Patent Application
20090110756
I. Field of the Invention
The invention is related to the fields of molecular biology, physiology, and medicine. More particularly, the invention involves compositions and methods for lowering the surface tension of a liquid-air interface with a PLUNC polypeptide or peptide fragments.
II. Background
Natural pulmonary surfactants (PS) are protein/lipid compositions that are produced naturally in the lungs and are critical to the lungs' ability to absorb oxygen. They cover the entire alveolar surface of the lungs and the terminal conducting airways leading to the alveoli. Surfactants facilitate respiration by continually modifying the surface tension of the fluid normally present within the alveoli. In the absence of sufficient surfactant, or should the surfactant degrade, the alveoli tend to collapse and the lungs do not absorb sufficient oxygen. By lowering the surface tension of the terminal conducting airways, surfactant maintains patency, i.e., keeps airways open. Loss of patency leads to obstruction of the airway and compromised pulmonary function. Human surfactants primarily contain: phospholipids, the major one being dipalmitoyl phosphatidyl-choline (DPPC), and four surfactant polypeptides, A, B, C and D with surfactant protein B (SP-B) being the most essential for respiratory function. Natural and synthetic pulmonary surfactants are commonly used to treat respiratory distress syndrome in premature infants shortly after birth.
Improved methods and compositions for achieving lower surface in pulmonary disorders, infections, and other conditions are needed.
Embodiments of the invention include the use of all or part of the PLUNC protein as a surface tension lowering (surfactant) agent. As described herein, recombinant PLUNC has surfactant or surface tension lowering properties. This protein may act to lower surface tension in a variety of biological secretions, such as but not limited to oral secretions, or at a biological or non-biological air-liquid interface (such as, but not limited to, small airways such as small bronchi or the Eustachian tube) and may prevent collapse of such structures. In other embodiments, PLUNC may be used in enhancing the spread of oral secretions, respiratory secretions, or other liquids, for example, respiratory secretions on the surface of the airways or other surfaces (including the spread of secreted mucus and antimicrobials). The surfactant properties of a PLUNC polypeptide may also enhance spreading, motility, and function of innate immune cells (e.g., neutrophils, macrophages) at the liquid-air interface. In certain aspects of the invention, a PLUNC protein, fragment, or segment thereof, can be produced recombinantly in E. coli or other suitable host known in the art and therefore could be used as a topical agent for respiratory, oral, and other applications. In a further aspect, a subject or patient in need of such therapy is identified. Thus, treatment is directed to a patient in need of a surfactant therapy as described below. In certain aspects, patients include those in need of ventilation or demonstrate of suspected of having a deficit in mucociliary clearance, such as primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD), variant cystic fibrosis (CF) or pseudohypoaldosteronism (PHA). The administration of PLUNC composition
The primary amino acid sequence of PLUNC is hydrophobic in nature. Secreted hydrophobic proteins are unusual in multicellular organisms. Examples of such include the pulmonary surfactant proteins B and C. The inventors observed a similarity between PLUNC amino acid sequences and an equine protein termed “latherin” (
The inventors have demonstrated that a PLUNC family member has surfactant properties. Furthermore, addition of a lipid component (e.g., DPPC) to PLUNC caused a further lowering of surface tension (
As used herein, “surfactant activity” refers to the ability of a substance, such as an organic molecule, protein or polypeptide, either alone or in combination with other molecules, to lower surface tension at an air/water interface. The measurement can be made with a Wilhelmy Balance or pulsating bubble surfactometer by an in vitro assay. See, for example King et al., 1972, or Enhorning, 1977, each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Briefly, the Enhorning Surfactometer (Surfactometer International, Toronto, Ontario) measures the pressure gradient (ΔP) across a liquid-air interface of a bubble that pulsates at a rate of 20 cycles/min between a maximal (0.55 mm) and minimal (0.4 mm) radius. The bubble, formed in a 37° C., water-enclosed, 20-μl sample chamber, is monitored through a microscopic optic while the pressure changes are recorded on a strip chart recorder calibrated for 0 and −2 cm H2O. In addition, in vivo measurements of increases of compliance or airflow at a given pressure of air entering the lung can be readily made, such as in the assay of Robertson, 1980, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. In this assay, the sample to be assessed is administered through an endotracheal tube to fetal rabbits or lambs delivered prematurely by Caesarian section. (These “preemies” lack their own pulmonary surfactant (PS), and are supported on a ventilator.) Measurements of lung compliance, blood gases, and ventilator pressure provide indices of activity. In vitro assays of surfactant activity, which is assessed as the ability to lower the surface tension of a pulsating bubble, and in vivo assays utilizing fetal rabbits is described in detail by Revak et al., 1986.
In certain aspects, a surfactant of the present invention comprises a PLUNC peptide that can be isolated from recombinant sources or synthesized. Exemplary peptides for use herein include naturally and non-naturally occurring PLUNC peptides, such as, for example, one or a combination of animal-derived PLUNC polypeptides; recombinant PLUNC polypeptides; synthetically derived PLUNC polypeptides; PLUNC analogs; PLUNC polypeptide mimics; conservatively modified variants thereof retaining activity; and fragments thereof retaining activity. A surfactant polypeptide mimic is generally a polypeptide that is engineered to mimic the surfactant attributes of human PLUNC protein. In certain embodiments, the surfactant polypeptide comprises a PLUNC peptide that comprises or consists of at least about 10, at least 11 amino acid residues, and no more than about 130, more usually fewer than about 125 and/or fewer than about 100 amino acid residues of a PLUNC polypeptide.
Certain embodiments involve methods of lowering surface tension at a liquid-air interface comprising administering an amount of an isolated PLUNC polypeptide sufficient to lower the surface tension at the liquid-air interface. In certain aspects, the PLUNC polypeptide is an amino terminal fragment of a PLUNC protein. In a further aspect, the PLUNC polypeptide is a amino terminal fragment having an amino acid sequence of 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 to 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 120 to 250 amino acids, including all values and ranges there between of SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID:8, SEQ ID NO:10, SEQ ID NO:12 and/or SEQ ID NO:14. In still further aspects, the amino terminal fragment has an amino acid sequence derived from SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID:8, SEQ ID NO:10, SEQ ID NO:12 and/or SEQ ID NO:14. In certain aspects, the PLUNC polypeptide is administered to a subject at a dose of 1, 10, 50, 100 μg or mg to 50, 100, 200, or 500 μg or mg per kg of body weight.
Certain embodiments of the invention include compositions comprising 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100 μg, ng, or mg of one or more lipid and/or phospholipid and 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100 μg, ng, or mg proteins including one or more PLUNC polypeptide or peptide fragment in 1 to 100 μl or ml of volume. In certain methods of the present invention, a surfactant composition comprises one or more lipids. In these embodiments, the surfactant composition can comprise, for example, from as little as about 0.05 to 100% weight percent lipid, so long as the resulting composition has surfactant activity. By weight percent is meant the percentage of a compound by weight in a composition by weight. Thus, a composition having 50 weight percent lipid contains, for example, 50 grams lipid(s) per 100 grams total composition. The term “lipid” as used herein refers to a naturally occurring, synthetic or semi-synthetic (i.e., modified natural) compound which is generally amphipathic. The lipids typically comprise a hydrophilic component and a hydrophobic component. Exemplary lipids include, but are not limited to, phospholipids, fatty acids, fatty alcohols, neutral fats, phosphatides, oils, glycolipids, surface-active agents (surfactants), aliphatic alcohols, waxes, terpenes and steroids. The phrase semi-synthetic (or modified natural) denotes a natural compound that has been chemically modified in some fashion. Preferably, the lipids of are fatty acids, alcohols, esters and ethers thereof, fatty amines, or combinations thereof.
Examples of phospholipids include native and/or synthetic phospholipids. Phospholipids that can be used include, but are not limited to, phosphatidylcholines, phospatidylglycerols, phosphatidylethanolamines, phosphatidylserines, phosphatidic acids, phosphatidylinositols, sphingolipids, diacylglycerides, cardiolipin, ceramides, cerebrosides and the like. Exemplary phospholipids include, but are not limited to, dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine (DPPC), dilauryl phosphatidylcholine (DLPC) (C12:0), dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine (DMPC) (C14:0), distearoyl phosphatidylcholine (DSPC), diphytanoyl phosphatidylcholine, nonadecanoyl phosphatidylcholine, arachidoyl phosphatidylcholine, dioleoyl phosphatidylcholine (DOPC) (C18:1), dipalmitoleoyl phosphatidylcholine (C16:1), linoleoyl phosphatidylcholine (C18:2), myristoyl palmitoyl phosphatidylcholine (MPPC), steroyl myristoyl phosphatidylcholine (SMPC), steroyl palmitoyl phosphatidylcholine (SPPC), palmitoyloleoyl phosphatidylcholine (POPC), palmitoyl palmitooleoyl phosphatidylcholine (PPoPC), dipalmitoyl phosphatidylethanolamine (DPPE), palmitoyloleoyl phosphatidylethanolamine (POPE), dioleoylphosphatidylethanolamine (DOPE), dimyristoyl phosphatidylethanolamine (DMPE), distearoyl phosphatidylethanolamine (DSPE), dioleoyl phosphatidylglycerol (DOPG), palmitoyloleoyl phosphatidylglycerol (POPG), dipalmitoyl phosphatidylglycerol (DPPG), dimyristoyl phosphatidylglycerol (DMPG), distearoyl phosphatidylglycerol (DSPG), dimyristoylphosphatidylserine (DMPS), distearoylphosphatidylserine (DSPS), palmitoyloleoyl phosphatidylserine (POPS), soybean lecithin, egg yolk lecithin, sphingomyelin, phosphatidylinositols, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidic acids, and egg phosphatidylcholine (EPC).
Examples of fatty acids and fatty alcohols include, but are not limited to, sterols, palmitic acid, cetyl alcohol, lauric acid, myristic acid, stearic acid, phytanic acid, dipamlitic acid, and the like. Preferably, the fatty acid is palmitic acid and preferably the fatty alcohol is cetyl alcohol.
Examples of fatty acid esters include, but are not limited to, methyl palmitate, ethyl palmitate, isopropyl palmitate, cholesteryl palmitate, palmityl palmitate sodium palmitate, potassium palmitate, tripalmitin, and the like.
An example of a semi-synthetic or modified natural lipid is any one of the lipids described above which has been chemically modified. The chemical modification can include a number of modifications; however, a preferred modification is the conjugation of one or more polyethylene glycol (PEG) groups to desired portions of the lipid.
In certain aspects, the liquid-air interface is part of the respiratory system or auditory system of a subject. In particular, the liquid-air interface is present in a subject's upper respiratory system, trachea, mouth, lungs, or Eustachian tubes. Administration may be by endotracheal administration, inhalation, or other administrative route that directly or indirectly can be in contact with the compositions of the invention. The methods may further comprise a second therapy. The second therapy can be a respiratory therapy, such as conventional ventilation, high frequency ventilation, or continuous positive airway pressure. The second therapy may also include administration of one or more therapeutic agents, such as nitric oxide, steroids, antioxidants, vitamins, vitamin derivatives, reactive oxygen scavengers, bronchodilators, diuretics, antimicrobial agents, anti-infective agents, anti-hypertensive agents and/or anti-inflammatory agents. The methods may also include administering a pulmonary surfactant other than the PLUNC polypeptide, such as Poractant Alfa, Beractant, Bovactant, Colfosceril Palmitate, Surfactant-Ta, Calfactant, Pumactant, Lusupultide or Sinapultide. The second therapy may also be an antibiotic therapy, such as penicillin, ampicillin, amoxycillin, vancomycin, cycloserine, bacitracin, cephalolsporin, imipenem, colistin, methicillin, streptomycin, kanamycin, tobramycin, gentamicin, tetracycline, chlortetracycline, doxycycline, chloramphenicol, lincomycin, clindamycin, erythromycin, oleandomycin, polymyxin nalidixic acid, rifamycin, rifampicin, gantrisin, trimethoprim, isoniazid, paraminosalicylic acid, and/or ethambutol.
Further embodiments may involve methods of enhancing effectiveness of anti-microbial agents comprising administering a PLUNC polypeptide having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID:8, SEQ ID NO:10, SEQ ID NO: 12 or SEQ ID NO:14, including 10 to 250 amino acids of the amino terminus, and an anti-microbial, wherein the PLUNC polypeptide lowers the surface tension of a liquid-air interface and enhances dispersion of the anti-microbial.
Still further embodiments involve methods of enhancing effectiveness of a surfactant comprising administering a PLUNC polypeptide and a surfactant, wherein the PLUNC polypeptide lowers the surface tension of a liquid-air interface produced by the surfactant alone.
Embodiments of the invention also involve surfactant compositions comprising a PLUNC surfactant and a second surfactant. The second surfactant may be one or more lipid, such as phosphatidylcholines, phospatidylglycerols, phosphatidylethanolamines, phosphatidylserines, phosphatidic acids, phosphatidylinositols, sphingolipids, diacylglycerides, cardiolipin, ceramides, cerebrosides and the like. Exemplary phospholipids include, but are not limited to, dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine (DPPC), dilauryl phosphatidylcholine (DLPC) (C12:0), dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine (DMPC) (C14:0), distearoyl phosphatidylcholine (DSPC), diphytanoyl phosphatidylcholine, nonadecanoyl phosphatidylcholine, arachidoyl phosphatidylcholine, dioleoyl phosphatidylcholine (DOPC) (C18:1), dipalmitoleoyl phosphatidylcholine (C 16:1), linoleoyl phosphatidylcholine (C18:2), myristoyl palmitoyl phosphatidylcholine (MPPC), steroyl myristoyl phosphatidylcholine (SMPC), steroyl palmitoyl phosphatidylcholine (SPPC), palmitoyloleoyl phosphatidylcholine (POPC), palmitoyl palmitooleoyl phosphatidylcholine (PPoPC), dipalmitoyl phosphatidylethanolamine (DPPE), palmitoyloleoyl phosphatidylethanolamine (POPE), dioleoylphosphatidylethanolamine (DOPE), dimyristoyl phosphatidylethanolamine (DMPE), distearoyl phosphatidylethanolamine (DSPE), dioleoyl phosphatidylglycerol (DOPG), palmitoyloleoyl phosphatidylglycerol (POPG), dipalmitoyl phosphatidylglycerol (DPPG), dimyristoyl phosphatidylglycerol (DMPG), distearoyl phosphatidylglycerol (DSPG), dimyristoylphosphatidylserine (DMPS), distearoylphosphatidylserine (DSPS), palmitoyloleoyl phosphatidylserine (POPS), soybean lecithin, egg yolk lecithin, sphingomyelin, phosphatidylinositols, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidic acids, egg phosphatidylcholine (EPC) or combinations thereof. In a particular aspect the lipid is DPPC.
The terms “inhibiting,” “reducing,” or “lowering,” or any variation of these terms, when used in the claims and/or the specification includes any measurable decrease to achieve a desired result.
The use of the word “a” or “an” when used in conjunction with the term “comprising” in the claims and/or the specification may mean “one,” but it is also consistent with the meaning of “one or more,” “at least one,” and “one or more than one.”
The use of the term “or” in the claims is used to mean “and/or” unless explicitly indicated to refer to alternatives only or the alternatives are mutually exclusive, although the disclosure supports a definition that refers to only alternatives and “and/or.”
Throughout this application, the term “about” is used to indicate that a value includes the standard deviation of error for the device or method being employed to determine the value. In one example, “about” will mean a 50% variance from the value stated.
As used in this specification and claim(s), the words “comprising” (and any form of comprising, such as “comprise” and “comprises”), “having” (and any form of having, such as “have” and “has”), “including” (and any form of including, such as “includes” and “include”) or “containing” (and any form of containing, such as “contains” and “contain”) are inclusive or open-ended and do not exclude additional, unrecited elements or method steps.
Other objects, features and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the following detailed description. It should be understood, however, that the detailed description and the specific examples, while indicating specific embodiments of the invention, are given by way of illustration only, since various changes and modifications within the spirit and scope of the invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art from this detailed description.
The following drawings form part of the present specification and are included to further demonstrate certain aspects of the present invention. The invention may be better understood by reference to one or more of these drawings in combination with the detailed description of specific embodiments presented herein.
The upper respiratory tract and oropharynx, including the nasal and oral cavities, are the major route of entry of pathogens into the body and early recognition of bacterial products in this region is critical for host defense. Proteins that are central to bacterial product recognition and response include members of the lipid transfer/lipopolysaccharide binding protein (LT/LBP) family. Well characterized members of this family include BPI, LBP, CETP and PLTP. In addition to these proteins, Bingle and Craven (2002) have described a family of 7 candidate host defense proteins in humans, which are designated PLUNC for palate, lung, and nasal epithelium clone.
The surfaces of the conducting airways and alveoli of the lung comprise a large interface between the host and the environment. Despite an ongoing daily exposure to microbes and their components by inhalation, the intrapulmonary airways and airspaces normally maintain a sterile state without significant inflammation (Reynolds, 1997). However, in disease states such as, but not limited to, cystic fibrosis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, the lung is characterized by marked neutrophilic infiltrates and inflammation (Welsh et al., 2001). This successful maintenance of the normal condition reflects the success of the concerted activities of the innate and adaptive immune systems.
Members of the LT/LBP family may contribute to airway innate defense through their anti-inflammatory or antibacterial actions. For example, sensitive cellular responses to many bacterial endotoxins require the concerted action of at least four host extracellular and cellular proteins—lipopolysaccharide binding protein (LBP), CD14, MD-2 and TLR4 (Shimazu et al., 1999). Bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein (BPI), selectively exerts multiple anti-infective actions against Gram-negative bacteria, including cytotoxicity through damage to bacterial membranes, neutralization of bacterial endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide, LPS), and also serves as an opsonin for phagocytosis of Gram-negative bacteria by neutrophils (Elsbach and Weiss, 1998). Other members of the large LT/LBP family include lipopolysaccharide binding protein (LBP) (Schumann et al., 1990), cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) and phospholipid transfer protein (PLTP) (Tall, 1995). LBP forms a complex with LPS and in conjunction with CD14 activates TLR4 to initiate innate immune responses. Plasma CETP facilitates the transfer of cholesteryl ester from HDL to apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins (Bruce et al., 1998). PLTP transfers phospholipids from triglyceride-rich lipoproteins to HDL during lipolysis (Tall, 1995). Although these 4 proteins possess different physiological functions, they share marked biochemical similarities. With the exception of CETP, these genes are part of a large 300 kb cluster on chromosome 20q11.2 (Bingle and Craven, 2002). Interestingly, the gene cluster is adjacent to one of the β-defensin clusters (Schutte et al., 2002).
Weston et al. (1999) discovered the mouse Plunc gene by using differential display to identify a gene transcript that was expressed in the presumptive nasal epithelium of the mouse embryo. In situ hybridization analysis showed discrete regions of expression associated with the palate, nasal septum, nasal conchae, adult trachea, and bronchi of the lung and designated the gene Plunc.
Bingle and Bingle (2000) reported the cloning and characterization of the human ortholog of Plunc. This protein has also previously been termed “LUNX”. They demonstrated by RNA blot analysis that expression of human PLUNC(SPLUNC1) was restricted to the trachea, upper airway, nasopharyngeal epithelium, and salivary gland. The human SPLUNC1 gene is comprised of 9 exons and covers 7.3 kb; the first and last exons are noncoding. The cDNA encodes a leucine-rich protein of 256 amino acids which is 72% identical to the murine protein.
The expression of murine Plunc and Lplunc1 demonstrate an overlapping pattern in oral, lingual and tracheal and bronchial epithelia (LeClair, et al., 2002). Of the known mouse LT/LBP family members, Plunc and Lplunc1 appear to be the major expressed genes in the respiratory epithelia (Weston et al., 1999; Leclair, 2003). Similarly, the expression of human PLUNC and LPLUNC1 transcripts is abundant in the respiratory tract as described herein and in Bingle and Craven (2002). Furthermore, the presence of PLUNC protein in human and mouse respiratory secretions was recently independently reported by two groups, and there is evidence that protein levels increase with exposure to irritants, inflammation or trauma (Lindahl et al., 2001; Ghafouri et al., 2002; Sung et al., 2002). Despite evidence of abundant expression at the mRNA and protein levels, no studies have been performed to elucidate the functions of PLUNC or LPLUNC1.
Recent evidence indicates a much larger family of putative lipid binding proteins resides at 20q11.2. In addition to human PLUNC, several other related sequences termed either “short” PLUNCs (SPLUNCs) or “long” PLUNCs (LPLUNCs) were identified (Bingle and Craven, 2002). There are at least 8 human PLUNC related sequences and a syntenic ˜400 kb locus on mouse chromosome 2. Study of the mouse genome sequence reveals at least 11 LT/LBP family members in a syntenic locus on chromosome 2, spanning ˜400 kb (LeClair et al., 2001; LeClair et al., 2002). In further support of a shared ancestry of the LT/LBP family is the finding that the genes exist as a cluster and share similar genomic structures (Bingle and Craven, 2002). The intron and exon organization of the short and long PLUNCs also suggests conserved functions. The short PLUNCs typically have 9 exons, while long PLUNCs (including BPI, LBP, CETP and PLTP) have 16 exons.
The identification of PLUNC-related proteins arose from an iterative combination of analysis of the published sequence of chromosome 20 coupled with BLAST searches against the GenBank databases, using as the starting point the sequence of PLUNC (Bingle and Bingle, 2000). This procedure identified that PLUNC (which may also be designated SPLUNC1) is a member of a family of seven proteins that are encoded by adjacent genes in an approximately 300 kb region of chromosome 20q11. Members of the PLUNC family fall into two groups based on their size. One group, which the inventors designate as ‘short’ proteins, comprises PLUNC (SPLUNC1) (GI #7958616, 256 amino acids), SPLUNC2 (GI #9801234, 249 amino acids) and SPLUNC3 (GI #109627654, 254 amino acids). The other group, designated as ‘long’ proteins, comprises LPLUNC1 (GI #19880274, 484 amino acids, also known as von Ebner minor salivary gland protein), LPLUNC2 (GI #11877274, 458 amino acids), LPLUNC3 (GI #73620973, 476 amino acids) and LPLUNC4 (GI #34395623, 575 amino acids). All of these proteins, with the exception of LPLUNC4 contain putative signal peptides at the N terminus. All of these proteins and segments thereof will be generally designated as PLUNC. Within the PLUNC family, the sequence identity is rather low, ranging typically from 16% to 28%, with LPLUNC3 and LPLUNC4 sharing a somewhat higher pairwise identity of 37%. Rat orthologs of LPLUNC3 and LPLUNC4 have previously been reported (Dear et al., 1991). A weak sequence similarity was noted between these two orthologs, RYA3 and RY2G5, and BPI and LBP.
BPI is the only member of this family for which the structure has been solved (Beamer et al., 1997). BPI has a “boomerang” shape with two structurally similar domains of approximately 200 residues. It has been proposed that the two domains of BPI and related proteins are functionally and covalently linked pseudodimer that may have evolved by gene duplication from a monomeric ancestral protein (Beamer et al., 1998; Beamer et al., 1999). In support of this, PLUNC (256 residues) and the other SPLUNCs bear similarities to the N-terminal domain of BPI (Bingle and Craven, 2002). Importantly, each SPLUNC shares a single conserved disulfide bond that appears analogous to the single disulfide in the N-terminal half of BPI. Thus, the short PLUNCs may be structurally similar to the N-terminal half of BPI and related LPLUNCs. The inventors used the BPI crystal structure to model LPLUNC1 (484 residues) and found that it shares features similar to BPI (456 residues).
The putative familial relationship and a fold or structural similarity of PLUNC to BPI was found using the 3DPSSM fold recognition service (Kelley et al., 2000), which predicted a fold similar to that of BPI at the 95% confidence level for all seven members of the PLUNC family. 3DPSSM is a threading method that uses not only primary sequence comparison, but also predicted secondary structure and polarity/hydrophobicity to detect similarities to proteins of known 3D structure. The prediction of structural similarity to BPI was much more significant than matches to any other of over 6000 structures scanned by 3DPSSM.
The two-domain structure of the BPI fold accounts for the division of the PLUNC family into short and long proteins, these groups containing either one or both of the BPI domains, respectively. For the short sequences, the most confident match made by 3DPSSM was to the N-terminal domain of BPI. All three short proteins contain cysteine pairs, consistent with the location of the disulfide bond present in the N-terminal domain of BPI. In SPLUNC1 and SPLUNC2, the position of the residue putatively equivalent to Cys 175 of BPI aligns with a position eight residues later. This corresponds to being positioned two turns later in the helix, but probably simply reflects the uncertainty in the register of the alignment of this long helical segment and small changes in the relative positioning of the helical and sheet segments.
3DPSSM indicates a clear relationship between the BPI and PLUNC families, it also indicates a fundamental structural difference between them. The BPI family is predicted to share a very closely similar secondary structure throughout both domains, a finding consistent with previous studies (Beamer et al., 1997, Bruce et al., 1998, Huuskinen et al., 1999). In the LPLUNC proteins, the C-terminal domain similarly appears to share the same secondary structure as BPI. In contrast, in the N-domain of the LPLUNC proteins and in the SPLUNC proteins, there is a much greater variability. Much of the variability is in the region that forms one of the tips of the rather elongated molecule. This region, which includes the P-hairpins containing residues 45 and 96, is particularly important for the bactericidal activity of BPI and is also the region of greatest structural difference between the two domains of BPI itself (Levy, 2000). It is the N-terminal domain of BPI that appears to mediate most of the LPS-binding and antibiotic effects of the protein. In fact it has been shown that the N-terminal domain of BPI alone exerts identical biological effects to the full-length protein. The exception to this is the opsonic role of BPI, which is mediated by the C-terminal domain (Levy, 2000).
Proteinaceous compositions of the invention will typically include all or part of a PLUNC polypeptide. In certain aspects, the proteinaceous composition will comprise a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence similar to first 100 or so N-terminal amino acids of a PLUNC polypeptide. PLUNC has structural properties suggesting it may be a bi-functional secreted protein. Western blots of PLUNC protein in secretions from airway epithelia (
Proteinaceous compositions of the invention may include surface tension lowering polypeptides or peptides including or derived from PLUNC polypeptides.
The present invention relates generally to proteins useful for lowering surface tension. In certain embodiments, the present invention concerns novel compositions comprising all or part of a polypeptide of the PLUNC family, in particular polypeptides having all or portions of a sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:8, SEQ ID NO:10, SEQ ID NO:12 or SEQ ID NO:14. As used herein, a “proteinaceous molecule,” “proteinaceous composition,” “proteinaceous compound,” “proteinaceous chain” or “proteinaceous material” generally refers, but is not limited to, a protein of greater than about 80 amino acids or the full length protein; a polypeptide of greater than about 100 amino acids; and/or a peptide of from about 5 to about 120 amino acids. In certain aspects the polypeptides of the invention include at least or at most 25, 50, 75, 100, 125, 150, 175, 200 or 225 amino acids, including all values and ranges there between, of the N-terminus of a PLUNC polypeptide (e.g., SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:8, SEQ ID NO:10, SEQ ID NO:12 or SEQ ID NO:14) or a sequence that is at least 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 95, 99, or 100% identical to such an amino acid sequences, including all percentages there between to SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:8, SEQ ID NO:10, SEQ ID NO:12 or SEQ ID NO:14. All the “proteinaceous” terms described above may be used interchangeably herein.
In certain embodiments the size of the at least one proteinaceous molecule may comprise, but is not limited to at most or at least about 20, about 21, about 22, about 23, about 24, about 25, about 26, about 27, about 28, about 29, about 30, about 31, about 32, about 33, about 34, about 35, about 36, about 37, about 38, about 39, about 40, about 41, about 42, about 43, about 44, about 45, about 46, about 47, about 48, about 49, about 50, about 51, about 52, about 53, about 54, about 55, about 56, about 57, about 58, about 59, about 60, about 61, about 62, about 63, about 64, about 65, about 66, about 67, about 68, about 69, about 70, about 71, about 72, about 73, about 74, about 75, about 76, about 77, about 78, about 79, about 80, about 81, about 82, about 83, about 84, about 85, about 86, about 87, about 88, about 89, about 90, about 91, about 92, about 93, about 94, about 95, about 96, about 97, about 98, about 99, about 100, about 110, about 120, about 130, about 140, about 150, about 160, about 170, about 180, about 190, about 200, about 210, about 220, about 230, about 240, about 250, about 275, about 300, about 325, about 350, about 375, about 400, about 425, about 450, about 475, about 500, about 525, about 550, about 575, about 600, about 625, about 650, about 675, about 700, about 725, about 750, about 775, about 800, about 825, about 850, about 875, about 900, about 925, about 950, about 975, about 1000, or greater amino acid molecule residues, and any range derivable therein.
As used herein, an “amino acid molecule” refers to any amino acid, amino acid derivative or amino acid mimetic as would be known to one of ordinary skill in the art. In certain embodiments, the residues of the proteinaceous molecule are sequential, without any non-amino molecule interrupting the sequence of amino molecule residues. In other embodiments, the sequence may comprise one or more non-amino molecule moiety. In certain embodiments, the sequence of residues of the proteinaceous molecule may be interrupted by one or more non-amino molecule moiety. Accordingly, the term “proteinaceous composition” encompasses amino molecule sequences comprising at least one of the 20 common amino acids in naturally synthesized proteins, or at least one modified or unusual amino acid.
In certain embodiments, the proteinaceous composition comprises at least one protein, polypeptide or peptide. In further embodiments the proteinaceous composition comprises a biocompatible protein, polypeptide or peptide. As used herein, the term “biocompatible” refers to a substance which produces no significant untoward effects when applied to, administered to, or given an organism according to the methods and amounts described herein or readily determinable by a professional. Such untoward or undesirable effects include those such as significant toxicity or adverse immunological reactions. In preferred embodiments, biocompatible protein, polypeptide or peptide containing compositions will generally be mammalian proteins or peptides or synthetic proteins or peptides each essentially free from toxins, pathogens and harmful immunogens.
Proteinaceous compositions may be made by any technique known to those of skill in the art, including the expression of proteins, polypeptides or peptides through standard molecular biological techniques, the isolation of proteinaceous compounds from natural sources, or the chemical synthesis of proteinaceous materials. The nucleotide and amino acid sequences for various genes of the PLUNC family have been previously disclosed, and may be found at computerized databases known to those of ordinary skill in the art. One such database is the National Center for Biotechnology Information's Genbank and GenPept databases (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/). The coding regions for these known genes may be amplified and/or expressed using the techniques disclosed herein or as would be know to those of skill in the art, see Sambrook et al. (2001) for exemplary methods.
Variant polypeptides or peptides may be designed with enhanced antimicrobial and/or immune modulatory properties, i.e., amino acid substitutions may be used which modulate one or more properties of the molecule. Such variants typically contain the exchange of one amino acid for another at one or more sites within the peptide. For example, certain amino acids may be substituted for other amino acids in a peptide structure in order to enhance the interactive binding capacity of the structures. Since it is the interactive capacity and nature of a protein that defines that protein's biological activity, certain amino acid substitutions can be made in a protein sequence, and its underlying DNA coding sequence which potentially create a peptide with superior characteristics.
In making such changes, the hydropathic index of amino acids may be considered. The importance of the hydropathic amino acid index in conferring interactive biologic function on a protein is generally understood in the art (Kyte & Doolittle, 1982). It is accepted that the relative hydropathic character of the amino acid contributes to the secondary structure of the resultant protein, which in turn defines the interaction of the protein with other molecules, for example, enzymes, substrates, receptors, DNA, antibodies, antigens, and the like. It is known in the art that certain amino acids may be substituted by other amino acids having a similar hydropathic index or score and still result in a protein with similar biological activity, i.e., still obtain a biological functionally equivalent protein.
It is also understood in the art that the substitution of like amino acids can be made effectively on the basis of hydrophilicity. U.S. Pat. No. 4,554,101, incorporated herein by reference, states that the greatest local average hydrophilicity of a protein, as governed by the hydrophilicity of its adjacent amino acids, correlates with a biological property of the protein. It is notable that the PLUNC predicted amino acid sequences contain remarkably hydrophobic segments.
Amino acid substitutions are generally based on the relative similarity of the amino acid side-chain substituents, for example, their hydrophobicity, hydrophilicity, charge, size, and the like but may nevertheless be made to highlight a particular property of the peptide, for example surfactant properties. Exemplary substitutions that take various of the foregoing characteristics into consideration are well known to those of skill in the art and include the substitution of: arginine and lysine; glutamate and aspartate; serine and threonine; glutamine and asparagine; and valine, leucine and isoleucine.
A. Protein Purification
Polypeptide and peptide purification techniques are well known to those of skill in the art. These techniques involve, at one level, the crude fractionation of the milieu to polypeptide and non-polypeptide fractions. Source materials may include bacteria, insect cells, eukaryotic cells or mammalian cells expressing a polypeptide to be purified. In certain aspects, the cell may be an insect cell infected with a baculovirus expression vector. Having separated the polypeptide from other proteins, the polypeptide of interest may be further purified using chromatographic, immunologic, and/or electrophoretic techniques to achieve partial or complete purification (or purification to homogeneity). Analytical methods particularly suited to the preparation of a pure peptide are ion-exchange chromatography, exclusion chromatography, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and isoelectric focusing. A particularly efficient method of purifying peptides is fast protein liquid chromatography or HPLC.
Certain aspects of the present invention concern the purification, and in particular embodiments, the substantial purification, of an encoded polypeptide. The term “purified polypeptide” as used herein, is intended to refer to a composition, isolatable from other components, wherein the polypeptide is purified to any degree relative to its naturally-obtainable state. A purified polypeptide therefore also refers to a polypeptide, free from the environment in which it may naturally occur.
Generally, “purified” will refer to a polypeptide composition that has been subjected to fractionation to remove various other components, and which composition substantially retains its expressed biological activity. Where the term “substantially purified” is used, this designation will refer to a composition in which the protein or peptide forms the major component of the composition, such as constituting about 50%, about 60%, about 70%, about 80%, about 90%, about 95% or more peptides in the composition. The term “purified to homogeneity” is used to mean that the composition has been purified such that there is single protein species based on the particular test of purity employed for example SDS-PAGE or HPLC.
Various methods for quantifying the degree of purification of the peptide will be known to those of skill in the art in light of the present disclosure. These include, for example, assessing the amount of polypeptide within a fraction by SDS/PAGE analysis.
There is no general requirement that the polypeptide always be provided in their most purified state. Indeed, it is contemplated that less substantially purified products will have utility in certain embodiments. Partial purification may be accomplished by using fewer purification steps in combination, or by utilizing different forms of the same general purification scheme. For example, it is appreciated that a cation-exchange column chromatography performed utilizing an HPLC apparatus will generally result in a greater “-fold” purification than the same technique utilizing a low pressure chromatography system. Methods exhibiting a lower degree of relative purification may have advantages in total recovery of protein product, or in maintaining the activity of an expressed protein.
High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) is characterized by a very rapid separation with extraordinary resolution of peaks. This is achieved by the use of very fine particles and high pressure to maintain an adequate flow rate. Separation can be accomplished in a matter of minutes, or at most an hour. Moreover, only a very small volume of the sample is needed because the particles are so small and close-packed that the void volume is a very small fraction of the bed volume. Also, the concentration of the sample need not be very great because the bands are so narrow that there is very little dilution of the sample.
Affinity Chromatography is a chromatographic procedure that relies on the specific affinity between a substance to be isolated and a molecule that it can specifically bind. This is a receptor-ligand type interaction. The column material is synthesized by covalently coupling one of the binding partners to an insoluble matrix. The column material is then able to specifically adsorb the substance from the solution. Elution occurs by changing the conditions to those in which binding will not occur (alter pH, ionic strength, temperature, etc.).
The matrix should be a substance that itself does not adsorb molecules to any significant extent and that has a broad range of chemical, physical and thermal stability. The ligand should be coupled in such a way as to not affect its binding properties. The ligand should also provide relatively tight binding. And it should be possible to elute the substance without destroying the sample or the ligand. One of the most common forms of affinity chromatography is immunoaffinity chromatography. The generation of antibodies that would be suitable for use in accord with the present invention is discussed below. For exemplary methods see Current Protocols in Protein Science, 2003, which is incorporated herein by reference.
In particular embodiments Hexa (6×)-His (6His) tagged proteins may be purified using nickel affinity chromatography alone or in conjunction with other purification methods described herein or in the art (Sambrook et al., 2001).
B. Fusion Proteins
The polypeptides of the instant application may be combined with fusion partners to produce fusion proteins. It is envisioned that such constructs might include combinations of a surfactant polypeptide with a partner also exhibiting some level of surfactant or complementary activity. Such a construct generally has all or a substantial portion of the native molecule or functional segment thereof, linked at the N- or C-terminus, to all or a portion of a second polypeptide. For example, fusions typically employ leader sequences from other species to permit the recombinant expression of a protein in a heterologous host. Another useful fusion includes the addition of an immunologically active domain, such as an antibody epitope, to facilitate purification of the fusion protein. Inclusion of a cleavage site at or near the fusion junction will facilitate removal of the extraneous polypeptide after purification if such removal is desired. Other useful fusions include linking of functional domains, such as active sites from enzymes, glycosylation domains, cellular targeting signals or transmembrane regions.
As used in this application, the term “an isolated nucleic acid encoding a polypeptide surfactant” refers to a nucleic acid molecule that has been isolated free of total cellular nucleic acid. The term “functionally equivalent codon” is used herein to refer to codons that encode the same amino acid, such as the six codons for arginine or serine (Table 1, below), and also refers to codons that encode biologically equivalent amino acids, as discussed herein.
Allowing for the degeneracy of the genetic code, sequences that have at least about 50%, usually at least about 60%, more usually about 70%, most usually about 80%, or at least about 90% or about 95% of nucleotides that are identical to the nucleotides of a gene encoding an antimicrobial polypeptide of the PLUNC family or variant thereof will be sequences that are encompassed by the present invention. Nucleic acid sequences of the present invention may also be functionally defined as sequences that are capable of hybridizing to a nucleic acid segment encoding an antimicrobial polypeptide of the PLUNC family or variant thereof.
The DNA segments of the present invention include those encoding biologically functional equivalent surfactant polypeptides or peptides, as described above. Functionally equivalent proteins or peptides may be created via the application of recombinant DNA technology, in which changes in the protein structure may be engineered, based on considerations of the properties of the amino acids being exchanged, or as a result of natural selection. Changes designed by man may be introduced through the application of site-directed mutagenesis techniques or may be introduced randomly and screened later for the desired function.
C. Peptide Synthesis
The polypeptides and/or peptides of the invention may be chemically synthesized. An example of a method for chemical synthesis of such a polypeptide or peptide is as follows. Using the solid phase peptide synthesis method of Sheppard et al. (1981) an automated peptide synthesizer (Pharmacia LKB Biotechnology Co., LKB Biotynk 4170) adds N,N′-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide to amino acids whose amine functional groups are protected by 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl groups, producing anhydrides of the desired amino acid (Fmoc-amino acids). An Fmoc amino acid corresponding to the C-terminal amino acid of the desired peptide is affixed to Ultrosyn A resin (Pharmacia LKB Biotechnology Co.) through its carboxyl group, using dimethylaminopyridine as a catalyst. The resin is then washed with dimethylformamide containing piperidine resulting in the removal of the protective amine group of the C-terminal amino acid. A Fmoc-amino acid anhydride corresponding to the next residue in the peptide sequence is then added to the substrate and allowed to couple with the unprotected amino acid affixed to the resin. The protective amine group is subsequently removed from the second amino acid and the above process is repeated with additional residues added to the peptide in a like manner until the sequence is completed. After the peptide is completed, the protective groups, other than the acetoamidomethyl group are removed and the peptide is released from the resin with a solvent consisting of, for example, 94% (by weight) trifluoroacetic acid, 5% phenol, and 1% ethaniol. The synthesized peptide is subsequently purified using high-performance liquid chromatography or other peptide purification technique know to one of ordinary skill in the art.
This invention includes, but is not limited to, methods to lower the surface tension of a target liquid-air interface. The surfactant properties of the polypeptides disclosed allow them to be included in formulations to lower surface tension and increase dispersion of a liquid over a surface, and any adverse physiological responses. The purified polypeptide may be used without further modifications or it may be diluted in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. It is contemplated that the invention may be administered to humans or animals, included in pharmaceutical preparations, medicinal and pharmaceutical products, cosmetic products, hygienic products, cleaning products and cleaning agents, as well as any material to which the polypeptides could be sprayed on or adhered to wherein the lowering of surface tension or surfactant effects on such a material is desired.
The proper dosage of a PLUNC polypeptide to effect the lowering of surface tension and results there from depends upon a number of factors including the types and location of the target surface, the environment into which the polypeptide is being introduced, and the time that the polypeptide is envisioned to remain in a given area.
A. Pharmaceutical Therapy
It is further contemplated that the surfactant polypeptides of the invention may be used in combination with or to enhance the activity of other surfactants or pharmaceuticals. Combinations of the polypeptide with other agents may be useful to allow surfactants and/or antibiotics to be used at lower doses, to enhance the activity of agent, or to effectuate a synergism between the components such that the combination is more effective than the sum of the efficacy of either component independently. Antibiotics which may be used in combination therapy include, but are not limited to penicillin, ampicillin, amoxycillin, vancomycin, cycloserine, bacitracin, cephalolsporin, imipenem, colistin, methicillin, streptomycin, kanamycin, tobramycin, gentamicin, tetracycline, chlortetracycline, doxycycline, chloramphenicol, lincomycin, clindamycin, erythromycin, oleandomycin, polymyxin nalidixic acid, rifamycin, rifampicin, gantrisin, trimethoprim, isoniazid, paraminosalicylic acid, and ethambutol.
Contacting a surface in vivo may be achieved by administering to an animal (including a human patient) that has, or is suspected to have a need for surfactant or antimicrobial therapy, a therapeutically effective amount of pharmacologically acceptable polypeptide or peptide formulation of the invention alone, or in combination with a therapeutic amount of a pharmacologically acceptable formulation of an additional agent. The methods and compositions of the invention may be applied to a site, such as a wound or burn, or to the eye, ear, lungs, nasal epithelia or other sites. In certain embodiments, formulations may be administered by, but limited to, inhalation, ingestion, and/or topical administration.
Antimicrobial peptides, such as BPI, PLUNC, Bombinins; Cecropins; LL-37; Magainins; Styelins; Clavanins; Melittin; Protegrin; Tachyplesins; Defensins; Insect defensins; alpha-, beta- and theta-Defensins; Plant defensins; Drosomycin; PR-39; Bac5; Bac7; Drosocin; Metchnikowin; Bactenecin; or Ranalexin are described in Koczulla and Bals, 2003, which is incorporated herein by reference.
Where a surfactant polypeptide or peptide is used in combination with antimicrobial agents or antibiotics, an “effective amount of an antimicrobial agent or antibiotic” means an amount, or dose, within the range normally given or prescribed, or a lowered dose as made available by a combination therapy with a surfactant PLUNC. Such ranges are well established in routine clinical practice and will thus be known to those of skill in the art or adjustable by such. As this invention provides for enhanced microbial and/or bacterial killing, it will be appreciated that effective amounts of an antimicrobial agent or antibiotic may be used that are lower than the standard doses previously recommended when the antimicrobial or antibiotic is combined with a surfactant composition of the invention.
The ID50/IC50 ratio required for safe use of the proposed surfactant polypeptide or peptide in combination with antimicrobial agents will be assessed by determining the ID50 (median lethal toxic dosage) and the IC50 (median effective therapeutic dosage) in experimental animals. The optimal dose for human subjects is then defined by fine-tuning the range in clinical trials. In the case of ID50, the antimicrobial polypeptide or peptide is usually administered to mice or rats (topically or orally) at several doses (usually 4-5) in the lethal rage. The dose in mg/kg is plotted against % mortality and the dose at 50% represents the ID50 (Klaassen, 1990). The IC50 is determined in a similar fashion as described by Cleeland and Squires (1991). In terms of modulating inflammatory responses, measures of the relative levels of release of inflammatory cytokines or stimulation of signaling by the NF-kappaB pathway might also be assessed.
In a clinical trial, the therapeutic dose would be determined by maximizing the benefit to the patient, whilst minimizing any side-effects or associated toxicities. Unless otherwise stated, these ranges refer to the amount of an agent to be administered orally, topically or by inhalation.
In the treatment of animals or human patients with combination therapy, there are various appropriate formulations and treatment regimens that may be used. For example, the surfactant polypeptide or peptide, and second agent(s) may be administered to an animal simultaneously, e.g., in the form of a single composition that includes the surfactant polypeptide and second agent, or by using at least two distinct compositions. The surfactant agent could also be administered to the animal prior to the second agent or the second agent may be given prior to the surfactant polypeptide.
Multiple combinations may also be used, such as more than one surfactant used with one or more second agent. Different classes of second agents and surfactant may be combined, naturally following the general guidelines known in the art regarding drug interactions.
Further embodiments of the invention include therapeutic kits that comprise, in suitable container means, a pharmaceutical formulation of at least one surfactant polypeptide and a pharmaceutical formulation, optionally with at least one antimicrobial agent or antibiotic. The surfactant and antimicrobial agent or antibiotic may be contained within a single container means, or a plurality of distinct containers may be employed.
Depending on the circumstances, surfactants may be employed in inhalant, oral, or topical treatment regimens.
B. Respiratory Therapy
The treatment regimens described herein can be combined with respiratory therapies. In certain embodiments, surfactant administration is performed on a patient, for example infants, who are intubated and maintained on ventilation, either conventional ventilation or high frequency ventilation, for a period of time or for the entire duration of the treatment. In a further aspect, a patient in need of surfactant therapy is identified and then administered a PLUNC therapy described herein. Also, patients with a mucociliary deficiency Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia (PCD), Cystic Fibrosis, Pseudohypoaldosteronism (PHA), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), or the like may be treated with PLUNC enhanced therapies, e.g., in combination with chest physiotherapies typically used to treat such conditions.
Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD), also known as “immotile cilia syndrome” or “Kartagener Syndrome”, is considered an unusual cause of persistent wheezing and cough in children. In addition to a chronic cough, this disease is also associated with recurrent or persistent infections of the lung, sinuses, and ears. Occurring in approximately 1 in 15,000 births, PCD is an inherited disease that causes impaired clearance of bacteria from the lung, paranasal sinuses, and middle ear. Half of the patients with PCD have their internal organs reversed, and men are usually infertile.
Occurring in all races, cystic fibrosis (CF) is the most common, inherited disease of Caucasians, and affects many parts of the body, including the lungs, paranasal sinuses, skin, pancreas, intestines, liver, and male reproductive tract. Historically, the diagnosis of CF has been based on the presence of typical clinical features and positive laboratory studies, including abnormal sweat tests or two identified mutant CF genes. However, it is clear that milder or variant forms of the disease exist, in which patients can have lung disease but normal or borderline elevated sweat tests or no identifiable mutant CF genes.
Pseudohypoaldosteronism (PHA) is a rare disease that causes increased lung fluids, and patients can have recurrent episodes of chest congestion and persistent cough.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) affects 15 million patients in the U.S. and is the sixth leading cause of death. It is characterized by the retention of mucus secretions in the lungs. Many patients diagnosed with COPD have a disorder called chronic bronchitis (CB), and 600,000 patients are hospitalized each year due to an acute exacerbation of CB. Cystic fibrosis and Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia (PCD) are other examples of lung disorders which assume a clinical profile similar to COPD. Ciliary dyskinesia, whether primary or secondary, results in retained secretions that can only be cleared by coughing.
In healthy lungs, inhaled insoluble material such as bacteria, viruses, antigens, and toxins deposit in the tracheobronchial airway mucus and are removed from the lung in a matter of hours by mucociliary clearance (MCC). When MCC is overwhelmed or impaired, some mucus can be removed by mechanical or cough clearance (CC). Impairment of MCC typically leads to the accumulation of mucus in the airways, and this in turn is associated with acute infections, chronic bacterial colonization, and chronic inflammation.
In other embodiments, alternative modes of administration can be utilized, as well as alternative surfactant formulations. For example, surfactant can be formulated for aerosolization (nebulization) and administered via nasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), nasal or naso-pharyngeal prongs in combination with low-flow oxygen, or via face mask or oxygen hood.
In certain embodiments, aerosolized pulmonary surfactant can be administered as provided in U.S. application Ser. No. 11/130,783, filed May 17, 2005, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety and for all purposes. Administration can be in conjunction with another noninvasive pulmonary respiratory therapy involving the administration of positive airway pressure. The term “noninvasive pulmonary respiratory therapy” refers to respiratory therapy which does not use mechanical ventilation and can include CPAP, bilevel positive airway pressure (BiPAP), synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation (SIMV), and the like. The employment of such therapies involves the use of various respiratory gases, as would be appreciated by the skilled artisan. Respiratory gases used for noninvasive pulmonary respiratory therapy are sometimes referred to herein as “CPAP gas,” “CPAP air,” “nCPAP”, “ventilation gas,” “ventilation air,” or simply “air.” However, those terms are intended to include any type of gas normally used for noninvasive pulmonary respiratory therapy, including but not limited to gases and gaseous combinations listed above for use as the conditioning gas. In certain embodiments, the gas used for noninvasive pulmonary respiratory therapy is the same as the conditioning gas. In other embodiments, the respective gases are different from one another.
In certain embodiments, the pulmonary delivery methods are employed in conjunction with CPAP. It has been shown that use of CPAP allows for an increase in functional residual capacity and improved oxygenation. The larynx is dilated and supraglottic airway resistance is normal. There is also an improvement of the synchrony of respiratory thoracoabdominal movements and enhanced Hering-Breuer inflation reflex following airway occlusion. CPAP has been shown to be useful in treating various conditions such as sleep apnea, snoring, ARDS, IRDS, and the like.
In one aspect a pressure source and a delivery device or delivery apparatus are required. CPAP-producing airflow is typically generated in the vicinity of the nasal airways by converting kinetic energy from a jet of fresh humidified gas into a positive airway pressure. A continuous flow rate of breathing gas of about 5 to about 12 liters/minute generates a corresponding CPAP of about 2 to about 10 cm H2O. Various modifications can be applied to the CPAP or other respiratory therapy systems to individualize the amount of pressure based on the patient's need.
Typically, flow rates and pressures suitable for achieving CPAP are based upon the characteristics of the patient being treated. Suitable flow rates and pressures can be readily calculated by the attending clinician. A variety of flow rates for the ventilating gas, including low, moderate and high flow rates can be used. Alternatively, the aerosol can be supplied without added positive pressure, i.e., without CPAP as a simultaneous respiratory therapy.
Typically, the air flow being delivered to the patient has a moisture level which will prevent unacceptable levels of drying of the lungs and airways. Thus, the generating air is often humidified by bubbling through a hydrator, or the like to achieve a relative humidity of greater that about 70%. The humidity may also be greater than about 85% or 98%.
The aerosol stream generated in accordance aerosolized delivery may be delivered to the patient via a nasal delivery device which can involve, for example masks, single nasal prongs, binasal prongs, nasopharyngeal prongs, nasal cannulae and the like. The delivery device is chosen so as to minimize trauma, maintain a seal to avoid waste of aerosol, and minimize the work the patient must perform to breathe.
When used as an aerosol preparation, the surfactant composition can be supplied in finely divided form, optionally in combination with a suitable propellant. Useful propellants are typically gases at ambient conditions and are condensed under pressure including, for example, lower alkanes and fluorinated alkanes, such as freon. In certain embodiments wherein the surfactant composition is delivered as an aerosol, the aerosol can be packaged in a suitable container under pressure.
Suitable dosage of the surfactant, whether aerosolized or delivered as a liquid or dry powder will be dependent on the patient's age and severity of the disorder and will be readily ascertainable by the attending clinician. The actual dosage of surfactant will of course vary according to factors such as the extent of exposure and particular status of the subject (e.g., the subject's age, size, fitness, extent of symptoms, susceptibility factors, and the like). By “effective dose” herein is meant a dose that produces effects for which it is administered.
When the surfactant is supplied to prematurely born infants as a liquid, an aliquot of the surfactant composition is delivered, preferably by intratracheal instillation, to provide an effective dose of surfactant in the lungs of the treated patient. A single surfactant dose may range from, for example, about 20 to about 300 mg total phospholipidid (TPL)/kg, or from about 60 to about 175 mg TPL/kg. It being understood, of course, that the exact dose of surfactant will depend upon factors such as the age and condition of the patient, the severity of the condition being treated, and other factors well within the skill of the attending clinician. In certain embodiments wherein the surfactant composition is delivered as an aerosol, such as disclosed in U.S. application Ser. No. 11/130,783, filed May 17, 2005, the effective dose of lung surfactant can be, for example, from about 1 mg TPL/kg surfactant to about 1000 mg TPL/kg surfactant, or from about 2 mg TPL/kg surfactant to about 175 mg TPL/kg surfactant. In certain embodiments wherein the surfactant composition is delivered as a dry powder formulation, the effective dose of lung surfactant can be, for example, from about 1 mg TPL/kg surfactant to about 1000 mg or more TPL/kg surfactant, or from about 2 mg TPL/kg surfactant to about 175 mg TPL/kg surfactant. Other methods of delivery include lavage, lung wash, and the like. When so employed dose ranges are well within the skill of one in the art.
The frequency of dosing can vary, but typically is once every 2-3 days. In other embodiments, the patient is dosed more frequently, e.g., every 6-8 hours, twice daily, or once daily, or less frequently, e.g., twice weekly or even once weekly. In other embodiments, the patient can be dosed more frequently early in the treatment regimen, and with decreasing frequency later in the treatment regimen, e.g., once every other day for one week, followed by twice weekly until the end of the treatment period. Depending on the dosage form, e.g., aerosol or dry powder as compared with liquid instillate, the patient can be dosed continuously for part or all of the treatment period.
In other embodiments, a patient can be treated with other therapeutic, prophylactic or complementary agents, such as steroids, nitric oxide, antioxidants or reactive oxygen scavengers, bronchodilators, diuretics, antimicrobial or anti-infective agents, anti-hypertensive agents, or anti-inflammatory agents (e.g., PLA2 inhibitors, protease or elastase inhibitors, PDE-4 inhibitors, to name a few), as would be appreciated by one of skill in the art. Such treatment can include concomitant administration of the surfactant with other therapeutic, prophylactic or complementary agents. Concomitant administration can involve concurrent (i.e., at the same time), prior, or subsequent administration of the complementary agent with respect to the administration of the surfactant. When administered in combination, each component can be administered at the same time or sequentially in any order at different points in time. Thus, each component can be administered separately but sufficiently closely in time so as to provide the desired therapeutic effect. Concomitant administration of a surfactant with other therapeutic, prophylactic or complementary agents means administration of the surfactant and other agents at such time that both will have a therapeutic effect. A person of ordinary skill in the art, would have no difficulty determining the appropriate timing, sequence and dosages of administration for particular drugs of the present invention.
C. Surfactants
Products that may be mentioned as pulmonary surfactant preparations are Curosurf® (Poractant Alfa), a natural surfactant from homogenized porcine lungs; Survanta®, extract of bovine lungs; Alveofact® (Bovactant), extract of bovine lungs; Exosurf® (Colfosceril Palmitate), a synthetic phospholipid containing excipients; Surfacten® (Surfactant-TA), a pulmonary surfactant extracted from bovine lungs; Infasurf® (Calfactant), a surfactant extracted from calf lungs; Alec® (Pumactant), an artificial surfactant of DPPC and PG; and BLES®, a bovine lipid extract surfactant, to name a few.
Suitable pulmonary surfactant proteins are both the proteins obtained from natural sources, such as pulmonary lavage or extraction from amniotic fluid, and the proteins prepared by genetic engineering or chemical synthesis. In particular the pulmonary surfactant proteins designated by SP-B (Surfactant Protein-B) and SP-C (Surfactant Protein-C) and their modified derivatives may be used as pulmonary surfactants. The amino acid sequences of these pulmonary surfactant proteins, their isolation or preparation by genetic engineering are known (e.g., from WO 8603408, EP 0251449, WO 8904326, WO 8706943, WO 8803170, WO 9100871, EP 0368823 and EP 0348967). Modified derivatives of the pulmonary surfactant proteins designated by SP-C, which differ from human SP-C by the replacement of a few amino acids, are described, for example, in WO 9118015 and WO 9532992. Particularly to be emphasized in this connection are the recombinant SP-C (rSP-C) derivatives which are disclosed in WO 9532992, in particular those which differ from human SP-C in positions 4 and 5 by the substitution of cysteine by phenylalanine and in position 32 by the substitution of methionine by isoleucine (designated as rSP-C (FF/1) or Lusupultide or Venticute®). Other pulmonary surfactant proteins include those described in EP 0593094 and WO 9222315. The pulmonary surfactant may also comprise mixtures of different pulmonary surfactant proteins. In EP 0100910, EP 0110498, EP 0119056, EP 0145005 and EP 0286011 phospholipid compositions with and without pulmonary surfactant proteins are described which are likewise suitable as components of the preparations and methods described herein.
In one aspect, a surfactant can comprise a lipid. Lipids that may be used include the following classes of lipids: fatty acids and derivatives, mono-, di- and triglycerides, phospholipids, sphingolipids, cholesterol and steroid derivatives, terpenes, prostaglandins and vitamins. Fatty acids and derivatives thereof may include saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, odd and even number fatty acids, cis and trans isomers, and fatty acid derivatives including alcohols, esters, anhydrides, hydroxy fatty acids, and salts of fatty acids. Saturated and unsaturated fatty acids that may be used include molecules that have between 12 carbon atoms and 22 carbon atoms in either linear or branched form. Examples of saturated fatty acids that may be used include lauric, myristic, palmitic, and stearic acids. Examples of unsaturated fatty acids that may be used include lauric, physeteric, myristoleic, palmitoleic, petroselinic, and oleic acids. Examples of branched fatty acids that may be used include isolauric, isomyristic, isopalmitic, and isostearic acids and isoprenoids. Fatty acid derivatives include 12(((7′-diethylaminocoumarin-3 yl)carbonyl)methylamino)-octadecanoic acid; N-[12(((7′diethylaminocoumarin-3 yl) carbonyl)methyl-amino) octadecanoyl]aminopalmitic acid, N succinyl-dioleoylphosphatidylethanol amine and palmitoylhomocysteine; and/or combinations thereof. Mono, di- and triglycerides or derivatives thereof that may be used include molecules that have fatty acids or mixtures of fatty acids between 6 and 24 carbon atoms, digalactosyldiglyceride, 1,2-dioleoyl-snglycerol; 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-3 succinylglycerol; and 1,3-dipalmitoyl-2-succinylglycerol.
In one aspect, the surfactant comprises a phospholipid. Phospholipids that may be used include phosphatidic acids, phosphatidyl cholines with both saturated and unsaturated lipids, phosphatidyl ethanolamines, phosphatidylglycerols, phosphatidylserines, phosphatidylinositols, lysophosphatidyl derivatives, cardiolipin, and .beta.-acyl-y-alkyl phospholipids. Examples of phosphatidylcholines include such as dioleoylphosphatidylcholine, dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC), dipentadecanoylphosphatidylcholine dilauroylphosphatidylcholine, dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPQ, distearoylphosphatidylcholine (DSPQ, diarachidoylphosphatidylcholine (DAPC), dibehenoylphosphatidylcholine (DBPQ, ditricosanoylphosphatidylcholine (DTPQ, dilignoceroylphatidylcholine (DLPC); and phosphatidylethanolamines such as dioleoylphosphatidylethanolamine or 1-hexadecyl-2-palmitoylglycerophosphoethanolamine. Synthetic phospholipids with asymmetric acyl chains (e.g., with one acyl chain of 6 carbons and another acyl chain of 12 carbons) may also be used. Examples of phosphatidylethanolamines include dicaprylphosphatidylethanolamine, dioctanoylphosphatidylethanolamine, dilauroylphosphatidylethanolamine, dimyristoylphosphatidylethanolamine (DMPE), dipalmitoylphosphatidylethanolamine (DPPE), dipalmitoleoylphosphatidylethanolamine, distearoylphosphatidylethanolamine (DSPE), dioleoylphosphatidylethanolamine, and dilineoylphosphatidylethanolamine. Examples of phosphatidylglycerols include dicaprylphosphatidylglycerol, dioctanoylphosphatidylglycerol, dilauroylphosphatidylglycerol, dimyristoylphosphatidylglycerol (DMPG), dipalmitoylphosphatidylglycerol (DPPG), dipalmitoleoylphosphatidylglycerol, distearoylphosphatidylglycerol (DSPG), dioleoylphosphatidylglycerol, and dilineoylphosphatidylglycerol. Preferred phospholipids include DMPC, DPPC, DAPC, DSPC, DTPC, DBPC, DLPC, DMPG, DPPG, DSPG, DMPE, DPPE, and DSPE, and most preferably DPPC, DAPC and DSPC.
Sphingolipids that may be used include ceramides, sphingomyelins, cerebrosides, gangliosides, sulfatides and lysosulfatides. Examples of sphinglolipids include the gangliosides GM1 and GM2.
Steroids which may be used include cholesterol, cholesterol sulfate, cholesterol hemisuccinate, 6-(5-cholesterol 3.beta.-yloxy) hexyl-6-amino-6-deoxy-1-thio-.alpha.-Dgalactopyranoside, 6-(5-cholesten-3-yloxy)hexyl-6-amino-6-deoxy]-1-thio-(.alpha.-D mannopyranoside and cholesteryl(4′-trimethyl 35 ammonio)butanoate.
Additional lipid compounds that may be used include tocopherol and derivatives, and oils and derivatized oils such as stearlyamine.
A variety of cationic lipids such as DOTMA, N-[1-(2,3-dioleoyloxy)propylN,N,N-trimethylammonium chloride; DOTAP, 1,2-dioleoyloxy-3-(trimethylammonio) propane; and DOTB, 1,2-dioleoyl-3-(4′-trimethyl-ammonio) butanoyl-sn glycerol may be used.
A variety of other surfactants may be used including ethoxylated sorbitan esters, sorbitan esters, fatty acid salts, sugar esters, pluronics, tetronics, ethylene oxides, butylene oxides, propylene oxides, anionic surfactants, cationic surfactants, mono and diacyl glycerols, mono and diacyl ethylene glycols, mono and diacyl sorbitols, mono and diacyl glycerol succinates, alkyl acyl phosphatides, fatty alcohols, fatty amines and their salts, fatty ethers, fatty esters, fatty amides, fatty carbonates, cholesterol esters, cholesterol amides and cholesterol ethers.
Examples of anionic or cationic surfactants include aluminum monostearate, ammonium lauryl sulfate, calcium stearate, dioctyl calcium sulfosuccinate, dioctyl potassium sulfosuccinate, dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate, emulsifying wax, magnesium lauryl sulfate, potassium oleate, sodium caster oil, sodium cetostearyl sulfate, sodium lauryl ether sulfate, sodium lauryl sulfate, sodium lauryl sulfbacetate, sodium oleate, sodium stearate, sodium stearyl fumarate, sodium tetradecyl sulfate, zinc oleate, zinc stearate, benzalconium chloride, cetrimide, cetrimide bromide, and cetylpyridinium chloride.
The phrases “pharmaceutically” or “pharmacologically acceptable” refer to molecular entities and compositions that do not produce adverse, allergic, or other untoward reactions when administered to an animal or a human. As used herein, “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” includes any and all solvents, dispersion media, coatings, antibacterial and antifungal agents, isotonic and absorption delaying agents and the like. The use of such media and agents for pharmaceutically active substances is well know in the art. Except insofar as any conventional media or agent is incompatible with the compositions, vectors or cells of the present invention, its use in therapeutic compositions is contemplated. Supplementary active ingredients also can be incorporated into the compositions.
In various embodiments, the surfactant polypeptides and any other agents that might be delivered may be formulated and administered in any pharmacologically acceptable vehicle, such as nebulizable, parenteral, topical, aerosal, liposomal, nasal, instillant, or ophthalmic preparations. In certain embodiments, formulations may be designed for ingestion, inhalation, instillation, or topical administration. It is further envisioned that formulations of surfactant polypeptides and any other agents that might be delivered may be formulated and administered in a manner that does not require that they be in a single pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. In those situations, it would be clear to one of ordinary skill in the art the types of diluents that would be proper for the proposed use of the surfactant and any secondary agents required.
The active compositions of the present invention may include classic pharmaceutical preparations. Administration of these compositions according to the present invention will be via any common route so long as the target tissue or surface is available via that route. This includes oral, nasal, buccal, respiratory, or topical. Such compositions would normally be administered as pharmaceutically acceptable compositions, described supra.
As used herein, “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” includes any and all solvents, dispersion media, coatings, antibacterial and antifungal agents, isotonic and absorption delaying agents and the like. The use of such media and agents for pharmaceutical active substances is well known in the art. Except insofar as any conventional media or agent is incompatible with the active ingredient, its use in the therapeutic compositions is contemplated. Supplementary active ingredients can also be incorporated into the compositions.
The compositions of the present invention may be formulated in a neutral or salt form. Pharmaceutically-acceptable salts include the acid addition salts (formed with the free amino groups of the protein) and which are formed with inorganic acids such as, for example, hydrochloric or phosphoric acids, or such organic acids as acetic, oxalic, tartaric, mandelic, and the like. Salts formed with the free carboxyl groups can also be derived from inorganic bases such as, for example, sodium, potassium, ammonium, calcium, or ferric hydroxides, and such organic bases as isopropylamine, trimethylamine, histidine, procaine and the like.
Upon formulation, solutions will be administered in a manner compatible with the dosage formulation and in such amount as is therapeutically effective. The formulations are easily administered in a variety of dosage forms.
The surfactant may be used without further modifications or it may be diluted in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. The surfactants may be used independently or in combination with antimicrobial agents. Because of the stability of the surfactant it is contemplated that the invention may be administered to humans or animals, included in food preparations, pharmaceutical preparations, medicinal and pharmaceutical products, cosmetic products, hygienic products, cleaning products and cleaning agents, as well as any material to which the peptides could be sprayed on or adhered to wherein the lowering of surface tension or its results is desired.
The following examples are given for the purpose of illustrating various embodiments of the invention and are not meant to limit the present invention in any fashion. One skilled in the art will appreciate readily that the present invention is well adapted to carry out the objects and obtain the ends and advantages mentioned, as well as those objects, ends and advantages inherent herein. The present examples, along with the methods described herein, are examples, and are not intended as limitations on the scope of the invention. Changes therein and other uses which are encompassed within the spirit of the invention as defined by the scope of the claims will occur to those skilled in the art.
Gene profiling studies performed previously indicated that the PLUNC gene product is among the most frequently represented transcripts in cDNA libraries constructed from human airway epithelia (Scheetz et al., 2004), suggesting that PLUNC protein is extremely abundant in the conducting airways. A feature of the primary amino acid sequence of PLUNC is the hydrophobic nature of the protein. Secreted hydrophobic proteins are quite unusual in multicellular organisms. Examples include the pulmonary surfactant proteins B and C. The inventors performed BLAST searches and noted that PLUNC shares homology with an equine protein termed “latherin” (
PLUNC has been shown, herein, to have surfactant properties. Furthermore, addition of a lipid component of pulmonary surfactant (DPPC) to PLUNC caused a further lowering of surface tension (
Studies indicate that PLUNC has surface tension lowering properties in the Eustachian tube (
Furthermore, PLUNC has structural properties suggesting it may be a bi-functional secreted protein. On further analysis of the western blots of PLUNC protein in secretions from airway epithelia (
Recombinant PLUNC protein was expressed in E. coli, as a fusion protein containing a cleavable N-terminal maltose binding protein (MBP) tag as well as a C-terminal 6×His tag. The MBP tag served to increase solubility of the markedly hydrophobic PLUNC protein, as well as to provide an epitope that could be utilized for purification of the recombinant protein. After purification of the fusion protein and cleavage of the MBP tag, a tendency for the remaining PLUNC-6×His product to precipitate was observed; thus, 0.005% Tween-20 (v/v) was present at most stages in the purification process in order to help maintain the stability of PLUNC in solution. However, to prevent interference from Tween-20 in ensuing biophysical analyses of PLUNC-6×His, Tween-20 was removed from the buffers at the final purification step. As shown in Lane 6 of
Circular dichroism was used to investigate secondary structure of this recombinant PLUNC protein. The circular dichroism signal was negative in the 200-240 nm range, with dips around 208 and 222 nm indicating presence of secondary structure with some degree of alpha helices. Analysis of the circular dichroism data using the K2d CD secondary structure server resulted in a prediction of 24-33% alpha-helical, about 15% beta-sheet and 51-61% random coil structure for PLUNC. In comparison, the N-terminal region of BPI, to which PLUNC is believed to be similar (Bingle and Craven, 2002), is 27% alpha-helical, 46% beta-sheet and 27% random coil, while its C-terminal region (residues 250-456) is 24% alpha-helical, 44% beta-sheet and 32% random coil.
In studying the possible function of the PLUNC protein, the inventors considered its relationship to an equine PLUNC family member known as latherin, the only PLUNC homolog to have a described function to date. Latherin was originally isolated from horse sweat, and subsequently shown to display significant surface activity in a battery of in vitro assays (Beeley et al., 1986; Goubran Botros et al., 2001). On this basis, it was proposed that latherin is a surfactant protein. Like latherin, PLUNC is notably hydrophobic, with hydrophobic residues making up approximately 42.3% of its amino acid sequence. This is comparable to the observed hydrophobicity for latherin of 40.1%.
Given this interesting similarity, the inventors contemplated that PLUNC might play a surfactant-like role in airway fluids. To test this possibility, the effects of PLUNC on the surface activity of fluids at solid-liquid interfaces were assessed. As shown in
In these studies, “non-wetting” (i.e., non-spreading) solutions, such as buffer, exhibited advancing contact angles of greater than 90°, while “wetting” solutions (such as Infasurf, a commercial pulmonary surfactant preparation extracted from bovine lung) produced contact angles of less than 90°. Importantly, the presence of PLUNC in an aqueous solution appeared to cause contact angles to shift below this critical 90° angle, with PLUNC-containing solutions shifting from non-wetting to wetting behavior at concentrations between 5 and 10 μg/mL. The effects of PLUNC on surface spreading were particularly apparent in time course studies. As depicted in
When solutions were dispensed onto a hydrophilic surface (glass) (
The inventors then used a pulsating bubble surfactometer to study PLUNC effects at an air-liquid interface (
Interestingly, the PLUNC relatives BPI and LBP had no significant effects on minimum surface tension even at concentrations as high as 1 mg/mL, suggesting that surface tension reduction is not a general property of all LT/LBP family members and is instead unique to the PLUNC protein. Similarly, it was observed that highly concentrated solutions of BSA (5 mg/mL and 10 mg/mL) had only very modest effects on minimum surface tension. As the concentration of BSA used in these studies was orders of magnitude greater than the tested PLUNC concentrations, this strongly argues for a potent and specific surfactant activity by the PLUNC protein. The inventors also examined the interaction between PLUNC and BSA, which, like many plasma proteins, has a well documented role in inhibiting pulmonary surfactant components (Banerjee, 2004). In mixtures of PLUNC and BSA, BSA effects appeared to dominate early on in the surfactometer runs, but these effects were always eventually overcome by the surface tension lowering activities of PLUNC (
The inventors also considered the range of surface tension values in the surfactometer studies. This represents the difference between maximum and minimum surface tension observed for each test solution during cycling. An effective surfactant will exhibit a broad range, reflecting an ability to rapidly adjust surface tension throughout pulsation, while a poor surfactant will exhibit a relatively small range. As shown in
Materials and Methods
Expression and purification of recombinant PLUNC-6×His. The cDNA for human PLUNC(NCBI accession number NM—016583) was cloned into the plasmid vector pMAL-c2x (New England Biolabs). Full-length fusion protein, containing a cleavable N-terminal maltose binding protein (MBP) tag and a C-terminal 6×His tag, was expressed in the E. coli strain BL21 Star (DE3) (Invitrogen Corp, Carlsbad, Calif.) and the protein purified by passing over amylose resin (New England Biolabs Inc., Ipswich, Mass.). MBP-tagged fusion protein was eluted from the amylose resin using Tris buffer (20 mM Tris, 50 mM NaCl, 0.005% Tween-20, pH 7.3) containing 10 mM maltose. Eluted fusion protein was concentrated to approximately 2 mg/ml under nitrogen pressure (40-50 psi) with stirring, using an Amicon Ultrafiltration membrane (30,000 MWCO; Millipore, Billerica, Mass.). Protein was then further resolved by passage through a Superdex 75 gel filtration column (Amersham; GE Healthcare, Pittsburg, Pa.). The resulting chromatogram indicated the presence of two peaks, corresponding to two distinct populations of recovered fusion protein. Both populations contained MBP-PLUNC-6×His (confirmed by Coomassie staining of the fractions on SDS-PAGE gels); however, the higher molecular weight portion (represented by the first peak) appeared to be resistant to cleavage by Factor Xa protease (New England Biolabs, Inc., Ipswich, Mass.). Fractions corresponding to the second peak were pooled and concentrated to approximately 1 mg/mL using Amicon Ultra-15 centrifugal filter units (30,000 MWCO; Millipore, Billerica, Mass.), followed by removal of the MBP tag by Factor Xa cleavage carried out for approximately 16 hours at 4° C. The cleavage products were passed over nickel resin (Ni Sepharose 6 Fast Flow; GE Healthcare Biosciences Corp., Piscataway, N.J.), and pure PLUNC-6×His eluted from the resin using Tris buffer (20 mM Tris, 50 mM NaCl, pH 7.3) containing 500 mM imidazole. As a final purification step, the protein was again passed over a Superdex 75 gel filtration column and fractions containing pure (≧95%) PLUNC-6×His were pooled and concentrated using Amicon Ultra-15 centrifugal filter units (10,000 MWCO; Millipore, Billerica, Mass.). Throughout the purification procedure, concentration estimates were calculated using absorbance at 280 nm (extinction coefficient 68,000 M−1 cm−1). Concentration estimates at the final purification step were obtained using the Bradford assay (Pierce Biotechnology, Inc., Rockford, Ill.).
Circular dichroism. Circular dichroism spectra were recorded for recombinant PLUNC in the range 197-260 nm using an Aviv 62DS spectrometer (Aviv Associates Inc., Lakewood, N.J.) and a quartz cuvette of 1 mm path length (Starna Cells, Atascadero, Calif.). Spectra were collected 5 times per sample and averaged for 3 different concentrations of PLUNC (0.54 mg/ml, 1.08 mg/ml and 2.16 mg/ml). Concentrations for the circular dichroism samples were estimated by Beer-Lambert's law using absorbance at 280 nm and a calculated extinction coefficient of 1490 M−1 cm−1. The percentage of secondary structure was calculated by deconvoluting the circular dichroism spectra using the online K2d CD secondary structure server, based on an unsupervised neural network algorithm (Andrade et al., 1993; Merelo et al., 1994).
Contact angle measurements. For wettability studies, 3-10 μL drops of solutions containing PLUNC, control proteins or Infasurf were dispensed onto Fisherbrand microscope glass cover slides (12-545-10, ThermoFisher Scientific, Pittsburgh, Pa.) or siliconized glass cover slides (Hampton Research, Aliso Viejo, Calif.). Advancing contact angles were measured by the sessile drop technique at room temperature, using a Ramé-Hart NRL 100-00 goniometer (Ramé-Hart Instrument Co., Mountain Lakes, N.J.). For each sample, 3 replicates were performed, in 2 different spots on the coverslide, for a total of 6 measurements per sample. Contact angle measurements were collected at 1, 2 and 3 minutes after drop formation. Measurements for each time point were averaged to obtain the mean contact angle for each sample, as well as to calculate standard error about the mean. For all samples, contact angles were observed to decrease with time, suggesting possible evaporative effects as the experiment was not done in a controlled humidified chamber. The trends were identical for the samples at any given time point, only the 1 minute measurements are reported here.
Pulsating bubble surfactometer. Surface tension effects were measured using a pulsating bubble surfactometer (General Transco, Inc., Largo, Fla.), originally described by Enhorning (Enhorning, 1977). To measure dynamic surface tension, a test solution was loaded into a disposable sample chamber, within which a spherical air bubble was formed that maintained contact with outside air. The air bubble was pulsated at a rate of 20 pulses per minute, between a defined minimum bubble radius of 0.4 mm and a maximum bubble radius of 0.55 mm (representing a 50% surface area change). Changes in pressure across the bubble interface were recorded and used to calculate surface tension values throughout cycling according to the Law of Laplace. For these studies, Infasurf® (Forest Pharmaceuticals, Inc., St. Louis, Mo.) was diluted 4-fold prior to loading into the surfactometer. Bovine serum albumin (BSA) for these studies was obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, Mo.) and maltose-binding protein (MBP) was obtained from New England Biolabs, Inc. (Ipswich, Mass.). Recombinant human BPI and LBP were generously provided by Dr. Jerrold Weiss at the University of Iowa. All proteins were maintained in a Tris buffer (20 mM Tris, 50 mM NaCl, pH 7.3), with the exception of BPI and LBP, which were maintained in HEPES buffer. Data were collected using the software supplied with the instrument and transferred to a computer for analysis. The minimum and maximum surface tension values for each pulsation cycle were extracted and plotted. To compare all samples simultaneously, surface tension values after 5 minutes of pulsation were used.
The following references, to the extent that they provide exemplary procedural or other details supplementary to those set forth herein, are specifically incorporated herein by reference.
This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent application Ser. No. 60/864,062 filed Nov. 2, 2006, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
This invention was made with government support under P50 HL-61234 SCOR awarded by the National Institutes of Health. The government has certain rights in the invention.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 60864062 | Nov 2006 | US |
