, or 420–460 mV/cm). The yeast cells are cultured in the alternating electric field for a period of time sufficient to substantially increase the capability of said plurality of yeast cells to produce substances for treating sexual disorders (e.g., impotence). In one embodiment, the frequency and/or the field strength of the alternating electric field can be altered within the aforementioned ranges during said period of time. In other words, the yeast cells can be exposed to a series of electromagnetic fields. An exemplary period of time is about 40–180 hours (e.g., 60–168 hours).
Also included in this invention is a composition comprising a plurality of yeast cells that have been cultured under acidic conditions in an alternating electric field having a frequency in the range of about 12700–13200 MHz (e.g., 13000–13200 MHz) and a field strength in the range of about 240 to 420 mV/cm (e.g., 260–280 or 360–390 mV/cm). In one embodiment, the yeast cells are exposed to a series of electromagnetic fields. An exemplary period of time is about 30–100 hours (e.g., 35–60 hours).
Included in this invention are also methods of making the above compositions.
Yeast cells that can be included in this composition can be derived from parent strains publically available from the China General Microbiological Culture Collection Center (“CGMCC”), China Committee for Culture Collection of Microorganisms, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Haidian, P.O. BOX 2714, Beijing, 100080, China. Useful yeast species include, but are not limited to, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Saccharomyces carlsbergensis, Saccharomyces rouxii, Saccharomyces sake, Saccharomyces uvarum, Saccharomyces sp., Schizosaccharomyces pombe, and Rhodotorula aurantiaca. For instance, the yeast cells can be of the strain Saccharomyces cerevisiae Hansen AS2.502 or AS2.69, Saccharomyces sp. AS2.3 11, Schizosaccharomyces pombe Lindner AS2.994, Saccharomyces sake Yabe ACCC2045, Saccharomyces uvarum Beijer IFFI1044, Saccharomyces rouxii Boutroux AS2.180, Saccharomyces cerevisiae Hansen Var. ellipsoideus AS2.612, Saccharomyces carlsbergensis Hansen AS2.377, or Rhodotorula rubar (Demme) Lodder AS2.282. Other useful yeast strains are illustrated in Table 1.
Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. Exemplary methods and materials are described below, although methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can also be used in the practice or testing of the present invention. All publications and other references mentioned herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety. In case of conflict, the present specification, including definitions, will control. The materials, methods, and examples are illustrative only and not intended to be limiting. Throughout this specification and claims, the word “comprise,” or variations such as “comprises” or “comprising” will be understood to imply the inclusion of a stated integer or group of integers but not the exclusion of any other integer or group of integers.
Other features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following detailed description, and from the claims.
This invention is based on the discovery that certain yeast strains can be activated by electromagnetic fields (“EMF”) having specific frequencies and field strengths to produce agents useful in treating sexual disorders, e.g., impotence. Yeast compositions containing activated yeast cells can be used as medication, or as a dietary supplement in the form of health drinks or dietary pills.
In certain embodiments, the yeast compositions of this invention stimulate the secretion of male hormones, e.g., testosterone. In other embodiments, the yeast compositions decrease or inhibit the effects of certain chemicals/drugs in the body that contribute to male sexual dysfunction (e.g., impotence). In further embodiments, the yeast compositions alleviate male sexual dysfunction (e.g., impotence) caused by diabetes.
Since the activated yeast cells contained in these yeast compositions have been cultured to endure acidic conditions (pH 2.5–4.2), the compositions are stable in the stomach and can pass on to the intestines. Once in the intestines, the yeast cells are ruptured by various digestive enzymes, and the bioactive agents are released and readily absorbed.
I. Yeast Strains Useful in the Invention
The types of yeasts useful in this invention include, but are not limited to, yeasts of the genera of Saccharomyces, Rhodotorula, and Schizosaccharomyces.
Exemplary species within the above-listed genera include, but are not limited to, the species illustrated in Table 1. Yeast strains useful in this invention can be obtained from laboratory cultures, or from publically accessible culture depositories, such as CGMCC and the American Type Culture Collection, 10801 University Boulevard, Manassas, Va. 20110-2209. Non-limiting examples of useful strains (with the accession numbers of CGMCC) are Saccharomyces cerevisiae Hansen AS2.502 and AS2.69, Saccharomyces sp. AS2.311, Schizosaccharomyces pombe Lindner AS2.994, Saccharomyces sake Yabe ACCC2045, Saccharomyces uvarum Beijer IFFI1044, Saccharomyces rouxii Boutroux AS2.180, Saccharomyces cerevisiae Hansen Var. ellipsoideus AS2.612, Saccharomyces carlsbergensis Hansen AS2.377, and Rhodotorula rubar (Demme) Lodder AS2.282. Other non-limiting examples of useful strains are listed in Table 1. In general, yeast strains preferred in this invention are those used for fermentation in the food and wine industries. As a result, compositions containing these yeast cells are safe for human consumption.
The preparation of the yeast compositions of this invention is not limited to starting with a pure strain of yeast. A yeast composition of the invention may be produced by culturing a mixture of yeast cells of different species or strains.
Saccharomyces cerevisiae Hansen
Saccharomyces cerevisiae Hansen Var. ellipsoideus (Hansen) Dekker
Saccharomyces chevalieri Guilliermond
Saccharomyces delbrueckii
Saccharomyces delbrueckii Lindner ver. mongolicus (Saito) Lodder et van Rij
Saccharomyces exiguous Hansen
Saccharomyces fermentati (Saito) Lodder et van Rij
Saccharomyces logos van laer et Denamur ex Jorgensen
Saccharomyces mellis (Fabian et Quinet) Lodder et kreger van Rij
Saccharomyces mellis Microellipsoides Osterwalder
Saccharomyces oviformis Osteralder
Saccharomyces rosei (Guilliermond) Lodder et Kreger van Rij
Saccharomyces rouxii Boutroux
Saccharomyces sake Yabe
Candida arborea
Candida lambica (Lindner et Genoud) van. Uden et Buckley
Candida krusei (Castellani) Berkhout
Candida lipolytica (Harrison) Diddens et Lodder
Candida parapsilosis (Ashford) Langeron et Talice Var. intermedia Van Rij et Verona
Candida parapsilosis (Ashford) Langeron et Talice
Candida pulcherrima (Lindner) Windisch
Candida rugousa (Anderson) Diddens et Lodder
Candida tropicalis (Castellani) Berkhout
Candida utilis Henneberg Lodder et Kreger Van Rij
Crebrothecium ashbyii (Guillermond)
Geotrichum candidum Link
Hansenula anomala (Hansen)H et P sydow
Hansenula arabitolgens Fang
Hansenula jadinii (A. et R Sartory Weill et Meyer) Wickerham
Hansenula saturnus (Klocker) H et P sydow
Hansenula schneggii (Weber) Dekker
Hansenula subpelliculosa Bedford
Kloeckera apiculata (Reess emend. Klocker) Janke
Lipomycess starkeyi Lodder et van Rij
Pichia farinosa (Lindner) Hansen
Pichia membranaefaciens Hansen
Rhodosporidium toruloides Banno
Rhodotorula glutinis (Fresenius) Harrison
Rhodotorula minuta (Saito) Harrison
Rhodotorula rubar (Demme) Lodder
Rhodotorula aurantiaca (Saito) Lodder
Saccharomyces carlsbergensis Hansen
Saccharomyces uvarum Beijer
Saccharomyces willianus Saccardo
Saccharomyces sp.
Saccharomycodes ludwigii Hansen
Saccharomycodes sinenses Yue
Schizosaccharomyces octosporus Beijerinck
Schizosaccharomyces pombe Lindner
Sporobolomyces roseus Kluyver et van Niel
Torulopsis candida (Saito) Lodder
Torulopsis famta (Harrison) Lodder et van Rij
Torulopsis globosa (Olson et Hammer) Lodder et van Rij
Torulopsis inconspicua Lodder et Kreger van Rij
Trichosporon behrendii Lodder et Kreger van Rij
Trichosporon capitatum Diddens et Lodder
Trichosporon cutaneum (de Beurm et al.) Ota
Wickerhamia fluorescens (Soneda) Soneda
II. Application of Electromagnetic Fields
An electromagnetic field useful in this invention can be generated and applied by various means well known in the art. For instance, the EMF can be generated by applying an alternating electric field or an oscillating magnetic field.
Alternating electric fields can be applied to cell cultures through electrodes in direct contact with the culture medium, or through electromagnetic induction. See, e.g.,
The EMFs useful in this invention can also be generated by applying an oscillating magnetic field. An oscillating magnetic field can be generated by oscillating electric currents going through Helmholtz coils. Such a magnetic field in turn induces an electric field.
The frequencies of EMFs useful in this invention range from about 7900 MHz to 13200 MHz (e.g., 7900–8000 or 12700–13200). Exemplary frequencies include 7963, 7975, 12744, 13092, and 13123 MHz. The field strength of the electric field useful in this invention ranges from about 240–500 mV/cm (e.g., 260–280, 290–320, 300–320, 310–340, 330–360, 350–380, 360–390, or 420–460 mV/cm). Exemplary field strengths include 266, 272, 307, 318, 322, 343, 348, 367, 375, 397, and 438 mV/cm.
When a series of EMFs are applied to a yeast culture, the yeast culture can remain in the same container while the same set of EMF generator and emitters is used to change the frequency and/or field strength. The EMFs in the series can each have a different frequency or a different field strength; or a different frequency and a different field strength. Such frequencies and field strengths are preferably within the above-described ranges. Although any practical number of EMFs can be used in a series, it may be preferred that the yeast culture be exposed to a total of 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, or more EMFs in a series. In one embodiment, the yeast culture is exposed to a series of EMFs, wherein the frequency of the electric field is alternated in the range of about 7900–8000, 12700–12800, and 13050–13200 MHz.
Although the yeast cells can be activated after even a few hours of culturing in the presence of an EMF, it may be preferred that the activated yeast cells be allowed to multiply and grow in the presence of the EMF(s) for a total of 40–180 hours.
The alternating electric field can be applied to the culture by a variety of means, including placing the yeast culture (1) in close proximity to the signal emitters such as a metal wire or tube capable of transmitting EMFs. The metal wire or tube can be made of red copper, and be placed inside the container (2), reaching as deep as 3–30 cm. For example, if the fluid in the container (2) has a depth of 15–20 cm, 20–30 cm, 30–50 cm, 50–70 cm, 70–100 cm, 100–150 cm or 150–200 cm, the metal wire can be 3–5 cm, 5–7 cm, 7–10 cm, 10–15 cm, 15–20 cm, 20–30 cm, and 25–30 cm from the bottom of the container (2), respectively. The number of metal wires/tubes used can be from 1 to 10 (e.g., 2 to 3). It is recommended, though not mandated, that for a culture having a volume up to 10 L, metal wires/tubes having a diameter of 0.5 to 2 mm be used. For a culture having a volume of 10–100 L, metal wires/tubes having a diameter of 3 to 5 mm can be used. For a culture having a volume of 100–1000 L, metal wires/tubes having a diameter of 6 to 15 mm can be used. For a culture having a volume greater than 1000 L, metal wires/tubes having a diameter of 20–25 mm can be used.
In one embodiment, the electric field is applied by electrodes submerged in the culture (1). In this embodiment, one of the electrodes can be a metal plate placed on the bottom of the container (2), and the other electrode can comprise a plurality of electrode wires evenly distributed in the culture (1) so as to achieve even distribution of the electric field energy.
III. Culture Media
Culture media useful in this invention contain sources of nutrients that can be assimilated by yeast cells. Complex carbon-containing substances in a suitable form (e.g., carbohydrates such as sucrose, glucose, dextrose, maltose, xylose, cellulose, starch, etc.) can be the carbon sources for yeast cells. The exact quantity of the carbon sources can be adjusted in accordance with the other ingredients of the medium. In general, the amount of carbohydrates varies between about 1% and 10% by weight of the medium and preferably between about 1% and 5%, and most preferably about 2%. These carbon sources can be used individually or in combination. Amino acid-containing substances such as beef extract and peptone can also be added. In general, the amount of amino acid containing substances varies between about 0.1% and 1% by weight of the medium and preferably between about 0.1% and 0.5%. Among the inorganic salts which can be added to a culture medium are the customary salts capable of yielding sodium, potassium, calcium, phosphate, sulfate, carbonate, and like ions. Non-limiting examples of nutrient inorganic salts are (NH4)2HPO4, CaCO3, KH2PO4, K2HPO4, MgSO4, NaCl, and CaSO4.
IV. Electromagnetic Activation of Yeast Cells
To activate or enhance the ability of yeast cells to produce agents useful for treating sexual disorders (e.g., impotence), these cells can be cultured in an appropriate medium under sterile conditions at 20–35° C. (e.g., 28–32° C.) for a sufficient amount of time (e.g., 60–168 hours) in an alternating electric field or a series of alternating electric fields as described above.
An exemplary set-up of the culture process is depicted in
The activation process of the yeast cells involves the following steps: (1) maintaining the temperature of the activation apparatus at 24–33° C. (e.g., 28–32° C.), and culturing the yeast cells for 24–30 hours (e.g., 28 hours); (2) applying an alternating electric field having a frequency of 7963 MHz and a field strength of 260–280 mV/cm (e.g., 272 mV/cm) for 12–18 hours (e.g., 16 hours); (3) then applying an alternating electric field having a frequency of 7975 MHz and a field strength of 310–340 mV/cm (e.g., 322 mV/cm) for 32–38 hours (e.g., 36 hours); (4) then applying an alternating electric field having a frequency of 12744 MHz and a field strength of 330–360 mV/cm (e.g., 343 mV/cm) for 32–38 hours (e.g., 36 hours); (5) then applying an alternating electric field having a frequency of 13092 MHz and a field strength of 350–380 mV/cm (e.g., 367 mV/cm) for 32–38 hours (e.g., 36 hours); and (6) then applying an alternating electric field having a frequency of 13123 MHz and a field strength of 290–320 mV/cm (e.g., 307 mV/cm) for 12–18 hours (e.g., 16 hours). The activated yeast cells are then recovered from the culture medium by various methods known in the art, dried (e.g., by lyophilization) and stored at 4° C. Preferably, the concentration of the dried yeast cells is no less than 1010 cells/g.
V. Acclimatization of Yeast Cells To the Gastric Environment
Because the yeast compositions of this invention must pass through the stomach before reaching the small intestine, where the effective components are released from these yeast cells, it is preferred that these yeast cells be cultured under acidic conditions to acclimatize the cells to the gastric juice. This acclimatization process results in better viability of the yeast cells in the acidic gastric environment.
To achieve this, the yeast powder containing activated yeast cells can be mixed with a highly acidic acclimatizing culture medium at 10 g (containing more than 1010 activated cells per gram) per 1000 ml. The yeast mixture is then cultured first in the presence of an alternating electric field having a frequency of 13092 MHz and a field strength of 360–390 mV/cm (e.g., 375 mV/cm) at about 28 to 32° C. for 32 to 42 hours (e.g., 36 hours). The resultant yeast cells can then be further incubated in the presence of an alternating electric field having a frequency of 13123 MHz and a field strength of 260–280 mV/cm (e.g., 266 mV/cm) at about 28 to 32° C. for 16 to 28 hours (e.g., 20 hours). The resulting acclimatized yeast cells are then dried and stored either in powder form (≧1010 cells/g) at room temperature or in vacuum at 0–4° C.
An exemplary acclimatizing culture medium is made by mixing 700 ml fresh pig gastric juice and 300 ml wild Chinese hawthorn extract. The pH of the acclimatizing culture medium is adjusted to 2.5 with 0.1 M hydrochloric acid (HCl) and/or 0.2 M potassium hydrogen phthalate (C6H4(COOK)COOH). The fresh pig gastric juice is prepared as follows. At about 4 months of age, newborn Holland white pigs are sacrificed, and the entire contents of their stomachs are retrieved and mixed with 2000 ml of water under sterile conditions. The mixture is then allowed to stand for 6 hours at 4° C. under sterile conditions to precipitate food debris. The supernatant is collected for use in the acclimatizing culture medium. To prepare the wild Chinese hawthorn extract, 500 g of fresh wild Chinese hawthorn is dried under sterile conditions to reduce water content (≦8%). The dried fruit is then ground (≧20 mesh) and added to 1500 ml of sterilized water. The hawthorn slurry is allowed to stand for 6 hours at 4° C. under sterile conditions. The hawthorn supernatant is collected to be used in the acclimatizing culture medium.
VI. Manufacture of Yeast Compositions
To manufacture the yeast compositions of the invention, an apparatus depicted in
The culture medium used for this purpose is a mixed fruit extract solution containing the following ingredients per 1000 L: 300 L of wild Chinese hawthorn extract, 300 L of jujube extract, 300 L of Wu Wei Zi (Schisandra chinensis (Turez) Baill seeds) extract, and 100 L of soy bean extract. To prepare hawthorn, jujube and Wu Wei Zi extracts, the fresh fruits are washed and dried under sterile conditions to reduce the water content to no higher than 8%. One hundred kilograms of the dried fruits are then ground (≧20 mesh) and added to 400 L of sterilized water. The mixtures are stirred under sterile conditions at room temperature for twelve hours, and then centrifuged at 1000 rpm to remove insoluble residues. To make the soy bean extract, fresh soy beans are washed and dried under sterile conditions to reduce the water content to no higher than 8%. Thirty kilograms of dried soy beans are then ground into particles of no smaller than 20 mesh, and added to 130 L of sterilized water. The mixture is stirred under sterile conditions at room temperature for twelve hours and centrifuged at 1000 rpm to remove insoluble residues. To make the culture medium, these ingredients are mixed according to the above recipe, and the mixture is autoclaved at 121° C. for 30 minutes and cooled to below 40° C. before use.
One thousand grams of the activated yeast powder prepared as described above (Section V, supra) is added to 1000 L of the mixed fruit extract solution, and the yeast solution is transferred to the first container (A) shown in
The yeast culture is then transferred from the first container (A) to the second container (B) which contains 1000 L of culture medium (if need be, a new batch of yeast culture can be started in the now available first container (A)), and subjected to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 13092 MHz and a field strength of 420–460 mV/cm (e.g., 438 mV/cm) for 24 hours. Subsequently the frequency and field strength of the electric field are changed to 13123 MHz and 330–360 mV/cm (e.g., 348 mV/cm), respectively. The culturing continues for another 12 hours.
The yeast culture is then transferred from the second container (B) to the third container (C) which contains 1000 L of culture medium, and subjected to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 13092 MHz and a field strength of 310–340 mV/cm (e.g., 318 mV/cm) for 24 hours. Subsequently the frequency and field strength of the electric field are changed to 13123 MHz and 260–280 mV/cm (e.g., 272 mV/cm), respectively. The culturing continues for another 12 hours.
The yeast culture from the third container (C) can then be packaged into vacuum sealed bottles for use as dietary supplement, e.g., health drinks, or medication in the form of pills, powder, etc. If desired, the final yeast culture can also be dried within 24 hours and stored in powder form. The dietary supplement can be taken three to four times daily at 30–60 ml per dose for a three-month period, preferably 10–30 minutes before meals and at bedtime.
In some embodiments, the compositions of the invention can also be administered intravenously or peritoneally in the form of a sterile injectable preparation. Such a sterile preparation can be prepared as follows. A sterilized health drink composition is first treated under ultrasound (20,000 Hz) for 10 minutes and then centrifuged for another 10 minutes. The resulting supernatant is adjusted to pH 7.2–7.4 using 1 M NaOH and subsequently filtered through a membrane (0.22 μm for intravenous injection and 0.45 μm for peritoneal injection) under sterile conditions. The resulting sterile preparation is submerged in a 35–38° C. water bath for 30 minutes before use. In other embodiments, the compositions of the invention may also be formulated with pharmaceutically acceptable carriers to be orally administered in any orally acceptable dosage form including, but not limited to, capsules, tablets, suspensions or solutions.
The yeast compositions of the present invention are derived from yeasts used in food and pharmaceutical industries. The yeast compositions are thus devoid of side effects associated with many pharmaceutical compounds.
The following examples are meant to illustrate the methods and materials of the present invention. Suitable modifications and adaptations of the described conditions and parameters which are obvious to those skilled in the art are within the spirit and scope of the present invention.
The activated yeast compositions used in the following experiments were prepared as described above, using Saccharomyces cerevisiae Hansen AS2.502 cells cultured in the presence of an alternating electric field having the electric field frequency and field strength exemplified in the parentheses following the recommended ranges listed in Section IV, supra. Control yeast compositions were those prepared in the same manner except that the yeast cells were cultured in the absence of EMFs. Unless otherwise indicated, the yeast compositions and the corresponding controls were administered to the animals by intragastric feeding.
To test the ability of the EMF-treated AS2.502 cells to improve male sexual function, hormone levels, and sexual organ development, 50 healthy adult male Wistar rats (about 100–120 g body weight, 6–8 weeks old) were selected. Ten rats were randomly selected to be the normal control group, CK1 (uncastrated rats). Under anesthesia with pentobarbital (5%, at 45 mg/kg body weight), both testes (including the epididymis) of each of the remaining 40 rats were removed under sterile conditions. Immediately after castration, Penicillin G was injected at 20,000 U/kg body weight once daily for five consecutive days. The castrated rats were then randomly divided into four equal groups, designated as AY (for treatment with the activated yeast composition), NY (for treatment with the control yeast composition), CK2 (for treatment with testosterone propionate), and CK3 (for treatment with saline). Each rat was kept separately. The activated yeast composition was administered to the AY rats at 1.2 ml/kg body weight once daily for 30 days. The control yeast composition was administered to the NY rats and saline was administered to the CK3 rats at the same dosage. Testosterone propionate was injected intramuscularly to the CK2 rats in the buttocks at 2 mg/kg once daily for 30 days. The uncastrated CK1 rats, each also kept separately, were administered 1.2 ml/kg of saline once daily for 30 days.
On the twenty-ninth day of the experiment, two female rats (100–120 g, 6–8 weeks old) were put into the same cage as each male rat and kept there for 30 minutes. The frequency of the male rat's sniffing and licking of the female rats, and the frequency of the male rat's mounting of the female rats were recorded in Table 2.
Each male rat was sacrificed on the thirty-first day. The seminal vesicle and prostate were retrieved and placed in Bouin's solution overnight. The fatty tissue around the seminal vesicle and the prostate was removed. The ductus deferens, part of the urethra, and the bladder were also removed from the peripheries of the seminal vesicle and the prostate. The remaining seminal vesicle and the prostate were weighed and then submerged in 70% ethanol overnight. The urethra was then completely stripped away from the prostate and seminal vesicle. The wet weight of the prostate and seminal vesicle was recorded in Table 2. The oval-shaped glandulae preputiales was also retrieved from the pubis area. The wet weight of the glandulae preputiales was also recorded in Table 2.
The results in Table 2 show that (1) the activated yeast composition was capable of restoring sexual function/activity in castrated male rats, while the control yeast composition or saline was not; (2) the activated yeast composition stimulated the growth of the prostate, seminal vesicle and glandulae preputiales in castrated rats, while the control yeast composition or saline did not; and (3) the activated yeast composition was superior to testosterone propionate in stimulating the growth of the prostate, seminal vesicle and glandulae preputiales.
To test the ability of the EMF-treated AS2.502 cells to improve male sexual function, hormone levels, and sexual organ development, 50 healthy adult male Wistar rats (about 150–180 g body weight, 8–10 weeks old) were selected. Ten rats were randomly selected to be the normal control group, CK1 (uncastrated rats). Under anesthesia with pentobarbital (5%, at 45 mg/kg body weight), both testes (including the epididymis) of each of the remaining 40 rats were removed under sterile conditions. Immediately after castration, Penicillin G was injected at 20,000 U/kg body weight once daily for five consecutive days. The castrated rats were then randomly divided into four equal groups, designated as AY (for treatment with the activated yeast composition), NY (for treatment with the control yeast composition), CK2 (for treatment with testosterone propionate), and CK3 (for treatment with saline). Each rat was kept separately. The activated yeast composition was administered to the AY rats at 1.2 ml/kg body weight once daily for 30 days. The control yeast composition was administered to the NY rats and saline was administered to the CK3 rats at the same dosage. Testosterone propionate was injected intramuscularly to the CK2 rats in the buttocks at 2 mg/kg once daily for 30 days. The uncastrated CK1 rats, each also kept separately, were administered 1.2 ml/kg of saline once daily for 30 days.
On the thirty-first day of the experiment, an electrical stimulator was used to measure the erectile function of the rats. One of the two electrodes of the electric stimulator was placed at the opening of urethra, and the other in contact with the skin of the penis shaft. The stimulator was switched on at 55 Hz and 4.5 mA. The time needed for the penis to achieve erection (“the erection lag”) was recorded in Table 3.
Each rat was sacrificed after the erection test. Blood samples were collected from each rat, and the blood concentration of testosterone was determined by the standard radio-immunoassay (RIA) method. The results are shown in Table 3 below.
The results in Table 3 show that the activated yeast compositions shortened erection lag and increased the secretion of testosterone, while the control yeast composition or saline did not.
While a number of embodiments of this invention have been set forth, it is apparent that the basic constructions may be altered to provide other embodiments which utilize the compositions and methods of this invention.
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| 20030232059 | Cheung | Dec 2003 | A1 |
| 20030235565 | Cheung | Dec 2003 | A1 |
| 20030235566 | Cheung | Dec 2003 | A1 |
| 20030235567 | Cheung | Dec 2003 | A1 |
| 20030235568 | Cheung | Dec 2003 | A1 |
| 20030235569 | Cheung | Dec 2003 | A1 |
| 20030235570 | Cheung | Dec 2003 | A1 |
| 20040001812 | Cheung | Jan 2004 | A1 |
| 20040001813 | Cheung | Jan 2004 | A1 |
| 20040001814 | Cheung | Jan 2004 | A1 |
| 20040001815 | Cheung | Jan 2004 | A1 |
| 20040001857 | Cheung | Jan 2004 | A1 |
| 20040001858 | Cheung | Jan 2004 | A1 |
| 20040001859 | Cheung | Jan 2004 | A1 |
| 20040001860 | Cheung | Jan 2004 | A1 |
| 20040001861 | Cheung | Jan 2004 | A1 |
| 20040005335 | Cheung | Jan 2004 | A1 |
| 20040005337 | Cheung | Jan 2004 | A1 |
| 20040005680 | Cheung | Jan 2004 | A1 |
| 20040168492 | Cheung | Sep 2004 | A1 |
| 20040253251 | Cheung | Dec 2004 | A1 |
| 20040253252 | Cheung | Dec 2004 | A1 |
| 20040253253 | Cheung | Dec 2004 | A1 |
| 20040253254 | Cheung | Dec 2004 | A1 |
| 20040253255 | Cheung | Dec 2004 | A1 |
| 20040253256 | Cheung | Dec 2004 | A1 |
| 20040253257 | Cheung | Dec 2004 | A1 |
| 20040253258 | Cheung | Dec 2004 | A1 |
| 20040253259 | Cheung | Dec 2004 | A1 |
| 20040253260 | Cheung | Dec 2004 | A1 |
| 20040253261 | Cheung | Dec 2004 | A1 |
| 20040253262 | Cheung | Dec 2004 | A1 |
| 20040253263 | Cheung | Dec 2004 | A1 |
| 20040253264 | Cheung | Dec 2004 | A1 |
| 20040253265 | Cheung | Dec 2004 | A1 |
| 20040253266 | Cheung | Dec 2004 | A1 |
| 20040253267 | Cheung | Dec 2004 | A1 |
| 20040253268 | Cheung | Dec 2004 | A1 |
| 20040265990 | Cheung | Dec 2004 | A1 |
| Number | Date | Country |
|---|---|---|
| 1110317 | Oct 1995 | CN |
| 1207873 | Feb 1999 | CN |
| 1309175 | Aug 2001 | CN |
| 0041373 | Dec 1981 | EP |
| 553377 | Aug 1993 | EP |
| 1375652 | Jan 2004 | EP |
| 475500 | Apr 1979 | ES |
| 2222433 | Oct 1974 | FR |
| 1397873 | Jun 1975 | GB |
| 60028893 | Feb 1985 | JP |
| 415983 | Nov 1974 | RU |
| 1071637 | Feb 1984 | RU |
| 1722364 | Mar 1992 | SU |
| 1750570 | Jul 1992 | SU |
| WO8702705 | Feb 1995 | WO |
| WO9504814 | Feb 1995 | WO |
| WO9960142 | Nov 1999 | WO |
| WO 0220431 | Mar 2002 | WO |
| WO 02062981 | Aug 2002 | WO |
| WO 02062982 | Aug 2002 | WO |
| WO 02062983 | Aug 2002 | WO |
| WO 02062984 | Aug 2002 | WO |
| WO 02062985 | Aug 2002 | WO |
| WO 02070682 | Sep 2002 | WO |
| WO02070436 | Sep 2002 | WO |
| WO02070683 | Sep 2002 | WO |
| WO2004108919 | Dec 2004 | WO |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20050106173 A1 | May 2005 | US |
