Patent Application
20140274712
This application contains a sequence listing, submitted herewith electronically via EFS web, containing the file named “P34108US01_seqlist.txt” which is 3,451,542 bytes in size (measured in Windows XP), which was created on Mar. 6, 2014, and which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.
The present disclosure relates generally to the field of weed management. More specifically, compositions containing polynucleotide molecules for altering the physiology of plants and modulating the effect of herbicide treatment are described. Further provided are methods and compositions useful for weed control.
Weeds are plants that compete with cultivated plants in an agronomic environment and cost farmers billions of dollars annually in crop losses and the expense of efforts to keep weeds under control. Weeds also serve as hosts for crop diseases and insect pests. The losses caused by weeds in agricultural production environments include decreases in crop yield, reduced crop quality, increased irrigation costs, increased harvesting costs, reduced land value, injury to livestock, and crop damage from insects and diseases harbored by the weeds. The principal means by which weeds cause these effects are: 1) competing with crop plants for water, nutrients, sunlight and other essentials for growth and development, 2) production of toxic or irritant chemicals that cause human or animal health problem, 3) production of immense quantities of seed or vegetative reproductive parts or both that contaminate agricultural products and perpetuate the species in agricultural lands, and 4) production on agricultural and nonagricultural lands of vast amounts of vegetation that must be disposed of Herbicide tolerant weeds are a problem with nearly all herbicides in use, there is a need to effectively manage these weeds. There are over 365 weed biotypes currently identified as being herbicide resistant to one or more herbicides by the Herbicide Resistance Action Committee (HRAC), the North American Herbicide Resistance Action Committee (NAHRAC), and the Weed Science Society of America (WSSA).
Plants have chloroplasts in which nuclear encoded proteins are imported. The import function is a key process related to the normal activity of the chloroplast. Genes associated with the chloroplast protein import and processing include but are not limited to the structural genes that encode for translocon at the outer envelope membrane of a chloroplast (Toc), a translocon at the inner envelope membrane of a chloroplast (Tic), a stroma processing peptidase (SPP) and chaperone like proteins associated with the chloroplast protein import system. The import of essential proteins into the chloroplast can be achieved by modulating the level of import proteins produced by the plants nuclear encoded genes. Many enzymes that are targets for herbicide action are nuclear encoded and imported into the chloroplast.
Embodiments of the present invention provide polynucleotide compositions useful for modulating gene expression in a plant, in particular, weedy plants for the purpose of enhancing control of the weeds in an agronomic environment and for the management of herbicide resistant weeds.
Several embodiments relate to a method of plant control comprising treating a plant or a part of a plant in need of control with a herbicidal composition comprising a polynucleotide, an organosilicone surfactant and a non-polynucleotide herbicide, wherein the polynucleotide is essentially identical or essentially complementary to a segment of a gene polynucleotide sequence, wherein the protein encoded by the gene coding sequence is a component of a chloroplast protein import system selected from the group consisting of a translocon at the outer envelope membrane of a chloroplast (Toc), a translocon at the inner envelope membrane of a chloroplast (Tic), a stroma processing peptidase (SPP), and chaperone like proteins associated with the chloroplast protein import system, wherein said treated plant is more sensitive to the non-polynucleotide herbicide contained in the herbicidal composition relative to a similar plant treated with a herbicidal composition not containing the polynucleotide.
The polynucleotide alters the rate or activity of importation of proteins or processing of the proteins in a plant cell chloroplast or plastid thereby providing to the plant increased sensitivity to a herbicide. Chloroplast protein import and processing, chloroplast metabolism pathways, chlorophyll function proteins that are provided by genes encoded in the plant nucleus are key in the normal physiology of the plant and in the plant's response to chemical stress, such as, the action of a herbicide or provide proteins and enzymes whose activity is inhibited by a herbicide. Representative weed target gene sequences are aspects of the invention, these include but are not limited to Toc159 (SEQ ID NO: 1-117), Toc 33 (SEQ ID NO:118-155), Toc34 (SEQ ID NO: 156-247), Toc75 (SEQ ID NO: 248-348), OEP80 (349-485), Toc132 (SEQ ID NO: 486-569), Toc64 (SEQ ID NO: 1628-1638), Tic 110 (SEQ ID NO: 570-722), Tic20 (SEQ ID NO:723-771), Tic21 (SEQ ID NO: 772-840), Tic40 (SEQ ID NO: 841-912), Stroma processing peptidase (SPP) (SEQ ID NO: 913-1130), Tic100 (SEQ ID NO: 1131-1207), Tic56 (SEQ ID NO: 1208-1263), Tic22 (SEQ ID NO: 1609-1615), Tic55 (SEQ ID NO: 1616-1623), Tic62 (SEQ ID NO: 1624-1627), and chloroplast protein import system chaperone proteins, for example HSP93 (SEQ ID NO: 1596-1608) and HSP70 (SEQ ID NO: 1584-1595).
Several embodiments relate to a composition comprising a polynucleotide molecule of at least 19 contiguous nucleotides and at least 85 percent identical to a portion of a gene sequence encoding a plant chloroplast import protein and an organosilicone composition or compound.
The polynucleotide fragment can be sense or anti-sense ssDNA or ssRNA, dsRNA, or dsDNA, or dsDNA/RNA hybrids and are herein referred to as “chloroplast protein import system trigger polynucleotides”. Representative trigger polynucleotide sequences of chloroplast import protein system genes include but are not limited to those polynucleotides illustrated in Tables 2, 3, 5 and 6 and are aspects of the invention.
Several embodiments relate to a herbicidal composition further comprising any combination of two or more of said polynucleotides wherein at least one is a polynucleotide essentially identical or essentially complementary to a segment of a gene polynucleotide sequence, wherein the protein encoded by the gene coding sequence is a component of a chloroplast protein import system selected from the group consisting of a translocon at the outer envelope membrane of a chloroplast (Toc), a translocon at the inner envelope membrane of a chloroplast (Tic), a stroma processing peptidase (SPP), a chaperone like protein, and another is a polynucleotide essentially identical or essentially complementary to a segment of a herbicide target protein polynucleotide gene sequence, wherein the gene sequence encoding a herbicide target protein or a herbicide detoxifying enzyme is selected from the group consisting of 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS), an acetohydroxyacid synthase or an acetolactate synthase (ALS), an acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase (ACCase), a dihydropteroate synthase, a phytoene desaturase (PDS), a protoporphyrin IX oxygenase (PPO), a hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD), a para-aminobenzoate synthase, a glutamine synthase (GS), a glufosinate-tolerant glutamine synthase, a 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate (DOXP) synthase, a dihydropteroate (DHP) synthase, a phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), a glutathione S-transferase (GST), a D1 protein of photosystem II, a mono-oxygenase, a cytochrome P450, a cellulose synthase, a beta-tubulin, and a serine hydroxymethyltransferase.
The composition can include one or more polynucleotide fragment essentially identical or essentially complementary to a portion of a chloroplast import protein or import processing enzyme gene polynucleotide and one or more non-polynucleotide herbicides, for example, a herbicide that can include but not limited to the members of amide herbicides, aromatic acid herbicides, arsenical herbicides, benzothiazole herbicides, benzoylcyclohexanedione herbicides, benzofuranyl alkylsulfonate herbicides, carbamate herbicides, cyclohexene oxime herbicides, cyclopropylisoxazole herbicides, dicarboximide herbicides, dinitroaniline herbicides, dinitrophenol herbicides, diphenyl ether herbicides, dithiocarbamate herbicides, halogenated aliphatic herbicides, imidazolinone herbicides, inorganic herbicides, nitrile herbicides, organophosphorus herbicides, oxadiazolone herbicides, oxazole herbicides, phenoxy herbicides, phenylenediamine herbicides, pyrazole herbicides, pyridazine herbicides, pyridazinone herbicides, pyridine herbicides, pyrimidinediamine herbicides, pyrimidinyloxybenzylamine herbicides, pyrimidinylthio-benzoate herbicides, quaternary ammonium herbicides, thiocarbamate herbicides, thiocarbonate herbicides, thiourea herbicides, triazine herbicides, triazinone herbicides, triazole herbicides, triazolone herbicides, triazolopyrimidine herbicides, uracil herbicides, and urea herbicides.
In some embodiments, a polynucleotide molecule containing composition as described herein may be applied before, concurrent with, or after the treatment of the plant with one or more herbicidal compounds to provide control of unwanted plants in a field of cultivated plants.
The following drawings form part of the present specification and are included to further demonstrate certain embodiments described herein. Some embodiments may be better understood by reference to one or more of these drawings in combination with the detailed description presented herein. Some embodiments can be more fully understood from the following description of the FIGURES:
Several embodiments relate to methods and compositions containing a polynucleotide that provide for regulation and/or modulation of plant chloroplast protein import system or import processing enzyme genes, for example, including but not limited Toc159, Toc 33, Toc34, Toc75 OEP80, Toc132, Tic 110, Tic20, Tic21, Tic40, Tic100, Tic56, Toc64, Tic22, Tic55, Tic62, stroma processing peptidase and chloroplast protein import system chaperone proteins, for example Hsp93 and Hsp70.
Chloroplasts have to import more than 95 percent of their protein complement post-translationally from the cytosol. The vast majority of chloroplast proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins (preproteins) in the cytosol and are imported post-translationally into the organelle. Most proteins that are destined for the thylakoid membrane, the stroma and the inner envelope are synthesized with an amino-terminal extension called a presequence, or transit sequence, which is proteolytically removed after import. Preproteins that contain a cleavable transit peptide are recognized in a GTP-regulated manner by receptors of the outer-envelope translocon, which is called the TOC complex. The preproteins cross the outer envelope through an aqueous pore and are then transferred to the translocon in the inner envelope, which is called the TIC complex. The TOC and TIC translocons function together during the translocation process. Completion of import requires energy, which probably comes from the ATP-dependent functioning of molecular chaperones in the stroma. The stromal processing peptidase then cleaves the transit sequence to produce the mature form of the protein, which can fold into its native form. Plant gene polynucleotide sequences regulating the expression or encoding the enzymes involved in the chloroplast protein import system of target weed species are illustrated in SEQ ID NO: 1-1263 and SEQ ID NO: 1584-1638. Representative polynucleotide trigger molecules that are homologous or complementary to a segment of a chloroplast protein import system gene are illustrated in Table 2 (SEQ ID NO: 1264-1483), Table 3 (SEQ ID NO: 1483-1534), Table 5 (SEQ ID NO: 1535-1573) and Table 6 (SEQ ID NO: 1574-1583). The treatment of plants with one or more of the trigger polynucleotides enhances plant sensitivity to one or more chemical herbicides.
Chloroplasts are critical organelles to the plant. Not only are they the centers for photosynthesis, but amino acids, lipid components and fatty acids of the cell membranes are synthesized by chloroplasts and they reduce nitrogen into ammonia and other organic compounds.
Aspects of the method can be applied to manage various weedy plants in agronomic and other cultivated environments.
The following definitions and methods are provided to better define the present embodiments and to guide those of ordinary skill in the art in the practice of the embodiments described herein. Unless otherwise noted, terms are to be understood according to conventional usage by those of ordinary skill in the relevant art. Where a term is provided in the singular, the inventors also contemplate embodiments described by the plural of that term.
Weedy plants are plants that compete with cultivated plants, those of particular importance include, but are not limited to important invasive and noxious weeds and herbicide resistant biotypes in crop production, for example, Amaranthus species—A. albus, A. blitoides, A. hybridus, A. palmeri, A. powellii, A. retroflexus, A. spinosus, A. tuberculatus, and A. viridis; Ambrosia species—A. trifida, A. artemisifolia; Lolium species—L. multiflorum, L. rigidium, L perenne; Digitaria species—D. insularis; Euphorbia species—E. heterophylla; Kochia species—K. scoparia; Sorghum species—S. halepense; Conyza species—C. bonariensis, C. canadensis, C. sumatrensis; Chloris species—C. truncate; Echinochola species—E. colona, E. crus-galli; Eleusine species—E. indica; Poa species—P. annua; Plantago species—P. lanceolata; Avena species—A. fatua; Chenopodium species—C. album; Setaria species—S. viridis; Abutilon species—A. theophrasti, Ipomoea species Sesbania, species, Cassia species, Sida species, Brachiaria, species and Solanum species.
Additional weedy plant species found in cultivated areas include Alopecurus myosuroides, Avena sterilis, Avena sterilis ludoviciana, Brachiaria plantaginea, Bromus diandrus, Bromus rigidus, Cynosurus echinatus, Digitaria ciliaris, Digitaria ischaemum, Digitaria sanguinalis, Echinochloa oryzicola, Echinochloa phyllopogon, Eriochloa punctata, Hordeum glaucum, Hordeum leporinum, Ischaemum rugosum, Leptochloa chinensis, Lolium persicum, Phalaris minor, Phalaris paradoxa, Rottboellia exalta, Setaria faberi, Setaria viridis var, robusta-alba schreiber, Setaria viridis var, robusta-purpurea, Snowdenia polystachea, Sorghum sudanese, Alisma plantago-aquatica, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus quitensis, Ammania auriculata, Ammania coccinea, Anthemis cotula, Apera spica-venti, Bacopa rotundifolia, Bidens pilosa, Bidens subalternans, Brassica tournefortii, Bromus tectorum, Camelina microcarpa, Chrysanthemum coronarium, Cuscuta campestris, Cyperus difformis, Damasonium minus, Descurainia sophia, Diplotaxis tenuifolia, Echium plantagineum, Elatine triandra var, pedicellata, Euphorbia heterophylla, Fallopia convolvulus, Fimbristylis miliacea, Galeopsis tetrahit, Galium spurium, Helianthus annuus, Iva xanthifolia, Ixophorus unisetus, Ipomoea indica, Ipomoea purpurea, Ipomoea sepiaria, Ipomoea aquatic, Ipomoea triloba, Lactuca serriola, Limnocharis flava, Limnophila erecta, Limnophila sessiliflora, Lindernia dubia, Lindernia dubia var, major, Lindernia micrantha, Lindernia procumbens, Mesembryanthemum crystallinum, Monochoria korsakowii, Monochoria vaginalis, Neslia paniculata, Papaver rhoeas, Parthenium hysterophores, Pentzia suffruticosa, Phalaris minor, Raphanus raphanistrum, Raphanus sativus, Rapistrum rugosum, Rotala indica var, uliginosa, Sagittaria guyanensis, Sagittaria montevidensis, Sagittaria pygmaea, Salsola iberica, Scirpus juncoides var, ohwianus, Scirpus mucronatus, Setaria lutescens, Sida spinosa, Sinapis arvensis, Sisymbrium orientale, Sisymbrium thellungii, Solanum ptycanthum, Sonchus asper, Sonchus oleraceus, Sorghum bicolor, Stellaria media, Thlaspi arvense, Xanthium strumarium, Arctotheca calendula, Conyza sumatrensis, Crassocephalum crepidiodes, Cuphea carthagenenis, Epilobium adenocaulon, Erigeron philadelphicus, Landoltia punctata, Lepidium virginicum, Monochoria korsakowii, Solanum americanum, Solanum nigrum, Vulpia bromoides, Youngia japonica, Hydrilla verticillata, Carduus nutans, Carduus pycnocephalus, Centaurea solstitialis, Cirsium arvense, Commelina diffusa, Convolvulus arvensis, Daucus carota, Digitaria ischaemum, Echinochloa crus-pavonis, Fimbristylis miliacea, Galeopsis tetrahit, Galium spurium, Limnophila erecta, Matricaria perforate, Papaver rhoeas, Ranunculus acris, Soliva sessilis, Sphenoclea zeylanica, Stellaria media, Nassella trichotoma, Stipa neesiana, Agrostis stolonifera, Polygonum aviculare, Alopecurus japonicus, Beckmannia syzigachne, Bromus tectorum, Chloris inflate, Echinochloa erecta, Portulaca oleracea, and Senecio vulgaris. All plants contain chloroplast import protein system genes, the sequence of which can be isolated and polynucleotides selected according to the methods described herein that are useful for altering the physiology of the plant and making the plant more sensitive to a herbicide.
Numerous chemical herbicide, herein referred to as nonpolynucleotide herbicides, are available that can be added to the composition that provide multi-species weed control or alternative modes of action for difficult to control weed species, for example, members of the herbicide families that include but are not limited to 1,5-Diarylpyrazole herbicides, 2-Thiopyrimidine herbicides, 3-CF3-Benzene herbicides, Acetamide herbicides, Amide herbicides, Aminoacrylate herbicides, Aminotriazine herbicides, Aromatic acid herbicides, Arsenical herbicides, Arylaminopropionic acid herbicides, Arylcarboxamide herbicides, Arylcyclodione herbicides, Aryloxyphenoxy-propionate herbicides, Azolecarboxamide herbicides, Azoloazinone herbicides, Azolotriazine herbicides, Benzamide herbicides, Benzenesulfonamide herbicides, Benzhydryl herbicides, Benzimidazole herbicides, Benzofuran herbicides, Benzofuranyl Alkylsulfonate herbicides, Benzohydrazide herbicides, Benzoic acid herbicides, Benzophenylmethanone herbicides, Benzothiadiazinone herbicides, Benzothiazole herbicides, Benzothiazoleacetate herbicides, Benzoxazole herbicides, Benzoylcyclohexanedione herbicides, Benzyloxymethylisoxazole herbicides, Benzylpyrazole herbicides, Benzylpyridine herbicides, Benzylpyrimidone herbicides, Bipyridylium herbicides, Carbamate herbicides, Chloroacetamide herbicides, Chloroacetamide herbicides, Chlorocarbonic acid herbicides, Cyclohexanedione herbicides, Cyclohexene oxime herbicides, Cyclopropylisoxazole herbicides, Diarylether herbicides, Dicarboximide herbicides, Dihydropyrancarboxamide herbicides, Diketo-epoxide herbicides, Diketopiperazine herbicides, Dinitroaniline herbicides, Dinitrophenol herbicides, Diphenylether herbicides, Diphenylfuranone herbicides, Dithiocarbamate herbicides, Fluoroalkene herbicides, Glyphosate herbicides, Halogenated aliphatic herbicides, Hydantocidin herbicides, Hydroxypyrazole herbicides, Imidazolinone herbicides, Indazole herbicides, Indenedione herbicides, Inorganic herbicides, Isoxazole herbicides, Isoxazolesulfone herbicides, Isoxazolidinone herbicides, Nicotinohydrazide herbicides, Nitrile herbicides, Nitrile-amide herbicides, Nitropyrazole herbicides, N-phenylphthalimide herbicides, Organoarsenical herbicides, Organophosphates herbicides, Organophosphorus herbicides, Oxabicycloheptane herbicides, Oxadiazole herbicides, Oxadiazolebenzamide herbicides, Oxadiazolone herbicides, Oxazole herbicides, Oxazolidinedione herbicides, Oxyacetamide herbicides, Phenoxy herbicides, Phenoxyalkyne herbicides, Phenoxycarboxylic acid herbicides, Phenoxypyridazinol herbicides, Phenylalkanoate herbicides, Phenylcarbamate herbicides, Phenylenediamine herbicides, Phenylethylurea herbicides, Phenylimidazole herbicides, Phenylisoxazole herbicides, Phenylpyrazole herbicides, Phenylpyrazoline herbicides, Phenylpyridazine herbicides, Phenylpyridine herbicides, Phenylpyrrolidone herbicides, Phosphinic acid herbicides, Phosphonate herbicides, Phosphoroamidate herbicides, Phosphorodithioate herbicides, Phthalamate herbicides, Propionamide herbicides, Pyrazole herbicides, Pyrazole-arylether herbicides, Pyrazolium herbicides, Pyridazine herbicides, Pyridazinone herbicides, Pyridine herbicides, Pyridinecarboxamide herbicides, Pyridinecarboxylic acid herbicides, Pyridinone herbicides, Pyridyl-benzylamide herbicides, Pyridyl-ether-carboxamide herbicides, Pyrimidinecarboxylic acid herbicides, Pyrimidinediamine herbicides, Pyrimidinedione herbicides, Pyrimidinetrione herbicides, Pyrimidinone herbicides, Pyrimidinyl(thio)benzoate herbicides, Pyrimidinyloxybenzylamine herbicides, Pyrimidylmethanol herbicides, Pyrrolidone herbicides, Quaternary Ammonium herbicides, Quinoline-carboxylic acid herbicides, Quinoxaline herbicides, Semicarbazone herbicides, Sulfonamide herbicides, Sulfonylamino-carbonyl-triazolinone herbicides, Sulfonylurea herbicides, Sulfonylurea herbicides, Tetrazolinone herbicides, Thiadiazole herbicides, Thiatriazine herbicides, Thienopyrimidine herbicides, Thiocarbamate herbicides, Thiocarbonate herbicides, Thiourea herbicides, Tolyltriazole herbicides, Triazine herbicides, Triazinedione herbicides, Triazine-sulfonanilide herbicides, Triazinone herbicides, Triazole herbicides, Triazolecarboxamide herbicides, Triazoleimine herbicides, Triazolinone herbicides, Triazolone herbicides, Triazolopyrimidine herbicides, Triketone herbicides, Uracil herbicides, and Urea herbicides. In particular, the rates of use of the added herbicides can be reduced in compositions comprising polynucleotides as described herein. Use rate reductions of the additional added herbicides can be 10-25 percent, 26-50 percent, 51-75 percent or more can be achieved that enhance the activity of the polynucleotides and herbicide composition and is contemplated as an aspect of the invention.
Additional herbicidal compounds of unspecified modes of action as described in CN101279950A, CN101279951A, DE10000600A1, DE10116399A1, DE102004054666A1, DE102005014638A1, DE102005014906A1, DE102007012168A1, DE102010042866A1, DE10204951A1, DE10234875A1, DE10234876A1, DE10256353A1, DE10256354A1, DE10256367A1, EP1157991A2, EP1238586A1, EP2147919A1, EP2160098A2, JP03968012B2, JP2001253874A, JP2002080454A, JP2002138075A, JP2002145707A, JP2002220389A, JP2003064059A, JP2003096059A, JP2004051628A, JP2004107228A, JP2005008583A, JP2005239675A, JP2005314407A, JP2006232824A, JP2006282552A, JP2007153847A, JP2007161701A, JP2007182404A, JP2008074840A, JP2008074841A, JP2008133207A, JP2008133218A, JP2008169121A, JP2009067739A, JP2009114128A, JP2009126792A, JP2009137851A, US20060111241A1, US20090036311A1, US20090054240A1, US20090215628A1, US20100099561A1, US20100152443A1, US20110105329A1, US20110201501A1, WO2001055066A2, WO2001056975A1, WO2001056979A1, WO2001090071A2, WO2001090080A1, WO2002002540A1, WO2002028182A1, WO2002040473A1, WO2002044173A2, WO2003000679A2, WO2003006422A1, WO2003013247A1, WO2003016308A1, WO2003020704A1, WO2003022051A1, WO2003022831A1, WO2003022843A1, WO2003029243A2, WO2003037085A1, WO2003037878A1, WO2003045878A2, WO2003050087A2, WO2003051823A1, WO2003051824A1, WO2003051846A2, WO2003076409A1, WO2003087067A1, WO2003090539A1, WO2003091217A1, WO2003093269A2, WO2003104206A2, WO2004002947A1, WO2004002981A2, WO2004011429A1, WO2004029060A1, WO2004035545A2, WO2004035563A1, WO2004035564A1, WO2004037787A1, WO2004067518A1, WO2004067527A1, WO2004077950A1, WO2005000824A1, WO2005007627A1, WO2005040152A1, WO2005047233A1, WO2005047281A1, WO2005061443A2, WO2005061464A1, WO2005068434A1, WO2005070889A1, WO2005089551A1, WO2005095335A1, WO2006006569A1, WO2006024820A1, WO2006029828A1, WO2006029829A1, WO2006037945A1, WO2006050803A1, WO2006090792A1, WO2006123088A2, WO2006125687A1, WO2006125688A1, WO2007003294A1, WO2007026834A1, WO2007071900A1, WO2007077201A1, WO2007077247A1, WO2007096576A1, WO2007119434A1, WO2007134984A1, WO2008009908A1, WO2008029084A1, WO2008059948A1, WO2008071918A1, WO2008074991A1, WO2008084073A1, WO2008100426A2, WO2008102908A1, WO2008152072A2, WO2008152073A2, WO2009000757A1, WO2009005297A2, WO2009035150A2, WO2009063180A1, WO2009068170A2, WO2009068171A2, WO2009086041A1, WO2009090401A2, WO2009090402A2, WO2009115788A1, WO2009116558A1, WO2009152995A1, WO2009158258A1, WO2010012649A1, WO2010012649A1, WO2010026989A1, WO2010034153A1, WO2010049270A1, WO2010049369A1, WO2010049405A1, WO2010049414A1, WO2010063422A1, WO2010069802A1, WO2010078906A2, WO2010078912A1, WO2010104217A1, WO2010108611A1, WO2010112826A3, WO2010116122A3, WO2010119906A1, WO2010130970A1, WO2011003776A2, WO2011035874A1, WO2011065451A1, the chemical compositions of which are herein incorporated by reference are useful to include in combination with polynucleotides targeting the plant chloroplast import protein or import processing enzyme genes.
In some embodiments, the composition includes a nonpolynucleotide herbicide component such as glyphosate (N-phosphonomethylglycine) herbicide inhibits the shikimic acid pathway which leads to the biosynthesis of aromatic compounds including amino acids, plant hormones and vitamins. Specifically, glyphosate curbs the conversion of phosphoenolpyruvic acid (PEP) and 3-phosphoshikimic acid to 5-enolpyruvyl-3-phosphoshikimic acid by inhibiting the enzyme 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (hereinafter referred to as EPSP synthase or EPSPS). As used herein, the term “glyphosate” should be considered to include any herbicidally effective form of N-phosphonomethylglycine (including any salt thereof) and other forms which result in the production of the glyphosate anion in planta. Glyphosate is an example of an EPSPS inhibitor herbicide. Herbicides are molecules that affect plant growth or development or reproductive ability. Glyphosate is commercially available in numerous formulations. Examples of these formulations of glyphosate include, without limitation, those sold by Monsanto Company (St Louis, Mo.) as ROUNDUP®, ROUNDUP® ULTRA, ROUNDUP®ULTRAMAX, ROUNDUP®CT, ROUNDUP®EXTRA, ROUNDUP®BIACTIVE, ROUNDUP®BIOFORCE, RODEO®, POLARIS®, SPARK® and ACCORD®. herbicides, all of which contain glyphosate as its isopropylammonium salt, ROUNDUP® WEATHERMAX containing glyphosate as its potassium salt; ROUNDUP® DRY and RIVAL® herbicides, which contain glyphosate as its ammonium salt; ROUNDUP® GEOFORCE, which contains glyphosate as its sodium salt; and TOUCHDOWN® herbicide (Syngenta, Greensboro, N.C.), which contains glyphosate as its trimethylsulfonium salt or monopotassium salt. Various other salts of glyphosate are available for example, dimethylamine salt, isopropylamine salt, trimesium salt, potassium salt, monoammonium salt, and diammonium salt.
In some embodiments, the composition may include a nonpolynucleotide herebicide component that is an acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitor herbicide which includes but are not limited to amidosulfuron, azimsulfuron, bensulfuron-methyl, chlorimuron-ethyl, chlorsulfuron, cinosulfuron, cyclosulfamuron, ethametsulfuron-methyl, ethoxysulfuron, flazasulfuron, flupyrsulfuron-methyl-Na, foramsulfuron, halosulfuron-methyl, imazosulfuron, iodosulfuron, metsulfuron-methyl, nicosulfuron, oxasulfuron, primisulfuron-methyl, prosulfuron, pyrazosulfuron-ethyl, rimsulfuron, sulfometuron-methyl, sulfosulfuron, thifensulfuron-methyl, triasulfuron, tribenuron-methyl, trifloxysulfuron, triflusulfuron-methyl, tritosulfuron, imazapic, imazamethabenz-methyl, imazamox, imazapyr, imazaquin, imazethapyr, cloransulam-methyl, diclosulam, florasulam, flumetsulam, metosulam, bispyribac-Na, pyribenzoxim, pyriftalid, pyrithiobac-Na, pyriminobac-methyl, flucarbazone-Na, and procarbazone-Na.
In some embodiments, the composition may include a nonpolynucleotide herbicide component that is an acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase) inhibitor herbicide, which include members of the chemical families of aryloxyphenoxypropionates, cyclohexanediones and phenylpyrazoline that include, but are not limited to an aryloxyphenoxypropionate comprising clodinafop (Propanoic acid, 2-[4-[(5-chloro-3-fluoro-2-pyridinyl)oxy]phenoxy]-,2-propynyl ester, (2R)), cyhalofop (butyl(2R)-2-[4-(4-cyano-2-fluorophenoxy)phenoxy]propionate), diclofop (methyl 2-[4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenoxy]propanoate), fenoxaprop (ethyl(R)-2-[4-(6-chloro-1,3-benzoxazol-2-yloxy)phenoxy]propionate), fluazifop (2R)-2-[4-[[5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridinyl]oxy]phenoxy]propanoic acid), haloxyfop (2-[4-[[3-chloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridinyl]oxy]phenoxy]propanoic acid), propaquizafop (2-[[(1-methylethylidene)amino]oxy]ethyl(2R)-2-[4-[(6-chloro-2quinoxalinyl)oxy]phenoxy]propanoate) and quizalofop (2R)-2-[4-[(6-chloro-2-quinoxalinyl)oxy]phenoxy]propanoic acid; a cyclohexanedione comprising alloxydim (methyl 2,2-dimethyl-4,6-dioxo-5-[(1E)-1-[(2-propen-1-yloxy)imino]butyl]cyclohexanecarboxylate), butroxydim (2-[1-(ethoxyimino)propyl]-3-hydroxy-5-[2,4,6-trimethyl-3-(1-oxobutyl)phenyl]-2-cyclohexen-1-one), clethodim (2-[1-[[[(2E)-3-chloro-2-propen-1-yl]oxy]imino]propyl]-5-[2-(ethylthio)propyl]-3-hydroxy-2-cyclohexen-1-one), cycloxydim (2-[1-(ethoxyimino)butyl]-3-hydroxy-5-(tetrahydro-2H-thiopyran-3-yl)-2-cyclohexen-1-one), profoxydim (2-[1-[[2-(4-chlorophenoxy)propoxy]imino]butyl]-3-hydroxy-5-(tetrahydro-2H-thiopyran-3-yl)-2-cyclohexen-1-one), sethoxydim (2-[1-(ethoxyimino)butyl]-5-[2-(ethylthio)propyl]-3-hydroxy-2-cyclohexen-1-one), tepraloxydim (2-[1-[[[(2E)-3-chloro-2-propen-1-yl]oxy]imino]propyl]-3-hydroxy-5-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)-2-cyclohexen-1-one) and tralkoxydim (2-[1-(ethoxyimino)propyl]-3-hydroxy-5-(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)-2-cyclohexen-1-one); a phenylpyrazoline comprising pinoxaden (8-(2,6-diethyl-4-methylphenyl)-1,2,4,5-tetrahydro-7-oxo-7H-pyrazolo[1,2-d][1,4,5]oxadiazepin-9-yl 2,2-dimethylpropanoate).
In some embodiments, the composition may include a nonpolynucleoide herbicide component that is an -hydroxyphenyl-pyruvate-dioxygenase (HPPD) inhibitor herbicide which includes but are not limited to Triketones, such as, mesotrione, tefuryltrione, tembotrione, and sulcotrione; Isoxazoles, such as, isoxachlortole, pyrasulfotole, and isoxaflutole; Pyrazoles, such as, benzofenap, pyrazolynate, topramezone and pyrazoxyfen. Additional HPPD inhibitors include benzobicyclon and bicyclopyrone,
In some embodiments, the composition may include a nonpolynucleoide herbicide component that is a glutamine synthetase (GS) inhibitor herbicide, which include members of the Phosphinic acids herbicide group such as glufosinate-ammonium and bialaphos.
In some embodiments, the composition may include a nonpolynucleotide herbicide component that is an phytoene desaturase (PDS) inhibitor herbicide, which include but are not limited to norflurazon, diflufenican, picolinafen, beflubutamid, fluridone, flurochloridone and flurtamone.
In some embodiments, the composition may include a nonpolynucleotide herbicide component that is an protoporphyrinogen IX oxidase (PPG oxidas) inhibitor herbicide, which include but is not limited to acifluorfen-Na, bifenox, chlomethoxyfen, fluoroglycofen-ethyl, fomesafen, halosafen, lactofen, oxyfluorfen, fluazolate, pyraflufen-ethyl, cinidon-ethyl, flumioxazin, flumiclorac-pentyl, fluthiacet-methyl, thidiazimin, oxadiazon, oxadiargyl, azafenidin, carfentrazone-ethyl, sulfentrazone, pentoxazone, benzfendizone, butafenacil, pyrazogyl, and profluazol.
In some embodiments, the composition may include a nonpolynucleotide herbicide component that is dihydropteroate synthetase (DHPS) inhibitor herbicides include but are not limited to sulfonamides and asulam.
In some embodiments, the composition may include a nonpolynucleotide herbicide component that is photosystem II D1 protein (psbA) inhibitor herbicides include but are not limited to the chemical families of Triazines, Triazinones, Triazolinone, Uracils, Pyridazinones, Phenyl-carbamates, Ureas, Amides, Nitriles, Benzothiadiazinone, Phenyl-pyridazines and include members such as diuron[3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea)], chlortoluron, isoproturon, linuron, tebuthiuron, bentazone, oxadiazon, bromacil, ametryne, atrazine, cyanazine, hexazinone, metribuzin, simazine, and terbutylazine.
An agronomic field in need of plant control is treated by application of a composition as described herein directly to the surface of the growing plants, such as by a spray. For example, the method is applied to control weeds in a field of crop plants by spraying the field with the composition. The composition can be provided as a tank mix, a sequential treatment of components, or a simultaneous treatment or mixing of one or more of the components of the composition from separate containers. Treatment of the field can occur as often as needed to provide weed control and the components of the composition can be adjusted to target specific weed species or weed families through utilization of specific polynucleotides or polynucleotide compositions capable of selectively targeting the specific species or plant family to be controlled. The composition can be applied at effective use rates according to the time of application to the field, for example, preplant, at planting, post planting, post-harvest. Herbicide components of the composition can be applied at manufacturer's recommended use rates or reduced use rates, for example, 10-25 percent, or 26-50 percent, or 51-75 percent of the recommend use rate. The polynucleotides of the composition can be applied at rates of 1 to 30 grams per acre depending on the number of trigger molecules needed for the scope of weeds in the field.
Crop plants in which weed control may be needed include but are not limited to corn, soybean, cotton, canola, sugar beet, alfalfa, sugarcane, rice, and wheat; vegetable plants including, but not limited to, tomato, sweet pepper, hot pepper, melon, watermelon, cucumber, eggplant, cauliflower, broccoli, lettuce, spinach, onion, peas, carrots, sweet corn, Chinese cabbage, leek, fennel, pumpkin, squash or gourd, radish, Brussels sprouts, tomatillo, garden beans, dry beans, or okra; culinary plants including, but not limited to, basil, parsley, coffee, or tea; or fruit plants including but not limited to apple, pear, cherry, peach, plum, apricot, banana, plantain, oil palm, rubber tree, table grape, wine grape, citrus, avocado, mango, or berry; a tree grown for ornamental or commercial use, including, but not limited to, a fruit or nut tree; ornamental plant (e. g., an ornamental flowering plant or shrub or turf grass). The methods and compositions provided herein can also be applied to plants produced by a cutting, cloning, or grafting process (i.e., a plant not grown from a seed) including fruit trees and plants that include, but are not limited to, avocados, tomatoes, eggplant, cucumber, melons, watermelons, and grapes as well as various ornamental plants.
As used herein, the term “DNA”, “DNA molecule”, “DNA polynucleotide molecule” refers to a single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) or double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) molecule of genomic or synthetic origin, such as, a polymer of deoxyribonucleotide bases or a DNA polynucleotide molecule. As used herein, the term “DNA sequence”, “DNA nucleotide sequence” or “DNA polynucleotide sequence” refers to the nucleotide sequence of a DNA molecule. As used herein, the term “RNA”, “RNA molecule”, “RNA polynucleotide molecule” refers to a single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) or double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) molecule of genomic or synthetic origin, such as, a polymer of ribonucleotide bases that comprise single or double stranded regions. Unless otherwise stated, nucleotide sequences in the text of this specification are given, when read from left to right, in the 5′ to 3′ direction and generally represent the plus or sense strand of a double strand polynucleotide. It is recognized that the minus or antisense strand may be the functional moiety of a double strand polynucleotide as described herein although unless indicate the disclosed polynucleotide sequences will represent the plus or sense strand polynucleotide sequence. The nomenclature used herein is that required by Title 37 of the United States Code of Federal Regulations §1.822 and set forth in the tables in WIPO Standard ST.25 (1998), Appendix 2, Tables 1, 2, and 3.
As used herein, “polynucleotide” refers to a DNA or RNA molecule containing multiple nucleotides and generally refers both to “oligonucleotides” (a polynucleotide molecule of typically 50 or fewer nucleotides in length) and polynucleotides of 51 or more nucleotides. Embodiments include compositions including oligonucleotides having a length of 19-25 nucleotides (19-mers, 20-mers, 21-mers, 22-mers, 23-mers, 24-mers, or 25-mers), for example, oligonucleotides essentially homologous or essentially complementary to a component of a chloroplast protein import system, for example, SEQ ID NO: 1264-1483 (Table 2) or fragments thereof or medium-length polynucleotides having a length of 26 or more nucleotides (polynucleotides of 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, about 65, about 70, about 75, about 80, about 85, about 90, about 95, about 100, about 110, about 120, about 130, about 140, about 150, about 160, about 170, about 180, about 190, about 200, about 210, about 220, about 230, about 240, about 250, about 260, about 270, about 280, about 290, or about 300 nucleotides), for example, polynucleotides fragments thereof or long polynucleotides having a length greater than about 300 nucleotides (for example, polynucleotides of between about 300 to about 400 nucleotides, between about 400 to about 500 nucleotides, between about 500 to about 600 nucleotides, between about 600 to about 700 nucleotides, between about 700 to about 800 nucleotides, between about 800 to about 900 nucleotides, between about 900 to about 1000 nucleotides, between about 300 to about 500 nucleotides, between about 300 to about 600 nucleotides, between about 300 to about 700 nucleotides, between about 300 to about 800 nucleotides, between about 300 to about 900 nucleotides, or about 1000 nucleotides in length, or even greater than about 1000 nucleotides in length, for example up to the entire length of a target gene including coding or non-coding or both coding and non-coding portions of the components of a chloroplast protein import system target gene), for example, polynucleotides of SEQ ID NO: 1-1263 and 1584-1638, wherein the selected polynucleotides or fragments thereof are homologous or complementary to a segment of SEQ ID NO: 1-1263 or SEQ ID NO: 1584-1638 and suppresses, represses or otherwise delay the expression of the target chloroplast import protein or import processing enzyme genes. Where a polynucleotide is double-stranded, its length can be similarly described in terms of base pairs. A target gene comprises any polynucleotide molecule in a plant cell or fragment thereof for which the modulation of the expression of the target gene is provided by the methods and compositions. A gene has noncoding genetic elements (components) that provide for the function of the gene, these elements are polynucleotides that provide gene expression regulation, such as, a promoter, an enhancer, a 5′ untranslated region, intron regions, and a 3′ untranslated region. Oligonucleotides and polynucleotides can be made to any of the genetic elements of a gene and to polynucleotides spanning the junction region of a genetic element, such as, an intron and exon, the junction region of a promoter and a transcribed region, the junction region of a 5′ leader and a coding sequence, the junction of a 3′ untranslated region and a coding sequence.
Polynucleotide compositions used in the various embodiments include compositions including oligonucleotides or polynucleotides or a mixture of both, including RNA or DNA or RNA/DNA hybrids or chemically modified oligonucleotides or polynucleotides or a mixture thereof. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide may be a combination of ribonucleotides and deoxyribonucleotides, for example, synthetic polynucleotides consisting mainly of ribonucleotides but with one or more terminal deoxyribonucleotides or synthetic polynucleotides consisting mainly of deoxyribonucleotides but with one or more terminal dideoxyribonucleotides. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide includes non-canonical nucleotides such as inosine, thiouridine, or pseudouridine. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide includes chemically or enzymatically modified nucleotides. Examples of chemically modified oligonucleotides or polynucleotides are well known in the art; see, for example, US Patent Publication 20110171287, US Patent Publication 20110171176, and US Patent Publication 20110152353, US Patent Publication, 20110152346, US Patent Publication 20110160082, herein incorporated in its entirety by reference hereto. For example, including but not limited to the naturally occurring phosphodiester backbone of an oligonucleotide or polynucleotide can be partially or completely modified with phosphorothioate, phosphorodithioate, or methylphosphonate internucleotide linkage modifications, modified nucleoside bases or modified sugars can be used in oligonucleotide or polynucleotide synthesis, and oligonucleotides or polynucleotides can be labeled with a fluorescent moiety (for example, fluorescein or rhodamine) or other label (for example, biotin).
The polynucleotides can be single- or double-stranded RNA or single- or double-stranded DNA or double-stranded DNA/RNA hybrids or modified analogues thereof, and can be of oligonucleotide lengths or longer. In more specific embodiments, the polynucleotides that provide single-stranded RNA in the plant cell are selected from the group consisting of (a) a single-stranded RNA molecule (ssRNA), (b) a single-stranded RNA molecule that self-hybridizes to form a double-stranded RNA molecule, (c) a double-stranded RNA molecule (dsRNA), (d) a single-stranded DNA molecule (ssDNA), (e) a single-stranded DNA molecule that self-hybridizes to form a double-stranded DNA molecule, and (f) a single-stranded DNA molecule including a modified Pol III gene that is transcribed to an RNA molecule, (g) a double-stranded DNA molecule (dsDNA), (h) a double-stranded DNA molecule including a modified Pol III gene that is transcribed to an RNA molecule, (i) a double-stranded, hybridized RNA/DNA molecule, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments these polynucleotides include chemically modified nucleotides or non-canonical nucleotides. In some embodiments, the oligonucleotides may be blunt-ended or may comprise a 3′ overhang of from 1-5 nucleotides of at least one or both of the strands. Other configurations of the oligonucleotide are known in the field and are contemplated herein. In embodiments of the method the polynucleotides include double-stranded DNA formed by intramolecular hybridization, double-stranded DNA formed by intermolecular hybridization, double-stranded RNA formed by intramolecular hybridization, or double-stranded RNA formed by intermolecular hybridization. In one embodiment the polynucleotides include single-stranded DNA or single-stranded RNA that self-hybridizes to form a hairpin structure having an at least partially double-stranded structure including at least one segment that will hybridize to RNA transcribed from the gene targeted for suppression. Not intending to be bound by any mechanism, it is believed that such polynucleotides are or will produce single-stranded RNA with at least one segment that will hybridize to RNA transcribed from the gene targeted for suppression. In certain other embodiments the polynucleotides further includes a promoter, generally a promoter functional in a plant, for example, a pol II promoter, a pol III promoter, a pol IV promoter, or a pol V promoter.
The term “gene” refers to components that comprise chromosomal DNA, plasmid DNA, cDNA, intron and exon DNA, artificial DNA polynucleotide, or other DNA that encodes a peptide, polypeptide, protein, or RNA transcript molecule, and the genetic elements flanking the coding sequence that are involved in the regulation of expression, such as, promoter regions, 5′ leader regions, 3′ untranslated region that may exist as native genes or transgenes in a plant genome. A component of a gene or a fragment thereof of a component of a chloroplast protein import system is isolated and subjected to polynucleotide sequencing methods that determines the order of the nucleotides that comprise the gene. Any of the components of the gene are potential targets for a trigger oligonucleotide and polynucleotides.
The trigger polynucleotide molecules are designed to modulate expression by inducing regulation or suppression of an endogenous chloroplast import protein system gene in a plant and are designed to have a nucleotide sequence essentially identical or essentially complementary to the nucleotide sequence of an endogenous chloroplast import protein system gene of a plant or to the sequence of RNA transcribed from an endogenous chloroplast import protein or import processing enzyme or chaperone like protein associated with the import protein system gene of a plant, the sequence thereof determined by isolating the gene or a fragment of the gene from the plant, which can be coding sequence or non-coding sequence. Effective molecules that modulate expression are referred to as “a trigger molecule, or trigger polynucleotide”. By “essentially identical” or “essentially complementary” is meant that the trigger polynucleotides (or at least one strand of a double-stranded polynucleotide or portion thereof, or a portion of a single strand polynucleotide) are designed to hybridize to the endogenous gene noncoding sequence or to RNA transcribed (known as messenger RNA or an RNA transcript) from the endogenous gene to effect regulation or suppression of expression of the endogenous gene. Trigger molecules are identified by “tiling” the gene targets with partially overlapping probes or non-overlapping probes of antisense or sense polynucleotides that are essentially identical or essentially complementary to the nucleotide sequence of an endogenous gene. Multiple target sequences can be aligned and sequence regions with homology in common, according to the methods, are identified as potential trigger molecules for the multiple targets. Multiple trigger molecules of various lengths, for example 19-25 nucleotides, 26-50 nucleotides, 51-100 nucleotides, 101-200 nucleotides, 201-300 nucleotides or more can be pooled into a few treatments in order to investigate polynucleotide molecules that cover a portion of a gene sequence (for example, a portion of a coding versus a portion of a noncoding region, or a 5′ versus a 3′ portion of a gene) or an entire gene sequence including coding and noncoding regions of a target gene. Polynucleotide molecules of the pooled trigger molecules can be divided into smaller pools or single molecules in order to identify trigger molecules that provide the desired effect.
The target gene RNA and DNA polynucleotide molecules (SEQ ID NO:1-1263 and 1584-1638) are sequenced by any number of available methods and equipment. Some of the sequencing technologies are available commercially, such as the sequencing-by-hybridization platform from Affymetrix Inc. (Sunnyvale, Calif.) and the sequencing-by-synthesis platforms from 454 Life Sciences (Bradford, Conn.), Illumina/Solexa (Hayward, Calif.) and Helicos Biosciences (Cambridge, Mass.), and the sequencing-by-ligation platform from Applied Biosystems (Foster City, Calif.), as described below. In addition to the single molecule sequencing performed using sequencing-by-synthesis of Helicos Biosciences, other single molecule sequencing technologies are encompassed and include the SMRT™ technology of Pacific Biosciences, the Ion Torrent™ technology, and nanopore sequencing being developed for example, by Oxford Nanopore Technologies. A chloroplast import protein system or import processing enzyme gene comprising DNA or RNA can be isolated using primers or probes essentially complementary or essentially homologous to SEQ ID NO:1-1263 and 1584-1638 or a fragment thereof. A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) gene fragment can be produced using primers essentially complementary or essentially homologous to SEQ ID NO:1-1263 and 1584-1638 or a fragment thereof that is useful to isolate a chloroplast import protein or import processing enzyme gene from a plant genome. SEQ ID NO: 1-1263 and 1584-1638 or fragments thereof can be used in various sequence capture technologies to isolate additional target gene sequences, for example, including but not limited to Roche NimbleGen® (Madison, Wis.) and Streptavdin-coupled Dynabeads® (Life Technologies, Grand Island, N.Y.) and US20110015084, herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.
Embodiments of functional single-stranded polynucleotides have sequence complementarity that need not be 100 percent, but is at least sufficient to permit hybridization to RNA transcribed from the target gene or DNA of the target gene to form a duplex to permit a gene silencing mechanism. Thus, in embodiments, a polynucleotide fragment is designed to be essentially identical to, or essentially complementary to, a sequence of 19 or more contiguous nucleotides in either the target chloroplast import protein or import processing enzyme gene sequence or messenger RNA transcribed from the target gene. By “essentially identical” is meant having 100 percent sequence identity or at least about 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, or 99 percent sequence identity when compared to the sequence of 19 or more contiguous nucleotides in either the target gene or RNA transcribed from the target gene; by “essentially complementary” is meant having 100 percent sequence complementarity or at least about 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, or 99 percent sequence complementarity when compared to the sequence of 19 or more contiguous nucleotides in either the target gene or RNA transcribed from the target gene. In some embodiments, polynucleotide molecules are designed to have 100 percent sequence identity to or complementarity to one allele or one family member of a given target gene (coding or non-coding sequence of a gene); in other embodiments the polynucleotide molecules are designed to have 100 percent sequence identity to or complementarity to multiple alleles or family members of a given target gene in one or more plant species.
“Identity” refers to the degree of similarity between two polynucleic acid or protein sequences. An alignment of the two sequences is performed by a suitable computer program. A widely used and accepted computer program for performing sequence alignments is CLUSTALW v1.6 (Thompson, et al. Nucl. Acids Res., 22: 4673-4680, 1994). The number of matching bases or amino acids is divided by the total number of bases or amino acids, and multiplied by 100 to obtain a percent identity. For example, if two 580 base pair sequences had 145 matched bases, they would be 25 percent identical. If the two compared sequences are of different lengths, the number of matches is divided by the shorter of the two lengths. For example, if there are 100 matched amino acids between a 200 and a 400 amino acid protein, they are 50 percent identical with respect to the shorter sequence. If the shorter sequence is less than 150 bases or 50 amino acids in length, the number of matches are divided by 150 (for nucleic acid bases) or 50 (for amino acids), and multiplied by 100 to obtain a percent identity.
Trigger molecules for specific gene family members can be identified from coding and/or non-coding sequences of gene families of a plant or multiple plants, by aligning and selecting 200-300 polynucleotide fragments from the least homologous regions amongst the aligned sequences and evaluated using topically applied polynucleotides (as sense or anti-sense ssDNA or ssRNA, dsRNA, or dsDNA) to determine their relative effectiveness in providing the herbicidal phenotype. The effective segments are further subdivided into 50-60 polynucleotide fragments, prioritized by least homology, and reevaluated using topically applied polynucleotides. The effective 50-60 polynucleotide fragments are subdivided into 19-30 polynucleotide fragments, prioritized by least homology, and again evaluated for induction of the herbicidal phenotype. Once relative effectiveness is determined, the fragments are utilized singly, or again evaluated in combination with one or more other fragments to determine the trigger composition or mixture of trigger polynucleotides for providing the herbicidal phenotype.
Trigger molecules for broad activity can be identified from coding and/or non-coding sequences of gene families of a plant or multiple plants, by aligning and selecting 200-300 polynucleotide fragments from the most homologous regions amongst the aligned sequences and evaluated using topically applied polynucleotides (as sense or anti-sense ssDNA or ssRNA, dsRNA, or dsDNA) to determine their relative effectiveness in inducing the herbicidal phenotype. The effective segments are subdivided into 50-60 polynucleotide fragments, prioritized by most homology, and reevaluated using topically applied polynucleotides. The effective 50-60 polynucleotide fragments are subdivided into 19-30 polynucleotide fragments, prioritized by most homology, and again evaluated for induction of the herbicidal phenotype. Once relative effectiveness is determined, the fragments may be utilized singly, or in combination with one or more other fragments to determine the trigger composition or mixture of trigger polynucleotides for providing the herbicidal phenotype.
Methods of making polynucleotides are well known in the art. Chemical synthesis, in vivo synthesis and in vitro synthesis methods and compositions are known in the art and include various viral elements, microbial cells, modified polymerases, and modified nucleotides. Commercial preparation of oligonucleotides often provides two deoxyribonucleotides on the 3′ end of the sense strand. Long polynucleotide molecules can be synthesized from commercially available kits, for example, kits from Applied Biosystems/Ambion (Austin, Tex.) have DNA ligated on the 5′ end in a microbial expression cassette that includes a bacterial T7 polymerase promoter that makes RNA strands that can be assembled into a dsRNA and kits provided by vaious manufacturers that include T7 RiboMax Express (Promega, Madison, Wis.), AmpliScribe T7-Flash (Epicentre, Madison, Wis.), and TranscriptAid T7 High Yield (Fermentas, Glen Burnie, Md.). dsRNA molecules can be produced from microbial expression cassettes in bacterial cells (Ongvarrasopone et al. ScienceAsia 33:35-39; Yin, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol 84:323-333, 2009; Liu et al., BMC Biotechnology 10:85, 2010) that have regulated or deficient RNase III enzyme activity or the use of various viral vectors to produce sufficient quantities of dsRNA. Chloroplast import protein or import processing enzyme gene fragments are inserted into the microbial expression cassettes in a position in which the fragments are express to produce ssRNA or dsRNA useful in the methods described herein to regulate expression of a target gene. Long polynucleotide molecules can also be assembled from multiple RNA or DNA fragments. In some embodiments design parameters such as Reynolds score (Reynolds et al. Nature Biotechnology 22, 326-330 (2004), Tuschl rules (Pei and Tuschl, Nature Methods 3(9): 670-676, 2006), i-score (Nucleic Acids Res 35: e123, 2007), i-Score Designer tool and associated algorithms (Nucleic Acids Res 32: 936-948, 2004. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 316: 1050-1058, 2004, Nucleic Acids Res 32: 893-901, 2004, Cell Cycle 3: 790-5, 2004, Nat Biotechnol 23: 995-1001, 2005, Nucleic Acids Res 35: e27, 2007, BMC Bioinformatics 7: 520, 2006, Nucleic Acids Res 35: e123, 2007, Nat Biotechnol 22: 326-330, 2004) are known in the art and may be used in selecting polynucleotide sequences effective in gene silencing. In some embodiments the sequence of a polynucleotide is screened against the genomic DNA of the intended plant to minimize unintentional silencing of other genes.
Ligands can be tethered to a polynucleotide, for example a dsRNA, ssRNA, dsDNA or ssDNA. Ligands in general can include modifiers, e.g., for enhancing uptake; diagnostic compounds or reporter groups e.g., for monitoring distribution; cross-linking agents; nuclease-resistance conferring moieties; and natural or unusual nucleobases. General examples include lipophiles, lipids (e.g., cholesterol, a bile acid, or a fatty acid (e.g., lithocholic-oleyl, lauroyl, docosnyl, stearoyl, palmitoyl, myristoyl oleoyl, linoleoyl), steroids (e.g., uvaol, hecigenin, diosgenin), terpenes (e.g., triterpenes, e.g., sarsasapogenin, Friedelin, epifriedelanol derivatized lithocholic acid), vitamins (e.g., folic acid, vitamin A, biotin, pyridoxal), carbohydrates, proteins, protein binding agents, integrin targeting molecules, polycationics, peptides, polyamines, and peptide mimics. The ligand may also be a recombinant or synthetic molecule, such as a synthetic polymer, e.g., polyethylene glycol (PEG), PEG-40K, PEG-20K and PEG-5K. Other examples of ligands include lipophilic molecules, e.g, cholesterol, cholic acid, adamantane acetic acid, 1-pyrene butyric acid, dihydrotestosterone, glycerol (e.g., esters and ethers thereof, e.g., C.sub.10, C.sub.11, C.sub.12, C.sub.13, C.sub.14, C.sub.15, C.sub.16, C.sub.17, C.sub.18, C.sub.19, or C.sub.20 alkyl; e.g., lauroyl, docosnyl, stearoyl, oleoyl, linoleoyl 1,3-bis-O(hexadecyl)glycerol, 1,3-bis-O(octaadecyl)glycerol), geranyloxyhexyl group, hexadecylglycerol, borneol, menthol, 1,3-propanediol, heptadecyl group, palmitic acid, myristic acid, O3-(oleoyl)lithocholic acid, 03-(oleoyl)cholenic acid, dodecanoyl, lithocholyl, 5.beta.-cholanyl, N,N-distearyl-lithocholamide, 1,2-di-O-stearoylglyceride, dimethoxytrityl, or phenoxazine) and PEG (e.g., PEG-5K, PEG-20K, PEG-40K). Preferred lipophilic moieties include lipid, cholesterols, oleyl, retinyl, or cholesteryl residues.
Conjugating a ligand to a dsRNA can enhance its cellular absorption, lipophilic compounds that have been conjugated to oligonucleotides include 1-pyrene butyric acid, 1,3-bis-O-(hexadecyl)glycerol, and menthol. One example of a ligand for receptor-mediated endocytosis is folic acid. Folic acid enters the cell by folate-receptor-radiated endocytosis. dsRNA compounds bearing folic acid would be efficiently transported into the cell via the folate-receptor-mediated endocytosis. Other ligands that have been conjugated to oligonucleotides include polyethylene glycols, carbohydrate clusters, cross-linking agents, porphyrin conjugates, delivery peptides and lipids such as cholesterol. In certain instances, conjugation of a cationic ligand to oligonucleotides results in improved resistance to nucleases. Representative examples of cationic ligands are propylammonium and dimethylpropylammonium. Interestingly, antisense oligonucleotides were reported to retain their high binding affinity to mRNA when the cationic ligand was dispersed, throughout the oligonucleotide. See M. Manoharan Antisense & Nucleic Acid Drug Development 2002, 12, 103 and references therein.
A biologic delivery can be accomplished by a variety of methods including, without limitation, (1) loading liposomes with a dsRNA acid molecule provided herein and (2) complexing a dsRNA molecule with lipids or liposomes to form nucleic acid-lipid or nucleic acid-liposome complexes. The liposome can be composed of cationic and neutral lipids commonly used to transfect cells in vitro. Cationic lipids can complex (e.g., charge-associate) with negatively charged, nucleic acids to form liposomes. Examples of cationic liposomes include, without limitation, lipofectin, lipofectamine, lipofectace, and DOTAP. Procedures for forming liposomes are well known in the art. Liposome compositions can be formed, for example, from phosphatidylcholine, dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine, dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine, dimyristoyl phosphatidyl glycerol, dioleoyl phosphatidylethanolamine or liposomes comprising dihydrosphingomyelin (DHSM) Numerous lipophilic agents are commercially available, including Lipofectin® (Invitrogen/Life Technologies, Carlsbad, Calif.) and Effectene™ (Qiagen, Valencia, Calif.), In addition, systemic delivery methods can be optimized using commercially available cationic lipids such as DDAB or DOTAP, each of which can be mixed with a neutral lipid such as DOPE or cholesterol. In some cases, liposomes such as those described by Templeton et al. (Nature Biotechnology, 15:647-652 (1997)) can be used. In other embodiments, polycations such as polyethyleneimine can be used to achieve delivery in vivo and ex vivo (Boletta et al., J. Am Soc. Nephrol. 7:1728 (1996)). Additional information regarding the use of liposomes to deliver nucleic acids can be found in U.S. Pat. No. 6,271,359, PCT Publication WO 96/40964 and Morrissey, D. et al. 2005. Nat Biotechnol. 23(8):1002-7.
In certain embodiments, an organosilicone preparation that is commercially available as Silwet® L-77 surfactant having CAS Number 27306-78-1 and EPA Number: CAL. REG. NO. 5905-50073-AA, and currently available from Momentive Performance Materials, Albany, N.Y. can be used to prepare a polynucleotide composition. In certain embodiments where a Silwet L-77 organosilicone preparation is used as a pre-spray treatment of plant leaves or other plant surfaces, freshly made concentrations in the range of about 0.1 to about 2 percent by weight (wt percent) (e. g., about 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 2.0, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.5 wt percent) are efficacious in preparing a leaf or other plant surface for transfer of polynucleotide molecules into plant cells from a topical application on the surface. In certain embodiments of the methods and compositions provided herein, a composition that comprises a polynucleotide molecule and an organosilicone preparation comprising Silwet L-77 in the range of about 0.1 to about 2 percent by weight (wt percent) (e. g., 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 2.0, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.5 wt percent) is used or provided.
In certain embodiments, any of the commercially available organosilicone preparations provided such as the following Breakthru S 321, Breakthru S 200 Cat#67674-67-3, Breakthru OE 441 Cat#68937-55-3, Breakthru S 278 Cat #27306-78-1, Breakthru S 243, Breakthru S 233 Cat#134180-76-0, available from manufacturer Evonik Goldschmidt (Germany), Silwet® HS 429, Silwet® HS 312, Silwet® HS 508, Silwet® HS 604 (Momentive Performance Materials, Albany, N.Y.) can be used as transfer agents in a polynucleotide composition. In certain embodiments where an organosilicone preparation is used as a pre-spray treatment of plant leaves or other surfaces, freshly made concentrations in the range of about 0.1 to about 2 percent by weight (wt percent) (e. g., 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 2.0, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.5 wt percent) are efficacious in preparing a leaf or other plant surface for transfer of polynucleotide molecules into plant cells from a topical application on the surface. In certain embodiments of the methods and compositions provided herein, a composition that comprises a polynucleotide molecule and an organosilicone preparation in the range of about 0.1 to about 2 percent by weight (wt percent) (e. g., 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 2.0, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.5 wt percent) is used or provided.
Organosilicone preparations used in the methods and compositions provided herein can comprise one or more effective organosilicone compounds. As used herein, the phrase “effective organosilicone compound” is used to describe any organosilicone compound that is found in an organosilicone preparation that enables a polynucleotide to enter a plant cell. In certain embodiments, an effective organosilicone compound can enable a polynucleotide to enter a plant cell in a manner permitting a polynucleotide mediated suppression of a target gene expression in the plant cell. In general, effective organosilicone compounds include, but are not limited to, compounds that can comprise: i) a trisiloxane head group that is covalently linked to, ii) an alkyl linker including, but not limited to, an n-propyl linker, that is covalently linked to, iii) a poly glycol chain, that is covalently linked to, iv) a terminal group. Trisiloxane head groups of such effective organosilicone compounds include, but are not limited to, heptamethyltrisiloxane. Alkyl linkers can include, but are not limited to, an n-propyl linker. Poly glycol chains include, but are not limited to, polyethylene glycol or polypropylene glycol. Poly glycol chains can comprise a mixture that provides an average chain length “n” of about “7.5”. In certain embodiments, the average chain length “n” can vary from about 5 to about 14. Terminal groups can include, but are not limited to, alkyl groups such as a methyl group. Effective organosilicone compounds are believed to include, but are not limited to, trisiloxane ethoxylate surfactants or polyalkylene oxide modified heptamethyl trisiloxane.
In certain embodiments, an organosilicone preparation that comprises an organosilicone compound comprising a trisiloxane head group is used in the methods and compositions provided herein. In certain embodiments, an organosilicone preparation that comprises an organosilicone compound comprising a heptamethyltrisiloxane head group is used in the methods and compositions provided herein. In certain embodiments, an organosilicone composition that comprises Compound I is used in the methods and compositions provided herein. In certain embodiments, an organosilicone composition that comprises Compound I is used in the methods and compositions provided herein. In certain embodiments of the methods and compositions provided herein, a composition that comprises a polynucleotide molecule and one or more effective organosilicone compound in the range of about 0.1 to about 2 percent by weight (wt percent) (e. g., 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 2.0, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.5 wt percent) is used or provided.
Compositions include but are not limited components that are one or more polynucleotides essentially identical to, or essentially complementary to a chloroplast import protein or import processing enzyme gene sequence (promoter, intron, exon, 5′ untranslated region, 3′ untranslated region), a transfer agent that provides for the polynucleotide to enter a plant cell, a herbicide that complements the action of the polynucleotide, one or more additional herbicides that further enhance the herbicide activity of the composition or provide an additional mode of action different from the complementing herbicide, various salts and stabilizing agents that enhance the utility of the composition as an admixture of the components of the composition.
In certain aspects, methods include one or more applications of a polynucleotide composition and one or more applications of a transfer agent for conditioning of a plant to permeation by polynucleotides. When the agent for conditioning to permeation is an organosilicone composition or compound contained therein, embodiments of the polynucleotide molecules are double-stranded RNA oligonucleotides, single-stranded RNA oligonucleotides, double-stranded RNA polynucleotides, single-stranded RNA polynucleotides, double-stranded DNA oligonucleotides, single-stranded DNA oligonucleotides, double-stranded DNA polynucleotides, single-stranded DNA polynucleotides, chemically modified RNA or DNA oligonucleotides or polynucleotides or mixtures thereof.
Compositions and methods are useful for modulating the expression a protein of an endogenous gene, wherein the protein is imported into a chloroplast and is a target of a herbicide, for example, an EPSPS gene or a transgenic EPSPS gene (for example, CP4 EPSPS, U.S. Pat. No. RE39,247 and 2mEPSPS, U.S. Pat. No. 6,040,497) gene in a plant cell. In various embodiments, an EPSPS gene includes coding (protein-coding or translatable) sequence, non-coding (non-translatable) sequence, or both coding and non-coding sequence. Compositions can include polynucleotides and oligonucleotides designed to target one or more chloroplast import genes and a herbicide target gene, or multiple segments of one or more the genes. The gene can include multiple consecutive segments, multiple non-consecutive segments of a target gene, multiple alleles of a target gene, or multiple target genes from one or more species.
Provided is a method for modulating expression of a chloroplast import gene or chloroplast protein processing gene in a plant including (a) conditioning of a plant to permeation by polynucleotides and (b) treatment of the plant with the polynucleotide molecules, wherein the polynucleotide molecules include at least one segment of 19 or more contiguous nucleotides cloned from or otherwise identified from the target gene in either anti-sense or sense orientation, whereby the polynucleotide molecules permeate the interior of the plant and induce modulation of the target gene. The conditioning and polynucleotide application can be performed separately or in a single step. When the conditioning and polynucleotide application are performed in separate steps, the conditioning can precede or can follow the polynucleotide application within minutes, hours, or days. In some embodiments more than one conditioning step or more than one polynucleotide molecule application can be performed on the same plant. In embodiments of the method, the segment can be cloned or identified from (a) coding (protein-encoding), (b) non-coding (promoter and other gene related molecules), or (c) both coding and non-coding parts of the target gene. Non-coding parts include DNA, such as promoter regions or the RNA transcribed by the DNA that provide RNA regulatory molecules, including but not limited to: introns, 5′ or 3′ untranslated regions, and microRNAs (miRNA), trans-acting siRNAs, natural anti-sense siRNAs, and other small RNAs with regulatory function or RNAs having structural or enzymatic function including but not limited to: ribozymes, ribosomal RNAs, t-RNAs, aptamers, and riboswitches.
All publications, patents and patent applications are herein incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each individual publication or patent application was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference.
The following examples are included to demonstrate examples of certain preferred embodiments. It should be appreciated by those of skill in the art that the techniques disclosed in the examples that follow represent approaches the inventors have found function well in the practice, and thus can be considered to constitute examples of preferred modes for its practice. However, those of skill in the art should, in light of the present disclosure, appreciate that many changes can be made in the specific embodiments that are disclosed and still obtain a like or similar result without departing from the spirit and scope.
The target chloroplast protein import system naturally occurs in the genome of plants, including but not limited to Abutilon theophrasti, Alopecurus myosuroides, Amaranthus albus, Amaranthus chlorostachys, Amaranthus graecizans, Amaranthus hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus spinosus, Amaranthus thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis, Ambrosia artemisifolia, Ambrosia trifida, Avena fatua, Chenopodium album, Commelina diffusa, Convolvulus arvensis, Conyza canadensis, Cyperus esculentus, Digitaria sanguinalis, Echinochloa colona, Echinochloa crus-galli, Euphorbia heterophylla, Festuca arundinacea, Ipomoea hederacea, Kochia scoparia, Lolium arundinaceum, Lolium multiflorum, Lolium rigidium, Portulaca oleracea, Senna obtusifolia, Setaria viridis, Sorghum halepense, Spirodela polyrrhiza, Taraxacum officinale, Trifolium repens, Xanthium strumarium and other weed species that include molecules related to the expression of a polypeptide identified as an enzyme or protein of a chloroplast import protein system, that include regulatory molecules, cDNAs comprising coding and noncoding regions of the gene and fragments thereof as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1-1263 and SEQ ID NO: 1584-1683, summarized in Table 1.
Polynucleotide molecules are extracted from these plant species by methods standard in the field, for example, total RNA is extracted using Trizol Reagent (Invitrogen Corp, Carlsbad, Calif. Cat. No. 15596-018), following the manufacturer's protocol or modifications thereof by those skilled in the art of polynucleotide extraction that may enhance recover or purity of the extracted RNA. Briefly, start with 1 gram of ground plant tissue for extraction. Prealiquot 10 milliliters (mL) Trizol reagent to 15 mL conical tubes. Add ground powder to tubes and shake to homogenize. Incubate the homogenized samples for 5 minutes (min) at room temperature (RT) and then add 3 mL of chloroform. Shakes tubes vigorously by hand for 15-30 seconds (sec) and incubate at RT for 3 min. Centrifuge the tubes at 7,000 revolutions per minute (rpm) for 10 min at 4 degrees C. (centigrade). Transfer the aqueous phase to a new 1.5 mL tube and add 1 volume of cold isopropanol. Incubate the samples for 20-30 min at RT and centrifuge at 10,000 rpm for 10 min at 4 degrees C. Wash pellet with Sigma-grade 80 percent ethanol. Remove the supernatant and briefly air-dry the pellet. Dissolve the RNA pellet in approximately 200 microliters of DEPC treated water. Heat briefly at 65 degrees C. to dissolve pellet and vortex or pipet to resuspend RNA pellet. Adjust RNA to 1-2 microgram/microliter.
DNA is extracted using EZNA SP Plant DNA Mini kit (Omega Biotek, Norcross Ga., Cat#D5511) and Lysing Matrix E tubes (Q-Biogen, Cat#6914), following the manufacturer's protocol or modifications thereof by those skilled in the art of polynucleotide extraction that may enhance recover or purity of the extracted DNA. Briefly, aliquot ground tissue to a Lysing Matrix E tube on dry ice, add 800 μl Buffer SP1 to each sample, homogenize in a bead beater for 35-45 sec, incubate on ice for 45-60 sec, centrifuge at ≧14000 rpm for 1 min at RT, add 10 microliter RNase A to the lysate, incubate at 65° C. for 10 min, centrifuge for 1 min at RT, add 280 μl Buffer SP2 and vortex to mix, incubate the samples on ice for 5 min, centrifuge at ≧10,000 g for 10 min at RT, transfer the supernatant to a homogenizer column in a 2 ml collection tube, centrifuge at 10,000 g for 2 min at RT, transfer the cleared lysate into a 1.5 ml microfuge tube, add 1.5 volumes Buffer SP3 to the cleared lysate, vortex immediately to obtain a homogeneous mixture, transfer up to 650 μl supernatant to the Hi-Bind column, centrifuge at 10,000 g for 1 min, repeat, apply 100 μl 65° C. Elution Buffer to the column, centrifuge at 10,000 g for 5 min at RT.
Next-generation DNA sequencers, such as the 454-FLX (Roche, Branford, Conn.), the SOLiD (Applied Biosystems), and the Genome Analyzer (HiSeq2000, Illumina, San Diego, Calif.) are used to provide polynucleotide sequence from the DNA and RNA extracted from the plant tissues. Raw sequence data is assembled into contigs. The contig sequence is used to identify trigger polynucleotide molecules that can be applied to the plant to enable regulation of the gene expression and result in an agronomic benefit.
Abutilon theophrasti
Abutilon theophrasti
Abutilon theophrasti
Abutilon theophrasti
Abutilon theophrasti
Abutilon theophrasti
Abutilon theophrasti
Abutilon theophrasti
Abutilon theophrasti
Abutilon theophrasti
Abutilon theophrasti
Abutilon theophrasti
Abutilon theophrasti
Alopecurus myosuroides
Amaranthus albus
Amaranthus albus
Amaranthus albus
Amaranthus chlorostachys
Amaranthus graecizans
Amaranthus graecizans
Amaranthus hybridus
Amaranthus hybridus
Amaranthus lividus
Amaranthus palmeri
Amaranthus palmeri
Amaranthus palmeri
Amaranthus palmeri
Amaranthus palmeri
Amaranthus rudis
Amaranthus rudis
Amaranthus rudis
Amaranthus rudis
Amaranthus spinosus
Amaranthus spinosus
Amaranthus thunbergii
Amaranthus thunbergii
Amaranthus thunbergii
Amaranthus thunbergii
Amaranthus viridis
Amaranthus viridis
Ambrosia artemisiifolia
Ambrosia artemisiifolia
Ambrosia trifida
Ambrosia trifida
Ambrosia trifida
Ambrosia trifida
Ambrosia trifida
Ambrosia trifida
Ambrosia trifida
Ambrosia trifida
Ambrosia trifida
Ambrosia trifida
Ambrosia trifida
Ambrosia trifida
Ambrosia trifida
Ambrosia trifida
Ambrosia trifida
Ambrosia trifida
Ambrosia trifida
Avena fatua
Avena fatua
Chenopodium album
Chenopodium album
Chenopodium album
Convolvulus arvensis
Convolvulus arvensis
Conyza canadensis
Conyza canadensis
Cyperus esculentus
Digitaria sanguinalis
Digitaria sanguinalis
Digitaria sanguinalis
Digitaria sanguinalis
Digitaria sanguinalis
Digitaria sanguinalis
Digitaria sanguinalis
Echinochloa colona
Echinochloa colona
Echinochloa crus-galli
Euphorbia heterophylla
Euphorbia heterophylla
Euphorbia heterophylla
Euphorbia heterophylla
Festuca arundinacea
Festuca arundinacea
Festuca arundinacea
Ipomoea hederacea
Kochia scoparia
Lolium arundinaceum
Lolium arundinaceum
Lolium multiflorum
Lolium multiflorum
Lolium multiflorum
Lolium multiflorum
Lolium multiflorum
Lolium multiflorum
Lolium multiflorum
Lolium multiflorum
Lolium rigidium
Lolium rigidium
Portulaca oleracea
Portulaca oleracea
Portulaca oleracea
Senna obtusifolia
Senna obtusifolia
Sorghum halepense
Sorghum halepense
Sorghum halepense
Spirodela polyrrhiza
Taraxacum officinale
Trifolium repens
Trifolium repens
Trifolium repens
Trifolium repens
Trifolium repens
Xanthium strumarium
Xanthium strumarium
Amaranthus palmeri
Amaranthus palmeri
Amaranthus palmeri
Amaranthus palmeri
Amaranthus rudis
Amaranthus rudis
Amaranthus rudis
Amaranthus rudis
Ambrosia artemisiifolia
Ambrosia artemisiifolia
Ambrosia artemisiifolia
Ambrosia artemisiifolia
Ambrosia trifida
Ambrosia trifida
Ambrosia trifida
Commelina diffusa
Cyperus esculentus
Cyperus esculentus
Euphorbia heterophylla
Euphorbia heterophylla
Festuca arundinacea
Festuca arundinacea
Festuca arundinacea
Lolium arundinaceum
Portulaca oleracea
Portulaca oleracea
Senna obtusifolia
Sorghum halepense
Sorghum halepense
Sorghum halepense
Spirodela polyrrhiza
Taraxacum officinale
Taraxacum officinale
Trifolium repens
Trifolium repens
Trifolium repens
Trifolium repens
Xanthium strumarium
Abutilon theophrasti
Abutilon theophrasti
Abutilon theophrasti
Abutilon theophrasti
Abutilon theophrasti
Abutilon theophrasti
Alopecurus myosuroides
Alopecurus myosuroides
Amaranthus albus
Amaranthus graecizans
Amaranthus hybridus
Amaranthus lividus
Amaranthus palmeri
Amaranthus palmeri
Amaranthus palmeri
Amaranthus rudis
Amaranthus rudis
Amaranthus rudis
Amaranthus rudis
Amaranthus rudis
Amaranthus rudis
Amaranthus rudis
Amaranthus spinosus
Amaranthus thunbergii
Amaranthus viridis
Ambrosia artemisiifolia
Ambrosia artemisiifolia
Ambrosia artemisiifolia
Ambrosia artemisiifolia
Ambrosia artemisiifolia
Ambrosia trifida
Ambrosia trifida
Ambrosia trifida
Ambrosia trifida
Ambrosia trifida
Ambrosia trifida
Ambrosia trifida
Chenopodium album
Commelina diffusa
Commelina diffusa
Commelina diffusa
Conyza canadensis
Conyza canadensis
Cyperus esculentus
Cyperus esculentus
Cyperus esculentus
Digitaria sanguinalis
Echinochloa crus-galli
Euphorbia heterophylla
Euphorbia heterophylla
Festuca arundinacea
Festuca arundinacea
Festuca arundinacea
Festuca arundinacea
Festuca arundinacea
Festuca arundinacea
Ipomoea hederacea
Kochia scoparia
Kochia scoparia
Lolium arundinaceum
Lolium arundinaceum
Lolium arundinaceum
Lolium multiflorum
Lolium multiflorum
Lolium multiflorum
Lolium multiflorum
Lolium multiflorum
Lolium rigidium
Lolium rigidium
Lolium rigidium
Lolium rigidium
Portulaca oleracea
Portulaca oleracea
Portulaca oleracea
Portulaca oleracea
Senna obtusifolia
Sorghum halepense
Sorghum halepense
Sorghum halepense
Spirodela polyrrhiza
Taraxacum officinale
Taraxacum officinale
Taraxacum officinale
Taraxacum officinale
Trifolium repens
Trifolium repens
Trifolium repens
Trifolium repens
Trifolium repens
Trifolium repens
Xanthium strumarium
Xanthium strumarium
Abutilon theophrasti
Abutilon theophrasti
Abutilon theophrasti
Abutilon theophrasti
Abutilon theophrasti
Abutilon theophrasti
Amaranthus albus
Amaranthus albus
Amaranthus chlorostachys
Amaranthus graecizans
Amaranthus hybridus
Amaranthus lividus
Amaranthus palmeri
Amaranthus palmeri
Amaranthus palmeri
Amaranthus palmeri
Amaranthus rudis
Amaranthus rudis
Amaranthus rudis
Amaranthus rudis
Amaranthus rudis
Amaranthus rudis
Amaranthus rudis
Amaranthus rudis
Amaranthus spinosus
Amaranthus thunbergii
Amaranthus viridis
Ambrosia artemisiifolia
Ambrosia artemisiifolia
Ambrosia artemisiifolia
Ambrosia artemisiifolia
Ambrosia artemisiifolia
Ambrosia trifida
Ambrosia trifida
Ambrosia trifida
Ambrosia trifida
Ambrosia trifida
Ambrosia trifida
Ambrosia trifida
Ambrosia trifida
Ambrosia trifida
Ambrosia trifida
Ambrosia trifida
Chenopodium album
Commelina diffusa
Commelina diffusa
Convolvulus arvensis
Conyza canadensis
Conyza canadensis
Conyza canadensis
Cyperus esculentus
Digitaria sanguinalis
Digitaria sanguinalis
Digitaria sanguinalis
Digitaria sanguinalis
Echinochloa crus-galli
Echinochloa crus-galli
Euphorbia heterophylla
Euphorbia heterophylla
Festuca arundinacea
Festuca arundinacea
Festuca arundinacea
Festuca arundinacea
Festuca arundinacea
Festuca arundinacea
Festuca arundinacea
Festuca arundinacea
Festuca arundinacea
Festuca arundinacea
Ipomoea hederacea
Kochia scoparia
Kochia scoparia
Kochia scoparia
Kochia scoparia
Kochia scoparia
Kochia scoparia
Lolium arundinaceum
Lolium arundinaceum
Lolium arundinaceum
Lolium arundinaceum
Lolium arundinaceum
Lolium rigidium
Lolium rigidium
Lolium rigidium
Lolium rigidium
Lolium rigidium
Portulaca oleracea
Portulaca oleracea
Portulaca oleracea
Senna obtusifolia
Sorghum halepense
Sorghum halepense
Spirodela polyrrhiza
Taraxacum officinale
Trifolium repens
Trifolium repens
Trifolium repens
Trifolium repens
Trifolium repens
Trifolium repens
Xanthium strumarium
Abutilon theophrasti
Abutilon theophrasti
Abutilon theophrasti
Abutilon theophrasti
Abutilon theophrasti
Abutilon theophrasti
Abutilon theophrasti
Abutilon theophrasti
Abutilon theophrasti
Amaranthus graecizans
Amaranthus graecizans
Amaranthus hybridus
Amaranthus hybridus
Amaranthus lividus
Amaranthus lividus
Amaranthus lividus
Amaranthus palmeri
Amaranthus palmeri
Amaranthus rudis
Amaranthus rudis
Amaranthus rudis
Amaranthus rudis
Amaranthus rudis
Amaranthus rudis
Amaranthus rudis
Amaranthus rudis
Amaranthus rudis
Amaranthus spinosus
Amaranthus spinosus
Amaranthus thunbergii
Amaranthus viridis
Amaranthus viridis
Ambrosia artemisiifolia
Ambrosia artemisiifolia
Ambrosia artemisiifolia
Ambrosia artemisiifolia
Ambrosia artemisiifolia
Ambrosia artemisiifolia
Ambrosia trifida
Ambrosia trifida
Ambrosia trifida
Ambrosia trifida
Ambrosia trifida
Ambrosia trifida
Ambrosia trifida
Ambrosia trifida
Chenopodium album
Conyza canadensis
Conyza canadensis
Conyza canadensis
Conyza canadensis
Cyperus esculentus
Cyperus esculentus
Cyperus esculentus
Echinochloa colona
Echinochloa crus-galli
Echinochloa crus-galli
Euphorbia heterophylla
Euphorbia heterophylla
Euphorbia heterophylla
Euphorbia heterophylla
Euphorbia heterophylla
Euphorbia heterophylla
Euphorbia heterophylla
Euphorbia heterophylla
Festuca arundinacea
Festuca arundinacea
Festuca arundinacea
Festuca arundinacea
Festuca arundinacea
Festuca arundinacea
Festuca arundinacea
Festuca arundinacea
Festuca arundinacea
Festuca arundinacea
Festuca arundinacea
Ipomoea hederacea
Ipomoea hederacea
Kochia scoparia
Lolium arundinaceum
Lolium arundinaceum
Lolium arundinaceum
Lolium arundinaceum
Lolium arundinaceum
Lolium arundinaceum
Lolium arundinaceum
Lolium arundinaceum
Lolium arundinaceum
Lolium arundinaceum
Lolium arundinaceum
Lolium arundinaceum
Lolium multiflorum
Lolium multiflorum
Lolium multiflorum
Lolium multiflorum
Lolium multiflorum
Lolium multiflorum
Lolium rigidium
Lolium rigidium
Lolium rigidium
Lolium rigidium
Lolium rigidium
Lolium rigidium
Lolium rigidium
Lolium rigidium
Lolium rigidium
Portulaca oleracea
Portulaca oleracea
Portulaca oleracea
Portulaca oleracea
Portulaca oleracea
Portulaca oleracea
Senna obtusifolia
Senna obtusifolia
Sorghum halepense
Sorghum halepense
Sorghum halepense
Sorghum halepense
Sorghum halepense
Spirodela polyrrhiza
Spirodela polyrrhiza
Taraxacum officinale
Taraxacum officinale
Taraxacum officinale
Taraxacum officinale
Taraxacum officinale
Taraxacum officinale
Trifolium repens
Trifolium repens
Trifolium repens
Trifolium repens
Trifolium repens
Trifolium repens
Trifolium repens
Trifolium repens
Trifolium repens
Xanthium strumarium
Abutilon theophrasti
Abutilon theophrasti
Abutilon theophrasti
Abutilon theophrasti
Alopecurus myosuroides
Amaranthus albus
Amaranthus graecizans
Amaranthus graecizans
Amaranthus hybridus
Amaranthus hybridus
Amaranthus hybridus
Amaranthus lividus
Amaranthus lividus
Amaranthus lividus
Amaranthus palmeri
Amaranthus palmeri
Amaranthus rudis
Amaranthus rudis
Amaranthus rudis
Amaranthus rudis
Amaranthus rudis
Amaranthus rudis
Amaranthus rudis
Amaranthus rudis
Amaranthus rudis
Amaranthus rudis
Amaranthus spinosus
Amaranthus spinosus
Amaranthus spinosus
Amaranthus thunbergii
Amaranthus thunbergii
Amaranthus viridis
Amaranthus viridis
Ambrosia artemisiifolia
Ambrosia trifida
Ambrosia trifida
Avena fatua
Chenopodium album
Chenopodium album
Commelina diffusa
Convolvulus arvensis
Convolvulus arvensis
Conyza canadensis
Conyza canadensis
Conyza canadensis
Conyza canadensis
Conyza canadensis
Cyperus esculentus
Digitaria sanguinalis
Digitaria sanguinalis
Echinochloa colona
Echinochloa crus-galli
Euphorbia heterophylla
Euphorbia heterophylla
Euphorbia heterophylla
Euphorbia heterophylla
Euphorbia heterophylla
Euphorbia heterophylla
Euphorbia heterophylla
Festuca arundinacea
Festuca arundinacea
Festuca arundinacea
Festuca arundinacea
Festuca arundinacea
Festuca arundinacea
Ipomoea hederacea
Kochia scoparia
Kochia scoparia
Lolium arundinaceum
Lolium arundinaceum
Lolium rigidium
Portulaca oleracea
Portulaca oleracea
Portulaca oleracea
Senna obtusifolia
Senna obtusifolia
Sorghum halepense
Spirodela polyrrhiza
Taraxacum officinale
Taraxacum officinale
Trifolium repens
Trifolium repens
Xanthium strumarium
Xanthium strumarium
Abutilon theophrasti
Abutilon theophrasti
Abutilon theophrasti
Abutilon theophrasti
Abutilon theophrasti
Abutilon theophrasti
Abutilon theophrasti
Abutilon theophrasti
Alopecurus myosuroides
Alopecurus myosuroides
Amaranthus albus
Amaranthus albus
Amaranthus albus
Amaranthus chlorostachys
Amaranthus graecizans
Amaranthus hybridus
Amaranthus hybridus
Amaranthus lividus
Amaranthus palmeri
Amaranthus palmeri
Amaranthus rudis
Amaranthus rudis
Amaranthus rudis
Amaranthus rudis
Amaranthus rudis
Amaranthus rudis
Amaranthus rudis
Amaranthus rudis
Amaranthus rudis
Amaranthus rudis
Amaranthus rudis
Amaranthus rudis
Amaranthus rudis
Amaranthus spinosus
Amaranthus thunbergii
Amaranthus viridis
Ambrosia artemisiifolia
Ambrosia artemisiifolia
Ambrosia artemisiifolia
Ambrosia artemisiifolia
Ambrosia artemisiifolia
Ambrosia artemisiifolia
Ambrosia artemisiifolia
Ambrosia artemisiifolia
Ambrosia artemisiifolia
Ambrosia trifida
Ambrosia trifida
Ambrosia trifida
Ambrosia trifida
Ambrosia trifida
Ambrosia trifida
Ambrosia trifida
Ambrosia trifida
Ambrosia trifida
Ambrosia trifida
Ambrosia trifida
Ambrosia trifida
Ambrosia trifida
Avena fatua
Chenopodium album
Chenopodium album
Convolvulus arvensis
Convolvulus arvensis
Conyza canadensis
Conyza canadensis
Conyza canadensis
Conyza canadensis
Conyza canadensis
Cyperus esculentus
Cyperus esculentus
Digitaria sanguinalis
Digitaria sanguinalis
Digitaria sanguinalis
Digitaria sanguinalis
Digitaria sanguinalis
Digitaria sanguinalis
Digitaria sanguinalis
Digitaria sanguinalis
Echinochloa colona
Echinochloa crus-galli
Euphorbia heterophylla
Euphorbia heterophylla
Euphorbia heterophylla
Euphorbia heterophylla
Euphorbia heterophylla
Festuca arundinacea
Festuca arundinacea
Festuca arundinacea
Festuca arundinacea
Festuca arundinacea
Festuca arundinacea
Festuca arundinacea
Festuca arundinacea
Ipomoea hederacea
Kochia scoparia
Kochia scoparia
Kochia scoparia
Kochia scoparia
Lolium arundinaceum
Lolium arundinaceum
Lolium arundinaceum
Lolium arundinaceum
Lolium arundinaceum
Lolium arundinaceum
Lolium arundinaceum
Lolium arundinaceum
Lolium multiflorum
Lolium multiflorum
Lolium multiflorum
Lolium multiflorum
Lolium multiflorum
Lolium multiflorum
Lolium multiflorum
Lolium multiflorum
Lolium multiflorum
Lolium multiflorum
Lolium multiflorum
Lolium multiflorum
Lolium multiflorum
Lolium rigidium
Lolium rigidium
Lolium rigidium
Portulaca oleracea
Portulaca oleracea
Portulaca oleracea
Portulaca oleracea
Portulaca oleracea
Portulaca oleracea
Portulaca oleracea
Senna obtusifolia
Setaria viridis
Sorghum halepense
Sorghum halepense
Sorghum halepense
Sorghum halepense
Sorghum halepense
Spirodela polyrrhiza
Taraxacum officinale
Taraxacum officinale
Taraxacum officinale
Taraxacum officinale
Taraxacum officinale
Taraxacum officinale
Trifolium repens
Trifolium repens
Trifolium repens
Trifolium repens
Trifolium repens
Trifolium repens
Trifolium repens
Trifolium repens
Trifolium repens
Xanthium strumarium
Abutilon theophrasti
Abutilon theophrasti
Alopecurus myosuroides
Amaranthus albus
Amaranthus chlorostachys
Amaranthus graecizans
Amaranthus hybridus
Amaranthus lividus
Amaranthus palmeri
Amaranthus palmeri
Amaranthus palmeri
Amaranthus palmeri
Amaranthus rudis
Amaranthus rudis
Amaranthus spinosus
Amaranthus thunbergii
Amaranthus viridis
Ambrosia artemisiifolia
Ambrosia trifida
Ambrosia trifida
Ambrosia trifida
Ambrosia trifida
Chenopodium album
Commelina diffusa
Conyza canadensis
Conyza canadensis
Cyperus esculentus
Digitaria sanguinalis
Echinochloa colona
Echinochloa crus-galli
Euphorbia heterophylla
Euphorbia heterophylla
Festuca arundinacea
Festuca arundinacea
Ipomoea hederacea
Kochia scoparia
Lolium arundinaceum
Lolium multiflorum
Lolium multiflorum
Lolium multiflorum
Lolium rigidium
Portulaca oleracea
Senna obtusifolia
Sorghum halepense
Spirodela polyrrhiza
Taraxacum officinale
Trifolium repens
Xanthium strumarium
Xanthium strumarium
Abutilon theophrasti
Abutilon theophrasti
Abutilon theophrasti
Amaranthus albus
Amaranthus chlorostachys
Amaranthus graecizans
Amaranthus hybridus
Amaranthus lividus
Amaranthus palmeri
Amaranthus palmeri
Amaranthus palmeri
Amaranthus rudis
Amaranthus rudis
Amaranthus rudis
Amaranthus rudis
Amaranthus spinosus
Amaranthus thunbergii
Amaranthus viridis
Ambrosia artemisiifolia
Ambrosia artemisiifolia
Ambrosia artemisiifolia
Ambrosia trifida
Ambrosia trifida
Ambrosia trifida
Ambrosia trifida
Ambrosia trifida
Ambrosia trifida
Ambrosia trifida
Ambrosia trifida
Chenopodium album
Commelina diffusa
Convolvulus arvensis
Conyza canadensis
Conyza canadensis
Cyperus esculentus
Cyperus esculentus
Digitaria sanguinalis
Digitaria sanguinalis
Digitaria sanguinalis
Echinochloa colona
Echinochloa crus-galli
Euphorbia heterophylla
Euphorbia heterophylla
Euphorbia heterophylla
Euphorbia heterophylla
Euphorbia heterophylla
Festuca arundinacea
Ipomoea hederacea
Kochia scoparia
Lolium arundinaceum
Lolium arundinaceum
Lolium rigidium
Lolium rigidium
Lolium rigidium
Portulaca oleracea
Portulaca oleracea
Portulaca oleracea
Senna obtusifolia
Setaria viridis
Sorghum halepense
Sorghum halepense
Sorghum halepense
Spirodela polyrrhiza
Taraxacum officinale
Taraxacum officinale
Trifolium repens
Trifolium repens
Xanthium strumarium
Xanthium strumarium
Abutilon theophrasti
Abutilon theophrasti
Abutilon theophrasti
Abutilon theophrasti
Abutilon theophrasti
Abutilon theophrasti
Abutilon theophrasti
Abutilon theophrasti
Abutilon theophrasti
Abutilon theophrasti
Alopecurus myosuroides
Amaranthus albus
Amaranthus albus
Amaranthus chlorostachys
Amaranthus graecizans
Amaranthus hybridus
Amaranthus lividus
Amaranthus palmeri
Amaranthus palmeri
Amaranthus palmeri
Amaranthus palmeri
Amaranthus palmeri
Amaranthus palmeri
Amaranthus rudis
Amaranthus rudis
Amaranthus rudis
Amaranthus rudis
Amaranthus rudis
Amaranthus rudis
Amaranthus spinosus
Amaranthus spinosus
Amaranthus thunbergii
Amaranthus viridis
Ambrosia artemisiifolia
Ambrosia artemisiifolia
Ambrosia trifida
Ambrosia trifida
Ambrosia trifida
Ambrosia trifida
Ambrosia trifida
Ambrosia trifida
Ambrosia trifida
Chenopodium album
Commelina diffusa
Conyza canadensis
Conyza canadensis
Cyperus esculentus
Echinochloa colona
Echinochloa crus-galli
Euphorbia heterophylla
Euphorbia heterophylla
Euphorbia heterophylla
Euphorbia heterophylla
Euphorbia heterophylla
Festuca arundinacea
Ipomoea hederacea
Kochia scoparia
Kochia scoparia
Lolium arundinaceum
Lolium arundinaceum
Lolium rigidium
Lolium rigidium
Portulaca oleracea
Portulaca oleracea
Portulaca oleracea
Senna obtusifolia
Sorghum halepense
Sorghum halepense
Spirodela polyrrhiza
Taraxacum officinale
Trifolium repens
Xanthium strumarium
Abutilon theophrasti
Abutilon theophrasti
Abutilon theophrasti
Abutilon theophrasti
Abutilon theophrasti
Abutilon theophrasti
Abutilon theophrasti
Abutilon theophrasti
Abutilon theophrasti
Abutilon theophrasti
Abutilon theophrasti
Abutilon theophrasti
Abutilon theophrasti
Abutilon theophrasti
Abutilon theophrasti
Abutilon theophrasti
Abutilon theophrasti
Alopecurus myosuroides
Alopecurus myosuroides
Alopecurus myosuroides
Amaranthus albus
Amaranthus albus
Amaranthus albus
Amaranthus chlorostachys
Amaranthus chlorostachys
Amaranthus chlorostachys
Amaranthus graecizans
Amaranthus graecizans
Amaranthus hybridus
Amaranthus hybridus
Amaranthus hybridus
Amaranthus hybridus
Amaranthus lividus
Amaranthus lividus
Amaranthus lividus
Amaranthus lividus
Amaranthus lividus
Amaranthus palmeri
Amaranthus palmeri
Amaranthus palmeri
Amaranthus palmeri
Amaranthus palmeri
Amaranthus palmeri
Amaranthus palmeri
Amaranthus rudis
Amaranthus rudis
Amaranthus rudis
Amaranthus rudis
Amaranthus rudis
Amaranthus rudis
Amaranthus rudis
Amaranthus rudis
Amaranthus rudis
Amaranthus rudis
Amaranthus spinosus
Amaranthus spinosus
Amaranthus spinosus
Amaranthus thunbergii
Amaranthus thunbergii
Amaranthus thunbergii
Amaranthus thunbergii
Amaranthus viridis
Amaranthus viridis
Amaranthus viridis
Ambrosia artemisiifolia
Ambrosia artemisiifolia
Ambrosia artemisiifolia
Ambrosia artemisiifolia
Ambrosia artemisiifolia
Ambrosia artemisiifolia
Ambrosia artemisiifolia
Ambrosia artemisiifolia
Ambrosia artemisiifolia
Ambrosia artemisiifolia
Ambrosia artemisiifolia
Ambrosia artemisiifolia
Ambrosia artemisiifolia
Ambrosia artemisiifolia
Ambrosia artemisiifolia
Ambrosia trifida
Ambrosia trifida
Ambrosia trifida
Ambrosia trifida
Ambrosia trifida
Ambrosia trifida
Ambrosia trifida
Ambrosia trifida
Ambrosia trifida
Ambrosia trifida
Ambrosia trifida
Ambrosia trifida
Ambrosia trifida
Ambrosia trifida
Ambrosia trifida
Ambrosia trifida
Ambrosia trifida
Ambrosia trifida
Ambrosia trifida
Ambrosia trifida
Ambrosia trifida
Ambrosia trifida
Ambrosia trifida
Ambrosia trifida
Ambrosia trifida
Ambrosia trifida
Ambrosia trifida
Avena fatua
Chenopodium album
Chenopodium album
Convolvulus arvensis
Conyza canadensis
Conyza canadensis
Cyperus esculentus
Cyperus esculentus
Digitaria sanguinalis
Digitaria sanguinalis
Digitaria sanguinalis
Digitaria sanguinalis
Digitaria sanguinalis
Digitaria sanguinalis
Echinochloa colona
Echinochloa colona
Echinochloa crus-galli
Euphorbia heterophylla
Euphorbia heterophylla
Euphorbia heterophylla
Euphorbia heterophylla
Euphorbia heterophylla
Euphorbia heterophylla
Euphorbia heterophylla
Euphorbia heterophylla
Euphorbia heterophylla
Festuca arundinacea
Festuca arundinacea
Festuca arundinacea
Festuca arundinacea
Festuca arundinacea
Festuca arundinacea
Festuca arundinacea
Festuca arundinacea
Festuca arundinacea
Festuca arundinacea
Festuca arundinacea
Ipomoea hederacea
Ipomoea hederacea
Kochia scoparia
Kochia scoparia
Kochia scoparia
Kochia scoparia
Kochia scoparia
Kochia scoparia
Kochia scoparia
Kochia scoparia
Kochia scoparia
Lolium arundinaceum
Lolium arundinaceum
Lolium arundinaceum
Lolium arundinaceum
Lolium arundinaceum
Lolium arundinaceum
Lolium arundinaceum
Lolium arundinaceum
Lolium arundinaceum
Lolium arundinaceum
Lolium arundinaceum
Lolium arundinaceum
Lolium arundinaceum
Lolium arundinaceum
Lolium arundinaceum
Lolium multiflorum
Lolium multiflorum
Lolium multiflorum
Lolium multiflorum
Lolium multiflorum
Lolium multiflorum
Lolium multiflorum
Lolium multiflorum
Lolium multiflorum
Lolium multiflorum
Lolium rigidium
Lolium rigidium
Lolium rigidium
Lolium rigidium
Lolium rigidium
Portulaca oleracea
Portulaca oleracea
Portulaca oleracea
Portulaca oleracea
Portulaca oleracea
Portulaca oleracea
Portulaca oleracea
Portulaca oleracea
Portulaca oleracea
Senna obtusifolia
Sorghum halepense
Sorghum halepense
Sorghum halepense
Sorghum halepense
Sorghum halepense
Sorghum halepense
Spirodela polyrrhiza
Taraxacum officinale
Taraxacum officinale
Taraxacum officinale
Taraxacum officinale
Taraxacum officinale
Trifolium repens
Trifolium repens
Trifolium repens
Trifolium repens
Trifolium repens
Trifolium repens
Trifolium repens
Trifolium repens
Trifolium repens
Xanthium strumarium
Xanthium strumarium
Xanthium strumarium
Abutilon theophrasti
Abutilon theophrasti
Abutilon theophrasti
Abutilon theophrasti
Abutilon theophrasti
Amaranthus chlorostachys
Amaranthus graecizans
Amaranthus hybridus
Amaranthus hybridus
Amaranthus lividus
Amaranthus lividus
Amaranthus palmeri
Amaranthus palmeri
Amaranthus palmeri
Amaranthus rudis
Amaranthus rudis
Amaranthus rudis
Amaranthus rudis
Amaranthus rudis
Amaranthus rudis
Amaranthus rudis
Amaranthus rudis
Amaranthus rudis
Amaranthus rudis
Amaranthus rudis
Amaranthus rudis
Amaranthus spinosus
Amaranthus thunbergii
Amaranthus thunbergii
Amaranthus viridis
Amaranthus viridis
Ambrosia artemisiifolia
Ambrosia artemisiifolia
Ambrosia artemisiifolia
Ambrosia artemisiifolia
Ambrosia artemisiifolia
Ambrosia trifida
Ambrosia trifida
Ambrosia trifida
Ambrosia trifida
Ambrosia trifida
Ambrosia trifida
Ambrosia trifida
Ambrosia trifida
Chenopodium album
Chenopodium album
Chenopodium album
Conyza canadensis
Conyza canadensis
Digitaria sanguinalis
Digitaria sanguinalis
Digitaria sanguinalis
Digitaria sanguinalis
Digitaria sanguinalis
Digitaria sanguinalis
Euphorbia heterophylla
Euphorbia heterophylla
Ipomoea hederacea
Kochia scoparia
Kochia scoparia
Kochia scoparia
Kochia scoparia
Portulaca oleracea
Portulaca oleracea
Portulaca oleracea
Senna obtusifolia
Spirodela polyrrhiza
Taraxacum officinale
Taraxacum officinale
Taraxacum officinale
Taraxacum officinale
Trifolium repens
Trifolium repens
Trifolium repens
Trifolium repens
Trifolium repens
Xanthium strumarium
Abutilon theophrasti
Abutilon theophrasti
Abutilon theophrasti
Abutilon theophrasti
Abutilon theophrasti
Amaranthus graecizans
Amaranthus graecizans
Amaranthus hybridus
Amaranthus lividus
Amaranthus palmeri
Amaranthus palmeri
Amaranthus palmeri
Amaranthus rudis
Amaranthus rudis
Amaranthus rudis
Amaranthus rudis
Amaranthus rudis
Amaranthus rudis
Amaranthus rudis
Amaranthus rudis
Amaranthus spinosus
Amaranthus spinosus
Amaranthus thunbergii
Amaranthus viridis
Amaranthus viridis
Ambrosia artemisiifolia
Ambrosia artemisiifolia
Ambrosia artemisiifolia
Ambrosia artemisiifolia
Ambrosia trifida
Ambrosia trifida
Ambrosia trifida
Ambrosia trifida
Ambrosia trifida
Chenopodium album
Conyza canadensis
Conyza canadensis
Conyza canadensis
Digitaria sanguinalis
Digitaria sanguinalis
Digitaria sanguinalis
Euphorbia heterophylla
Euphorbia heterophylla
Euphorbia heterophylla
Euphorbia heterophylla
Ipomoea hederacea
Kochia scoparia
Portulaca oleracea
Portulaca oleracea
Senna obtusifolia
Spirodela polyrrhiza
Taraxacum officinale
Trifolium repens
Trifolium repens
Xanthium strumarium
Xanthium strumarium
Amaranthus palmeri
Amaranthus palmeri
Amaranthus palmeri
Amaranthus palmeri
Amaranthus palmeri
Amaranthus palmeri
Amaranthus palmeri
Amaranthus palmeri
Amaranthus palmeri
Amaranthus palmeri
Amaranthus palmeri
Amaranthus palmeri
Amaranthus palmeri
Amaranthus palmeri
Amaranthus palmeri
Amaranthus palmeri
Amaranthus palmeri
Amaranthus palmeri
Amaranthus palmeri
Amaranthus palmeri
Amaranthus palmeri
Amaranthus palmeri
Amaranthus palmeri
Amaranthus palmeri
Amaranthus palmeri
Amaranthus palmeri
Amaranthus palmeri
Amaranthus palmeri
Amaranthus palmeri
Amaranthus palmeri
Amaranthus palmeri
Amaranthus palmeri
Amaranthus palmeri
Amaranthus palmeri
Amaranthus palmeri
Amaranthus palmeri
Amaranthus palmeri
Amaranthus palmeri
Amaranthus palmeri
Amaranthus palmeri
Amaranthus palmeri
Amaranthus palmeri
Amaranthus palmeri
Amaranthus palmeri
Amaranthus palmeri
Amaranthus palmeri
Amaranthus palmeri
Amaranthus palmeri
Amaranthus palmeri
Amaranthus palmeri
Amaranthus palmeri
Amaranthus palmeri
Amaranthus palmeri
Amaranthus palmeri
Amaranthus palmeri
The gene sequences and fragments of SEQ ID NO: 1-1263 were compared and 25-mers of contiguous polynucleotides were identified that have homology across the various gene sequences for each set of chloroplast protein import system genes and across the various target weed species. The purpose is to identify trigger polynucleotide molecules that are useful alone or in combination with a herbicide to provide enhanced weed control across a range of weed species, including glyphosate and other herbicide resistant weed biotypes. The method can be applied to any set of target gene sequences to identify trigger polynucleotides common to more than one weed species. The sequences shown in Table 2 represent the 25-mers of the respective gene sequences in SEQ ID NO: 1-1263 that have homology to eight or more weed species. It is contemplated that additional 25-mers can be selected from the gene sequences that are specific for a single weed species or a few weeds species within a genus or trigger polynucleotide molecules that are at least 19 contiguous nucleotides and at least 85 percent identical to a gene sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1-1263. The 25-mer oligonucleotides are combined into a 5-10 polynucleotide pooled set and tested for efficacy against the broadest range of weed species in which the polynucleotide is essentially identical or essentially complementary to a gene sequence in the genome of the treated weed species. Efficacious sets are divided into smaller sets of 2-3 polynucleotides or tested individually for efficacy. Each polynucleotide set is prepared with the transfer agent and applied to a plant or a field of plants in combination with a herbicide, or followed by a herbicide treatment one to three days after the oligonucleotide application, to determine the effect in the plant's susceptibility to the herbicide. The effect is measured as stunting the growth and/or killing of the plant and is measured 8-14 days or 21 days after treatment with the polynucleotide set and the herbicide.
Amaranthus graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus viridis, Chenopodium
album
Amaranthus graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus viridis, Chenopodium
album
Amaranthus graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus viridis, Chenopodium
album
Amaranthus graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus viridis, Chenopodium
album
Amaranthus graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus viridis, Chenopodium
album
Amaranthus graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus viridis, Chenopodium
album
Amaranthus graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus viridis, Chenopodium
album
Amaranthus graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus viridis, Chenopodium
album
Amaranthus graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus viridis, Chenopodium
album
Amaranthus graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus viridis, Chenopodium
album
Amaranthus graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus viridis, Chenopodium
album
Amaranthus graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus viridis, Chenopodium
album
Amaranthus graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus viridis, Chenopodium
album
Amaranthus graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus viridis, Chenopodium
album
Abutilon theophrasti, Amaranthus
graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus viridis
Amaranthus graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus viridis, Chenopodium
album
Amaranthus graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus viridis, Chenopodium
album
Amaranthus graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus viridis, Chenopodium
album
Amaranthus graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus viridis, Chenopodium
album
Amaranthus graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus viridis, Chenopodium
album
Amaranthus chlorostachys, Amaranthus
graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis
Amaranthus chlorostachys, Amaranthus
graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis
Amaranthus chlorostachys, Amaranthus
graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis
Amaranthus chlorostachys, Amaranthus
graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis
Amaranthus chlorostachys, Amaranthus
graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis
Amaranthus chlorostachys, Amaranthus
graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis
Amaranthus chlorostachys, Amaranthus
graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis
Amaranthus chlorostachys, Amaranthus
graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis
Amaranthus chlorostachys, Amaranthus
graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis
Amaranthus graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis, Conyza
canadensis
Amaranthus chlorostachys, Amaranthus
graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis
Amaranthus chlorostachys, Amaranthus
graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis
Amaranthus chlorostachys, Amaranthus
graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis
Amaranthus chlorostachys, Amaranthus
graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis
Amaranthus chlorostachys, Amaranthus
graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis
Amaranthus chlorostachys, Amaranthus
graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis
Amaranthus chlorostachys, Amaranthus
graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis
Amaranthus chlorostachys, Amaranthus
graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis
Amaranthus chlorostachys, Amaranthus
graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis
Amaranthus chlorostachys, Amaranthus
graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis
Amaranthus graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis, Ambrosia
trifida, Conyza canadensis, Digitaria
sanguinalis, Xanthium strumarium
Amaranthus graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis, Ambrosia
trifida, Conyza canadensis, Digitaria
sanguinalis, Xanthium strumarium
Amaranthus albus, Amaranthus
chlorostachys, Amaranthus
graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis
Amaranthus albus, Amaranthus
chlorostachys, Amaranthus
graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis
Amaranthus graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis, Ambrosia
trifida, Conyza canadensis
Amaranthus graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis, Ambrosia
trifida, Conyza canadensis
Amaranthus albus, Amaranthus
chlorostachys, Amaranthus
graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis
Amaranthus albus, Amaranthus
chlorostachys, Amaranthus
graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis
Amaranthus albus, Amaranthus
graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis
Amaranthus albus, Amaranthus
graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis
Amaranthus albus, Amaranthus
graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis
Amaranthus albus, Amaranthus
graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis
Amaranthus albus, Amaranthus
graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis
Amaranthus chlorostachys, Amaranthus
graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis
Amaranthus albus, Amaranthus
chlorostachys, Amaranthus
graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amoranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis
Amaranthus chlorostachys, Amaranthus
graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amoranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis
Amaranthus albus, Amaranthus
graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amoranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis
Amaranthus albus, Amaranthus
graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amoranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis
Amaranthus albus, Amaranthus
graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amoranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis
Amaranthus albus, Amaranthus
graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amoranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis
Abutilon theophrasti, Amaranthus
albus, Amaranthus
chlorostachys, Amaranthus
graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amoranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis
Abutilon theophrasti, Amaranthus
albus, Amaranthus
chlorostachys, Amaranthus
graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amoranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis
Abutilon theophrasti, Amaranthus
albus, Amaranthus
chlorostachys, Amaranthus
graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amoranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis
Abutilon theophrasti, Amaranthus
albus, Amaranthus
chlorostachys, Amaranthus
graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amoranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis
Abutilon theophrasti, Amaranthus
albus, Amaranthus
chlorostachys, Amaranthus
graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amoranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis
Abutilon theophrasti, Amaranthus
albus, Amaranthus
chlorostachys, Amaranthus
graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amoranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis
Abutilon theophrasti, Amaranthus
albus, Amaranthus
chlorostachys, Amaranthus
graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amoranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis
Abutilon theophrasti, Amaranthus
albus, Amaranthus
chlorostachys, Amaranthus
graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amoranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis
Abutilon theophrasti, Amaranthus
albus, Amaranthus
chlorostachys, Amaranthus
graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amoranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis
Abutilon theophrasti, Amaranthus
albus, Amaranthus
chlorostachys, Amaranthus
graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amoranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis
Amaranthus albus, Amaranthus
chlorostachys, Amaranthus
graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amoranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis
Amaranthus albus, Amaranthus
chlorostachys, Amaranthus
graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis
Amaranthus albus, Amaranthus
chlorostachys, Amaranthus
graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis
Amaranthus albus, Amaranthus
chlorostachys, Amaranthus
graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis
Amaranthus albus, Amaranthus
chlorostachys, Amaranthus
graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis
Amaranthus albus, Amaranthus
chlorostachys, Amaranthus
graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis
Amaranthus albus, Amaranthus
chlorostachys, Amaranthus
graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis
Amaranthus albus, Amaranthus
chlorostachys, Amaranthus
graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis
Amaranthus albus, Amaranthus
chlorostachys, Amaranthus
graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis
Amaranthus albus, Amaranthus
chlorostachys, Amaranthus
graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis
Amaranthus albus, Amaranthus
chlorostachys, Amaranthus
graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis
Amaranthus albus, Amaranthus
chlorostachys, Amaranthus
graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis
Amaranthus albus, Amaranthus
chlorostachys, Amaranthus
graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis
Amaranthus albus, Amaranthus
chlorostachys, Amaranthus
graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis
Amaranthus albus, Amaranthus
chlorostachys, Amaranthus
graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis
Amaranthus albus, Amaranthus
chlorostachys, Amaranthus
graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis
Amaranthus albus, Amaranthus
chlorostachys, Amaranthus
graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis
Amaranthus albus, Amaranthus
chlorostachys, Amaranthus
graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis
Amaranthus albus, Amaranthus
chlorostachys, Amaranthus
graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis
Amaranthus albus, Amaranthus
chlorostachys, Amaranthus
graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis
Amaranthus albus, Amaranthus
chlorostachys, Amaranthus
graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis
Amaranthus albus, Amaranthus
chlorostachys, Amaranthus
graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis
Amaranthus albus, Amaranthus
chlorostachys, Amaranthus
graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis
Amaranthus albus, Amaranthus
chlorostachys, Amaranthus
graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis
Amaranthus albus, Amaranthus
chlorostachys, Amaranthus
graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis
Amaranthus albus, Amaranthus
chlorostachys, Amaranthus
graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis
Amaranthus albus, Amaranthus
chlorostachys, Amaranthus
graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis
Amaranthus albus, Amaranthus
chlorostachys, Amaranthus
graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis
Amaranthus albus, Amaranthus
chlorostachys, Amaranthus
graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis
Amaranthus albus, Amaranthus
chlorostachys, Amaranthus
graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis
Amaranthus albus, Amaranthus
chlorostachys, Amaranthus
graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis
Amaranthus albus, Amaranthus
chlorostachys, Amaranthus
graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis
Amaranthus albus, Amaranthus
chlorostachys, Amaranthus
graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis
Amaranthus albus, Amaranthus
chlorostachys, Amaranthus
graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis
Amaranthus albus, Amaranthus
chlorostachys, Amaranthus
graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis
Amaranthus albus, Amaranthus
chlorostachys, Amaranthus
graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis
Amaranthus albus, Amaranthus
chlorostachys, Amaranthus
graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis
Amaranthus albus, Amaranthus
chlorostachys, Amaranthus
graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis
Amaranthus albus, Amaranthus
chlorostachys, Amaranthus
graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis
Amaranthus albus, Amaranthus
chlorostachys, Amaranthus
graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis
Amaranthus albus, Amaranthus
chlorostachys, Amaranthus
graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis
Amaranthus albus, Amaranthus
chlorostachys, Amaranthus
graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis
Amaranthus albus, Amaranthus
chlorostachys, Amaranthus
graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis
Amaranthus albus, Amaranthus
chlorostachys, Amaranthus
graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis
Amaranthus albus, Amaranthus
chlorostachys, Amaranthus
graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis
Amaranthus albus, Amaranthus
chlorostachys, Amaranthus
graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis
Amaranthus albus, Amaranthus
chlorostachys, Amaranthus
graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis
Amaranthus albus, Amaranthus
chlorostachys, Amaranthus
graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis
Amaranthus albus, Amaranthus
chlorostachys, Amaranthus
graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis
Amaranthus albus, Amaranthus
chlorostachys, Amaranthus
graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis
Amaranthus graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis, Chenopodium
album
Amaranthus graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis
Amaranthus graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis, Chenopodium
album
Amaranthus graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis
Amaranthus graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis, Chenopodium
album
Amaranthus graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis
Amaranthus graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis, Chenopodium
album
Amaranthus graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis
Amaranthus graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis, Chenopodium
album
Amaranthus graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis
Amaranthus graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis
Amaranthus graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis
Amaranthus graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis, Chenopodium
album
Amaranthus graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis, Chenopodium
album
Amaranthus graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis, Chenopodium
album
Amaranthus graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis
Amaranthus graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis
Amaranthus graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis
Amaranthus graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis, Chenopodium
album
Amaranthus graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis
Amaranthus albus, Amaranthus
graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis
Amaranthus albus, Amaranthus
graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis
Amaranthus albus, Amaranthus
graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis
Amaranthus albus, Amaranthus
graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis
Amaranthus albus, Amaranthus
graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis
Amaranthus albus, Amaranthus
graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis
Amaranthus albus, Amaranthus
graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis
Amaranthus albus, Amaranthus
graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis
Amaranthus albus, Amaranthus
graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis
Amaranthus albus, Amaranthus
graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis
Amaranthus albus, Amaranthus
graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis
Amaranthus albus, Amaranthus
graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis
Amaranthus albus, Amaranthus
graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis
Amaranthus albus, Amaranthus
graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis
Amaranthus albus, Amaranthus
graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis
Amaranthus albus, Amaranthus
graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis
Amaranthus albus, Amaranthus
graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis
Amaranthus albus, Amaranthus
graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis
Amaranthus albus, Amaranthus
graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis
Amaranthus albus, Amaranthus
graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis
Abutilon theophrasti, Amaranthus
albus, Amaranthus graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis, Chenopodium
album
Abutilon theophrasti, Amaranthus
albus, Amaranthus graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis, Chenopodium
album
Amaranthus albus, Amaranthus
graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis, Chenopodium
album
Abutilon theophrasti, Amaranthus
albus, Amaranthus graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis, Senna
obtusifolia
Abutilon theophrasti, Amaranthus
albus, Amaranthus graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis, Senna
obtusifolia
Amaranthus albus, Amaranthus
graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis, Chenopodium
album
Abutilon theophrasti, Amaranthus
albus, Amaranthus graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis, Senna
obtusifolia
Abutilon theophrasti, Amaranthus
albus, Amaranthus graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis, Senna
obtusifolia
Amaranthus albus, Amaranthus
graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis
Amaranthus albus, Amaranthus
graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis
Amaranthus albus, Amaranthus
graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis
Amaranthus albus, Amaranthus
graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis
Amaranthus albus, Amaranthus
graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis
Amaranthus albus, Amaranthus
graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis
Amaranthus albus, Amaranthus
graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis
Amaranthus albus, Amaranthus
graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis
Amaranthus albus, Amaranthus
graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis
Amaranthus albus, Amaranthus
graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis
Amaranthus albus, Amaranthus
graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis
Amaranthus albus, Amaranthus
graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis
Amaranthus albus, Amaranthus
graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis
Amaranthus albus, Amaranthus
graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis
Amaranthus albus, Amaranthus
graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis
Amaranthus albus, Amaranthus
graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis
Amaranthus albus, Amaranthus
graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis
Amaranthus albus, Amaranthus
graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis
Amaranthus albus, Amaranthus
graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis
Amaranthus albus, Amaranthus
graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis
Amaranthus albus, Amaranthus
graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis
Amaranthus albus, Amaranthus
graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis
Amaranthus albus, Amaranthus
graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis
Amaranthus albus, Amaranthus
graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis
Amaranthus albus, Amaranthus
graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis
Amaranthus albus, Amaranthus
graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis
Amaranthus albus, Amaranthus
graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis
Amaranthus albus, Amaranthus
graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis
Amaranthus albus, Amaranthus
graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis
Amaranthus albus, Amaranthus
graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis
Amaranthus albus, Amaranthus
graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis
Amaranthus albus, Amaranthus
graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis
Amaranthus chlorostachys, Amaranthus
graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis, Euphorbia
heterophylla
Amaranthus chlorostachys, Amaranthus
graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis, Euphorbia
heterophylla
Amaranthus chlorostachys, Amaranthus
graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis, Euphorbia
heterophylla
Amaranthus chlorostachys, Amaranthus
graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis, Euphorbia
heterophylla
Amaranthus chlorostachys, Amaranthus
graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis
Amaranthus albus, Amaranthus
graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis
Amaranthus albus, Amaranthus
graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis
Amaranthus albus, Amaranthus
graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis
Amaranthus albus, Amaranthus
graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis
Amaranthus albus, Amaranthus
graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis
Amaranthus albus, Amaranthus
graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis
Amaranthus albus, Amaranthus
graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis
Amaranthus chlorostachys, Amaranthus
graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis
Amaranthus albus, Amaranthus
graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis
Amaranthus chlorostachys, Amaranthus
graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis
Amaranthus chlorostachys, Amaranthus
graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis
Amaranthus albus, Amaranthus
graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis
Amaranthus albus, Amaranthus
graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis
Amaranthus chlorostachys, Amaranthus
graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis
Amaranthus chlorostachys, Amaranthus
graecizans, Amaranthus
hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus
palmeri, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus
thunbergii, Amaranthus viridis
In this example, growing Amaranthus palmeri are treated with a topically applied composition for inducing modulation of a target gene in a plant including (a) an agent for conditioning of a plant to permeation by polynucleotides and (b) polynucleotides including at least one polynucleotide strand including at least one segment of 19-25 contiguous nucleotides or more of the target gene of SEQ ID NO: 1-1263 or SEQ ID NO: 1584-1638. Target genes associated with the chloroplast protein import system include but are not limited to the structural genes that encode for translocon outer membrane (Toc) complex proteins, translocon inner membrance complex proteins (Tic), stroma processing peptidase, and chaperone like proteins.
The following procedure is used for all assays described in this example. Approximately four-week old Amaranthus palmeri plants (glyphosate-resistant Palmer amaranth, “R-22”) are used in this assay. Plants are treated with 0.5-1.0 percent Silwet L-77 solution freshly made with ddH2O. Two fully expanded leaves per plant (one cotyledon, one true leaf) are treated with the polynucleotide/Silwet L-77 solution. Final concentration for each dsRNA polynucleotide was 25 microM) unless otherwise stated. Twenty microliters of the solution are applied to the top surface of each of the two pre-treated leaves to provide a total of 40 microliters (1-4 nmol polynucleotide) for each plant.
Spray solutions are prepared the same day as spraying. Single oligonucleotide molecules are applied at rates between 0.04 and 0.18 mg/ml in 20 mM potassium phosphate buffer (pH 6.8) are added to spray solutions 15 to 50 minutes before spraying. One-to-two-ml spray solutions were applied using a custom low-dead-volume sprayer (“milli applicator”) at 8-30 gpa (gallons per acre) to one-to-four inch tall plants. Treated plants are place in a greenhouse set for either a 26.7/21.1° C. or 29.4/21.1° C. 14/10 hour temperature and supplemental light schedule. The amount of response relative to unsprayed treatments is collected at various time intervals up to 21 days after treatment.
A common spray nozzle used for all applications made with the track sprayer is the Turbo Teejet air induction nozzle (015) nozzle with air pressure set at a minimum of 20 psi (pounds per square inch or 160 kpa). This style nozzle is currently being utilized to lessen shear forces that can damage or otherwise change large macromolecules that can seen with other nozzle styles. The height of the spray nozzle is to be 16-18 inches above top of plant material. Treatments are to be made when plants reach the desired size, height or leaf stage.
Application rates are chosen so as to achieve percent control ratings in the range of 50 percent at the lowest rate to 90 percent control at the highest rate. The rates in this control range provide the best possible efficacy comparisons among formulations, allowing separation of relative performance of test samples. The rate of herbicide used in these studies is typically at the manufacturer's recommended use rate. On occasion lower or higher rates may be necessary depending on test objectives. The rate structure used for a given test will be dependent on the environmental conditions at the time of spray application (time of year), the plant species being treated (highly susceptible or tough to kill) and age (or size) of plants to be treated.
When various Toc75 trigger dsRNA polynucleotides (Table 3, SEQ ID NO: 1484-1534) were applied to a glyphosate resistant A. palmeri biotype (R22) followed by (fb) treatment with glyphosate herbicide (WeatherMax®, Monsanto Co., St Louis, herein referred to as WMAX), the results shown in Table 4 show the percent of treated plants demonstrating a reduction in growth. The controls are: untreated (no formulation, no polynucleotide), untreated fb 2×WMAX, formulation (polynucleotide/Silwet L-77 solution) fb 2×WMAX, the EPSPS (5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase) target oligo positive control were four polynucleotides (1, 3, 4, 5 at 4 nm/plant) that target the A. palmeri EPSPS coding sequence. The treatments are pools of Toc75 fb 2×WMAX polynucleotides with the formulation. The plants were scored 7, 14, and 21 days after treatment (DAT). The experimental results shown in Table 4, demonstated that the treated glyphosate resistant plants become more sensitive to the herbicidal effect of glyphosate when the treatment included polynucleotides homologous or complementary to a chloroplast protein import system gene of the plant.
Table 4. A. palmeri plants treated with TOC75 trigger polynucleotides and glyphosate show enhanced sensitivity to glyphosate, percent growth reduction 7, 14, and 21 DAT
Amaranthus palmeri plants (R22 glyphosate resistant biotype) were treated following the protocol described in Example 3. Trigger dsRNA polynucleotides shown in Table 5 (SEQ ID NO: 1535-1573, plus strand sequence illustrated) are targeting the A. palmeri OEP80 gene coding region (SEQ ID NO: 365). The polynucleotides were topically applied at 8 nmol/plant in a composition comprising 0.5-1.0 percent Silwet L-77 and buffer followed one day later by treatment with 2× WeatherMAX (WMAX). Injury rating of the treated plants was conducted 14 days after the WMAX treatment. The control treatments were buffer alone and 2 rates (4 nmol and 8 nmol) of a trigger polynucleotide (oligo 5.3) targeting the A palmeri EPSPS coding gene sequence. The average baseline level of injury effect of buffer plus WMAX was set at 40 percent for this experiment. The results illustrated in
A. palmeri OEP80
Stroma processing peptidase is a key enzyme in the chloroplast protein import system of plants. Amaranthus palmeri plants (R22 glyphosate resistant biotype) were treated following the protocol described in Example 3. Trigger dsRNA polynucleotides shown in Table 6 (SEQ ID NO: 1574-1583, plus strand sequence illustrated) are targeting the A. palmeri stroma processing peptidase (SPP, SEQ ID NO: 936) or Toc75 gene coding region (SEQ ID NO: 260). The SPP polynucleotides were topically applied in 2 pools of polynucleotides, oligos 1, 4, 5, and 6, and oligos 2, 7, 8, and 9, at 3 nmol each/plant in a composition comprising 0.1 percent Silwet L-77 and buffer followed one day later by treatment with 2× WeatherMAX (WMAX). Injury rating of the treated plants was conducted 21 days after the WMAX treatment. The control treatments were buffer alone and a pool of 4 nmol each of 4 trigger polynucleotides (oligo 1, 2, 3, and 5) targeting the A palmeri EPSPS coding gene sequence. The average baseline level of injury effect of WMAX treatment was 41 percent for this experiment. The results shown in Table 7 demonstrate that targeting the stroma processing peptidase gene with trigger polynucleotides homologous or complementary to the gene coding sequence enhanced the sensitivity of the plants to the herbicidal effects of glyphosate.
A method to control weeds in a field comprises the use of one or more chloroplast protein import system trigger polynucleotides that can modulate the expression of an endogenous weed gene in one or more target weed plant species. A weed control composition comprising multiple herbicides and multiple polynucleotides can be used in a field environment to control A. palmeri plant growth. An analysis of chloroplast protein import system gene sequences from 20 plant species provided a collection of 25-mer polynucleotides (SEQ ID NO: 1264-1483) that can be used in compositions to affect the growth or develop or sensitivity to glyphosate herbicide to control multiple weed species in a field. A composition containing 1 or 2 or 3 or 4 or more of the polynucleotides of SEQ ID NO: 1264-1483 or at least one polynucleotide of at least 19 contiguous polynucleotides and at least 85 percent identical to SEQ ID NO: 1264-1483 that would enable broad activity of the composition against the multiple weed species or variant populations that occur in a field environment.
The method additionally includes creating an agricultural chemical composition that comprises components that include at least one polynucleotide of of at least 19 contiguous polynucleotides and at least 85 percent identical to SEQ ID NO: 1-1263 or SEQ ID NO: 1584-1638 any other effective gene expression modulating polynucleotide essentially identical or essentially complementary to SEQ ID NO:1-1263 or SEQ ID NO: 1584-1638 fragment thereof and a transfer agent that mobilizes the polynucleotide into a plant cell and a glyphosate containing herbicide and optionally a polynucleotide that modulates the expression of an essential gene and optionally a herbicide that has a different mode of action relative to glyphosate. The polynucleotide of the composition includes a dsRNA, ssDNA or dsDNA or a combination thereof. A composition containing a polynucleotide can have a use rate of about 1 to 30 grams or more per acre depending on the size of the polynucleotide and the number of polynucleotides in the composition. The composition may include one or more additional herbicides as needed to provide effective multi-species weed control. For example, a composition comprising an chloroplast protein import system gene trigger polynucleotide, the composition further including a co-herbicide that includes, but not limited to acetochlor, acifluorfen, acifluorfen-sodium, aclonifen, acrolein, alachlor, alloxydim, allyl alcohol, ametryn, amicarbazone, amidosulfuron, aminopyralid, amitrole, ammonium sulfamate, anilofos, asulam, atraton, atrazine, azimsulfuron, BCPC, beflubutamid, benazolin, benfluralin, benfuresate, bensulfuron, bensulfuron-methyl, bensulide, bentazone, benzfendizone, benzobicyclon, benzofenap, bifenox, bilanafos, bispyribac, bispyribac-sodium, borax, bromacil, bromobutide, bromoxynil, butachlor, butafenacil, butamifos, butralin, butroxydim, butylate, cacodylic acid, calcium chlorate, cafenstrole, carbetamide, carfentrazone, carfentrazone-ethyl, CDEA, CEPC, chlorflurenol, chlorflurenol-methyl, chloridazon, chlorimuron, chlorimuron-ethyl, chloroacetic acid, chlorotoluron, chlorpropham, chlorsulfuron, chlorthal, chlorthal-dimethyl, cinidon-ethyl, cinmethylin, cinosulfuron, cisanilide, clethodim, clodinafop, clodinafop-propargyl, clomazone, clomeprop, clopyralid, cloransulam, cloransulam-methyl, CMA, 4-CPB, CPMF, 4-CPP, CPPC, cresol, cumyluron, cyanamide, cyanazine, cycloate, cyclosulfamuron, cycloxydim, cyhalofop, cyhalofop-butyl, 2,4-D, 3,4-DA, daimuron, dalapon, dazomet, 2,4-DB, 3,4-DB, 2,4-DEB, desmedipham, dicamba, dichlobenil, ortho-dichlorobenzene, para-dichlorobenzene, dichlorprop, dichlorprop-P, diclofop, diclofop-methyl, diclosulam, difenzoquat, difenzoquat metilsulfate, diflufenican, diflufenzopyr, dimefuron, dimepiperate, dimethachlor, dimethametryn, dimethenamid, dimethenamid-P, dimethipin, dimethylarsinic acid, dinitramine, dinoterb, diphenamid, diquat, diquat dibromide, dithiopyr, diuron, DNOC, 3,4-DP, DSMA, EBEP, endothal, EPTC, esprocarb, ethalfluralin, ethametsulfuron, ethametsulfuron-methyl, ethofumesate, ethoxyfen, ethoxysulfuron, etobenzanid, fenoxaprop-P, fenoxaprop-P-ethyl, fentrazamide, ferrous sulfate, flamprop-M, flazasulfuron, florasulam, fluazifop, fluazifop-butyl, fluazifop-P, fluazifop-P-butyl, flucarbazone, flucarbazone-sodium, flucetosulfuron, fluchloralin, flufenacet, flufenpyr, flufenpyr-ethyl, flumetsulam, flumiclorac, flumiclorac-pentyl, flumioxazin, fluometuron, fluoroglycofen, fluoroglycofen-ethyl, flupropanate, flupyrsulfuron, flupyrsulfuron-methyl-sodium, flurenol, fluridone, fluorochloridone, fluoroxypyr, flurtamone, fluthiacet, fluthiacet-methyl, fomesafen, foramsulfuron, fosamine, glufosinate, glufosinate-ammonium, halosulfuron, halosulfuron-methyl, haloxyfop, haloxyfop-P, HC-252, hexazinone, imazamethabenz, imazamethabenz-methyl, imazamox, imazapic, imazapyr, imazaquin, imazethapyr, imazosulfuron, indanofan, iodomethane, iodosulfuron, iodosulfuron-methyl-sodium, ioxynil, isoproturon, isouron, isoxaben, isoxachlortole, isoxaflutole, karbutilate, lactofen, lenacil, linuron, MAA, MAMA, MCPA, MCPA-thioethyl, MCPB, mecoprop, mecoprop-P, mefenacet, mefluidide, mesosulfuron, mesosulfuron-methyl, mesotrione, metam, metamifop, metamitron, metazachlor, methabenzthiazuron, methylarsonic acid, methyldymron, methyl isothiocyanate, metobenzuron, metolachlor, S-metolachlor, metosulam, metoxuron, metribuzin, metsulfuron, metsulfuron-methyl, MK-66, molinate, monolinuron, MSMA, naproanilide, napropamide, naptalam, neburon, nicosulfuron, nonanoic acid, norflurazon, oleic acid (fatty acids), orbencarb, orthosulfamuron, oryzalin, oxadiargyl, oxadiazon, oxasulfuron, oxaziclomefone, oxyfluorfen, paraquat, paraquat dichloride, pebulate, pendimethalin, penoxsulam, pentachlorophenol, pentanochlor, pentoxazone, pethoxamid, petrolium oils, phenmedipham, phenmedipham-ethyl, picloram, picolinafen, pinoxaden, piperophos, potassium arsenite, potassium azide, pretilachlor, primisulfuron, primisulfuron-methyl, prodiamine, profluazol, profoxydim, prometon, prometryn, propachlor, propanil, propaquizafop, propazine, propham, propisochlor, propoxycarbazone, propoxycarbazone-sodium, propyzamide, prosulfocarb, prosulfuron, pyraclonil, pyraflufen, pyraflufen-ethyl, pyrazolynate, pyrazosulfuron, pyrazosulfuron-ethyl, pyrazoxyfen, pyribenzoxim, pyributicarb, pyridafol, pyridate, pyriftalid, pyriminobac, pyriminobac-methyl, pyrimisulfan, pyrithiobac, pyrithiobac-sodium, quinclorac, quinmerac, quinoclamine, quizalofop, quizalofop-P, rimsulfuron, sethoxydim, siduron, simazine, simetryn, SMA, sodium arsenite, sodium azide, sodium chlorate, sulcotrione, sulfentrazone, sulfometuron, sulfometuron-methyl, sulfosate, sulfosulfuron, sulfuric acid, tar oils, 2,3,6-TBA, TCA, TCA-sodium, tebuthiuron, tepraloxydim, terbacil, terbumeton, terbuthylazine, terbutryn, thenylchlor, thiazopyr, thifensulfuron, thifensulfuron-methyl, thiobencarb, tiocarbazil, topramezone, tralkoxydim, tri-allate, triasulfuron, triaziflam, tribenuron, tribenuron-methyl, tricamba, triclopyr, trietazine, trifloxysulfuron, trifloxysulfuron-sodium, trifluralin, triflusulfuron, triflusulfuron-methyl, trihydroxytriazine, tritosulfuron, [3-[2-chloro-4-fluoro-5-(-methyl-6-trifluoromethyl-2,4-dioxo-,2,3,4-t-etrahydropyrimidin-3-yl)phenoxy]-2-pyridyloxy]acetic acid ethyl ester (CAS RN 353292-3-6), 4-[(4,5-dihydro-3-methoxy-4-methyl-5-oxo)-H-,2,4-triazol-ylcarbonyl-sulfamoyl]-5-methylthiophene-3-carboxylic acid (BAY636), BAY747 (CAS RN 33504-84-2), topramezone (CAS RN 2063-68-8), 4-hydroxy-3-[[2-[(2-methoxyethoxy)methyl]-6-(trifluoro-methyl)-3-pyridi-nyl]carbonyl]-bicyclo[3.2.]oct-3-en-2-one (CAS RN 35200-68-5), and 4-hydroxy-3-[[2-(3-methoxypropyl)-6-(difluoromethyl)-3-pyridinyl]carbon-yl]-bicyclo[3.2.]oct-3-en-2-one.
A field of crop plants in need of weed plant control is treated by spray application of the composition. The composition can be provided as a tank mix, a sequential treatment of components (generally the polynucleotide followed by the herbicide), a simultaneous treatment or mixing of one or more of the components of the composition from separate containers. Treatment of the field can occur as often as needed to provide weed control and the components of the composition can be adjusted to target specific weed species or weed families.
A method of controlling weeds and plant pest and pathogens in a field of glyphosate tolerant crop plants is provided, by applying a herbicidal composition having a polynucleotide, an organosilicone surfactant (about 0.1 percent or greater), and a nonpolynucleotide herbicide and a pest control agent. The polynucleotide is essentially identical or essentially complementary to a segment of a gene sequence that is a component of a chloroplast protein import system of one or more of the target weed species. The trigger oligonucleotide is at least 19 nucleotides in length and at least 85 percent identical to a segment of a gene sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1-1263 and 1584-1638 isolated from a weed species. The nonpolynucleotide herbicide is preferably a glyphosate composition and the pest control agent is preferably an insecticide, fungicide, nematocide, bactericide, acaricide, growth regulator, chemosterilant, semiochemical, repellent, attractant, pheromone, feeding stimulant or other biologically active compounds or biological agents, such as, microorganisms.
For example, the admixture comprises a fungicide compound for use on a glyphosate tolerant crop plant to prevent or control plant disease caused by a plant fungal pathogen, The fungicide compound of the admixture may be a systemic or contact fungicide or mixtures of each. More particularly the fungicide compound includes, but is not limited to members of the chemical groups strobilurins, triazoles, chloronitriles, carboxamides and mixtures thereof. The composition may additional have an admixture comprises an insecticidal compound or agent.
The chloroplast protein import system trigger polynucleotides and WeatherMAX® (WMAX) tank mixes with fungicides, insecticides or both are tested for use in soybean. Soybean rust is a significant problem disease in South America and serious concern in the U.S. Testing is conducted to develop a method for use of mixtures of the WMAX formulation and various commercially available fungicides for weed control and soy rust control. The field plots are planted with Roundup Ready® soybeans. All plots receive a post plant application of the EPSPS trigger+WMAX about 3 weeks after planting. The mixtures of trigger+WMAX or trigger+WMAX+fungicide+insecticides are used to treat the plots at the R1 stage of soybean development (first flowering) of treatment. Data is taken for percent weed control at 7 and 21 days after R1 treatment, soybean safety (percent necrosis, chlorosis, growth rate): 5 days after treatment, disease rating, and soybean yield (bushels/Acre). These mixtures and treatments are designed to provide simultaneous weed and pest control of soybean, such as fungal pest control, for example, soybean rust disease; and insect pest control, for example, aphids, armyworms, loopers, beetles, stinkbugs, and leaf hoppers.
Agricultural chemicals are provided in containers suitable for safe storage, transportation and distribution, stability of the chemical compositions, mixing with solvents and instructions for use. A container of a mixture of a trigger oligonucleotide+glyphosate+fungicide compound, or a mixture of a trigger oligonucleotide+glyphosate compound and an insecticide compound, or a trigger oligonucleotide+a glyphosate compound and a fungicide compound and an insecticide compound (for example, lambda-cyhalothrin, Warrier®). The container may further provide instructions on the effective use of the mixture. Containers can be of any material that is suitable for the storage of the chemical mixture. Containers can be of any material that is suitable for the shipment of the chemical mixture. The material can be of cardboard, plastic, metal, or a composite of these materials. The container can have a volume of 0.5 liter, 1 liter, 2 liter, 3-5 liter, 5-10 liter, 10-20 liter, 20-50 liter or more depending upon the need. A tank mix of a trigger oligonucleotide+glyphosate compound and a fungicide compound is provided, methods of application to the crop to achieve an effective dose of each compound are known to those skilled in the art and can be refined and further developed depending on the crop, weather conditions, and application equipment used.
Insecticides, fungicides, nematocides, bactericides, acaricides, growth regulators, chemosterilants, semiochemicals, repellents, attractants, pheromones, feeding stimulants or other biologically active compounds can be added to the trigger oligonucleotide to form a multi-component pesticide giving an even broader spectrum of agricultural protection. Examples of such agricultural protectants with which compounds as described herein can be formulated are: insecticides such as abamectin, acephate, azinphos-methyl, bifenthrin, buprofezin, carbofuran, chlorfenapyr, chlorpyrifos, chlorpyrifos-methyl, cyfluthrin, beta-cyfluthrin, cyhalothrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, deltamethrin, diafenthiuron, diazinon, diflubenzuron, dimethoate, esfenvalerate, fenoxycarb, fenpropathrin, fenvalerate, fipronil, flucythrinate, tau-fluvalinate, fonophos, imidacloprid, isofenphos, malathion, metaldehyde, methamidophos, methidathion, methomyl, methoprene, methoxychlor, methyl 7-chloro-2,5-dihydro-2-[[N-(methoxycarbonyl)-N-[4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]amino]carbonyl]indeno[1,2-e][1,3,4]oxadiazine-4a(3H)-carboxylate (DPX-JW062), monocrotophos, oxamyl, parathion, parathion-methyl, permethrin, phorate, phosalone, phosmet, phosphamidon, pirimicarb, profenofos, rotenone, sulprofos, tebufenozide, tefluthrin, terbufos, tetrachlorvinphos, thiodicarb, tralomethrin, trichlorfon and triflumuron; most preferably a glyphosate compound is formulated with a fungicide compound or combinations of fungicides, such as azoxystrobin, benomyl, blasticidin-S, Bordeaux mixture (tribasic copper sulfate), bromuconazole, captafol, captan, carbendazim, chloroneb, chlorothalonil, copper oxychloride, copper salts, cymoxanil, cyproconazole, cyprodinil (CGA 219417), diclomezine, dicloran, difenoconazole, dimethomorph, diniconazole, diniconazole-M, dodine, edifenphos, epoxiconazole (BAS 480F), famoxadone, fenarimol, fenbuconazole, fenpiclonil, fenpropidin, fenpropimorph, fluazinam, fluquinconazole, flusilazole, flutolanil, flutriafol, folpet, fosetyl-aluminum, furalaxyl, hexaconazole, ipconazole, iprobenfos, iprodione, isoprothiolane, kasugamycin, kresoxim-methyl, mancozeb, maneb, mepronil, metalaxyl, metconazole, S-methyl 7-benzothiazolecarbothioate (CGA 245704), myclobutanil, neo-asozin (ferric methanearsonate), oxadixyl, penconazole, pencycuron, probenazole, prochloraz, propiconazole, pyrifenox, pyroquilon, quinoxyfen, spiroxamine (KWG4168), sulfur, tebuconazole, tetraconazole, thiabendazole, thiophanate-methyl, thiram, triadimefon, triadimenol, tricyclazole, trifloxystrobin, triticonazole, validamycin and vinclozolin; combinations of fungicides are common for example, cyproconazole and azoxystrobin, difenoconazole, and metalaxyl-M, fludioxonil and metalaxyl-M, mancozeb and metalaxyl-M, copper hydroxide and metalaxyl-M, cyprodinil and fludioxonil, cyproconazole and propiconazole; commercially available fungicide formulations for control of Asian soybean rust disease include, but are not limited to Quadris® (Syngenta Corp), Bravo® (Syngenta Corp), Echo 720® (Sipcam Agro Inc), Headline® 2.09EC (BASF Corp), Tilt® 3.6EC (Syngenta Corp), PropiMax™ 3.6 EC (Dow AgroSciences), Bumper® 41.8EC (MakhteshimAgan), Folicur® 3.6F (Bayer CropScience), Laredo® 25EC (Dow AgroSciences), Laredo™ 25EW (Dow AgroSciences), Stratego® 2.08F (Bayer Corp), Domark™ 125SL (Sipcam Agro USA), and Pristine®38% WDG (BASF Corp) these can be combined with glyphosate compositions as described herein to provide enhanced protection from soybean rust disease; nematocides such as aldoxycarb and fenamiphos; bactericides such as streptomycin; acaricides such as amitraz, chinomethionat, chlorobenzilate, cyhexatin, dicofol, dienochlor, etoxazole, fenazaquin, fenbutatin oxide, fenpropathrin, fenpyroximate, hexythiazox, propargite, pyridaben and tebufenpyrad; and biological agents such as Bacillus thuringiensis, Bacillus thuringiensis delta endotoxin, baculovirus, and entomopathogenic bacteria, virus and fungi.
This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/787,620, filed Mar. 15, 2013, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 61787620 | Mar 2013 | US |
