Methods and compositions useful for modulation of angiogenesis and vascular permeability using SRC or Yes tyrosine kinases

Abstract

The present invention describes methods for modulating vascular permeability (VP) in tissues using Src or modified Src protein, Yes protein or modified Yes protein, or mixtures thereof, and nucleic acids capable of expression such proteins. In particular, the invention describes methods for inhibiting VP using an inactive Src or Yes protein or a mixture thereof, or nucleic acids encoding therefor, or for potentiating VP using an active, Src or Yes protein or a mixture thereof, or nucleic acids encoding therefor. Related compositions and articles of manufacture are also disclosed.

Description

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates generally to the field of medicine, and relates specifically to methods and compositions for modulating vascular permeability (VP).

BACKGROUND

Angiogenesis is a process of tissue vascularization that involves the growth of new developing blood vessels into a tissue, and is also referred to as neo-vascularization. The process is mediated by the infiltration of endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells. The process is believed to proceed in any one of three ways: the vessels can sprout from pre-existing vessels, de-novo development of vessels can arise from precursor cells (vasculogenesis), or existing small vessels can enlarge in diameter. Blood et al., Bioch. Biophys. Acta , 1032:89-118 (1990). For angiogenesis to occur, endothelial cells must first degrade and cross the blood vessel basement membrane in a similar manner used by tumor cells during invasion and metastasis formation. Angiogenesis is generally absent in adult or mature tissues, although it does occur in wound healing and in the corpus luteum growth cycle. See, for example, Moses et al., Science , 248:1408-1410 (1990).

While angiogenesis is an important process in neonatal growth, it is also important in wound healing and is a factor in the pathogenesis of a large variety of clinical diseases including tissue inflammation, arthritis, tumor growth, diabetic retinopathy, macular degeneration by neovascularization of the retina, and like conditions. These clinical manifestations associated with angiogenesis are referred to as angiogenic diseases. Folkman et al., Science , 235:442-447 (1987).

It has been proposed that inhibition of angiogenesis would be a useful therapy for restricting tumor growth. Inhibition of angiogenesis has been proposed by (1) inhibition of release of “angiogenic molecules” such as bFGF (basic fibroblast growth factor), (2) neutralization of angiogenic molecules, such as by use of anti-βbFGF antibodies, (3) use of inhibitors of vitronectin receptor (α v β 3 , and (4) inhibition of endothelial cell response to angiogenic stimuli. This latter strategy has received attention, Folkman et al., Cancer Biology , 3:89-96 (1992), have described several endothelial cell response inhibitors, including collagenase inhibitor, basement membrane turnover inhibitors, angiostatic steroids, fungal-derived angiogenesis inhibitors, platelet factor 4, thrombospondin, arthritis drugs such as D-penicillamine and gold thiomalate, vitamin D 3 analogs, alpha-interferon, and the like that might be used to inhibit angiogenesis. For additional proposed inhibitors of angiogenesis, see Blood et al., Bioch. Biophys. Acta ., 1032:89-118 (1990), Moses et al., Science , 248:1408-1410 (1990), Ingber et al., Lab. Invest ., 59:44-51 (1988), and U.S. Pat. No. 5,092,885, U.S. Pat. No. 5,112,946, U.S. Pat. No. 5,192,744, U.S. Pat. No. 5,202,352, U.S. Pat. No. 5,753,230 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,766,591. None of the inhibitors of angiogenesis described in the foregoing references involve the Src proteins, however.

It has been previously reported that angiogenesis depends on the interaction between vascular integrins and extracellular matrix proteins. Brooks et al., Science , 264:569-571 (1994). Furthermore, it was reported that programmed cell death (apoptosis) of angiogenic vascular cells is initiated by the interaction, which would be inhibited by certain antagonists of the vascular integrin α v β 3 . Brooks et al., Cell , 79:1157-1164 (1994). More recently, it has been reported that the binding of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) to vitronectin receptor (α v β 5 ) can be inhibited using α v β 5 antagonists, and thereby inhibit the enzymatic function of the proteinase. Brooks et al., Cell , 85:683-693 (1996).

The brain vasculature is characterized by a highly restrictive blood-brain barrier that prohibits small molecules from extravasating into the surrounding brain tissue. The nature of the blood-brain barrier in mammals has been of special concern with pharmacological studies, as many drugs are routinely prevented from passing from the vasculature to the brain tissues because of the highly restrictive blood-brain barrier. The present invention involves the unexpected discovery that VP, as measured by vascular leakage of blood, can be modulated by src or yes. Moreover, VP has been associated with angiogenesis and other pathologies. Inflammation induced increased vascular permeability is associated with edema and swelling.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is directed to modulation of vascular permeability (VP) by tyrosine kinase Src, also referred to generically herein as Src, or the tyrosine kinase Yes, also referred to generically herein as Yes.

Thus, one aspect of the invention encompasses pharmaceutical compositions for modulating VP in target tissue of a mammal. The compositions of the invention comprise a therapeutically effective VP modulating amount of a mixture of tyrosine kinase protein Src and Yes, in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

In compositions which comprise active Src and Yes kinase proteins, the expected modulation is a potentiation or increase in vascular permeability of the blood vessels in a target tissue. Where the desired Src protein is an active kinase, a preferred Src is Src-A. Another preferred active Src protein is one in which the amino acid residue at position 527 of the Src protein is any amino acid residue except for tyrosine, serine or threonine. The preferred active Yes protein will have the kinase activity of wild-type human Yes, such as that or the Yes-1 protein. Another preferred active Yes is one in which the kinase inactivating phosphorylation site of the Yes protein is mutated to abolish or minimize inactivating phosphorylation, similar to a mutation of amino acid residue 527 of Src to any amino acid residue except for tyrosine, serine or threonine.

Where the composition comprises Src and Yes protein that are inactive kinase proteins, the expected modulation is an inhibition or decrease in vascular permeability of the blood vessels in the target tissue. When the desired Src protein is an inactive protein, a preferred Src is Src 251. A further preferred inactive Src is Src K295M. A preferred inactive Yes protein will have diminished kinase activity as compared with the wild-type protein.

A further aspect of the claimed invention is a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective VP modulating amount of nucleic acid capable of expressing tyrosine kinase protein Src and Yes, when transfected into a target cell, in a suitable pharmaceutical carrier. The expressible nucleic acids encoding for Src or Yes protein can comprise nucleic acid segments which describe all or part of the Yes or Src protein. When transferred into target cells, the target cell transcribes and translates the nucleic acid sequence to express the desired protein.

Where the modulation is a potentiation or increase in vascular permeability of the blood vessels in the target tissue, Src encoding nucleic acid will encode active forms of Src, and Yes encoding nucleic acids will encode active forms of Yes kinase proteins. Once transferred into the target host cell, the nucleic acids will be expressed by the host cell. A preferred Src encoding nucleic acid encodes active Src A protein. A further preferred Src encoding nucleic acid encodes a mutated active Src where the amino acid residue at position 527 of the expressed Src protein is any amino acid residue except for tyrosine, serine or threonine. A preferred Yes encoding nucleic acid will encode the wild-type protein, or a protein modified to abolish or inhibit the inactivating phosphorylation site of the Yes protein, in a similar manner as the Src position 527 mutation described.

When the desired modulation is an inhibition or decrease in vascular permeability of the blood vessels in the target tissue, a preferred inactive Src encoding nucleic acid encodes Src 251 protein. A further preferred inactive Src encoding nucleic acid encodes inactive Src K295M. A preferred inactive Yes encoding nucleic acid will encode a protein that has diminished kinase activity.

It is envisioned that the compositions of the invention can comprise a mixture of nucleic acids, where each nucleic acid can comprise an expressible src or yes gene. In addition, it is envisioned that a single nucleic acid may comprise both a nucleic acid encoding for a Src protein, and a nucleic acid encoding for a Yes protein.

For refined modulation of angiogenesis and VP in target tissues, the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention can comprise a mixture of active or inactive tyrosine kinase protein Src, or tyrosine kinase protein Yes. Similarly, the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention can comprise a mixture of nucleic acid capable of expressing active or inactive tyrosine kinase protein Src, or tyrosine kinase protein Yes.

In this embodiment, by utilizing differentially expressible promoters or other such regulatory elements, a first low expressing first tyrosine kinase gene may be co-administered with a second high expressing second tyrosine kinase gene, according to the teaching of the invention. In this embodiment, an increase in angiogenesis can be accomplished while also maintaining, minimizing or reducing VP, by using a first low expressing active src gene, in combination with a second high expressing inactive yes gene. This co-administration can be accomplished by using separate expression vectors, or a single combined expression vector construct. Similarly, a decrease in angiogenesis can be accomplished while also maintaining, potentiating or increasing VP, by using a first low expressing inactive src gene, in combination with a second high expressing active yes gene. Further degrees of modulation can be accomplished by the various permutations of high/low and src/yes, in combination with selection of the activity of promotor elements, and inducible promoters.

It is envisioned that the individual src and yes genes may be under the regulatory control of the same or different regulatory nucleic acid sequences such as and not limited to enhancers, repressors, and promoter elements. When the two or more proteins are expressible from a single vector, it is envisioned that regulation and control of the transcription of the independent protein genes can be under the control of the same regulatory elements. It is also envisioned that regulation and control of transcription can be effected by two or more independently operating regulatory elements. Regulatory elements are known in the art, and can be constiutively active, or inducible, enhancer, promoter, suppressor, or the like, nucleic acid sequences.

It is envisioned that the nucleic acid compositions of the invention can comprise viral and/or non-viral gene transfer vector containing a nucleic acid segment encoding for a Src and/or Yes protein. Retroviral and non-viral gene transfer and expression vectors are known in the art, and described briefly below.

A preferred nucleic acid encodes Src-A protein. Another preferred active Src protein is one in which the amino acid residue at position 527 of the Src protein is any amino acid residue except for tyrosine, serine or threonine.

It is envisioned that a mixture of Src and Yes protein, and/or nucleic acid encoding for such protein, can combine active and inactive forms of protein, depending upon the level of modulation desired, and the coordinated effect on angiogenesis and VP desired, according to the teaching of the present invention.

A composition providing the Src or Yes protein can contain purified protein, biologically active fragments of natural protein, recombinantly produced Src or Yes protein or protein fragments or fusion proteins, or gene/nucleic acid expression vectors for expressing a Src or Yes protein, or mixtures thereof.

Where the Src or Yes protein is inactivated or inhibited, the modulation is an inhibition of VP. Where the Src or Yes protein is active or activated, the modulation is a potentiation of VP.

The present invention encompasses methods for treating mammalian tissue with a composition comprising a therapeutically effective, VP-modulating amount of a Src or Yes protein, or combination thereof. In the methods of the invention, Src and Yes tyrosine kinase protein, or nucleic acid expression vectors capable of expressing such protein is administered to tissue suffering from a disease condition that responds to modulation of VP.

Where the therapeuticly effective VP modulating effect desired is an increase or potentiation of VP, it is contemplated that active forms of Src protein and/or Yes protein can be administered. Similarly, the methods encompass the administration of expressible nucleic acids which encode active or inactive forms of Src protein and/or Yes protein, accordingly.

The tissue to be treated can be any tissue in which modulation of VP is desirable. Therapeutic treatment is accomplished by contacting the target tissue with an effective amount of the desired modulating composition, and allowed sufficient time of contact for the protein or nucleic acid components of the pharmaceutical to enter the target tissue. For VP inhibition, it is useful to treat diseased tissue where deleterious vascular leaking is occurring. Exemplary tissues include inflamed tissue, tissues associated with stroke, myocardial infarction, or other blockage of normal flow, tissues undergoing restenosis, and the like tissues.

For potentiation, it is useful to treat patients with ischemic limbs in which there is poor circulation in the limbs from diabetic or other conditions, or for potentiating the administration of drugs to the brain across the blood-brain barrier. Patients with chronic wounds which do not heal and therefore could benefit from the increase in vascular cell proliferation and neovascularization as modulated by VP can be treated as well.

A further aspect of the present invention are articles of manufacture which comprise packaging material and a pharmaceutical composition contained within said packaging material, wherein said pharmaceutical composition is capable of modulating vascular permeability in a tissue suffering from a disease condition, wherein said packaging material comprises a label which indicates that said pharmaceutical composition can be used for treating disease conditions by modulating vascular permeability, and wherein said pharmaceutical composition comprises a therapeutically effective amount of tyrosine kinase protein Yes, in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. This embodiment encompasses Yes protein in active or inactive form, and also nucleic acids encoding for active or inactive Yes protein. Both retroviral and non-viral gene transfer/expression vectors can contain a nucleic acid segment encoding for Yes protein, either in active or inactive form, or both. When both active and inactive forms of a protein kinase gene are present, it is contemplated that the genes are under separate inducible promoter regulation to allow for alternative expression, as desired.

A further aspect of the present invention are articles of manufacture wherein the pharmaceutical composition comprises a therapeutically effective VP modulating amount of a tyrosine kinase protein Src and Yes, in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. Where the article of manufacture is packaged to indicate a potentiating VP modulating effect, Src and Yes are in active form. A preferred active Src is Src-A protein. Another preferred active Src protein is one in which the amino acid residue at position 527 of the Src protein is any amino acid residue except for tyrosine, serine or threonine.

A further aspect of the present invention are articles of manufacture which comprise a pharmaceutical composition wherein said pharmaceutical composition comprises a therapeutically effective VP modulating amount of an inactive tyrosine kinase protein Src and Yes protein, in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, where the desired modulation is an inactivation or inhibition of VP. A preferred inactive Src is Src 251 protein. Another preferred inactive Src protein is Src K295M.

Similarly, a further aspect of the present invention are articles of manufacture wherein the pharmaceutical composition comprises a nucleic acid capable of expressing tyrosine kinase protein Src and Yes, in a suitable pharmaceutical carrier. A preferred nucleic acid component of the pharmaceutical composition of this article of manufacture encode an active Src protein, where the modulation desired is a potentiation or activation of VP. Further envisioned are nucleic acid encoding active Yes protein. A preferred active Src is Src-A protein. Another preferred active Src encoding nucleic acid is one in which the amino acid residue at position 527 of the Src protein is any amino acid residue except for tyrosine, serine or threonine. It is also envisioned that a single nucleic acid can be constructed which will express both yes and src, either independently regulated, or under transcriptional control of the same promoter, enhancer, suppressor, repressor or other suitable regulatory nucleic acid sequence.

The pharmaceutical composition of the article of manufacture can vary depending upon the desired modulatory effect, and the packaging labeling will correspondingly vary as well.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

In the drawings forming a portion of this disclosure:

FIG. 1 is a cDNA sequence of chicken c-Src which is the complete coding sequence with the introns deleted as first described by Takeya et al., Cell , 32:881-890 (1983). The sequence is accessible through GenBank Accession Number J00844. The sequence contains 1759 nucleotides with the protein coding portion beginning and ending at the respective nucleotide positions 112 and 1713 (SEQ ID NO.2).

FIG. 2 is the encoded amino acid residue sequence of chicken c-Src of the coding sequence shown in FIG. 1 (SEQ ID NO.3).

FIG. 3 is a cDNA sequence of human c-Src which as first described by Braeuninger et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., USA , 88:10411-10415 (1991). The sequence is accessible through GenBank Accession Number X59932 X71157. The sequence contains 2187 nucleotides with the protein coding portion beginning and ending the respective nucleotide positions 134 and 1486(SEQ ID NO.4).

FIG. 4 is the encoded amino acid residue sequence of human c-Src of the coding sequence shown in FIG. 3 (SEQ ID NO.5).

FIG. 5 illustrates the activation of endogenous Src by bFGF or VEGF as described in Example 4. The top portion of the figure indicates the results of an in vitro kinase assay with the fold activation of endogenous c-Src by either bFGF and VEGF. The bottom of the figure is the kinase assay blot probed with an anti-Src antibody as a loading control for equivalent Src-and IgG content.

FIGS. 6A and 6B illustrate the effect of retrovirus-mediated gene expression of c-Src A on angiogenesis in the Chick CAM as described in Example 4. Nine-day-old chick CAMs were exposed to RCAS-Src A (active mutated c-Src) or control RCAS-GFP (Green Fluorescent Protein; a fluorescent indicator protein) retroviruses or buffer for 72 h. The level of angiogenesis was quantified as shown in FIG. 6A with representative photomicrographs (4×) in FIG. 6B corresponding to each treatment taken with a stereomicroscope.

FIGS. 7A and 7B illustrate the retroviral expression of c-Src A in activating vascular MAP kinase phosphorylation. FIG. 7A shows tissue extracts of 10 day-old chick CAMs that had been exposed to VEGF or PMA for 30 minutes or infected with c-src A retrovirus for 48 hours. NT stands for no treatment. Src was immunoprecipitated from equivalent amounts of total protein extract and subjected to an in vitro immune complex kinase assay using a FAK-GST fusion protein as a substrate, electrophoresed and transferred to nitrocellulose. Aliquots of the above whole tissue lysates were also measured for endogenous ERK phosphorylation by immunoblotting with an anti-phospho-ERK antibody. FIG. 7B shows 10 day old CAMs that were infected with either mock RCAS or RCAS containing SRC A. After two days, CAMs were dissected, cryopreserved in OCT and sectioned at 4 μm. Sections were immunostained with an anti-phosphorylated ERK antibody (New England Biolabs.), washed and detected with a goat anti-rabbit FITC-conjugated secondary antibody. Florescent images were captured on a cooled-CCD camera (Princeton Inst.)

FIGS. 8A-8C illustrate the selective requirement for Src activity during VEGF, but not bFGF-induced angiogenesis. Nine day old chick CAMs were exposed to RCAS-Src 251 or control RCAS-GFP retroviruses or buffer for 20 hours and then incubated for an additional 72 hours in the presence or absence of bFGF or VEGF. The level of angiogenesis was quantified FIG. 8A as described above, and representative photomicrographs (6×) were taken with a stereomicroscope as shown in FIG. 8 B. FIG. 8C shows a blot probed with an anti-Src antibody to confirm the expression of Src 251 in transfected cells as compared to mock treatments.

FIGS. 9A-9C illustrate the results of retroviral delivery of RCAS-Src 251 to human tumors. FIG. 9A is a micrograph that shows human medulloblastoma tumor fragment infected with RCAS-GFP (RCAS-Green Fluorescent Protein) expressing GFP exclusively in the tumor blood vessels (arrowhead) as detected by optical sectioning with a Bio Rad laser confocal scanning microscope (bar=500 μm). FIG. 9B depicts data from tumors treated with topical application of retrovirus, which were allowed to grow for 3 or 6 days after which they were resected and wet weights determined. Data are expressed as the mean change in tumor weight (from the 50 mg tumor starting weight) +/−SEM of 2 replicates. FIG. 9C depicts in representative micrographs, medulloblastoma tumors surgically removed from the embryos (bar=350 μm). The lower panels are high magnification views of each tumor showing the vasculature of each tumor in detail (bar=350 μm). The arrowhead indicates blood vessel disruption in RCAS-Src251-treated tumors.

FIG. 10 is a diagram illustrating a restriction map of the RCASBP (RCAS) vector construct (SEQ ID NO:1).

FIG. 11 depicts the encoded amino acid residue sequence of human c-Yes protein in single letter amino acid representation (SEQ ID NO.8).

FIG. 12 depicts the nucleic acid sequence of a cDNA encoding for human c-Yes protein. The sequence is accessible through GenBank Accession Number M15990. The sequence contains 4517 nucleotides with the protein coding portion beginning and ending at the respective nucleotide positions 208 and 1839, and translating into to amino acid depicted in FIG. 11 (SEQ ID NO.7).

FIGS. 13A-13C depict results from retroviral delivery of Src 251 and CSK in a subcutaneous murine angiogenesis model. FIG. 13A illustrates immunoblotting results for detecting flk expression. FIG. 13B illustrates immunoblotting results from assay for flk under VEGF and bFGF stimulated conditions. FIG. 13C is a graph which plots the number of CD34 positive blood vessels (average of triplicate random fields at 20×) by treatment as stimulated by VEGF and bFGF in the presence of GFP, Src 251, or CSK retrovirus.

FIGS. 14A-14C illustrate results from a modified Miles assay for VP of VEGF in the skin of mice deficient in src, fyn and yes. FIG. 14A are photographs of treated ears. FIG. 14B are graphs of experimental results for stimulation of the various deficient mice. FIG. 14C plots the amount of eluted Evan's blue dye by treatment.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

A. Definitions

Amino Acid Residue: An amino acid formed upon chemical digestion (hydrolysis) of a polypeptide at its peptide linkages. The amino acid residues described herein are preferably in the “L” isomeric form. However, residues in the “D” isomeric form can be substituted for any L-amino acid residue, as long as the desired functional property is retained by the polypeptide. NH 2 refers to the free amino group present at the amino terminus of a polypeptide. COOH refers to the free carboxy group present at the carboxy terminus of a polypeptide. In keeping with standard polypeptide nomenclature (described in J. Biol. Chem ., 243:3552-59 (1969) and adopted at 37 CFR §1.822(b)(2)).

It should be noted that all amino acid residue sequences are represented herein by formulae whose left and right orientation is in the conventional direction of amino-terminus to carboxy-terminus. Furthermore, it should be noted that a dash at the beginning or end of an amino acid residue sequence indicates a peptide bond to a further sequence of one or more amino acid residues.

Polypeptide: refers to a linear series of amino acid residues connected to one another by peptide bonds between the alpha-amino group and carboxy group of contiguous amino acid residues.

Peptide: as used herein refers to a linear series of no more than about 50 amino acid residues connected one to the other as in a polypeptide.

Cyclic peptide: refers to a compound having a heteroatom ring structure that includes several amide bonds as in a typical peptide. The cyclic peptide can be a homodetic “head to tail” cyclized linear polypeptide in which a linear peptide's n-terminus has formed an amide bond with the c-terminal carboxylate of the linear peptide, or it can contain a ring structure in which the polymer is heterodetic and comprises amide bonds and/or other bonds to close the ring, such as disulfide bridges, thioesters, thioamides, guanidino, and the like linkages.

Protein: refers to a linear series of greater than 50 amino acid residues connected one to the other as in a polypeptide.

Fusion protein: refers to a polypeptide containing at least two different polypeptide domains operatively linked by a typical peptide bond (“fused”), where the two domains correspond to peptides no found fused in nature.

Synthetic peptide: refers to a chemically produced chain of amino acid residues linked together by peptide bonds that is free of naturally occurring proteins and fragments thereof.

B. General Considerations

The present invention relates generally to the discovery that VEGF induced VP is specifically mediated by the tyrosine kinase proteins Src and Yes, and that VP can be modulated by providing either active or inactive Src or Yes proteins for potentiating or inhibiting angiogenesis, respectively.

This discovery is important because of the role that vascular permeability plays in a variety of disease processes and in association with angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels. Where tissues associated with a disease condition require angiogenesis for tissue growth, it is desirable to inhibit angiogenesis and thereby inhibit the diseased tissue growth. Angiogenesis may be more effectively inhibited by simultaneously inhibiting VP. Where injured tissue requires angiogenesis for tissue growth and healing, it is desirable to potentiate or promote VP and thus angiogenesis, and thereby promote tissue healing and growth.

Where the growth of new blood vessels is the cause of, or contributes to, the pathology associated with a disease tissue, inhibition of VP, and thereby angiogenesis will reduce the deleterious effects of the disease. By inhibiting VP associated with angiogenesis, one can intervene in the disease, ameliorate the symptoms, and in some cases cure the disease.

In certain instances, increased VP is desirable for increasing the efficacy of drug delivery via systemic administration. The blood-brain barrier is a term used to describe the tight regulation of VP, and thus minimal access of even small molecule drugs to the brain from the circulation. The ability to selectively and specifically modulate the permeability of the blood-brain barrier via modulation of the VP of the involved blood vessels will allow the administration of drugs that otherwise would not be able to pass via the circulation into the brain tissues.

Similarly, many stroke induced pathologies and damage are instigated by the sudden increase in VP, and thus the ability to specifically modulate VP will allow for novel and effective treatments to reduce the adverse effects of stroke.

The methods of the present invention are effective in part because the therapy is highly selective for VP and not other biological processes.

The present invention relates generally to the discovery that angiogenesis is mediated by the tyrosine kinase Src protein, and that angiogenesis can be modulated by providing either active or inactive Src proteins for potentiating or inhibiting angiogenesis, respectively.

This discovery is important because of the role that angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels, plays in a variety of disease processes. Where tissues associated with a disease condition require angiogenesis for tissue growth, it is desirable to inhibit angiogenesis and thereby inhibit the diseased tissue growth. Where injured tissue requires angiogenesis for tissue growth and healing, it is desirable to potentiate or promote angiogenesis and thereby promote tissue healing and growth.

Where the growth of new blood vessels is the cause of, or contributes to, the pathology associated with a disease tissue, inhibition of angiogenesis will reduce the deleterious effects of the disease. By inhibiting angiogenesis, one can intervene in the disease, ameliorate the symptoms, and in some cases cure the disease.

Examples of tissue associated with disease and neovascularization that will benefit from inhibitory modulation of angiogenesis include rheumatoid arthritis, diabetic retinopathy, inflammatory diseases, restenosis, and the like. Where the growth of new blood vessels is required to support growth of a deleterious tissue, inhibition of angiogenesis will reduce the blood supply to the tissue and thereby contribute to reduction in tissue mass based on blood supply requirements. Examples include growth of tumors where neovascularization is a continual requirement in order that the tumor grow beyond a few millimeters in thickness, and for the establishment of solid tumor metastases.

Where the growth of new blood vessels is believed to contribute to healing of tissue, potentiation of angiogenesis will assist in healing. Examples include treatment of patients with ischemic limbs in which there is poor circulation in the limbs from diabetes or other conditions. Also contemplated are patients with chronic wounds which do not heal and therefore could benefit from the increase in vascular cell proliferation and neovascularization.

The methods of the present invention are effective in part because the therapy is highly selective for angiogenesis and not other biological processes.

As described earlier, angiogenesis includes a variety of processes involving neovascularization of a tissue including “sprouting”, vasculogenesis, or vessel enlargement, all of which angiogenesis processes are effected by Src protein. With the exception of traumatic wound healing, corpus luteum formation and embryogenesis, it is believed that the majority of angiogenesis processes are associated with disease processes and therefore the use of the present therapeutic methods are selective for the disease and do not have deleterious side effects.

C. Src Family Tyrosine kinase Proteins

A tyrosine kinase protein for use in the present invention can vary depending upon the intended use. The terms “Src protein” or “Src” are used to refer collectively to the various forms of tyrosine kinase Src protein described herein, either in active or inactive forms. The terms “Yes protein” or “Yes” are used to refer collectively to the various forms of tyrosine kinase Yes protein described herein, either in active or inactive forms.

An “active Src protein” refers to any of a variety of forms of Src protein which potentiate angiogenesis or VP. An “active Yes protein” refers to any of a variety of forms of Yes protein which potentiate VP. Assays to measure potentiation of angiogenesis or VP are described herein, and are not to be construed as limiting. A protein is considered active if the level of angiogenesis or VP is at least 10% greater, preferably 25% greater, and more preferably 50% greater than a control level where no protein is added to the assay system.

The preferred assay for measuring potentiation of angiogenesis is the CAM assay using RCAS viral vector as described in the Examples in which the angiogenic index is calculated by counting branch points.

A preferred assay for measuring potentiation of VP is the Miles assay using Evan's blue dye in mice as described in the Examples, in which VP is measured by the amount of Evan's blue dye leaked from blood vessels.

A preferred active Src or Yes protein exhibits tyrosine kinase activity as well. Exemplary active Src or Yes proteins are described in the Examples, and include Src-A and Yes-1.

An “inactive Src protein” refers to any of a variety of forms of Src protein which inhibit angiogenesis or VP. An “inactive Yes protein” refers to any of a variety of forms of Yes protein which inhibit VP. Assays to measure inhibition of VP increase are described herein, and are not to be construed as limiting. A Src protein is considered inactive if the level of angiogenesis is at least 10% lower, preferably 25% lower, and more preferably 50% lower than a control level where no exogenous Src is added to the assay system.

A Src or Yes protein is considered:inactive if the level of VP is at least the same as, or 10% lower, preferably 25% lower, and more preferably 50% lower than a control level where no exogenous Src or Yes is added to the assay system.

The preferred assay for measuring inhibition of angiogenesis is the CAM assay using RCAS viral vector as described in the Examples in which the angiogenic index is calculated by counting branch points.

A preferred assay for measuring inhibition of VP is the Miles assay using Evan's blue dye in mice as described in the Examples, in which VP is measured by the amount of Evan's blue dye leaked from blood vessels.

A preferred inactive Src or Yes protein exhibits reduced tyrosine kinase activity as well. Exemplary inactive Src proteins are described in the Examples, and include Src-251 and Src K295M.

A Src protein useful in the present invention can be produced in any of a variety of methods including isolation from natural sources including tissue, production by recombinant DNA expression and purification, and the like. Src and/or Yes protein can also be provided “in situ” by introduction of a gene therapy system to the tissue of interest which then expresses the protein in the tissue.

A gene encoding a Src or Yes protein can be prepared by a variety of methods known in the art, and the invention is not to be construed as limiting in this regard. For example, the natural history of Src is well known to include a variety of homologs from mammalian, avian, viral and the like species, and the gene can readily be cloned using cDNA cloning methods from any tissue expressing the protein. A preferred Src for use in the invention is a cellular protein, such as the mammalian or avian homologs designated c-src. Particularly preferred is human c-src. A preferred Yes for use in the invention is a human cellular protein, c-yes. Particularly preferred is human c-yes-1 encoding for the amino acid sequence as depicted in FIG. 11 . The protein Yes-1 of FIG. 11 is encoded for by a segment of the nucleic acid sequence depicted in FIG. 12 , and identified as the coding domain segment.

D. Recombinant DNA Molecules and Expression Systems for Expression of Src or Yes Protein

The invention describes several nucleotide sequences of particular use in the present invention. These sequences include sequences which encode a Src protein useful in the invention, and various DNA segments, recombinant DNA (rDNA) molecules and vectors constructed for expression of Src protein. These sequences also include sequences which encode a Yes protein useful in the invention, and various DNA segments, recombinant DNA (rDNA) molecules and vectors constructed for expression of Yes protein.

DNA molecules (segments) of this invention therefore can comprise sequences which encode whole structural genes, fragments of structural genes, or combination of genes, and transcription units as described further herein.

A preferred DNA segment is a nucleotide sequence which encodes a Src or Yes protein, or both as defined herein, or biologically active fragment thereof.

The amino acid residue sequence and nucleotide sequence of a preferred Src and Yes is described in the Examples.

A preferred DNA segment codes for an amino acid residue sequence substantially the same as, and preferably consisting essentially of, an amino acid residue sequence or portions thereof corresponding to a Src or Yes protein described herein. Representative and preferred DNA segments are further described in the Examples.

The amino acid residue sequence of a protein or polypeptide is directly related via the genetic code to the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) sequence of the structural gene that codes for the protein. Thus, a structural gene or DNA segment can be defined in terms of the amino acid residue sequence, i.e., protein or polypeptide, for which it codes.

An important and well known feature of the genetic code is its redundancy. That is, for most of the amino acids used to make proteins, more than one coding nucleotide triplet (codon) can code for or designate a particular amino acid residue. Therefore, a number of different nucleotide sequences may code for a particular amino acid residue sequence. Such nucleotide sequences are considered functionally equivalent since they can result in the production of the same amino acid residue sequence in all organisms. Occasionally, a methylated variant of a purine or pyrimidine may be incorporated into a given nucleotide sequence. However, such methylation do not affect the coding relationship in any way.

A nucleic acid is any polynucleotide or nucleic acid fragment, whether it be a polyribonucleotide of polydeoxyribonucleotide, i.e., RNA or DNA, or analogs thereof. In preferred embodiments, a nucleic acid molecule is in the form of a segment of duplex DNA, i.e, a DNA segment, although for certain molecular biological methodologies, single-stranded DNA or RNA is preferred.

DNA segments are produced by a number of means including chemical synthesis methods and recombinant approaches, preferably by cloning or by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). DNA segments that encode portions of a Src protein can easily be synthesized by chemical techniques, for example, the phosphotriester method of Matteucci et al, J. Am. Chem. Soc ., 103:3185-3191, 1981, or using automated synthesis methods. In addition, larger DNA segments can readily be prepared by well known methods, such as synthesis of a group of oligonucleotides that define the DNA segment, followed by hybridization and ligation of oligonucleotides to build the complete segment. Alternative methods include isolation of a preferred DNA segment by PCR with a pair of oligonucleotide primers used on a cDNA library believed to contain members which encode a Src protein.

Of course, through chemical synthesis, any desired modifications can be made simply by substituting the appropriate bases for those encoding the native amino acid residue sequence. This method is well known, and can be readily applied to the production of the various different “modified” Src proteins described herein.

Furthermore, DNA segments consisting essentially of structural genes encoding a Src or Yes protein can be subsequently modified, as by site-directed or random mutagenesis, to introduce any desired substitutions.

1. Cloning a Src or Yes Gene

A src or yes gene of this invention can be cloned from a suitable source of genomic DNA or messenger RNA (mRNA) by a variety of biochemical methods. Cloning these genes can be conducted according to the general methods described in the Examples and as known in the art.

Sources of nucleic acids for cloning a src or yes gene suitable for use in the methods of this invention can include genomic DNA or messenger RNA (MRNA) in the form of a cDNA library, from a tissue believed to express these proteins. A preferred tissue is human lung tissue, although any other suitable tissue may be used.

A preferred cloning method involves the preparation of a cDNA library using standard methods, and isolating the Src-encoding, or Yes-encoding nucleotide sequence by PCR amplification using paired oligonucleotide primers based on the nucleotide sequences described herein. Alternatively, the desired cDNA clones can be identified and isolated from a cDNA or genomic library by conventional nucleic acid hybridization methods using a hybridization probe based on the nucleic acid sequences described herein. Other methods of isolating and cloning suitable Src or Yes encoding nucleic acids are readily apparent to one skilled in the art.

2. Gene Transfer and/or Expression Vectors

The invention contemplates a recombinant DNA molecule (rDNA) containing a DNA segment encoding a Src or Yes protein, or both, as described herein. An expressible rDNA can be produced by operatively (in frame, expressible) linking a vector to a src or yes encoding DNA segment of the present invention. Thus, a recombinant DNA molecule is a hybrid DNA molecule comprising at least two nucleic acids of a nucleotide sequences not normally found together in nature.

The choice of vector to which a DNA segment of the present invention is operatively linked depends directly, as is well known in the art, on the functional properties desired, e.g., protein expression, and the host cell to be transformed. Typical considerations in the art of constructing recombinant DNA molecules. A vector contemplated by the present invention is at least capable of directing the replication, and preferably also expression, of a structural gene included in the vector DNA segments, to which it is operatively linked.

Where an expression vector contains both an expressible src and yes nucleic acid sequence, both genes may be regulated by the same regulatory elements upstream of the first gene, or each individually regulated by separate regulatory elements.

Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic expression vectors are familiar to one of ordinary skill in the art of vector construction, and are described by Ausebel, et al., in Current Protocols in Molecular Biology , Wiley and Sons, New York (1993) and by Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual , Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, (1989). These references also describe many of the general recombinant DNA methods referred to herein.

In one embodiment, a vector contemplated by the present invention includes a procaryotic replicon, i.e., a DNA sequence having the ability to direct autonomous replication and maintenance of the recombinant DNA molecule extrachromosomally in a procaryotic host cell, such as a bacterial host cell, transformed therewith. Such replicons are well known in the art. In addition, those embodiments that include a procaryotic replicon also include a gene whose expression confers drug resistance to a bacterial host transformed therewith. Typical bacterial drug resistance genes are those that confer resistance to ampicillin or tetracycline.

Those vectors that include a procaryotic replicon can also include a procaryotic promoter capable of directing the expression (transcription and translation) of a structural gene in a bacterial host cell, such as E. coli , transformed therewith. A promoter is an expression control element formed by a DNA sequence that permits binding of RNA polymerase and transcription to occur. Promoter sequences compatible with bacterial hosts are typically provided in plasmid vectors containing convenient restriction sites for insertion of a DNA segment of the present invention. Typical of such vector plasmids are pUC8, pUC9, pBR322 and pBR329 available from Biorad Laboratories, (Richmond, Calif.), PRSET available from Invitrogen (San Diego, Calif.) and pPL and pKK223 available from Pharmacia, Piscataway, N.J.

Expression vectors compatible with eukaryotic cells, preferably those compatible with vertebrate cells, can also be used to form the recombinant DNA molecules of the present invention. Eukaryotic cell expression vectors are well known in the art and are available from several commercial sources. Typically, such vectors are provided containing convenient restriction sites for insertion of the desired DNA segment. Typical of such vectors are PSVL and pKSV-10 (Pharmacia), pBPV-1/pML2d (International Biotechnologies, Inc.), pTDT1 (ATCC, #31255), pRc/CMV (Invitrogen, Inc.), the preferred vector described in the Examples, and the like eukaryotic expression vectors.

A particularly preferred system for gene expression in the context of this invention includes a gene delivery component, that is, the ability to deliver the gene to the tissue of interest. Suitable vectors are “infectious” vectors such as recombinant DNA viruses, adenovirus or retrovirus vectors which are engineered to express the desired protein and have features which allow infection of preselected target tissues. Particularly preferred is the replication competent avian sarcoma virus (RCAS) described herein.

Mammalian cell systems that utilize recombinant viruses or viral elements to direct expression may be engineered. For example, when using adenovirus expression vectors, the coding sequence of a polypeptide may be ligated to an adenovirus transcription/translation control complex, e.g., the late promoter and tripartite leader sequence. This chimeric gene may then be inserted into the adenovirus genome by in vitro or in vivo recombination. Insertion in a non-essential region of the viral genome (e.g., region E1 or E3) will result in a recombinant virus that is viable and capable of expressing the polypeptide in infected hosts (e.g., see Logan et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., USA , 81:3655-3659 (1984)). Alternatively, the vaccinia virus 7.5K promoter may be used. (e.g., see, Mackett et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., USA , 79:7415-7419 (1982); Mackett et al., J. Virol ., 49:857-864 (1984); Panicali et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., USA , 79:4927-4931 (1982)). Of particular interest are vectors based on bovine papilloma virus which have the ability to replicate as extrachromosomal elements (Sarver et al., Mol. Cell. Biol ., 1:486 (1981)). Shortly after entry of this DNA into target cells, the plasmid replicates to about 100 to 200 copies per cell. Transcription of the inserted cDNA does not require integration of the plasmid into the host's chromosome, thereby yielding a high level of expression. These vectors can be used for stable expression by including a selectable marker in the plasmid, such as the neo gene. Alternatively, the retroviral genome can be modified for use as a vector capable of introducing and directing the expression of the polypeptide-encoding nucleotide sequence in host cells (Cone et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., USA , 81:6349-6353 (1984)). High level expression may also be achieved using inducible promoters, including, but not limited to, the metallothionine IIA promoter and heat shock promoters.

Recently, long-term survival of cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter versus Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) promotor-driven thymidine kinase (TK) gene therapy in nude mice bearing human ovarian cancer has been studied. Cell killing efficacy of adenovirus-mediated CMV promoter-driven herpes simplex virus TK gene therapy was found to be 2 to 10 time more effective than RSV driven therapy. (Tong et al., 1999 , Hybridoma 18(l):93-97). The design of chimeric promoters for gene therapy applications, which call for low level expression followed by inducible high-level expression has also been described. (Suzuki et al., 1996 , Human Gene Therapy 7:1883-1893).

For long-term, high-yield production of recombinant proteins, stable expression is preferred. Rather than using expression vectors which contain viral origins of replication, host cells can be transformed with a cDNA controlled by appropriate expression control elements (e.g., promoter and enhancer sequences, transcription terminators, polyadenylation sites, etc.), and a selectable marker. As mentioned above, the selectable marker in the recombinant plasmid confers resistance to the selection and allows cells to stably integrate the plasmid into their chromosomes and grow to form foci which in turn can be cloned and expanded into cell lines.

For example, following the introduction of foreign DNA, engineered cells may be allowed to grow for 1-2 days in an enriched media, and then are switched to a selective media. A number of selection systems may be used, including but not limited to the herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (Wigler et al., Cell , 11:223 (1977)), hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (Szybalska et al, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., USA , 48:2026 (1962)), and adenine phosphoribosyltransferase (Lowy et al., Cell, 22:817 (1980)) genes, which can be employed in tk − , hgprt − or aprt − cells respectively. Also, antimetabolite resistance-conferring genes can be used as the basis of selection; for example, the genes for dhfr, which confers resistance to methotrexate (Wigler et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., USA , 77:3567 (1980); O'Hare et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., USA , 78:1527 (1981); gpt, which confers resistance to mycophenolic acid (Mulligan et al, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., USA , 78:2072, (1981)); neo, which confers resistance to the aminoglycoside G-418 (Colberre-Garapin et al, J. Mol. Biol ., 150:1 (1981)); and hygro, which confers resistance to hygromycin (Santerre et al, Gene , 30:147 (1984)). Recently, additional selectable genes have been described, namely trpB, which allows cells to utilize indole in place of tryptophan; hisD, which allows cells to utilize histinol in place of histidine (Hartman et al, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., USA , 85:804 (1988)); and ODC (ornithine decarboxylase) which confers resistance to the ornithine decarboxylase inhibitor, 2-(difluoromethyl)-DL-ornithine, DFMO (McConlogue L., In: Current Communications in Molecular Biology, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory ed., (1987)).

The principal vectors contemplated for human gene therapy, are derived from retroviral origin. (Wilson, 1997 , Clin. Exp. Immunol . 107(Sup. 1):31-32; Bank et al., 1996 , Bioessays 18(12):999-1007; Robbins et al., 1998 , Pharmacol. Ther . 80(1):35-47). The therapeutic potential of gene transfer and antisense therapy has stimulated the development of many vector systems for treating a variety of tissues. (vasculature, Stephan et al., 1997 , Fundam. Clin. Pharmacol . 11(2):97-110; Feldman et al., 1997 , Cardiovasc. Res . 35(3):391-404; Vassalli et al., 1997 , Cardiovasc. Res . 35(3):459-69; Baek et al., 1998 , Circ. Res . 82(3):295-305; kidney, Lien et al., 1997 , Kidney Int. Suppl . 61:S85-8; liver, Ferry et al., 1998 , Hum Gene Ther . 9(14):1975-81; muscle, Marshall et al., 1998 , Curr. Opn. Genet. Dev . 8(3):360-5). In addition to these tissues, a critical target for human gene therapy is cancer, either the tumor itself, or associated tissues. (Runnebaum, 1997 , Anticancer Res . 17(4B):2887-90; Spear et al., 1998 , J. Neurovirol . 4(2):133-47).

Specific examples of viral gene therapy vector systems readily adaptable for use in the methods of the present invention are briefly described below. Retroviral gene delivery has been recently reviewed by Federspiel and Hughes (1998 , Methods in Cell Biol . 52:179-214) which describes in particular, the avian leukosis virus (ALV) retrovirus family (Federspiel et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., USA , 93:4931 (1996); Federspiel et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., USA , 91:11241 (1994)). Retroviral vectors, including ALV and murine leukemia virus (MLV) are further described by Svoboda (1998 , Gene 206:153-163).

Modified retroviral/adenoviral expression systems can be readily adapted for practice of the methods of the present invention. For example, murine leukemia virus (MLV) systems are reviewed by Karavanas et al., 1998 , Crit. Rev. in Oncology/Hematology 28:7-30. Adenovirus expression systems are reviewed by Von Seggern and Nemerow in Gene Expression Systems (ed. Fernandez & Hoeffler, Academic Press, San Diego, Calif., 1999, chapter 5, pages 112-157).

Protein expression systems have been demonstrated to have effective use both in vivo and in vitro. For example, efficient gene transfer to human squamous cell carcinomas by a herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 1 amplicon vector has been described. (Carew et al., 1998 , Am. J. Surg . 176:404-408). Herpes simplex virus has been used for gene transfer to the nervous system. (Goins et al., 1997 , J. Neurovirol . 3 (Sup. 1):S80-8). Targeted suicide vectors using HSV-TK has been tested on solid tumors. (Smiley et al., 1997 , Hum. Gene Ther . 8(8):965-77). Herpes simplex virus type 1 vector has been used for cancer gene therapy on colon carcinoma cells. (Yoon et al., 1998 , Ann. Surg . 228(3):366-74). Hybrid vectors have been developed to extend the length of time of transfection, including HSV/AAV (adeno-associated virus) hybrids for treating hepatocytes. (Fraefel et al., 1997 , Mol. Med . 3(12):813-825).

Vaccinia virus has been developed for human gene therapy because of its large genome. (Peplinski et al., 1998 , Surg. Oncol. Clin. N. Am . 7(3):575-88). Thymidine kinase-deleted vaccinia virus expressing purine nucleoside pyrophosphorylase has been described for use as a tumor directed gene therapy vector. (Puhlman et al., 1999 , Human Gene Therapy 10:649-657).

Adeno-associated virus 2 (AAV) has been described for use in human gene therapy, however AAV requires a helper virus (such as adenovirus or herpes virus) for optimal replication and packaging in mammalian cells. (Snoeck et al., 1997 , Exp. Nephrol . 5(6):514:20; Rabinowitz et al., 1998 , Curr. Opn. Biotechnol . 9(5):470-5). However, in vitro packaging of an infectious recombinant AAV has been described, making this system much more promising. (Ding et al., 1997 , Gene Therapy 4:1167-1172). It has been shown that the AAV mediated transfer of ecotropic retrovirus receptor cDNA allows ecotropic retroviral transduction of established and primary human cells. (Qing et al., 1997 , J. Virology 71(7):5663-5667). Cancer gene therapy using an AAV vector expressing human wild-type p53 has been demonstrated. (Qazilbash et al., 1997 , Gene Therapy 4:675-682). Gene transfer into vascular cells using AAV vectors has also been shown. (Maeda et al., 1997 , Cardiovascular Res . 35:514-521). AAV has been demonstrated as a suitable vector for liver directed gene therapy. (Xiao et al., 1998 , J. Virol . 72(12):10222-6). AAV vectors have been demonstrated for use in gene therapy of brain tissues and the central nervous system. (Chamberlin et al., 1998 , Brain Res . 793(1-2):169-75; During et al., 1998 , Gene Therapy 5(6):820-7). AAV vectors have also been compared with adenovirus vectors (AdV) for gene therapy of the lung and transfer to human cystic fibrosis epithelial cells. (Teramoto et al., 1998 , J. Virol . 72(11):8904-12).

Chimeric AdV/retroviral gene therapy vector systems which incorporate the useful qualities of each virus to create a nonintegrative AdV that is rendered functionally integrative via the intermediate generation of a retroviral producer cell. (Feng et al., 1997 , Nat. Biotechnology 15(9):866-70; Bilbao et al., 1997 , FASEB J 11(8):624-34). This powerful new generation of gene therapy vector has been adapted for targeted cancer gene therapy. (Bilbao et al., 1998 , Adv. Exp. Med. Biol . 451:365-74). Single injection of AdV expressing p53 inhibited growth of subcutaneous tumor nodules of human prostrate cancer cells. (Asgari et al., .1997 , Int. J. Cancer 71(3):377-82). AdV mediated gene transfer of wild-type p53 in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer has been described. (Schuler et al., 1998 , Human Gene Therapy 9:2075-2082). This same cancer has been the subject of p53 gene replacement therapy mediated by AdV vectors. (Roth et al., 1998 , Semin. Oncol . 25(3 Suppl 8):33-7). AdV mediated gene transfer of p53 inhibits endothelial cell differentiation and angiogenesis in vivo. (Riccioni et al., 1998 , Gene Ther . 5(6):747-54). Adenovirus-mediated expression of melanoma antigen gp75 as immunotherapy for metastatic melanoma has also been described. (Hirschowitz et al., 1998 , Gene Therapy 5:975-983). AdV facilitates infection of human cells with ecotropic retrovirus and increases efficiency of retroviral infection. (Scott-Taylor, et al., 1998 , Gene Ther . 5(5):621-9). AdV vectors have been used for gene transfer to vascular smooth muscle cells (Li et al., 1997 , Chin. Med. J . ( Engl ) 110(12):950-4), squamous cell carcinoma cells (Goebel et al., 1998 , Otolarynol Head Neck Surg 119(4):331-6), esophageal cancer cells (Senmaru et al., 1998 , Int J. Cancer 78(3):366-71), mesangial cells (Nahman et al., 1998 , J. Investig. Med . 46(5):204-9), glial cells (Chen et al., 1998 , Cancer Res . 58(16):3504-7), and to the joints of animals (Ikeda et al., 1998 , J. Rheumatol . 25(9):1666-73). More recently, catheter-based pericardial gene transfer mediated by AcV vectors has been demonstrated. (March et al., 1999 , Clin. Cardiol . 22(1 Suppl 1):I23-9). Manipulation of the AdV system with the proper controlling genetic elements allows for the AdV-mediated regulable target gene expression in vivo. (Burcin et al., 1999 , PNAS ( USA ) 96(2):355-60).

Alphavirus vectors have been developed for human gene therapy applications, with packaging cell lines suitable for transformation with expression cassettes suitable for use with Sindbis virus and Semliki Forest virus-derived vectors. (Polo et al., 1999 , Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., USA , 96:4598-4603). Noncytopathic flavivirus replicon RNA-based systems have also been developed. (Varnavski et al., 1999 , Virology 255(2):366-75). Suicide HSV-TK gene containing sinbis virus vectors have been used for cell-specific targeting into tumor cells. (Iijima et al., 1998 , Int. J. Cancer 80(1):110-8).

Retroviral vectors based on human foamy virus (HFV) also show promise as gene therapy vectors. (Trobridge et al., 1998 , Human Gene Therapy 9:2517-2525). Foamy virus vectors have been designed for suicide gene therapy. (Nestler et al., 1997 , Gene Ther . 4(11):1270-7). Recombinant murine cytomegalovirus and promoter systems have also been used as vectors for high level expression. (Manning et al., 1998 , J. Virol. Meth . 73(1):31-9; Tong et al., 1998 , Hybridoma 18(1):93-7).

Gene delivery into non-dividing cells has been made feasible by the generation of Sendai virus based vectors. (Nakanishi et al., 1998 , J. Controlled Release 54(1):61-8).

In other efforts to enable the transformation of non-dividing somatic cells, lentiviral vectors have been explored. Gene therapy of cystic fibrosis using a replication-defective human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) based vector has been described. (Goldman et al., 1997 , Human Gene Therapy 8:2261-2268). Sustained expression of genes delivered into liver and muscle by lentiviral vectors has also been shown. (Kafri et al., 1997 , Nat. Genet . 17(3):314-7). However, safety concerns are predominant, and improved vector development is proceeding rapidly. (Kim et al., 1998 , J. Virol . 72(2):994-1004). Examination of the HIV LTR and Tat yield important information about the organization of the genome for developing vectors. (Sadaie et al., 1998 , J. Med. Virol . 54(2):118-28). Thus the genetic requirements for an effective HIV based vector are now better understood. (Gasmi et al., 1999 , J. Virol . 73(3):1828-34). Self inactivating vectors, or conditional packaging cell lines have been described. (for example Zuffery et al., 1998 , J. Virol . 72(12):9873-80; Miyoshi et al., 1998 , J. Virol . 72(10):8150-7; Dull et al., 1998 , J. Virol . 72(11):8463-71; and Kaul et al., 1998 , Virology 249(1):167-74). Efficient transduction of human lymphocytes and CD34+ cells by HIV vectors has been shown. (Douglas et al., 1999 , Hum. Gene Ther . 10(6):935-45; Miyoshi et al., 1999 , Science 283(5402):682-6). Efficient transduction of nondividing human cells by feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) lentiviral vectors has been described, which minimizes safety concerns with using HIV based vectors. (Poeschla et al., 1998 , Nature Medicine 4(3):354-357). Productive infection of human blood mononuclear cells by FIV vectors has been shown. (Johnston et al., 1999 , J. Virol . 73(3):2491-8).

While many viral vectors are difficult to handle, and capacity for inserted DNA limited, these limitations and disadvantages have been addressed. For example, in addition to simplified viral packaging cell lines, Mini-viral vectors, derived from human herpes virus, herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), have been developed to simplify manipulation of genetic material and generation of viral vectors. (Wang et al., 1996 , J. Virology 70(12):8422-8430). Adaptor plasmids have been previously shown to simplify insertion of foreign DNA into helper-independent Retroviral vectors. (1987 , J. Virology 61(10):3004-3012).

Viral vectors are not the only means for effecting gene therapy, as several non-viral vectors have also been described. A targeted non-viral gene delivery vector based on the use of Epidermal Growth Factor/DNA polyplex (EGF/DNA) has been shown to result in efficient and specific gene delivery. (Cristiano, 1998 , Anticancer Res . 18:3241-3246). Gene therapy of the vasculature and CNS have been demonstrated using cationic liposomes. (Yang et al., 1997 , J. Neurotrauma 14(5):281-97). Transient gene therapy of pancreatitis has also been accomplished using cationic liposomes. (Denham et al., 1998 , Ann. Surg . 227(6):812-20). A chitosan-based vector/DNA complexes for gene delivery have been shown to be effective. (Erbacher et al., 1998 , Pharm. Res . 15(9):1332-9). A non-viral DNA delivery vector based on a terplex system has been described. (Kim et al., 1998, 53(1-3):175-82). Virus particle coated liposome complexes have also been used to effect gene transfer. (Hirai et al., 1997 , Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun . 241(1):112-8).

Cancer gene therapy by direct tumor injections of nonviral T7 vector encoding a thymidine kinase gene has been demonstrated. (Chen et al., 1998 , Human Gene Therapy 9:729-736). Plasmid DNA preparation is important for direct injection gene transfer. (Horn et al., 1995 , Hum. Gene Ther . 6(5):656-73). Modified plasmid vectors have been adapted specifically for direct injection. (Hartikka et al., 1996 , Hum. Gene Ther . 7(10):1205-17).

Thus, a wide variety of gene transfer/gene therapy vectors and constructs are known in the art. These vectors are readily adapted for use in the methods of the present invention. By the appropriate manipulation using recombinant DNA/molecular biology techniques to insert an operatively linked src or yes, or both (either active or inactive) into the selected expression/delivery vector, many equivalent vectors for the practice of the present invention can be generated.

E. Methods For Modulation of Vascular Permeability (VP)

The invention provides for a method for the modulation of vascular permeability (VP) of the blood vessels in a tissue associated with a disease process or condition, and thereby effect events in the tissue which depend upon VP. Generally, the method comprises administering to the tissue, associated with a disease process or condition, a composition comprising a VP-modulating amount of a Src or Yes protein, or mixture thereof, or nucleic acid vector expressing active or inactive Src or Yes, or both, according to the methods of this invention.

As described herein, any of a variety of tissues, or organs comprised of organized tissues, can be a location for VP in disease conditions including brain, skin, muscle, gut, connective tissue, joints, bones and the like tissue in which blood vessels are present.

The patient treated in the present invention in its many embodiments is desirably a human patient, although it is to be understood that the principles of the invention indicate that the invention is effective with respect to all mammals, which are intended to be included in the term “patient”. In this context, a mammal is understood to include any mammalian species in which treatment of tissue associated with diseases involving angiogenesis is desirable, particularly agricultural and domestic mammalian species.

Thus the method comprises administering to a patient a therapeutically effective amount of a physiologically tolerable composition containing a Src or Yes protein, or mixture thereof, or DNA vector for expressing a Src or Yes protein, or both, in practicing the methods of the invention.

The dosage ranges for the administration of a Src or Yes protein depend upon the form of the protein, and its potency, as described further herein, and are amounts large enough to produce the desired effect in which VP and the disease symptoms mediated by VP are ameliorated. The dosage should not be so large as to cause adverse side effects, such as hyperviscosity syndromes, pulmonary edema, congestive heart failure, and the like. Generally, the dosage will vary with the age, condition, sex and extent of the disease in the patient and can be determined by one of skill in the art. The dosage can also be adjusted by the individual physician in the event of any complication.

A therapeutically effective VP modulating amount is an amount of Src or Yes protein or mixture thereof, or nucleic acid encoding for Src or Yes protein, sufficient to produce a measurable modulation of VP in the tissue being treated, ie., a VP-modulating amount. Modulation of VP can be measured by assay as described herein, or by other methods known to one skilled in the art. Modulation of VP can be measured by the Miller assay, as described herein, or by other methods known to one of skill in the art.

The Src or Yes protein or nucleic acid vector expressing the Src or Yes protein, or both, can be administered parenterally by injection or by gradual infusion over time. Although the tissue to be treated can typically be accessed in the body by systemic administration and therefore most often treated by intravenous administration of therapeutic compositions, other tissues and delivery means are contemplated where there is a likelihood that the tissue targeted contains the target molecule. Thus, compositions of the invention can be administered intravenously, intraperitoneally, intramuscularly, subcutaneously, intracavity, transdermally, and can be delivered by peristaltic means.

The therapeutic compositions containing a Src or Yes protein or nucleic acid vector expressing the Src or Yes protein can be conventionally administered intravenously, as by injection of a unit dose, for example. The term “unit dose” when used in reference to a therapeutic composition of the present invention refers to physically discrete units suitable as unitary dosage for the subject, each unit containing a predetermined quantity of active material calculated to produce the desired therapeutic effect in association with the required diluent; i.e., carrier, or vehicle.

In one preferred embodiment the reagent is administered in a single dosage intravenously. Localized administration can be accomplished by direct injection or by taking advantage of anatomically isolated compartments, isolating the microcirculation of target organ systems, reperfusion in a circulating system, or catheter based temporary occlusion of target regions of vasculature associated with diseased tissues.

The compositions are administered in a manner compatible with the dosage formulation, and in a therapeutically effective amount. The quantity to be administered and timing depends on the subject to be treated, capacity of the subject's system to utilize the active ingredient, and degree of therapeutic effect desired. Precise amounts of active ingredient required to be administered depend on the judgement of the practitioner and are peculiar to each individual. However, suitable dosage ranges for systemic application are disclosed herein and depend on the route of administration. Suitable regimes for administration are also variable, but are typified by an initial administration followed by repeated doses at one or more hour intervals by a subsequent injection or other administration. Alternatively, continuous intravenous infusion sufficient to maintain concentrations in the blood in the ranges specified for in vivo therapies are contemplated.

There are a variety of diseases in which inhibition of angiogenesis is believed to be important, referred to as angiogenic diseases, including but not limited to, inflammatory disorders such as immune and non-immune inflammation, chronic articular rheumatism and psoriasis, disorders associated with inappropriate or inopportune invasion of vessels such as diabetic retinopathy, neovascular glaucoma, restenosis, capillary proliferation in atherosclerotic plaques and osteoporosis, and cancer associated disorders, such as solid tumors, solid tumor metastases, angiofibromas, retrolental fibroplasia, hemangiomas, Kaposi sarcoma and the like cancers which require neovascularization to support tumor growth.

Similarly, vascular permeability is an important component of angiogenesis, and in its own right associated with detrimental pathologies. For example, damage due to stroke induced vascular permeability triggers inflammation related damage.

Thus, methods which inhibit vascular permeability in a tissue associated with a disease condition ameliorates symptoms of the disease and, depending upon the disease, can contribute to cure of the disease. In one embodiment, the invention contemplates inhibition of vascular permeability, per se, in a tissue associated with a disease condition. The extent of vascular permeability in a tissue, and therefore the extent of inhibition achieved by the present methods, can be evaluated by a variety of methods.

Thus, in one related embodiment, a tissue to be treated is an inflamed tissue and the vascular permeability to be inhibited is due to VEGF mediated stimulation. In this class the method contemplates inhibition of VP in arthritic tissues, such as in a patient with chronic articular rheumatism, in immune or non-immune inflamed tissues, in psoriatic tissue and the like.

In another related embodiment, a tissue to be treated is a retinal tissue of a patient with a retinal disease such as diabetic retinopathy, macular degeneration or neovascular glaucoma and the VP to be inhibited is retinal tissue VP where there is neovascularization of retinal tissue.

The methods are also particularly effective against the formation of metastases because (1) their formation requires vascularization of a primary tumor so that the metastatic cancer cells can exit the primary tumor and (2) their establishment in a secondary site requires neovascularization to support growth of the metastases.

In a related embodiment, the invention contemplates the practice of the method in conjunction with other therapies such as conventional chemotherapy directed against solid tumors and for control of establishment of metastases. The administration of VP inhibitor is typically conducted during or after chemotherapy, although it is preferably to inhibit VP after a regimen of chemotherapy at times where the tumor tissue will be responding to the toxic assault by inducing VP to recover by the provision of a blood supply and nutrients to the tumor tissue. In addition, it is possible to administer the vascular permeability inhibition methods after surgery where solid tumors have been removed as a prophylaxis against metastases.

Insofar as the present methods apply to inhibition vascular permeability involved with metastases, the methods can also apply to inhibition of metastases as formation, and to regression of established tumors.

Restenosis is a process of smooth muscle cell (SMC) migration and proliferation into the tissue at the site of percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty which hampers the success of angioplasty. The migration and proliferation of SMC's during restenosis can be considered a process of VP which is inhibited by the present methods. Therefore, the invention also contemplates inhibition of restenosis by inhibiting vascular permeability according to the present methods in a patient following angioplasty procedures. For inhibition of restenosis, the inactivated tyrosine kinase is typically administered after the angioplasty procedure because the coronary vessel wall is at risk of restenosis, typically for from about 2 to about 28 days, and more typically for about the first 14 days following the procedure.

The present method for inhibiting vascular permeability in a tissue associated with a disease condition, and therefore for also practicing the methods for treatment of vascular permeability-related diseases, comprises contacting a tissue in which increased vascular permeability is occurring, or is at risk for occurring, with a composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of an inactivated Src and/or Yes protein or vector expressing the protein.

In cases where it is desirable to promote or potentiate VP, administration of an active Src and/or Yes protein to the tissue is useful. The routes and timing of administration are comparable to the methods described hereinabove for inhibition.

For example, manipulation of the permeability of the blood-brain barrier to modulate the access of drugs to the brain tissue is contemplated. An increase in vascular permeability of the blood-brain barrier will allow for drugs, that may normally not cross the barrier, to enter in to the brain tissues.

Refined modulation of angiogenesis in conjunction with VP may be desired, and thus a mixture of active and inactive forms of Src protein, Yes protein, or expressible nucleic acids encoding for Src or Yes protein can be administered.

Inhibition or potentiation of angiogenesis clearly occurs by 5 to 7 days after the initial contacting with the therapeutic composition of the examples. Similarly, modulation of VP can occur in a similar time frame. administration of the therapeutic composition. The time-limiting factors include rate of tissue absorption, cellular uptake, protein translocation or nucleic acid translation (depending on the therapeutic) and protein targeting. Thus, VP modulating effects can occur in as little as an hour from time of administration. Additional or prolonged exposure to inactive Src and/or Yes protein can also be done, utilizing the proper conditions. Thus, a variety of desired therapeutic time frames can be designed by modifying such parameters.

F. Therapeutic Compositions

The present invention contemplates therapeutic compositions useful for practicing the therapeutic methods described herein. Therapeutic compositions of the present invention contain a physiologically tolerable carrier together with a Src and Yes protein or vector capable of expressing a Src and/or Yes protein as described herein, dissolved or dispersed therein as an active ingredient. In a preferred embodiment, the therapeutic composition is not immunogenic when administered to a mammal or human patient for therapeutic purposes.

The Src and Yes protein can be active, inactive, or a mixture thereof depending upon the desired modulation. Preferred forms of Src and Yes are described above.

As used herein, the terms “pharmaceutically acceptable”, “physiologically tolerable” and grammatical variations thereof, as they refer to compositions, carriers, diluents and reagents, are used interchangeably and represent that the materials are capable of administration to or upon a mammal without the production of undesirable physiological effects such as nausea, dizziness, gastric upset and the like.

The preparation of a pharmacological composition that contains active ingredients dissolved or dispersed therein is well understood in the art and need not be limited based on formulation. Typically such compositions are prepared as injectable either as liquid solutions or suspensions, however, solid forms suitable for solution, or suspensions, in liquid prior to use can also be prepared. The preparation can also be emulsified or presented as a liposome composition.

The active ingredient can be mixed with excipients which are pharmaceutically acceptable and compatible with the active ingredient and in amounts suitable for use in the therapeutic methods described herein. Suitable excipients are, for example, water, saline, dextrose, glycerol, ethanol or the like and combinations thereof. In addition, if desired, the composition can contain minor amounts of auxiliary substances such as wetting or emulsifying agents, pH buffering agents and the like which enhance the effectiveness of the active ingredient.

The therapeutic composition of the present invention can include pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the components therein. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts include the acid addition salts (formed with the free amino groups of the polypeptide) that are formed with inorganic acids such as, for example, hydrochloric or phosphoric acids, or such organic acids as acetic, tartaric, mandelic and the like. Salts formed with the free carboxyl groups can also be derived from inorganic bases such as, for example, sodium, potassium, ammonium, calcium or ferric hydroxides, and such organic bases as isopropylamine, trimethylamine, 2-ethylamino ethanol, histidine, procaine and the like.

Physiologically tolerable carriers are well known in the art. Exemplary of liquid carriers are sterile aqueous solutions that contain no materials in addition to the active ingredients and water, or contain a buffer such as sodium phosphate at physiological pH value, physiological saline or both, such as phosphate-buffered saline. Still further, aqueous carriers can contain more than one buffer salt, as well as salts such as sodium and potassium chlorides, dextrose, polyethylene glycol and other solutes.

Liquid compositions can also contain liquid phases in addition to and to the exclusion of water. Exemplary of such additional liquid phases are glycerin, vegetable oils such as cottonseed oil, and water-oil emulsions.

A therapeutic composition contains a vascular permeability-modulating amount of a Src and/or Yes protein of the present invention, or sufficient recombinant DNA expression vector to express an effective amount of Src and/or Yes protein, typically formulated to contain an amount of at least 0.1 weight percent of Src or Yes protein per weight of total therapeutic composition. A weight percent is a ratio by weight of Src or Yes protein to total composition. Thus, for example, 0.1 weight percent is 0.1 grams of Src or Yes protein per 100 grams of total composition. For DNA expression vectors, the amount administered depends on the properties of the expression vector, the tissue to be treated, and the like considerations.

G. Article of Manufacture

The invention also contemplates an article of manufacture which is a labelled container for providing a therapeutically effective amount of a mixture of Src protein and Yes protein. An article of manufacture comprises packaging material and a pharmaceutical agent contained within the packaging material.

The pharmaceutical agent in an article of manufacture is any of the compositions of the present invention suitable for providing a Src and Yes protein, formulated into a pharmaceutically acceptable form as described herein according to the disclosed indications. Thus, the composition can comprise a Src and Yes protein, or a DNA molecule which is capable of expressing a Src protein, a DNA capable of expressing a Yes protein, or DNA capable of expressing both proteins. The article of manufacture contains an amount of pharmaceutical agent sufficient for use in treating a condition indicated herein, either in unit or multiple dosages.

The Src or Yes protein can be active or inactive, or a mixture thereof, depending upon the level of modulation desired. Preferred forms of active and inactive Src and Yes are described above.

The packaging material comprises a label which indicates the use of the pharmaceutical agent contained therein, e.g., for treating conditions assisted by the inhibition or potentiation of vascular permeability, and the like conditions disclosed herein. The label can further include instructions for use and related information as may be required for marketing. The packaging material can include container(s) for storage of the pharmaceutical agent.

As used herein, the term packaging material refers to a material such as glass, plastic, paper, foil, and the like capable of holding within fixed means a pharmaceutical agent. Thus, for example, the packaging material can be plastic or glass vials, laminated envelopes and the like containers used to contain a pharmaceutical composition including the pharmaceutical agent.

In preferred embodiments, the packaging material includes a label that is a tangible expression describing the contents of the article of manufacture and the use of the pharmaceutical agent contained therein.

EXAMPLES

The following examples relating to this invention are illustrative and should not, of course, be construed as specifically limiting the invention. Moreover, such variations of the invention, now known or later developed, which would be within the purview of one skilled in the art are to be considered to fall within the scope of the present invention hereinafter claimed.

1. Preparation of c-src or c-yes Expression Constructs

For preparing the expression constructs useful in modulating VP and angiogenesis by the methods of the present invention, c-src cDNA is manipulated and inserted into an expression construct/vector.

The cDNA sequence encoding for wild-type (i.e., endogenous) chicken c-src is shown in FIG. 1 (SEQ ID NO.:2) with the encoded amino acid residue sequence shown in FIG. 2 (SEQ ID NO.:3). The encoded protein sequence is translated from the cDNA nucleotide positions 112 to 1713. The nucleic acid sequence corresponding to the nucleic acid sequence of human c-src cDNA (SEQ ID NO.:4) and encoded amino acid residue (SEQ ID NO.:5) sequences are shown respectively in FIGS. 3 and 4 . For the human protein sequence, the coding sequence begins at nucleotide position 134 to 1486 of the cDNA.

Wild-type as well as a number of mutated c-src cDNAs were prepared. Mutated c-src constructs were prepared by site-directed mutagenesis as described by Kaplan et al., EMBO J ., 13:4745-4756 (1994). The mutated c-src constructs for encoding mutated Src proteins for use in the methods of the present invention are described in Kaplan et al., id. Kaplan et al. describe various mutated c-Src constructs and encoded proteins of useful for the practice of this invention. For example, Kaplan et al. depict several products of chicken c-src alleles in their FIG. 1 , including SrcA and Src251.

The present invention describes two categories of c-Src function to modulate VP. As previously discussed, one category contains Src molecules that increase VP and thus are considered to be active proteins. Wild-type Src along with various mutations are shown in the present invention to induce VP. One preferred mutation of wild type c-src which functions in this context with respect to its ability to induce blood vessel growth and VP is the Src A mutant having a point mutation at amino acid (aa) residue position 527 changing tyrosine 527 to phenylalanine. This site is normally a site for negative regulation by the c-Src kinase, referred to as kinase CSK. When CSK phosphorylates aa527 in the wild-type Src, the protein is inactivated. However, in mutated Src A at aa527, the regulatory tyrosine converted to phenylalanine thus conferring upon the protein a constitutively (i.e., permanently) active protein not subject to inactivation by phosphorylation.

Other mutations in Src are herein shown to have the opposite modulatory effect on VP, inhibiting VP instead of stimulating it. Such mutations are referred to as inactive Src mutations. Proteins having mutation that confer this inhibitory activity are also referred to as dominant negative Src proteins in that they inhibit VP, including that resulting from endogenous activity of Src as well as enhanced Src activity resulting from growth factor stimulation. Thus certain mutations of wild type c-src of the present invention can also function as a dominant negative with respect to their ability to block blood vessel growth and VP, and for example, therefore decrease VP in vivo.

Such preferred inhibitory c-Src protein includes the Src 251 in which only the first 251 amino acids of Src are expressed. This construct lacks the entire kinase domain and is therefore referred to as “kinase dead” Src protein. A second construct is the Src (K295M) mutation in which the lysine amino acid residue 295 is mutated into a methionine. This point mutation in the kinase domain prevents ATP binding and also blocks kinase-dependent Src functions related to vascular cell and tumor cell signaling and proliferation.

With respect to the point mutations, any mutation resulting in the desired inhibitory or stimulatory activity is contemplated for use in this invention. Fusion protein constructs combining the desired Src protein (mutation or fragment thereof) with expressed amino acid tags, antigenic epitopes, fluorescent protein, or other such protein or peptides are also contemplated, so long as the desired modulating effect of the Src protein is intact.

For example, for the activating mutation of Src at residue 527, as long as the resultant mutated amino acid residue is not tyrosine, serine, or threonine, the present invention contemplates that the presence of an alternate amino acid at the desired position will result in a Src protein with a desired active, VP promoting modulatory activity.

Src Family kinase Yes has been previously described, but not much has been known about its cellular function. (Burck et al., 1988 , The Oncogenes , Springer-Verlag, New York, pp. 133-155; Marth et al., 1985 , Cell , 43:393; Semba et al., 1986 , PNAS (USA) 83:5459; Shibuya et al., 1982 , J. Virol . 42:143; Yoshida et al., 1985 , Jpn. J. Cancer Res . 76:559). Preferred active human Yes protein are encoded for by nucleic acid described in Sukegawa et al. (1987 , Mol. Cell Biol . 7:41-47). Inactivating modifications to human Yes protein and nucleic acids encoding Yes can be accomplished as described for Src.

	TABLE I
			Effect on
	Src/Mutation	Src Function	VP and Angiogenesis
	c-Src	+ active	stimulates
	SrcA (T527F)	+ active	stimulates
	Src527 (point)	+ active	stimulates
	Src251	− inactive	inhibits
	Src (truncate)	− inactive	inhibits
	Src (K295M)	− inactive	inhibits
	Src295 (point)	− inactive	inhibits

One preferred expression construct for use in the present invention is the RCASBP(A) construct (SEQ ID NO.:1). This expression vector is based, on a series of replication competent avian sarcoma viruses with an enhanced Bryan polymerase (BP) for improved titre, and is specific for the A type envelope glycoprotein expressed on normal avian cells (Reviewed in Methods in Cell Biology, 52:179-214 (1997); see also, Hughes et al., 1987 , J. Virol . 61:3004-3012; Fekete & Cepko, 1993 , Mol. Cellular Biol . 13(4):2604-2613; Itoh et al., 1996 , Development 122:291-300; and Stott et al., 1998 , BioTechniques 24:660-666). The complete sequence of RCASBP(A) (SEQ ID NO.:1) is given in the sequence listing, and a restriction map of the construct is depicted as FIG. 10 , referred to herein as RCAS.

The original Src 251 construct was subcloned by Dr. Pam Schwartzberg, at NIH in Dr. Harold Varmus' laboratory. Briefly, cloning of a src cDNA sequence for expression thereof was accomplished by inserting a linker containing Not I-BstB1-Not I restriction sites into a unique Not I site in the 5′ end of Src 251. Src has a unique Cla I site at the 3′ end. Digestion of Src 251 with BstB1 and Cla I generated a BstB1-ClaI fragment which was then ligated into the Cla I site on RCASBP(A). A BstB 1 1 overhang allows for ligation with a Cla I overhang that will not be recut with Cla I. The src constructs suitable for use in practicing the present invention are readily obtained in the above vector by first digesting the RCAS vector containing Src 251 with Not I and Cla I (in a DAM+ background) to allow for insertion of a similarly digested Src cDNA. Therefore this initial RCASBP(A) construct containing Src 251 was further used to subclone all other Src constructs as described above and in Kaplan et al. (1994 , The EMBO J . 13(20):4745-4756), into RCASBP(A) via a Not I-Cla I fragment generated through the Src 251 construction. To produce the desired c-src mutations in the cDNA, standard site-directed mutagenesis procedures familiar to one of ordinary skill in the art were utilized. PCR primers designed to incorporate the desired mutations were also designed with restriction sites to facilitate subsequent cloning steps. Entire segments of Src encoding nucleic acid sequences are deleted from the nucleic acid constructs through PCR amplification techniques based on the known cDNA sequences of chicken, human and the like homologs of Src and subsequent formation of new constructs.

In one embodiment of the invention, the 3′ PCR primer used to amplify src nucleic acids also encodes an in-frame sequence. Use of this primer adds a 9E10-myc epitope tag to the carboxyl terminus of the subsequent Src construct.

The following amino acids were added after amino acid 251 of Src to generate vector constructs containing the 9E10-myc epitope tag: VDMEQKLIAEEDLN (SEQ ID NO.: 6). Two separate PCRs were carried out for each construct and similar results were obtained. All mutant constructs constructed by PCR were also sequenced by PCR to confirm predicted DNA sequence of clones. Wild-type and mutated Src cDNAs for use in the expression systems of the present invention are also available from Upstate Biotech Laboratories, Lake Placid, N.Y. which sells avian as well as human src, and several kinase dead and activated mutated forms.

Alternative expression vectors for use in the expressing the Src or Yes proteins of the present invention also include adenoviral vectors as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,797,368, 5,173,414, 5,436,146, 5,589,377, and 5,670,488. Alternative methods for the delivery of the Src or Yes modulatory proteins include delivery of the Src or Yes cDNA with a non-viral vector system as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,675,954 and delivery of the cDNA itself as naked DNA as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,589,466. Delivery of constructs of this invention is also not limited to topical application of a viral vector as described in the CAM assay system below. For example, viral vector preparations are also injected intravenously for systemic delivery into the vascular bed. These vectors are also targetable to sites of increased neovascularization by localized injection of a tumor, as an example.

In vitro expressed proteins are also contemplated 10 for delivery thereof following expression and purification of the selected Src protein by methods useful for delivery of proteins or polypeptides. One such method includes liposome delivery systems, such as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,356,167, 5,580,575, 5,542,935 and 5,643,599. Other vector and protein delivery systems are well known to those of ordinary skill in the art for use in the expression and/or delivery of the Src or Yes proteins of the present invention.

2. Characterization of the Untreated Chick Chorioallantoic Membrane (CAM)

A. Preparation of the CAM

Angiogenesis can be induced on the chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) after normal embryonic angiogenesis has resulted in the formation of mature blood vessels. Angiogenesis has been shown to be induced in response to specific cytokines or tumor fragments as described by Leibovich et al., Nature , 329:630 (1987) and Ausprunk et al., Am. J. Pathol ., 79:597 (1975). CAMs were prepared from chick embryos for subsequent induction of angiogenesis and inhibition thereof. Ten day old chick embryos were obtained from McIntyre Poultry (Lakeside, Calif.) and incubated at 37° C. with 60% humidity. A small hole was made through the shell at the end of the egg directly over the air sac with the use of a small crafts drill (Dremel, Division of Emerson Electric Co. Racine Wis.). A second hole was drilled on the broad side of the egg in a region devoid of embryonic blood vessels determined previously by candling the egg. Negative pressure was applied to the original hole, which resulted in the CAM (chorioallantoic membrane) pulling away from the shell membrane and creating a false air sac over the CAM. A 1.0 centimeter (cm)×1.0, cm square window was cut through the shell over the dropped CAM with the use of a small model grinding wheel (Dremel). The small window allowed direct access to the underlying CAM.

The resultant CAM preparation was then either used at 6 days of embryogenesis, a stage marked by active neovascularization, without additional treatment to the CAM reflecting the model used for evaluating effects on embryonic neovascularization or used at 10 days of embryogenesis where angiogenesis has subsided. The latter preparation was thus used in this invention for inducing renewed angiogenesis in response to cytokine treatment or tumor contact as described below.

3. CAM Angiogenesis Assay

A. Angiogenesis Induced by Growth Factors

Angiogenesis has been shown to be induced by cytokines or growth factors. Angiogenesis was induced by placing a 5 millimeter (mm)×5 mm Whatman filter disk (Whatman Filter paper No.1) saturated with Hanks Balanced Salt Solution (HBSS, GIBCO, Grand Island, N.Y.) or HBSS containing 2 micrograms/milliliter (μg/ml) recombinant basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) or vascular endothelial cell growth factor (VEGF) (Genzyme, Cambridge, Mass.) on the CAM of either a 9 or 10 day chick embryo in a region devoid of blood vessels and the windows were latter sealed with tape. Other concentrations of growth factors are also effective at inducing blood vessel growth. For assays where inhibition of angiogenesis is evaluated with intravenous injections of antagonists, angiogenesis is first induced with 1-2 ug/ml bFGF or VEGF in fibroblast growth medium. Angiogenesis was monitored by photomicroscopy after 72 hours.

B. Embryonic Angiogenesis

The CAM preparation for evaluating the effect of angiogenesis inhibitors on the natural formation of embryonic neovasculature is the 6 day embryonic chick embryo as previously described. At this stage in development, the blood vessels are undergoing de novo growth and thus provides a useful system for assessing angiogenesis modulation by the Src proteins of the present invention. The CAM system is prepared as described above with the exception that the assay is performed at embryonic day 6 rather than at day 9 or 10.

4. Modulation of Angiogenesis as Measured in the CAM Assay

To assess the effect of Src proteins on angiogenesis, the following assays were performed on 10 day old chick CAM preparations. Five μg of RCAS constructs prepared as described in Example 1 were transfected into the chicken immortalized fibroblast line, DF-1 (gift of Doug Foster, U. of Minn.). This cell line as well as primary chick embryo fibroblasts were capable of producing virus, however the DF-1 cell line produced higher titres. Viral supernatants were collected from subconfluent DF-1 producer cell lines in serum free CLM media [composition: F-10 media base supplemented with DMSO, folic acid, glutamic acid, and MEM vitamin solution]. Thirty-five ml of viral supernatant were concentrated by ultracentrifugation at 4° C. for 2 hours at 22,000 rpm. These concentrated viral pellets were resuspended in {fraction (1/100)} the original volume in serum-free CLM media, aliquoted and stored at −80° C. The titre was assessed by serial dilution of a control viral vector having a nucleotide sequence encoding green fluorescent protein (GFP), referred to as RCAS-GFP, infection on primary chick embryo fibroblasts that were incubated for 48-72 hours. The titres of viral stock that were obtained following concentration routinely exceeded 10 8 I.U./ml. For the CAM assay using the viral stocks, cortisone acetate soaked Whatman filter disks 6 mm in diameter were prepared in 3 mg/ml cortisone acetate for 30 minutes in 95% ethanol. The disks were dried in a laminar flow hood and then soaked on 20 μl of viral stock per disk for 10 minutes. These disks were applied to the CAM of 9 or 10 day chick embryos and sealed with cellophane tape and incubated at 37° C. for 18-24 hr. Then either mock PBS or growth factors were added at a concentration of 5 μg/ml to the CAM in a 20 μl volume of the appropriate virus stock as an additional boost of virus to the CAM tissue. After 72 hours, the CAMs were harvested and examined for changes in the angiogenic index as determined by double blind counting of the number of branch points in the CAM underlying the disk. For kinase assays, the tissue underlying the disk was harvested in RIPA, homogenized with a motorized grinder and Src immunoprecipitated from equivalent amounts of total protein and subjected to an in vitro kinase assay using a FAK-GST fusion protein as a substrate. For the immunofluorescence studies, CAM tissue underlying the disks were frozen in OCT, a cryopreservative, sectioned at 4 μm, fixed in acetone for 1 minute, incubated in 3% normal goat serum for 1 hour, followed by an incubation in primary rabbit anti-phosphorylated ERK antibody as described previously (Eliceiri et al., J. Cell Biol ., 140:1255-1263 (1998), washed in PBS and detected with a fluorescent secondary antibody.

A. Activation of Endogenous Src by bFGF or VEGF

To assess the effects of growth factors on Src activity in modulating angiogenesis, the following assays were performed. Tissue extracts of 10 day old chick CAMs that had been exposed to bFGF or VEGF (2 μg/ml) for 2 hours were lysed. Endogenous Src was immunoprecipitated from equivalent amounts of total protein and subjected to an in vitro immune complex kinase assay using a FAK-GST fusion protein as a substrate, electrophoresed and transferred to nitrocellulose.

The results of the assay are shown in FIG. 5 where the increase in Src activity is evident in the increased density of the gel with either bFGF or VEGF treatment as compared to untreated (mock) samples that are indicative of baseline Src activity in the CAM assay. Both bFGF and VEGF resulted in approximately a 2 fold increase of endogenous Src activity present in the CAM. The above kinase assay blot was also probed with an anti-Src antibody as a loading control for equivalent Src and IgG content.

B. Effect of Retrovirus-Mediated Gene Expression of Src A on Angiogenesis in the Chick CAM

The following assay was performed to assess the effect of mutated Src proteins on angiogenesis in the CAM preparation. For the assay, 9 day old chick CAMs were exposed to RCAS-Src A or RCAS-GFP expressing retroviruses or buffer for 72-hour following the protocol described above.

The results of this assay are shown in FIG. 6A where the level of angiogenesis was quantified as described above. Representative photomicrographs (4×) were taken with a stereomicroscope as shown in FIG. 6 B. Baseline endogenous Src activity has an angiogenic index of approximately 50. In contrast, CAMs treated with retroviral vector-expressed RCAS-Src A having a point mutation at amino acid residue position 527 from a tyrosine to a phenylalanine resulted in an enhancement (induction) of angiogenesis of an angiogenic index of approximately 90. The enhancement of Src-A mediated angiogenesis is also evident in the photographs shown in FIG. 6 B.

C. Retroviral Expression of Src A Activates Vascular MAP Kinase Phosphorylation

The effect of Src A as compared to growth factors VEGF and PMA on vascular MAP kinase phosphorylation was also assessed following the assay procedures described above and herein. Tissue extracts of 10 day old chick CAMs exposed to VEGF or PMA (another mitogen at a comparable concentration) for 30 minutes were compared to those infected with Src A-expressing retrovirus for 48 hours. Src was than immunoprecipitated from equivalent amounts of total protein extract and subjected to an in vitro immune complex kinase assay using a FAK-GST fusion protein as a substrate, electrophoresed and transferred to nitrocellulose.

The results of this assay are shown in FIG. 7A where untreated CAMs (NT) exhibit base-line endogenous Src-mediated vascular MAP kinase phosphorylation. Both VEGF and PMA resulted in an approximate 2 fold increase over baseline. In contrast, Src A enhanced the activity approximately 5 to 10 fold over that seen with untreated samples.

Aliquots of the above whole tissue lysates were also measured for endogenous ERK phosphorylation by immunoblotting with an anti-phospho-ERK antibody as shown in FIG. 7 B. For this assessment, 10 day old CAMs were infected with either mock RCAS or RCAS that expresses SRC A. After two days, CAMs were dissected, cryopreserved in OCT and sectioned at 4 μm. Sections were immunostained with an anti-phosphorylated ERK antibody (New England Biolabs), washed and detected with a goat anti-rabbit FITC-conjugated secondary antibody. Fluorescent images were captured on a cooled-CCD camera (Princeton Inst.). The photomicrographs indicate enhanced immunofluorescence with Src A-treated preparations compared to mock controls.

D. Selective Requirement for Src Activity During VEGF, but Not bFGF-Induced Angiogenesis

To assess the effect of Src modulatory activity on growth factor induced angiogenesis, the following assays were performed. Nine day old chick CAMs were exposed to the retroviral vector preparation that expressed the dominant negative Src mutation referred to as Src 251 or Src K295M as previously described. RCAS-Src 251 or control RCAS-GFP retroviruses or buffer CAMS were treated for 20 hours and then incubated for an additional 72 hours in the presence or absence of bFGF or VEGF.

The level of angiogenesis, quantified as described above, is shown in FIG. 8 A. Representative photomicrographs (6×), shown in FIG. 8B , were taken with a stereomicroscope. FIG. 8C illustrates a blot probed with an anti-Src antibody to confirm the expression of Src 251 in transfected cells as compared to mock treatments.

The results of the assays described above indicate that both bFGF and VEGF treated CAMS in the presence of RCAS-GFP controls induced angiogenesis over the Src-mediated baseline angiogenesis seen with mock or untreated CAM preparations. The expressed dominant negative mutant Src 251 was effective at inhibiting VEGF-induced angiogenesis back to baseline levels while not effective at inhibiting bFGF-mediated angiogenesis. The photomicrographs shown in FIG. 8B pictorially confirm the data shown in FIG. 8 A. Thus, retrovirally expressed Src 251 is an effective angiogenesis inhibitor, when angiogenesis is induced with VEGF.

Applications of the Src proteins of this invention with other angiogenesis models as described in the Examples below are contemplated in the present invention.

5. Regression of Tumor Tissue Growth With Src Modulators as Measured by In Vivo Rabbit Eye Model Assay

The effect of Src modulators on growth factor-induced angiogenesis can be observed in naturally transparent structures as exemplified by the cornea of the eye. New blood vessels grow from the rim of the cornea, which has a rich blood supply, toward the center of the cornea, which normally does not have a blood supply. Stimulators of angiogenesis, such as bFGF, when applied to the cornea induce the growth of new blood vessels from the rim of the cornea. Antagonists of angiogenesis, applied to the cornea, inhibit the growth of new blood vessels from the rim of the cornea. Thus, the cornea undergoes angiogenesis through an invasion of endothelial cells from the rim of the cornea into the tough collagen-packed corneal tissue which is easily visible. The rabbit eye model assay therefore provides an in vivo model for the direct observation of stimulation and inhibition of angiogenesis following the implantation of compounds directly into the cornea of the eye.

In Vivo Rabbit Eye Model Assay Demonstrate Angiogenesis Induced by Growth Factors

Angiogenesis is induced in the in vivo rabbit eye model assay with growth factors bFGF or VEGF and is described in the following sections.

Hydron polymer pellets containing growth factor are prepared as described by D'Amato, et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., USA , 91:4082-4085 (1994). The individual pellets contain 650 ng of the growth factors separately bound to sucralfate (Carafet, Marion Merrell Dow Corporation) to stabilize the growth factor and ensure its slow release into the surrounding tissue. In addition, hydron pellets are prepared containing a desired Src-expressing retrovirus as previously described. The pellets are cast in specially prepared Teflon pegs that have a 2.5 mm core drilled into their surfaces. Approximately 12 μl of casting material is placed into each peg and polymerized overnight in a sterile hood. Pellets are then sterilized by ultraviolet irradiation. Effects of Src proteins are then assessed as previously described.

6. In Vivo Regression of Tumor Tissue Growth With Src Modulators as Measured by Chimeric Mouse:Human Assay

An in vivo chimeric mouse:human model is generated by replacing a portion of skin from a SCID mouse with human neonatal foreskin. The in vivo chimeric mouse:human model is prepared essentially as described in Yan, et al., J. Clin. Invest ., 91:986-996 (1993). Briefly, a 2 cm 2 square area of skin is surgically removed from a SCID mouse (6-8 weeks of age) and replaced with a human foreskin. The mouse is anesthetized and the hair removed from a 5 cm 2 area on each side of the lateral abdominal region by shaving. Two circular graft beds of 2 cm 2 are prepared by removing the full thickness of skin down to the fascia. Full thickness human skin grafts of the same size derived from human neonatal foreskin are placed onto the wound beds and sutured into place. The graft is covered with a Band-Aid which is sutured to the skin. Micropore cloth tape is also applied to cover the wound.

The M21-L human melanoma cell line or MDA 23.1 breast carcinoma cell line (ATCC HTB 26; α v β 3 negative by immunoreactivity of tissue sections with mAb LM609), are used to form the solid human tumors on the human skin grafts on the SCID mice. A single cell suspension of 5 ×10 6 M21-L or MDA 23.1 cells is injected intradermally into the human skin graft. The mice are then observed for 2 to 4 weeks to allow growth of measurable human tumors.

After a measurable tumor is established, retrovirus preparations of the present invention or PBS is injected into the mouse tail vein. Following a 2-3 week period, the tumor is excised and analyzed by weight and histology. The effect of expressed Src proteins of the present invention on the tumors is then assessed.

7. In Vitro Regression of Human Tumor Tissue Growth With Src Modulators as Measured by CAM Assay

Tumor growth depends on angiogenesis (Folkman, 1992 , J.Biol.Chem . 267:10931-10934; Weidner et al., 1991 , N.E. J. Med . 324:1-8; Brooks et al., 1994 , Cell 79:1157-1164). In fact, recent reports suggest that tumor growth is susceptible to the anti-angiogenic effects of VEGF receptor antagonists (Kim et al., 1993 , Nature 362:8451-844). Therefore, we examined whether suppression of angiogenesis by delivery of kinase-deleted Src 251 would influence the growth of a human medulloblastoma (DAOY), a highly angiogenic tumor known to produce VEGF and very little bFGF.

The 3 and 6 day DAOY medulloblastoma tumor growth assays were performed in the chick CAM essentially as previously described (Brooks et al., 1994, supra). 5×10 6 DAOY cells cultured in RPMI 1640 containing 10% fetal calf serum were washed an seeded on the CAM of a 10 day embryo to produce DAOY tumor fragments. After 7 days 50 mg tumor fragments were dissected and reseeded on another 10 day embryo and incubated for another 3 or 6 days with the topical application (25 μl) of either control RCAS-GFP retrovirus, RCAS-Src 251, or mock treatment. Using the whole tissue confocal imaging of infected tumors as a guide we were able to determine that there was significant expression of the RCAS constructs around and within the tumor fragment with this topical approach. Tumor resections and weighing were performed in a double blind manner removing only the easily definable solid tumor mass (Brooks et al., 1994, supra). The wet tumor weights after 3 or 6 days were compared with initial weight and the percent change of tumor weight determined for each group.

These tumors readily grow on the CAM and produces active angiogenesis ( FIG. 9 ) allowing us to selectively target the avian-derived tumor vasculature by using an avian-specific RCAS retrovirus.

FIG. 9 , depicts results that show retroviral delivery of RCAS-Src 251 to human tumors growing on the chick CAM reverses tumor growth. FIG. 9A shows human medulloblastomas that were grown on the CAM of chick embryos as described above. Retrovirus containing RCAS-GFP or RCAS-Src 251 was topically applied to preestablished tumors of greater than 50 mg. A representative micrograph of a medulloblastoma tumor fragment infected with RCAS-GFP expressing GFP reveals exclusive expression in the tumor blood vessels (arrowhead) as detected by optical sectioning with a Bio Rad laser confocal scanning microscope (bar=500 μm). FIG. 9B shows results from tumors treated as above that were allowed to grow for 3 or 6 days after which they were resected and wet weights determined. Data are expressed as the mean change in tumor weight (from the 50 mg tumor starting weight) +/−SEM of 2 replicates. RCAS-Src 251 had a significant impact on tumor growth after 3 days (*, P<0.002) and 6 days (**, P<0.05). FIG. 9C shows representative stereomicrographs of medulloblastoma tumors surgically removed from the embryos were taken with an Olympus stereomicroscope (bar=350 μm). (Lower panel) A high magnification micrograph of each tumor showing the vasculature of each tumor in detail (bar=350 μm). The arrowhead indicates blood vessel disruption in RCAS-Src251-treated tumors.

The results show that delivery of RCAS containing Src 251 to preestablished medulloblastomas resulted in selective viral expression in the tumor-associated blood vessels ( FIG. 9A ) and this ultimately led to the regression of these tumors within the span of six days (FIG. 9 B). Importantly, the tumor-associated blood vessels in animals treated with virus containing Src 251 were severely disrupted and fewer in number compared to the tumor vessels in control animals (FIG. 9 C). The fact that RCAS-GFP infected tumors showed GFP localization only in the tumor vasculature suggests that the anti-tumor effects observed with retrovirally delivered Src 251 were due to its anti-angiogenic properties.

8. Src Requirement for Endothelial Cell Survival During VGEF-, but not bFGF-Mediated Angiogenesis

Recent evidence suggests that growth factor receptors (Choi and Ballermann, 1995 , J.Biol.Chem . 270:21144-21150; Satake et al., 1998 , Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm . 244:642-646) and integrins (Meredith et al., 1993 , Mol.Biol.Cell 4:953-961; Brooks et al., 1994a, Science 264:569-571) promote survival of angiogenic endothelial cells. The fact that both growth factors and adhesion receptors also regulate Src activity prompted the examination of the role of Src in endothelial cell survival during angiogenesis. CAMs stimulated with either bFGF or VEGF were infected with retrovirus containing Src 251, and cryostat sections of these tissues were examined for the presence of apoptotic cells.

Briefly, cryosections of CAMs treated with RCAS-GFP or RCAS-Src 251 treated with bFGF or VEGF were analyzed for apoptic cells using the Apoptag Kit (Oncor, Gaithersburg, Md.). Sections were also immunostained with a rabbit polyclonal anti-vWf (biogenix, San Ramon, Calif.) and counterstained with 1 ug/ml DAPI. Fluorescent images were captured with a cooled CCD camera (Roper, Trenton, N.J.), and the fluorescent images were processed and exposure matched between experimental treatments as previously described (Ellcelri et al. 1998, supra).

To measure the apoptic index of retrovirus-infected CAM tissues, FITC-conjugated annexin V (Clontech, Palo Alto, Calif.) was used to stain cell suspensions, and the washed cells were analyzed by flow cytometry. Cell suspensions of CAM cells were prepared from mock- or virus-infected CAMs by digestion with 0.1% (w/v) collagenase type IV (Worthington Biochemicals, Lakewood, N.J.), in RPMI 1640 of minced CAM tissue rocking for 1 hr at 37° C. as previously described (Brooks et al., 1994b) and filtered through 100 uM nylon mesh (Becton Dickinson, Fountain Lakes, N.J.). Fluorescence was measured with a FACscan flow cytometer (Becton Dickinson) to count 10,000 cells.

Measurement of vWf staining by FACs,was performed with parallel collagenase digested CAM tissue cell preparations, that were fixed in 1.8% paraformaldehyde, permeabilized in 70% ethanol, incubated the anti-vWf antibody, and detected with a FITC-conjugated secondary antibody.

Delivery of Src 251 promoted extensive TUNEL staining among the factor VIII-related antigen (von Willebrand factor [vWf]) positive blood vessels in VEGF- but not bFGF-, stimulated CAMS. In fact, minimal apoptosis was observed among other cell types in these CAMs, suggesting an endothelial cell-specific requirement for Src kinase activity for cell survival in VEGF-activated blood vessels. In a second series of experiments, retrovirus-infected CAMs stimulated with VEGF or bFGF were subjected to limited collagenase digestion to prepare a single cell suspension. These CAM-derived cells were shown to contain approximately 20%-50% endothelial cells (vWf positive) and analyzed for apoptosis by flow cytometric detection of annexin V-positive cells, an early apoptosis marker. Cells derived from VEGF-stimulated CAMs infected with Src 251 had significantly increased annexin V staining relative to cells from mock RCAS-GFP-infected CAMs treated with VEGF. In contrast, cells derived from mock-infected CAMs or those infected with RCAS-Src 251 and stimulated with bFGF exhibited little or no annexin V staining. In addition, no annexin V staining was detected among cells derived from nonstimulated or bFGF-stimulated CAMs. These data demonstrate that Src kinase activity is selectively required for endothelial cell survival during VEGF, but not bFGF-mediated angiogenesis in the CAM.

9. Selective Requirement for Src Kinase Activity in as Subcutaneous Murine Model of Angiogenesis

To further analyze the role of Src in angiogenesis, a murine model was employed. In this case, angiogenesis was induced by subcutaneous injection of growth factor-depleted Matrigel supplemented with either bFGF (100 ng/ml) or VEGF (400 ng/ml) in athymic wehl(nu/nu) adult mice and analyzed after 5 days (Passaniti et al., 1992). Angiogenesis was quantitated by removing and homogenizing tissue, isolating the proteins., and immunoblotting with a VEGF receptor antibody (flk-1) ( FIG. 13A ) that is specific for endothelial cells. As observed in the chick, expression of the kinase-deleted Src 251 cDNA blocked VEGF-induced angiogenesis in this murine model while having no effect on bFGF-induced angiogenesis (FIG. 13 B). To establish the role of endogenous Src in this model, tissues were infected with a retrovirus expressing Cak that inhibits endogenous Src activity by phosphorylation of the C-terminal regulatory site (Nada et al., 1991 , Nature 361:68-72). Expression of Cak blocked VEGF-, but not bFGF-, induced angiogenesis (FIG. 13 ), confirming a role for endogenous Src activity in VEGF-mediated angiogenesis. Neovascularization of these virus-infected VEGF-stimulated tissues was confirmed by direct immunofluorescence with a FITC-conjugated anti-DC34 antibody ( FIG. 13 ) or an anti-flk-1 antibody and quantitated by enumerating the number of positively stained CD34 blood vessels in each cryosection (FIG. 13 C).

Briefly, angiogenesis was induced by a subcutaneous injection of growth factor depleted Matrigel containing saline or VEGF (400 ng/ml) with 2×10 6 ectropic packaging cells expressing GFP retrovirus in the flank of athymic wahl (nu/nu) mice and analyzed after 5 days of incubation. The neovascularization was quantitated by immunoblotting with a VEGF receptor antibody (flk-1) that is specific for endothelial cells. FIG. 15A depicts immunoblotting results. The effects of kinase-deleted Src-251, Csk, or GFP retrovirus on VEGF-(400 ng/ml) or bFGF-(400 ng/ml) induced angiogenesis was analyzed by immunoblotting the tissue lysates with an anti flk-1 antibody. An example of these results are depicted in FIG. 15 B. The effect of the Src 251- and Csk-expressing retroviruses on VEGF-induced neovascularization was quantified by enumerating the number of CD34 positive vessels in tissue cross sections by indirect immunofluorescence in triplicate random fields at 20×. Cryosections of the plugs were also subjected to immunofluorescent staining with an anti-CD34 antibody or an anti-flk antibody, photographed, and quantitated as described above for the CAM angiogenesis assays.

Whole-mount direct fluorescence of RCAS-GFP-infected tumor fragment was accomplished by dissecting a tumor fragment and imaging the unfixed tissue directly on a slide with a laser confocal microscope (MRC 1024: Bio-Rad, Hercules, Calif.).

10. The Effect of Intradermal Expression of VEGF in src − / − or src + / − Mice Ears

Continuing the results obtained with chicken and mouse angiogenesis models, a direct genetic approach was employed to examine intradermal VEGF-induced angiogenesis in src − / − mice. Also examined were effects on vascular permeability, since it was known that VEGF both initiates new blood vessel growth and can promote vascular permeability (Senger et al., 1983 Science 218:983-985; Ferrera and Davis-Smyth, 1997 , Endocr.Rev . 16:4-25).

Intradermal injections of adenovirus expressing a human VEGF cDNA were performed in the ear of src − / − and src + / − mice, while control β-galactosidase expressing adenovirus was injected into the opposite ear of each mouse. VEGF-dependent new blood vessel growth in src + / − ears was first detectable within 48 hr, and neovascularization was analyzed after 5 days.

Briefly, pp60 c-src , pp60 c-yes , pp60 c-fyn , deficient mice (129/8v/Ev×C57B16/J) were generated as previously described (Soriano et al., 1991 , Cell 64:693-702). Additional stocks were obtained from Jackson labs. Mouse ears were injected intradermally (Eriksson et al., 1980 , Microvasc.Res . 19:374-378) with 5 μl of adenovirus expressing either VEGF or β-galactosidase and the ears photographed after 5 days, with a stereoscope.

It was found that there were identical viral expression levels in src + / − and src − / − as determined by X-gal staining of β-galactosidase-adenovirus injected ears. In VEGF-injected src − / − ears, there was no significant decrease in angiogenesis as measured by counting branch points (p<0.05). However, surprisingly, the most apparent phenotype in these animals was the complete blockade of vascular leakage compared to the VEGF-injected src + / − ears. Examination of ears injected with VEGF confirms the extent of the vascular leakage in src + / − mice, that is essentially absent in the src − / − mice. The vascular leakage in these animals suggested that the VP activity, which has been associated with angiogenesis in vivo (Dvorak et al., 1995 , Am.J.Pathol . 148:1029-1039), could be selectively disrupted in pp60 c-src deficient mice.

11. VEGF Fails to Compromise the Blood-Brain Barrier in Mice Lacking pD60 c-src

The brain vasculature is characterized by a highly restrictive blood-brain barrier that prohibits small molecules from extravasating into the surrounding brain tissue. Tumor growth within the brain can compromise this barrier due in part to the production of angiogenic growth factors such as VEGF. Therefore, we examined the nature of the blood-brain barrier in src + / − or src − / − mice. In this case, VEGF or saline was stereotactically injected into the right or left hemisphere of the brain, respectively. All mice received systemic injections of Evan's blue dye to monitor VP activity.

Briefly, Saline or VEGF (200 ng in 2 ul) was injected stereotactically into the left or right frontal lobe 92 mm to the left/right of the midline, 0.5 mm rostral from bregma, and 3 mm in depth from the dura, respectively. The animals received an Evan's blue dye solution intravenously 30 min after injection, as described above. After an additional 30 min, the mice were perfused and the brains were removed. Evan's blue dye fluorescence was observed using confocal laser microscopy of fresh unfixed cryosections of the brain.

Vascular leakage of blood was localized to the VGEF-injected hemisphere in src + / − mice, but there was a complete absence of vascular leakage in src − / − mice. This was also the case when examing the VP by measuring the accumulation of Evan's blue dye as detected by epifluoresence analysis of cryostat sections of these brains. Thus, VEGF compromises the blood-brain barrier in a manner that depends on active pp60 c-src .

12. VEGF-Mediated VP, but not Inflammation-associated VP, DeDends on pp60 c-src

To further analyze and quantitate the effect of VEGF as a VP factor in src + / − or src − / − mice, a Miles assay (Miles & Miles, 1952) was used to quantitatively measure the vascular permeability in the skin of these animals. VEGF was injected intradermally in src + / − or src − / − mice that had received an intravenous systemic administration of Evan's blue dye. Within 15 min after injection of VEGF, there was a 3-fold increase in VP in src + / − mice. However, in src − / − mice no detectable VP activity was observed. Dye elution of the injected skin patches were quantitated and compared with control saline and bFGF. bFGF or saline controls injected adjacent to the VEGF showed no significant increase in VP.

Briefly, the Miles assay (Miles et al., 1962) was adapted for mice by injecting 10 μl of VEGF (400 ng/ml), allyl isothiocyanate (mustard oil, 20% w/v in mineral oil), or saline intradermally into mice that had previously been intravenously injected with 100 μl of 0.5% Evan's blue dye. After 15 min, the skin patches were dissected, photographed, and eluted at 58° C. with formalin and quantitated with a spectrophotometer.

Vascular leakage/permeability is also known to occur during inflammation, which allows for the accumulation of serum-associated adhesive protein and inflammatory cells in tissues. In fact, inflammatory mediators themselves directly promote vascular leakage. Therefore, one such inflammatory mediator, allyl isothiocyanate, also known as mustard oil (Inoue et al., 1997, supra), was tested in src + / − or src − / − mice for its capacity to produce VP. Unlike that observed in VEGF-stimulated src − / − animals, no decrease in the VP produced by the injection of the inflammatory mediator allyl isothiocyanate was detected. Thus, it can be concluded that Src plays a selective role in the VP activity induced with VEGF and does not influence VP associated with the inflammatory process.

13. VEGF-Mediated VP Activity Depends on Src and Yes, but Not Fyn

The specificity of the Src requirement for VP was explored by examining the VEGF-induced VP activity associated with SFKs such as Fyn or Yes, which, like Src, are known to be expressed in endothelial cells (Bull et al., 1994 , FEBS Letters , 361:41-44; Kiefer et al., 1994 , Curr.Biol . 4:100-109). It was confirmed that these three SFKs were expressed equivalently in the aortas of wild-type mice. Like src − / − mice, animals deficient in Yes were also defective in VEGF-induced VP. However, surprisingly, mice lacking Fyn retained a high VP in response to VEGF that was not significantly different from control animals. The disruption of VEGF-induced VP in src − / − or yes − / − mice demonstrates that the kinase activity of specific SFKs is essential for VEGF-mediated signalling event leading to VP activity but not angiogenesis.

The vascular permeability properties of VEGF in the skin of src + / − ( FIG. 14A , left panel) or src − / − ( FIG. 14A , right panel) mice was determined by intradermal injection of saline or VEGF (400 ng) into mice that have been intravenously injected with Evan's blue dye. After 15 min, skin patches were photographed (scale bar, 1 mm). The stars indicate the injection sites. The regions surrounding the injection sites of VEGF, bFGF or saline were dissected, and the VP quantitatited by elution of the Evan's blue dye in formamide at 58° C. for 24 hr, and the absorbance measured at 500 nm ( FIG. 14B , left graph). The ability of an inflammation mediator (allyl isothiocyanate), known to induce inflammation related VP, was tested in src + / − or src − / − mice ( FIG. 14B , right).

The ability of VEGF to induce VP was compared in src − / − , fyn − / − , or yes − / − mice in the Miles assay (FIG. 14 C). Data for each of the Miles assays are expressed as the mean±SD of triplicate animals. src − / − and yes − / − VP defects compared to control animals were statistically significant (*p<0.05, paired t test), whereas the VP defects in neither the VEGF-treated fyn − / − mice nor the allyl isothiocyanate treated src + / − mice were statistically significant (**p<0.05).

The foregoing written specification is considered to be sufficient to enable one skilled in the art to practice the invention. The present invention is not to be limited in scope by any cell line deposit, since any deposited embodiment is intended as a single illustration of one aspect of the invention and any cell line that is functionally equivalent is within the scope of this invention. The deposit of material does not constitute an admission that the written description herein contained is inadequate to enable the practice of any aspect of the invention, including the best mode thereof, nor is it to be construed as limiting the scope of the claims to the specific illustration that it represents. Indeed, various modifications of the invention in addition to those shown and described herein will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the foregoing description and fall within the scope of the appended claims.

8 1 11627 DNA Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial Sequence RCASBP(A) based on avian sarcoma virus 1gccatttgac cattcaccac attggtgtgc acctgggttg atggccggac cgttgattcc 60ctgacgacta cgagcacctg catgaagcag aaggcttcat ttggtgaccc cgacgtgata 120gttagggaat agtggtcggc cacagacggc gtggcgatcc tgtctccatc cgtctcgtct 180atcgggaggc gagttcgatg accctggtgg agggggctgc ggcttaggga ggcagaagct 240gagtaccgtc ggagggagct ccagggcccg gagcgactga cccctgccga gaactcagag 300ggtcgtcgga agacggagag tgagcccgac gaccacccca ggcacgtctt tggtcggcct 360gcggatcaag catggaagcc gtcattaagg tgatttcgtc cgcgtgtaaa acctattgcg 420ggaaaatctc tccttctaag aaggaaatcg gggccatgtt gtccctgtta caaaaggaag 480ggttgcttat gtctccctca gatttatatt ctccggggtc ctgggatccc atcactgcgg 540cgctctccca gcgggcaatg gtacttggaa aatcgggaga gttaaaaacc tggggattgg 600ttttgggggc attgaaggcg gctcgagagg aacaggttac atctgagcaa gcaaagtttt 660ggttgggatt agggggaggg agggtctctc ccccaggtcc ggagtgcatc gagaaaccag 720ctacggagcg gcgaatcgac aaaggggagg aggtgggaga aacaactgtg cagcgagatg 780cgaagatggc gccagaggaa gcggccacac ctaaaaccgt tggcacatcc tgctatcatt 840gcggaacagc tgttggctgc aattgcgcca ccgccacagc ctcggcccct cctccccctt 900atgtggggag tggtttgtat ccttccctgg cgggggtggg agagcagcag ggccagggag 960ataacacgtc tcggggggcg gagcagccaa gggaggagcc agggcacgcg ggtcaggccc 1020ctgggccggc cctgactgac tgggcaaggg taagggagga gcttgcgagt actggtccgc 1080ccgtggtggc catgcctgta gtgattaaga cagagggacc cgcctggacc cctctggagc 1140caaaattgat cacaagactg gctgatacgg tcaggaccaa gggcttacga tccccgatca 1200ctatggcaga agtggaagcg ctcatgtcct ccccgttgct gccgcatgac gtcacgaatc 1260taatgagagt gattttagga cctgccccat atgccttatg gatggacgct tggggagtcc 1320aactccagac ggttatagcg gcagccactc gcgacccccg acacccagcg aacggtcaag 1380ggcgggggga acggactaac ttggatcgat taaagggctt agctgatggg atggtgggca 1440acccacaggg tcaggccgca ttattaagac cgggggaatt ggttgctatt acggcgtcgg 1500ctctccaggc gtttagagaa gttgcccggc tggcggaacc tgcaggtcca tgggcggaca 1560tcacgcaggg accatctgag tcctttgttg attttgccaa tcggcttata aaggcggttg 1620aggggtcaga tctcccgcct tccgcgcggg ctccggtgat cattgactgc tttaggcaga 1680agtcacagcc agatattcag cagcttatac gggcagcacc ctccacgctg accaccccag 1740gagagataat caaatatgtg ctagacaggc agaagattgc ccctcttacg gatcaaggca 1800tagccgcggc catgtcgtct gctatccagc ccttagttat ggcagtagtc aatagagaga 1860gggatggaca aactgggtcg ggtggtcgtg cccgagggct ctgctacact tgtggatccc 1920cgggacatta tcaggcacag tgcccgaaaa aacgaaagtc aggaaacagc cgtgagcgat 1980gtcagctgtg tgacgggatg ggacacaacg ctaaacagtg taggaagcgg gatggcaacc 2040agggccaacg cccaggaaga ggtctctctt cggggccgtg gcccggccct gagcagcctg 2100ccgtctcgtt agcgatgaca atggaacata aagatcgccc cttggttagg gtcattctga 2160ctaacactgg gagtcatcca gtcaaacaac gttcggtgta tatcaccgcg ctgttggact 2220ccggagcgga catcactatt atttcggagg aggattggcc tactgattgg ccggtggtgg 2280acaccgcgaa cccacagatc catggcatag gagggggaat tcccatgcga aaatcccggg 2340atatgataga ggtgggggtt attaaccgag acgggtcgtt ggagcgaccc ctgctcctct 2400tccccgcagt cgctatggtt agagggagta tcctaggaag agattgtctg cagggcctag 2460ggctccgctt gacaaattta tagggagggc cactgttctc actgttgcgc tacatctggc 2520tattccgctc aaatggaagc cagaccgcac gcctgtgtgg attgaccagt ggcccctccc 2580tgaaggtaaa cttgtaggcc taacgcaatt agtggaaaaa gaattacagt taggacatat 2640agagccctca cttagttgtt ggaacacacc tgtttttcgt gatccggaag gcttccgggt 2700cttatcgctt attgcatgat ttgcgcgctg ttaacgccaa gcttgtccct tttggggccg 2760tccaacaggg ggcgccagtt ctctccgcgc tcccgcgtgg ctggcccctg atggtcctag 2820acctcaagga ttgcttcttt tctatccctc ttgcggaaca agatcgcgaa gcttttgcat 2880ttacgctccc ctctgtgaat aaccaggccc ccgctcgaag attccaatgg aaggtcttgc 2940cccaagggat gacctgttct cccactatct gtcagttggt agtgggtcag gtgctcgagc 3000ccttgcgact caagcaccca gctctgcgca tgttgcatta tatggacgat cttttgctag 3060ccgcctcaag tcatgatggg ttggaagcgg cagggaagga ggttatcggt acattggaaa 3120gagccgggtt cactatttcg ccggataaga tccagaggga gcccggagta caatatcttg 3180ggtacaagtt aggcagtacg tatgtagcac ccgtaggctt ggtagcagaa cccaggatag 3240ccaccttgtg ggatgttcaa aagctggtgg ggtcacttca gtggcttcgc ccagcgttag 3300ggatcccgcc acgactgatg ggtccctttt atgagcagtt acgagggtca gatcctaacg 3360aggcgaggga atggaatcta gacatgaaaa tggcctggag agagatcgta cagcttagca 3420ctactgctgc cttggaacga tgggaccctg cccagcctct ggaaggagcg gtcgctagat 3480gtgaacaggg ggcaataggg gtcctgggac agggactgtc cacacaccca aggccatgtt 3540tgtggttatt ctccacccaa cccaccaagg cgtttactgc ttggttagaa gtgctcaccc 3600ttttgattac taagctacgc gcttcggcag tgcgaacctt tggcaaggag gttgatatcc 3660tcctgttgcc tgcatgcttc cgggaggacc ttccgctccc ggaggggatc ctgttagcac 3720ttagggggtt tgcaggaaaa atcaggagta gtgacacgcc atctattttt gacattgcgc 3780gtccactgca tgtttctctg aaagtgaggg ttaccgacca ccctgtgccg ggacccactg 3840tctttaccga cgcctcctca agcacccata aaggggtggt agtctggagg gagggcccaa 3900ggtgggagat aaaagaaata gttgatttgg gggcaagtgt acaacaactg gaggcacgcg 3960ctgtggccat ggcacttctg ctgtggccga caacgcccac taatgtagtg actgactctg 4020cgtttgttgc gaaaatgtta ctcaagatgg gacaggaggg agtcccgtct acagcggcgg 4080cttttatttt agaggatgcg ttaagccaaa ggtcagccat ggccgccgtt ctccacgtgc 4140ggagtcattc tgaagtgcca gggtttttca cagaaggaaa tgacgtggca gatagccaag 4200ccacctttca agcgtatccc ttgagagagg ctaaagatct tcataccgct ctccatattg 4260gaccccgcgc gctatccaaa gcgtgtaata tatctatgca gcaggctagg gaggttgttc 4320agacctgccc gcattgtaat tcagcccctg cgttggaggc cggggtaaac cctaggggtt 4380tgggacccct acagatatgg cagacagact ttacgcttga gcctagaatg gctccccgtt 4440cctggctcgc tgttactgtg gacaccgcct catcagcgat agtcgtaact cagcatggcc 4500gtgttacatc ggttgctgca caacatcatt gggccacggc tatcgccgtt ttgggaagac 4560caaaggccat aaaaacagat aacgggtcct gcttcacgtc cagatccacg cgagagtggc 4620tcgcgagatg ggggatagca cacaccaccg ggattccggg aaattcccag ggtcaagcta 4680tggtagagcg ggccaaccgg ctcctgaaag ataagatccg tgtgctcgcg gagggggacg 4740gctttatgaa aagaatcccc accagcaaac agggggaact attagccaag gcaatgtatg 4800ccctcaatca ctttgagcgt ggtgaaaaca caaaaacacc gatacaaaaa cactggagac 4860ctaccgttct tacagaagga cccccggtta aaatacgaat agagacaggg gagtgggaaa 4920aaggatggaa cgtgctggtc tggggacgag gttatgccgc tgtgaaaaac agggacactg 4980ataaggttat ttgggtaccc tctcggaaag ttaaaccgga tgtcacccaa aaggatgagg 5040tgactaagaa agatgaggcg agccctcttt ttgcaggcat ttctgactgg ataccctggg 5100aagacgagca agaaggactc caaggagaaa ccgctagcaa caagcaagaa agacccggag 5160aagacaccct tgctgccaac gagagttaat tatattctca ttattggtgt cctggtcttg 5220tgtgaggtta cgggggtaag agctgatgtc cacttactcg agcagccagg gaacctttgg 5280attacatggg ccaaccgtac aggccaaacg gatttttgcc tctctacaca gtcagccacc 5340tccccttttc aaacatgttt gataggtatc ccgtccccta tttccgaggg tgattttaag 5400ggatatgttt ctgatacaaa ttgcaccacc ttgggaactg atcggttagt ctcgtcagcc 5460gactttactg gcggacctga caacagtacc accctcactt atcggaaggt ctcatgcttg 5520ttgttaaagc tgaatgtctc tatgtgggat gagccacctg aactacagct gttaggttcc 5580cagtctctcc ctaacattac taatattgct cagatttccg gtataaccgg gggatgcgta 5640ggcttcagac cacaaggggt tccttggtat ctaggttggt ctagacagga ggccacgcgg 5700tttctcctta gacacccctc tttctctaaa tccacggaac cgtttacagt ggtgacagcg 5760gataggcaca atctttttat ggggagtgag tactgcggtg catatggcta cagattttgg 5820aacatgtata actgctcaca ggtggggcgg cagtaccgct gtggtaatgc gcgcacgccc 5880cgcacgggtc ttcctgaaat ccagtgtaca aggagaggag gcaaatgggt taatcaatca 5940caggaaatta atgagtcgga gccgttcagc tttacggtga actgtacagc tagtagtttg 6000ggtaatgcca gtgggtgttg cggaaaagca ggcacgattc tcccgggaaa gtgggtcgac 6060agcacacaag gtagtttcac caaaccaaaa gcgctaccac ccgcaatttt cctcatttgt 6120ggggatcgcg catggcaagg aattcccagt cgtccggtag ggggcccctg ctatttaggc 6180aagcttacca tgttagcacc taagcataca gatattctca aggtgcttgt caattcatcg 6240cggacaggta taagacgtaa acgaagcacc tcacacctgg atgatacatg ctcagatgaa 6300gtgcagcttt ggggtcctac agcaagaatc tttgcatcta tcctagcccc gggggtagca 6360gctgcgcaag ccttaagaga aattgagaga ctagcctgtt ggtccgttaa acaggctaac 6420ttgacaacat cactcctcgg ggacttattg gatgatgtca cgagtattcg acacgcggtc 6480ctgcagaacc gagcggctat tgacttcttg ctcctagctc acggccatgg ctgtgaggac 6540gttgccggaa tgtgctgttt caatttgagt gatcagagtg agtctataca gaagaagttc 6600cagctaatga aggaacatgt caataagatc ggcgtggata gcgacctaat tggaagttgg 6660ctgcgaggac tattcggggg aataggagaa tgggccgttc atttgctgaa aggactgctt 6720ttggggcttg tagttatttt gttgctagta gtgtgcctgc cttgcctttt gcaaatgtta 6780tgcggtaata ggagaaagat gattaataac tccatcagct accacacgga atataagaag 6840ctgcaaaagg cctgtgggca gcctgaaagc agaatagtat aaggcagtac atgggtggtg 6900gtatagcgct tgcgagtcca tcgagcaagg caggaaagac agctattggt aattgtgaaa 6960tacgcttttg tctgtgtgct gcaggagctg agctgactct gctggtggcc tcgcgtacca 7020ctgtggcatc gatgcgatgt acgggccaga tatacgcgta tctgagggga ctagggtgtg 7080tttaggcgaa aagcggggct tcggttgtac gcggttagga gtccccttag gatatagtag 7140tttcgctttt gcatagggag ggggaaatgt agtcttatgc aatactcttg tagtcttgca 7200acatggtaac gatgagttag caacatgcct tacaaggaga gaaaaagcac cgtgcatgcc 7260gattggtgga agtaaggtgg tacgatcgtg ccttattagg aaggcaacag acgggtctga 7320catggattgg acgaaccact gaattccgca ttgcagagat attgtattta agtgcctagc 7380tcgatacaat aaacgccatt tgaccattca ccacattggt gtgcacctgg gttgatggcc 7440ggaccgttga ttccctgacg actacgagca cctgcatgaa gcagaaggct tcatttggtg 7500accccgacgt gatagttagg gaatagtggt cggccacaga cggcgtggcg atcctgtctc 7560catccgtctc gtctatcggg aggcgacttc gatgaccctg gtggaggggg ctgcggctta 7620gggaggcaga agctgagtac cgtcggaggg gatccacagg acgggtgtgg tcgccatgat 7680cgcgtagtcg atagtggctc caagtagcga agcgagcagg actgggcggc ggccaaagcg 7740gtcggacagt gctccgagaa cgggtgcgca tagaaattgc atcaacgcat atagcgctag 7800cagcacgcca tagtgactgg cgatgctgtc ggaatggacg atatcccgca agaggcccgg 7860cagtaccggc ataaccaagc ctatgcctac agcatccagg gtgacggtgc cgaggatgac 7920gatgagcgca ttgttagatt tcatacacgg tgcctgactg cgttagcaat ttaactgtga 7980taaactaccg cattaaagct ccaaacttgg ctgtttcctg tgtgaaattg ttatccgctc 8040acaattccac acattatacg agccggaagc ataaagtgta aaacctgggg tgcctaatga 8100gtgagaattc ttgaagacga aagggcctcg tgatacgcct atttttatag gttaatgtca 8160tgataataat ggtttcttag acgtcaggtg gcacttttcg gggaaatgtg cgcggaaccc 8220ctatttgttt atttttctaa atacattcaa atatgtatcc gctcatgaga caataaccct 8280gataaatgct tcaataatat tgaaaaagga agagtatgag tattcaacat ttccgtgtcg 8340cccttattcc cttttttgcg gcattttgcc ttcctgtttt tgctcaccca gaaacgctgg 8400tgaaagtaaa agatgctgaa gatcagttgg gtgcacgagt gggttacatc gaactggatc 8460tcaacagcgg taagatcctt gagagttttc gccccgaaga acgttttcca atgatgagca 8520cttttaaagt tctgctatgt ggcgcggtat tatcccgtgt tgacgccggg caagagcaac 8580tcggtcgccg catacactat tctcagaatg acttggttga gtactcacca gtcacagaaa 8640agcatcttac ggatggcatg acagtaagag aattatgcag tgctgccata accatgagtg 8700ataacactgc ggccaactta cttctgacaa cgatcggagg accgaaggag ctaaccgctt 8760ttttgcacaa catgggggat catgtaactc gccttgatcg ttgggaaccg gagctgaatg 8820aagccatacc aaacgacgag cgtgacacca cgatgcctgc agcaatggca acaacgttgc 8880gcaaactatt aactggcgaa ctacttactc tagcttcccg gcaacaatta atagactgga 8940tggaggcgga taaagttgca ggaccacttc tgcgctcggc ccttccggct ggctggttta 9000ttgctgataa atctggagcc ggtgagcgtg ggtctcgcgg tatcattgca gcactggggc 9060cagatggtaa gccctcccgt atcgtagtta tctacacgac ggggagtcag gcaactatgg 9120atgaacgaaa tagacagatc gctgagatag gtgcctcact gattaagcat tggtaactgt 9180cagaccaagt ttactcatat atactttaga ttgatttaaa acttcatttt taatttaaaa 9240ggatctaggt gaagatcctt tttgataatc tcatgaccaa aatcccttaa cgtgagtttt 9300cgttccactg agcgtcagac cccgtagaaa agatcaaagg atcttcttga gatccttttt 9360ttctgcgcgt aatctgctgc ttgcaaacaa aaaaaccacc gctaccagcg gtggtttgtt 9420tgccggatca agagctacca actctttttc cgaaggtaac tggcttcagc agagcgcaga 9480taccaaatac tgtccttcta gtgtagccgt agttaggcca ccacttcaag aactctgtag 9540caccgcctac atacctcgct ctgctaatcc tgttaccagt ggctgctgcc agtggcgata 9600agtcgtgtct taccgggttg gactcaagac gatagttacc ggataaggcg cagcggtcgg 9660gctgaacggg gggttcgtgc acacagccca gcttggagcg aacgacctac accgaactga 9720gatacctaca gcgtgagcta tgagaaagcg ccacgcttcc cgaagggaga aaggcggaca 9780ggtatccggt aagcggcagg gtcggaacag gagagcgcac gagggagctt ccagggggaa 9840acgcctggta tctttatagt cctgtcgggt ttcgccacct ctgacttgag cgtcgatttt 9900tgtgatgctc gtcagggggg cggagcctat ggaaaaacgc cagcaacgcg gcctttttac 9960ggttcctggc cttttgctgg ccttttgctc acatgttctt tcctgcgtta tcccctgatt 10020ctgtggataa ccgtattacc gcctttgagt gagctgatac cgctcgccgc agccgaacga 10080ccgagcgcag cgagtcagtg agcgaggaag cggaagagcg cctgatgcgg tattttctcc 10140ttacgcatct gtgcggtatt tcacaccgca tatggtgcac tctcagtaca atctgctctg 10200atgccgcata gttaagccag tatacactcc gctatcgcta cgtgactggg tcatggctgc 10260gccccgacac ccgccaacac ccgctgacgc gccctgacgg gcttgtctgc tcccggcatc 10320cgcttacaga caagctgtga ccgtctccgg gagctgcatg tgtcagaggt tttcaccgtc 10380atcaccgaaa cgcgcgaggc agctgcggta aagctcatca gcgtggtcgt gaagcgattc 10440acagatgtct gcctgttcat ccgcgtccag ctcgttgagt ttctccagaa gcgttaatgt 10500ctggcttctg ataaagcggg ccatgttaag ggcggttttt tcctgtttgg tcacttgatg 10560cctccgtgta agggggaatt tctgttcatg ggggtaatga taccgatgaa acgagagagg 10620atgctcacga tacgggttac tgatgatgaa catgcccggt tactggaacg ttgtgagggt 10680aaacaactgg cggtatggat gcggcgggac cagagaaaaa tcactcaggg tcaatgccag 10740cgcttcgtta atacagatgt aggtgttcca cagggtagcc agcagcatcc tgcgatgcag 10800atccggaaca taatggtgca gggcgctgac ttccgcgttt ccagacttta cgaaacacgg 10860aaaccgaaga ccattcatgt tgttgctcag gtcgcagacg ttttgcagca gcagtcgctt 10920cacgttcgct cgcgtatcgg tgattcattc tgctaaccag taaggcaacc ccgccagcct 10980agccgggtcc tcaacgacag gagcacgatc atgagcaccc gtggccagga cccaacgctg 11040cccgagatgc gccgcgtgcg gctgctggag atggcggacg cgatggatat gttctgccaa 11100gggttggttt gcgcattcac agttctccgc aagaattgat tggctccaat tcttggagtg 11160gtgaatccgt tagcgaggtg ccgccggctt ccattcaggt cgaggtggcc cggctccatg 11220caccgcgacg caacgcgggg aggcagacaa ggtatagggc ggcgatgcga tgtacgggcc 11280agatatacgc gtatctgagg ggactagggt gtgtttaggc gaaaagcggg gcttcggttg 11340tacgcggtta ggagtcccct taggatatag tagtttcgct tttgcatagg gagggggaaa 11400tgtagtctta tgcaatactc ttgtagtctt gcaacatggt aacgatgagt tagcaacatg 11460ccttacaagg agagaaaaag caccgtgcat gccgattggt ggaagtaagg tggtacgatc 11520gtgccttatt aggaaggcaa cagacgggtc tgacatggat tggacgaacc actgaattcc 11580gcattgcaga gatattgtat ttaagtgcct agctcgatac aataaac 11627 2 1759 DNA Chicken gene (1)..(1759) chicken c-SRC cDNA 2tctgacaccc atctgtctgt ctgtctgtgt gctgcaggag ctgagctgac tctgctgtgg 60cctcgcgtac cactgtggcc aggcggtagc tgggacgtgc agcccaccac c atg ggg 117 Met Gly 1agc agc aag agc aag ccc aag gac ccc agc cag cgc cgg cgc agc ctg 165Ser Ser Lys Ser Lys Pro Lys Asp Pro Ser Gln Arg Arg Arg Ser Leu 5 10 15gag cca ccc gac agc acc cac cac ggg gga ttc cca gcc tcg cag acc 213Glu Pro Pro Asp Ser Thr His His Gly Gly Phe Pro Ala Ser Gln Thr 20 25 30ccc aac aag aca gca gcc ccc gac acg cac cgc acc ccc agc cgc tcc 261Pro Asn Lys Thr Ala Ala Pro Asp Thr His Arg Thr Pro Ser Arg Ser 35 40 45 50ttt ggg acc gtg gcc acc gag ccc aag ctc ttc ggg ggc ttc aac act 309Phe Gly Thr Val Ala Thr Glu Pro Lys Leu Phe Gly Gly Phe Asn Thr 55 60 65tct gac acc gtt acg tcg ccg cag cgt gcc ggg gca ctg gct ggc ggc 357Ser Asp Thr Val Thr Ser Pro Gln Arg Ala Gly Ala Leu Ala Gly Gly 70 75 80gtc acc act ttc gtg gct ctc tac gac tac gag tcc cgg act gaa acg 405Val Thr Thr Phe Val Ala Leu Tyr Asp Tyr Glu Ser Arg Thr Glu Thr 85 90 95gac ttg tcc ttc aag aaa gga gaa cgc ctg cag att gtc aac aac acg 453Asp Leu Ser Phe Lys Lys Gly Glu Arg Leu Gln Ile Val Asn Asn Thr 100 105 110gaa ggt gac tgg tgg ctg gct cat tcc ctc act aca gga cag acg ggc 501Glu Gly Asp Trp Trp Leu Ala His Ser Leu Thr Thr Gly Gln Thr Gly115 120 125 130tac atc ccc agt aac tat gtc gcg ccc tca gac tcc atc cag gct gaa 549Tyr Ile Pro Ser Asn Tyr Val Ala Pro Ser Asp Ser Ile Gln Ala Glu 135 140 145gag tgg tac ttt ggg aag atc act cgt cgg gag tcc gag cgg ctg ctg 597Glu Trp Tyr Phe Gly Lys Ile Thr Arg Arg Glu Ser Glu Arg Leu Leu 150 155 160ctc aac ccc gaa aac ccc cgg gga acc ttc ttg gtc cgg gag agc gag 645Leu Asn Pro Glu Asn Pro Arg Gly Thr Phe Leu Val Arg Glu Ser Glu 165 170 175acg aca aaa ggt gcc tat tgc ctc tcc gtt tct gac ttt gac aac gcc 693Thr Thr Lys Gly Ala Tyr Cys Leu Ser Val Ser Asp Phe Asp Asn Ala 180 185 190aag ggg ctc aat gtg aag cac tac aag atc cgc aag ctg gac agc ggc 741Lys Gly Leu Asn Val Lys His Tyr Lys Ile Arg Lys Leu Asp Ser Gly195 200 205 210ggc ttc tac atc acc tca cgc aca cag ttc agc agc ctg cag cag ctg 789Gly Phe Tyr Ile Thr Ser Arg Thr Gln Phe Ser Ser Leu Gln Gln Leu 215 220 225gtg gcc tac tac tcc aaa cat gct gat ggc ttg tgc cac cgc ctg acc 837Val Ala Tyr Tyr Ser Lys His Ala Asp Gly Leu Cys His Arg Leu Thr 230 235 240aac gtc tgc ccc acg tcc aag ccc cag acc cag gga ctc gcc aag gac 885Asn Val Cys Pro Thr Ser Lys Pro Gln Thr Gln Gly Leu Ala Lys Asp 245 250 255gcg tgg gaa atc ccc cgg gag tcg ctg cgg ctg gag gtg aag ctg ggg 933Ala Trp Glu Ile Pro Arg Glu Ser Leu Arg Leu Glu Val Lys Leu Gly 260 265 270cag ggc tgc ttt gga gag gtc tgg atg ggg acc tgg aac ggc acc acc 981Gln Gly Cys Phe Gly Glu Val Trp Met Gly Thr Trp Asn Gly Thr Thr275 280 285 290aga gtg gcc ata aag act ctg aag ccc ggc acc atg tcc ccg gag gcc 1029Arg Val Ala Ile Lys Thr Leu Lys Pro Gly Thr Met Ser Pro Glu Ala 295 300 305ttc ctg cag gaa gcc caa gtg atg aag aag ctc cgg cat gag aag ctg 1077Phe Leu Gln Glu Ala Gln Val Met Lys Lys Leu Arg His Glu Lys Leu 310 315 320gtt cag ctg tac gca gtg gtg tcg gaa gag ccc atc tac atc gtc act 1125Val Gln Leu Tyr Ala Val Val Ser Glu Glu Pro Ile Tyr Ile Val Thr 325 330 335gag tac atg agc aag ggg agc ctc ctg gat ttc ctg aag gga gag atg 1173Glu Tyr Met Ser Lys Gly Ser Leu Leu Asp Phe Leu Lys Gly Glu Met 340 345 350ggc aag tac ctg cgg ctg cca cag ctc gtc gat atg gct gct cag att 1221Gly Lys Tyr Leu Arg Leu Pro Gln Leu Val Asp Met Ala Ala Gln Ile355 360 365 370gca tcc ggc atg gcc tat gtg gag agg atg aac tac gtg cac cga gac 1269Ala Ser Gly Met Ala Tyr Val Glu Arg Met Asn Tyr Val His Arg Asp 375 380 385ctg cgg gcg gcc aac atc ctg gtg ggg gag aac ctg gtg tgc aag gtg 1317Leu Arg Ala Ala Asn Ile Leu Val Gly Glu Asn Leu Val Cys Lys Val 390 395 400gct gac ttt ggg ctg gca cgc ctc atc gag gac aac gag tac aca gca 1365Ala Asp Phe Gly Leu Ala Arg Leu Ile Glu Asp Asn Glu Tyr Thr Ala 405 410 415cgg caa ggt gcc aag ttc ccc atc aag tgg aca gcc ccc gag gca gcc 1413Arg Gln Gly Ala Lys Phe Pro Ile Lys Trp Thr Ala Pro Glu Ala Ala 420 425 430ctc tat ggc cgg ttc acc atc aag tcg gat gtc tgg tcc ttc ggc atc 1461Leu Tyr Gly Arg Phe Thr Ile Lys Ser Asp Val Trp Ser Phe Gly Ile435 440 445 450ctg ctg act gag ctg acc acc aag ggc cgg gtg cca tac cca ggg atg 1509Leu Leu Thr Glu Leu Thr Thr Lys Gly Arg Val Pro Tyr Pro Gly Met 455 460 465gtc aac agg gag gtg ctg gac cag gtg gag agg ggc tac cgc atg ccc 1557Val Asn Arg Glu Val Leu Asp Gln Val Glu Arg Gly Tyr Arg Met Pro 470 475 480tgc ccg ccc gag tgc ccc gag tcg ctg cat gac ctc atg tgc cag tgc 1605Cys Pro Pro Glu Cys Pro Glu Ser Leu His Asp Leu Met Cys Gln Cys 485 490 495tgg cgg agg gac cct gag gag cgg ccc act ttt gag tac ctg cag gcc 1653Trp Arg Arg Asp Pro Glu Glu Arg Pro Thr Phe Glu Tyr Leu Gln Ala 500 505 510ttc ctg gag gac tac ttc acc tcg aca gag ccc cag tac cag cct gga 1701Phe Leu Glu Asp Tyr Phe Thr Ser Thr Glu Pro Gln Tyr Gln Pro Gly515 520 525 530gag aac cta taggcctgga gctcctcctg gaccagaggc ctcgctgtgg ggtacaggg 1759Glu Asn Leu 3 533 PRT Chicken 3Met Gly Ser Ser Lys Ser Lys Pro Lys Asp Pro Ser Gln Arg Arg Arg 1 5 10 15Ser Leu Glu Pro Pro Asp Ser Thr His His Gly Gly Phe Pro Ala Ser 20 25 30Gln Thr Pro Asn Lys Thr Ala Ala Pro Asp Thr His Arg Thr Pro Ser 35 40 45Arg Ser Phe Gly Thr Val Ala Thr Glu Pro Lys Leu Phe Gly Gly Phe 50 55 60Asn Thr Ser Asp Thr Val Thr Ser Pro Gln Arg Ala Gly Ala Leu Ala 65 70 75 80Gly Gly Val Thr Thr Phe Val Ala Leu Tyr Asp Tyr Glu Ser Arg Thr 85 90 95Glu Thr Asp Leu Ser Phe Lys Lys Gly Glu Arg Leu Gln Ile Val Asn 100 105 110Asn Thr Glu Gly Asp Trp Trp Leu Ala His Ser Leu Thr Thr Gly Gln 115 120 125Thr Gly Tyr Ile Pro Ser Asn Tyr Val Ala Pro Ser Asp Ser Ile Gln 130 135 140Ala Glu Glu Trp Tyr Phe Gly Lys Ile Thr Arg Arg Glu Ser Glu Arg145 150 155 160Leu Leu Leu Asn Pro Glu Asn Pro Arg Gly Thr Phe Leu Val Arg Glu 165 170 175Ser Glu Thr Thr Lys Gly Ala Tyr Cys Leu Ser Val Ser Asp Phe Asp 180 185 190Asn Ala Lys Gly Leu Asn Val Lys His Tyr Lys Ile Arg Lys Leu Asp 195 200 205Ser Gly Gly Phe Tyr Ile Thr Ser Arg Thr Gln Phe Ser Ser Leu Gln 210 215 220Gln Leu Val Ala Tyr Tyr Ser Lys His Ala Asp Gly Leu Cys His Arg225 230 235 240Leu Thr Asn Val Cys Pro Thr Ser Lys Pro Gln Thr Gln Gly Leu Ala 245 250 255Lys Asp Ala Trp Glu Ile Pro Arg Glu Ser Leu Arg Leu Glu Val Lys 260 265 270Leu Gly Gln Gly Cys Phe Gly Glu Val Trp Met Gly Thr Trp Asn Gly 275 280 285Thr Thr Arg Val Ala Ile Lys Thr Leu Lys Pro Gly Thr Met Ser Pro 290 295 300Glu Ala Phe Leu Gln Glu Ala Gln Val Met Lys Lys Leu Arg His Glu305 310 315 320Lys Leu Val Gln Leu Tyr Ala Val Val Ser Glu Glu Pro Ile Tyr Ile 325 330 335Val Thr Glu Tyr Met Ser Lys Gly Ser Leu Leu Asp Phe Leu Lys Gly 340 345 350Glu Met Gly Lys Tyr Leu Arg Leu Pro Gln Leu Val Asp Met Ala Ala 355 360 365Gln Ile Ala Ser Gly Met Ala Tyr Val Glu Arg Met Asn Tyr Val His 370 375 380Arg Asp Leu Arg Ala Ala Asn Ile Leu Val Gly Glu Asn Leu Val Cys385 390 395 400Lys Val Ala Asp Phe Gly Leu Ala Arg Leu Ile Glu Asp Asn Glu Tyr 405 410 415Thr Ala Arg Gln Gly Ala Lys Phe Pro Ile Lys Trp Thr Ala Pro Glu 420 425 430Ala Ala Leu Tyr Gly Arg Phe Thr Ile Lys Ser Asp Val Trp Ser Phe 435 440 445Gly Ile Leu Leu Thr Glu Leu Thr Thr Lys Gly Arg Val Pro Tyr Pro 450 455 460Gly Met Val Asn Arg Glu Val Leu Asp Gln Val Glu Arg Gly Tyr Arg465 470 475 480Met Pro Cys Pro Pro Glu Cys Pro Glu Ser Leu His Asp Leu Met Cys 485 490 495Gln Cys Trp Arg Arg Asp Pro Glu Glu Arg Pro Thr Phe Glu Tyr Leu 500 505 510Gln Ala Phe Leu Glu Asp Tyr Phe Thr Ser Thr Glu Pro Gln Tyr Gln 515 520 525Pro Gly Glu Asn Leu 530 4 2187 DNA Homo sapiens gene (1)..(2187) human c-SRC cDNA 4gcgccgcgtc ccgcaggccg tgatgccgcc cgcgcggagg tggcccggac cgcagtgccc 60caagagagct ctaatggtac caagtgacag gttggcttta ctgtgactcg gggacgccag 120agctcctgag aag atg tca gca ata cag gcc gcc tgg cca tcc ggt aca 169 Met Ser Ala Ile Gln Ala Ala Trp Pro Ser Gly Thr 1 5 10gaa tgt att gcc aag tac aac ttc cac ggc act gcc gag cag gac ctg 217Glu Cys Ile Ala Lys Tyr Asn Phe His Gly Thr Ala Glu Gln Asp Leu 15 20 25ccc ttc tgc aaa gga gac gtg ctc acc att gtg gcc gtc acc aag gac 265Pro Phe Cys Lys Gly Asp Val Leu Thr Ile Val Ala Val Thr Lys Asp 30 35 40ccc aac tgg tac aaa gcc aaa aac aag gtg ggc cgt gag ggc atc atc 313Pro Asn Trp Tyr Lys Ala Lys Asn Lys Val Gly Arg Glu Gly Ile Ile 45 50 55 60cca gcc aac tac gtc cag aag cgg gag ggc gtg aag gcg ggt acc aaa 361Pro Ala Asn Tyr Val Gln Lys Arg Glu Gly Val Lys Ala Gly Thr Lys 65 70 75ctc agc ctc atg cct tgg ttc cac ggc aag atc aca cgg gag cag gct 409Leu Ser Leu Met Pro Trp Phe His Gly Lys Ile Thr Arg Glu Gln Ala 80 85 90gag cgg ctt ctg tac ccg ccg gag aca ggc ctg ttc ctg gtg cgg gag 457Glu Arg Leu Leu Tyr Pro Pro Glu Thr Gly Leu Phe Leu Val Arg Glu 95 100 105agc acc aac tac ccc gga gac tac acg ctg tgc gtg agc tgc gac ggc 505Ser Thr Asn Tyr Pro Gly Asp Tyr Thr Leu Cys Val Ser Cys Asp Gly 110 115 120aag gtg gag cac tac cgc atc atg tac cat gcc agc aag ctc agc atc 553Lys Val Glu His Tyr Arg Ile Met Tyr His Ala Ser Lys Leu Ser Ile125 130 135 140gac gag gag gtg tac ttt gag aac ctc atg cag ctg gtg gag cac tac 601Asp Glu Glu Val Tyr Phe Glu Asn Leu Met Gln Leu Val Glu His Tyr 145 150 155acc tca gac gca gat gga ctc tgt acg cgc ctc att aaa cca aag gtc 649Thr Ser Asp Ala Asp Gly Leu Cys Thr Arg Leu Ile Lys Pro Lys Val 160 165 170atg gag ggc aca gtg gcg gcc cag gat gag ttc tac cgc agc ggc tgg 697Met Glu Gly Thr Val Ala Ala Gln Asp Glu Phe Tyr Arg Ser Gly Trp 175 180 185gcc ctg aac atg aag gag ctg aag ctg ctg cag acc atc ggg aag ggg 745Ala Leu Asn Met Lys Glu Leu Lys Leu Leu Gln Thr Ile Gly Lys Gly 190 195 200gag ttc gga gac gtg atg ctg ggc gat tac cga ggg aac aaa gtc gcc 793Glu Phe Gly Asp Val Met Leu Gly Asp Tyr Arg Gly Asn Lys Val Ala205 210 215 220gtc aag tgc att aag aac gac gcc act gcc cag gcc ttc ctg gct gaa 841Val Lys Cys Ile Lys Asn Asp Ala Thr Ala Gln Ala Phe Leu Ala Glu 225 230 235gcc tca gtc atg acg caa ctg cgg cat agc aac ctg gtg cag ctc ctg 889Ala Ser Val Met Thr Gln Leu Arg His Ser Asn Leu Val Gln Leu Leu 240 245 250ggc gtg atc gtg gag gag aag ggc ggg ctc tac atc gtc act gag tac 937Gly Val Ile Val Glu Glu Lys Gly Gly Leu Tyr Ile Val Thr Glu Tyr 255 260 265atg gcc aag ggg agc ctt gtg gac tac ctg cgg tct agg ggt cgg tca 985Met Ala Lys Gly Ser Leu Val Asp Tyr Leu Arg Ser Arg Gly Arg Ser 270 275 280gtg ctg ggc gga gac tgt ctc ctc aag ttc tcg cta gat gtc tgc gag 1033Val Leu Gly Gly Asp Cys Leu Leu Lys Phe Ser Leu Asp Val Cys Glu285 290 295 300gcc atg gaa tac ctg gag ggc aac aat ttc gtg cat cga gac ctg gct 1081Ala Met Glu Tyr Leu Glu Gly Asn Asn Phe Val His Arg Asp Leu Ala 305 310 315gcc cgc aat gtg ctg gtg tct gag gac aac gtg gcc aag gtc agc gac 1129Ala Arg Asn Val Leu Val Ser Glu Asp Asn Val Ala Lys Val Ser Asp 320 325 330ttt ggt ctc acc aag gag gcg tcc agc acc cag gac acg ggc aag ctg 1177Phe Gly Leu Thr Lys Glu Ala Ser Ser Thr Gln Asp Thr Gly Lys Leu 335 340 345cca gtc aag tgg aca gcc cct gag gcc ctg aga gag aag aaa ttc tcc 1225Pro Val Lys Trp Thr Ala Pro Glu Ala Leu Arg Glu Lys Lys Phe Ser 350 355 360act aag tct gac gtg tgg agt ttc gga atc ctt ctc tgg gaa atc tac 1273Thr Lys Ser Asp Val Trp Ser Phe Gly Ile Leu Leu Trp Glu Ile Tyr365 370 375 380tcc ttt ggg cga gtg cct tat cca aga att ccc ctg aag gac gtc gtc 1321Ser Phe Gly Arg Val Pro Tyr Pro Arg Ile Pro Leu Lys Asp Val Val 385 390 395cct cgg gtg gag aag ggc tac aag atg gat gcc ccc gac ggc tgc ccg 1369Pro Arg Val Glu Lys Gly Tyr Lys Met Asp Ala Pro Asp Gly Cys Pro 400 405 410ccc gca gtc tat gaa gtc atg aag aac tgc tgg cac ctg gac gcc gcc 1417Pro Ala Val Tyr Glu Val Met Lys Asn Cys Trp His Leu Asp Ala Ala 415 420 425atg cgg ccc tcc ttc cta cag ctc cga gag cag ctt gag cac atc aaa 1465Met Arg Pro Ser Phe Leu Gln Leu Arg Glu Gln Leu Glu His Ile Lys 430 435 440acc cac gag ctg cac ctg tgacggctgg cctccgcctg ggtcatgggc 1513Thr His Glu Leu His Leu445 450ctgtggggac tgaacctgga agatcatgga cctggtgccc ctgctcactg ggcccgagcc 1573tgaactgagc cccagcgggc tggcgggcct ttttcctgcg tcccagcctg cacccctccg 1633gccccgtctc tcttggaccc acctgtgggg cctggggagc ccactgaggg gccagggagg 1693aaggaggcca cggagcggga ggcagcgccc caccacgtcg ggcttccctg gcctcccgcc 1753actcgccttc ttagagtttt attcctttcc ttttttgaga ttttttttcc gtgtgtttat 1813tttttattat ttttcaagat aaggagaaag aaagtaccca gcaaatgggc attttacaag 1873aagtacgaat cttatttttc ctgtcctgcc cgtgagggtg ggggggaccg ggcccctctc 1933tagggacccc tcgccccagc ctcattcccc attctgtgtc ccatgtcccg tgtctcctcg 1993gtcgccccgt gtttgcgctt gaccatgttg cactgtttgc atgcgcccga ggcagacgtc 2053tgtcaggggc ttggatttcg tgtgccgctg ccacccgccc acccgccttg tgagatggaa 2113ttgtaataaa ccacgccatg aggacaccgc cgcccgcctc ggcgcttcct ccaccgaaaa 2173aaaaaaaaaa aaaa 2187 5 450 PRT Homo sapiens 5Met Ser Ala Ile Gln Ala Ala Trp Pro Ser Gly Thr Glu Cys Ile Ala 1 5 10 15Lys Tyr Asn Phe His Gly Thr Ala Glu Gln Asp Leu Pro Phe Cys Lys 20 25 30Gly Asp Val Leu Thr Ile Val Ala Val Thr Lys Asp Pro Asn Trp Tyr 35 40 45Lys Ala Lys Asn Lys Val Gly Arg Glu Gly Ile Ile Pro Ala Asn Tyr 50 55 60Val Gln Lys Arg Glu Gly Val Lys Ala Gly Thr Lys Leu Ser Leu Met 65 70 75 80Pro Trp Phe His Gly Lys Ile Thr Arg Glu Gln Ala Glu Arg Leu Leu 85 90 95Tyr Pro Pro Glu Thr Gly Leu Phe Leu Val Arg Glu Ser Thr Asn Tyr 100 105 110Pro Gly Asp Tyr Thr Leu Cys Val Ser Cys Asp Gly Lys Val Glu His 115 120 125Tyr Arg Ile Met Tyr His Ala Ser Lys Leu Ser Ile Asp Glu Glu Val 130 135 140Tyr Phe Glu Asn Leu Met Gln Leu Val Glu His Tyr Thr Ser Asp Ala145 150 155 160Asp Gly Leu Cys Thr Arg Leu Ile Lys Pro Lys Val Met Glu Gly Thr 165 170 175Val Ala Ala Gln Asp Glu Phe Tyr Arg Ser Gly Trp Ala Leu Asn Met 180 185 190Lys Glu Leu Lys Leu Leu Gln Thr Ile Gly Lys Gly Glu Phe Gly Asp 195 200 205Val Met Leu Gly Asp Tyr Arg Gly Asn Lys Val Ala Val Lys Cys Ile 210 215 220Lys Asn Asp Ala Thr Ala Gln Ala Phe Leu Ala Glu Ala Ser Val Met225 230 235 240Thr Gln Leu Arg His Ser Asn Leu Val Gln Leu Leu Gly Val Ile Val 245 250 255Glu Glu Lys Gly Gly Leu Tyr Ile Val Thr Glu Tyr Met Ala Lys Gly 260 265 270Ser Leu Val Asp Tyr Leu Arg Ser Arg Gly Arg Ser Val Leu Gly Gly 275 280 285Asp Cys Leu Leu Lys Phe Ser Leu Asp Val Cys Glu Ala Met Glu Tyr 290 295 300Leu Glu Gly Asn Asn Phe Val His Arg Asp Leu Ala Ala Arg Asn Val305 310 315 320Leu Val Ser Glu Asp Asn Val Ala Lys Val Ser Asp Phe Gly Leu Thr 325 330 335Lys Glu Ala Ser Ser Thr Gln Asp Thr Gly Lys Leu Pro Val Lys Trp 340 345 350Thr Ala Pro Glu Ala Leu Arg Glu Lys Lys Phe Ser Thr Lys Ser Asp 355 360 365Val Trp Ser Phe Gly Ile Leu Leu Trp Glu Ile Tyr Ser Phe Gly Arg 370 375 380Val Pro Tyr Pro Arg Ile Pro Leu Lys Asp Val Val Pro Arg Val Glu385 390 395 400Lys Gly Tyr Lys Met Asp Ala Pro Asp Gly Cys Pro Pro Ala Val Tyr 405 410 415Glu Val Met Lys Asn Cys Trp His Leu Asp Ala Ala Met Arg Pro Ser 420 425 430Phe Leu Gln Leu Arg Glu Gln Leu Glu His Ile Lys Thr His Glu Leu 435 440 445His Leu 450 6 14 PRT Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial Sequence9E10-myc epitope tag 6Val Asp Met Glu Gln Lys Leu Ile Ala Glu Glu Asp Leu Asn 1 5 10 7 4517 DNA Homo sapiens CDS (208)..(1836) human Yes-1 cDNA translated protein 7gcggagccaa ggcacacggg tctgaccctt gggccggccc ggagcaagtg acacggaccg 60gtcgcctatc ctgaccacag caaagcggcc cggagcccgc ggaggggacc tgacgggggc 120gtaggcgccg gaaggctggg ggccccggag ccgggccggc gtggcccgag ttccggtgag 180cggacggcgg cgcgcgcaga tttgata atg ggc tgc att aaa agt aaa gaa aac 234 Met Gly Cys Ile Lys Ser Lys Glu Asn 1 5aaa agt cca gcc att aaa tac aga cct gaa aat act cca gag cct gtc 282Lys Ser Pro Ala Ile Lys Tyr Arg Pro Glu Asn Thr Pro Glu Pro Val 10 15 20 25agt aca agt gtg agc cat tat gga gca gaa ccc act aca gtg tca cca 330Ser Thr Ser Val Ser His Tyr Gly Ala Glu Pro Thr Thr Val Ser Pro 30 35 40tgt ccg tca tct tca gca aag gga aca gca gtt aat ttc agc agt ctt 378Cys Pro Ser Ser Ser Ala Lys Gly Thr Ala Val Asn Phe Ser Ser Leu 45 50 55tcc atg aca cca ttt gga gga tcc tca ggg gta acg cct ttt gga ggt 426Ser Met Thr Pro Phe Gly Gly Ser Ser Gly Val Thr Pro Phe Gly Gly 60 65 70gca tct tcc tca ttt tca gtg gtg cca agt tca tat cct gct ggt tta 474Ala Ser Ser Ser Phe Ser Val Val Pro Ser Ser Tyr Pro Ala Gly Leu 75 80 85aca ggt ggt gtt act ata ttt gtg gcc tta tat gat tat gaa gct aga 522Thr Gly Gly Val Thr Ile Phe Val Ala Leu Tyr Asp Tyr Glu Ala Arg 90 95 100 105act aca gaa gac ctt tca ttt aag aag ggt gaa aga ttt caa ata att 570Thr Thr Glu Asp Leu Ser Phe Lys Lys Gly Glu Arg Phe Gln Ile Ile 110 115 120aac aat acg gaa gga gat tgg tgg gaa gca aga tca atc gct aca gga 618Asn Asn Thr Glu Gly Asp Trp Trp Glu Ala Arg Ser Ile Ala Thr Gly 125 130 135aag aat ggt tat atc ccg agc aat tat gta gcg cct gca gat tcc att 666Lys Asn Gly Tyr Ile Pro Ser Asn Tyr Val Ala Pro Ala Asp Ser Ile 140 145 150cag gca gaa gaa tgg tat ttt ggc aaa atg ggg aga aaa gat gct gaa 714Gln Ala Glu Glu Trp Tyr Phe Gly Lys Met Gly Arg Lys Asp Ala Glu 155 160 165aga tta ctt ttg aat cct gga aat caa cga ggt att ttc tta gta aga 762Arg Leu Leu Leu Asn Pro Gly Asn Gln Arg Gly Ile Phe Leu Val Arg170 175 180 185gag agt gaa aca act aaa ggt gct tat tcc ctt tct att cgt gat tgg 810Glu Ser Glu Thr Thr Lys Gly Ala Tyr Ser Leu Ser Ile Arg Asp Trp 190 195 200gat gag ata agg ggt gac aat gtg aaa cac tac aaa att agg aaa ctt 858Asp Glu Ile Arg Gly Asp Asn Val Lys His Tyr Lys Ile Arg Lys Leu 205 210 215gac aat ggt gga tac tat atc aca acc aga gca caa ttt gat act ctg 906Asp Asn Gly Gly Tyr Tyr Ile Thr Thr Arg Ala Gln Phe Asp Thr Leu 220 225 230cag aaa ttg gtg aaa cac tac aca gaa cat gct gat ggt tta tgc cac 954Gln Lys Leu Val Lys His Tyr Thr Glu His Ala Asp Gly Leu Cys His 235 240 245aag ttg aca act gtg tgt cca act gtg aaa cct cag act caa ggt cta 1002Lys Leu Thr Thr Val Cys Pro Thr Val Lys Pro Gln Thr Gln Gly Leu250 255 260 265gca aaa gat gct tgg gaa atc cct cga gaa tct ttg cga cta gag gtt 1050Ala Lys Asp Ala Trp Glu Ile Pro Arg Glu Ser Leu Arg Leu Glu Val 270 275 280aaa cta gga caa gga tgt ttc ggc gaa gtg tgg atg gga aca tgg aat 1098Lys Leu Gly Gln Gly Cys Phe Gly Glu Val Trp Met Gly Thr Trp Asn 285 290 295gga acc acg aaa gta gca atc aaa aca cta aaa cca ggt aca atg atg 1146Gly Thr Thr Lys Val Ala Ile Lys Thr Leu Lys Pro Gly Thr Met Met 300 305 310cca gaa gct ttc ctt caa gaa gct cag ata atg aaa aaa tta aga cat 1194Pro Glu Ala Phe Leu Gln Glu Ala Gln Ile Met Lys Lys Leu Arg His 315 320 325gat aaa ctt gtt cca cta tat gct gtt gtt tct gaa gaa cca att tac 1242Asp Lys Leu Val Pro Leu Tyr Ala Val Val Ser Glu Glu Pro Ile Tyr330 335 340 345att gtc act gaa ttt atg tca aaa gga agc tta tta gat ttc ctt aag 1290Ile Val Thr Glu Phe Met Ser Lys Gly Ser Leu Leu Asp Phe Leu Lys 350 355 360gaa gga gat gga aag tat ttg aag ctt cca cag ctg gtt gat atg gct 1338Glu Gly Asp Gly Lys Tyr Leu Lys Leu Pro Gln Leu Val Asp Met Ala 365 370 375gct cag att gct gat ggt atg gca tat att gaa aga atg aac tat att 1386Ala Gln Ile Ala Asp Gly Met Ala Tyr Ile Glu Arg Met Asn Tyr Ile 380 385 390cac cga gat ctt cgg gct gct aat att ctt gta gga gaa aat ctt gtg 1434His Arg Asp Leu Arg Ala Ala Asn Ile Leu Val Gly Glu Asn Leu Val 395 400 405tgc aaa ata gca gac ttt ggt tta gca agg tta att gaa gac aat gaa 1482Cys Lys Ile Ala Asp Phe Gly Leu Ala Arg Leu Ile Glu Asp Asn Glu410 415 420 425tac aca gca aga caa ggt gca aaa ttt cca atc aaa tgg aca gct cct 1530Tyr Thr Ala Arg Gln Gly Ala Lys Phe Pro Ile Lys Trp Thr Ala Pro 430 435 440gaa gct gca ctg tat ggt cgg ttt aca ata aag tct gat gtc tgg tca 1578Glu Ala Ala Leu Tyr Gly Arg Phe Thr Ile Lys Ser Asp Val Trp Ser 445 450 455ttt gga att ctg caa aca gaa cta gta aca aag ggc cga gtg cca tat 1626Phe Gly Ile Leu Gln Thr Glu Leu Val Thr Lys Gly Arg Val Pro Tyr 460 465 470cca ggt atg gtg aac cgt gaa gta cta gaa caa gtg gag cga gga tac 1674Pro Gly Met Val Asn Arg Glu Val Leu Glu Gln Val Glu Arg Gly Tyr 475 480 485agg atg ccg tgc cct cag ggc tgt cca gaa tcc ctc cat gaa ttg atg 1722Arg Met Pro Cys Pro Gln Gly Cys Pro Glu Ser Leu His Glu Leu Met490 495 500 505aat ctg tgt tgg aag aag gac cct gat gaa aga cca aca ttt gaa tat 1770Asn Leu Cys Trp Lys Lys Asp Pro Asp Glu Arg Pro Thr Phe Glu Tyr 510 515 520att cag tcc ttc ttg gaa gac tac ttc act gct aca gag cca cag tac 1818Ile Gln Ser Phe Leu Glu Asp Tyr Phe Thr Ala Thr Glu Pro Gln Tyr 525 530 535cag cca gga gaa aat tta taattcaagt agcctatttt atatgcacaa 1866Gln Pro Gly Glu Asn Leu 540atctgccaaa atataaagaa cttgtgtaga ttttctacag gaatcaaaag aagaaaatct 1926tctttactct gcatgttttt aatggtaaac tggaatccca gatatggttg cacaaaacca 1986cttttttttc cccaagtatt aaactctaat gtaccaatga tgaatttatc agcgtatttc 2046agggtccaaa caaaatagag ctaagatact gatgacagtg tgggtgacag catggtaatg 2106aaggacagtg aggctcctgc ttatttataa atcatttcct ttcttttttt ccccaaagtc 2166agaattgctc aaagaaaatt atttattgtt acagataaaa cttgagagat aaaaagctat 2226accataataa aatctaaaat taaggaatat catgggacca aataattcca ttccagtttt 2286ttaaagtttc ttgcatttat tattctcaaa agttttttct aagttaaaca gtcagtatgc 2346aatcttaata tatgctttct tttgcatgga catgggccag gtttttcaaa aggaatataa 2406acaggatctc aaacttgatt aaatgttaga ccacagaagt ggaatttgaa agtataatgc 2466agtacattaa tattcatgtt catggaactg aaagaataag aactttttca cttcagtcct 2526tttctgaaga gtttgactta gaataatgaa ggtaactaga aagtgagtta atcttgtatg 2586aggttgcatt gattttttaa ggcaatatat aattgaaact actgtccaat caaaggggaa 2646atgttttgat ctttagatag catgcaaagt aagacccagc attttaaaag ccctttttta 2706aaaactagac ttcgtactgt gagtattgct tatatgtcct tatggggatg ggtgccacaa 2766atagaaaata tgaccagatc agggacttga atgcactttt gctcatggtg aatatagatg 2826aacagagagg aaaatgtatt taaaagaaat acgagaaaag aaaatgtgaa agttttacaa 2886gttagaggga tggaaggtaa tgtttaatgt tgatgtcatg gagtgacaga atggctttgc 2946tggcactcag agctcctcac ttagctatat tctgagactt tgaagagtta taaagtataa 3006ctataaaact aatttttctt acacactaaa tgggtatttg ttcaaaataa tgaagttatg 3066gcttcacatt cattgcagtg ggatatggtt tttatgtaaa acatttttag aactccagtt 3126ttcaaatcat gtttgaatct acattcactt ttttttgttt tcttttttga gacggagtct 3186cgctctgccg cccaggctgg agtgcagtgg cgcgatctcg gctcactgca agctctgcct 3246cccaggttca caccattctc ctgcctcagc ctcccgagta gctgggacta caggtgccca 3306ccaccacgcc tggctagttt tttgtatttt tagtagagac gcagtttcac cgtgttagcc 3366aggatggtct cgatctcctg accttgtgat ctgcccgcct cggcctccca aagtgctggg 3426attacaggtg tgagccaccg cgcccagcct acattcactt ctaaagtcta tgtaatggtg 3486gtcatttttt cccttttaga atacattaaa tggttgattt ggggaggaaa acttattctg 3546aatattaacg gtggtgaaaa ggggacagtt tttaccctaa agtgcaaaag tgaaacatac 3606aaaataagac taatttttaa gagtaactca gtaatttcaa aatacagatt tgaatagcag 3666cattagtggt ttgagtgtct agcaaaggaa aaattgatga ataaaatgaa ggtctggtgt 3726atatgtttta aaatactctc atatagtcac actttaaatt aagccttata ttaggcccct 3786ctattttcag gatataattc ttaactatca ttatttacct gattttaatc atcagattcg 3846aaattctgtg ccatggcgta tatgttcaaa ttcaaaccat ttttaaaatg tgaagatgga 3906cttcatgcaa gttggcagtg gttctggtac taaaaattgt ggttgttttt tctgtttacg 3966taacctgctt agtattgaca ctctctacca agagggtctt cctaagaaga gtgctgtcat 4026tatttcctct tatcaacaac ttgtgacatg agatttttta agggctttat gtgaactatg 4086atattgtaat ttttctaagc atattcaaaa gggtgacaaa attacgttta tgtactaaat 4146ctaatcagga aagtaaggca ggaaaagttg atggtattca ttaggtttta actgaatgga 4206gcagttcctt atataataac aattgtatag tagggataaa acactaacaa tgtgtattca 4266ttttaaattg ttctgtattt ttaaattgcc aagaaaaaca actttgtaaa tttggagata 4326ttttccaaca gcttttcgtc ttcagtgtct taatgtggaa gttaaccctt accaaaaaag 4386gaagttggca aaaacagcct tctagcacac ttttttaaat gaataatggt agcctaaact 4446taatattttt ataaagtatt gtaatattgt tttgtggata attgaaataa aaagttctca 4506ttgaatgcac c 4517 8 543 PRT Homo sapiens 8Met Gly Cys Ile Lys Ser Lys Glu Asn Lys Ser Pro Ala Ile Lys Tyr 1 5 10 15Arg Pro Glu Asn Thr Pro Glu Pro Val Ser Thr Ser Val Ser His Tyr 20 25 30Gly Ala Glu Pro Thr Thr Val Ser Pro Cys Pro Ser Ser Ser Ala Lys 35 40 45Gly Thr Ala Val Asn Phe Ser Ser Leu Ser Met Thr Pro Phe Gly Gly 50 55 60Ser Ser Gly Val Thr Pro Phe Gly Gly Ala Ser Ser Ser Phe Ser Val 65 70 75 80Val Pro Ser Ser Tyr Pro Ala Gly Leu Thr Gly Gly Val Thr Ile Phe 85 90 95Val Ala Leu Tyr Asp Tyr Glu Ala Arg Thr Thr Glu Asp Leu Ser Phe 100 105 110Lys Lys Gly Glu Arg Phe Gln Ile Ile Asn Asn Thr Glu Gly Asp Trp 115 120 125Trp Glu Ala Arg Ser Ile Ala Thr Gly Lys Asn Gly Tyr Ile Pro Ser 130 135 140Asn Tyr Val Ala Pro Ala Asp Ser Ile Gln Ala Glu Glu Trp Tyr Phe145 150 155 160Gly Lys Met Gly Arg Lys Asp Ala Glu Arg Leu Leu Leu Asn Pro Gly 165 170 175Asn Gln Arg Gly Ile Phe Leu Val Arg Glu Ser Glu Thr Thr Lys Gly 180 185 190Ala Tyr Ser Leu Ser Ile Arg Asp Trp Asp Glu Ile Arg Gly Asp Asn 195 200 205Val Lys His Tyr Lys Ile Arg Lys Leu Asp Asn Gly Gly Tyr Tyr Ile 210 215 220Thr Thr Arg Ala Gln Phe Asp Thr Leu Gln Lys Leu Val Lys His Tyr225 230 235 240Thr Glu His Ala Asp Gly Leu Cys His Lys Leu Thr Thr Val Cys Pro 245 250 255Thr Val Lys Pro Gln Thr Gln Gly Leu Ala Lys Asp Ala Trp Glu Ile 260 265 270Pro Arg Glu Ser Leu Arg Leu Glu Val Lys Leu Gly Gln Gly Cys Phe 275 280 285Gly Glu Val Trp Met Gly Thr Trp Asn Gly Thr Thr Lys Val Ala Ile 290 295 300Lys Thr Leu Lys Pro Gly Thr Met Met Pro Glu Ala Phe Leu Gln Glu305 310 315 320Ala Gln Ile Met Lys Lys Leu Arg His Asp Lys Leu Val Pro Leu Tyr 325 330 335Ala Val Val Ser Glu Glu Pro Ile Tyr Ile Val Thr Glu Phe Met Ser 340 345 350Lys Gly Ser Leu Leu Asp Phe Leu Lys Glu Gly Asp Gly Lys Tyr Leu 355 360 365Lys Leu Pro Gln Leu Val Asp Met Ala Ala Gln Ile Ala Asp Gly Met 370 375 380Ala Tyr Ile Glu Arg Met Asn Tyr Ile His Arg Asp Leu Arg Ala Ala385 390 395 400Asn Ile Leu Val Gly Glu Asn Leu Val Cys Lys Ile Ala Asp Phe Gly 405 410 415Leu Ala Arg Leu Ile Glu Asp Asn Glu Tyr Thr Ala Arg Gln Gly Ala 420 425 430Lys Phe Pro Ile Lys Trp Thr Ala Pro Glu Ala Ala Leu Tyr Gly Arg 435 440 445Phe Thr Ile Lys Ser Asp Val Trp Ser Phe Gly Ile Leu Gln Thr Glu 450 455 460Leu Val Thr Lys Gly Arg Val Pro Tyr Pro Gly Met Val Asn Arg Glu465 470 475 480Val Leu Glu Gln Val Glu Arg Gly Tyr Arg Met Pro Cys Pro Gln Gly 485 490 495Cys Pro Glu Ser Leu His Glu Leu Met Asn Leu Cys Trp Lys Lys Asp 500 505 510Pro Asp Glu Arg Pro Thr Phe Glu Tyr Ile Gln Ser Phe Leu Glu Asp 515 520 525Tyr Phe Thr Ala Thr Glu Pro Gln Tyr Gln Pro Gly Glu Asn Leu 530 535 540

Claims

1. A pharmaceutical composition comprising tyrosine kinase proteins Src and Yes, together with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier wherein at least one of the Src protein and the Yes protein is an active kinase and at least one of the Src protein and the Yes protein is an inactive.

2. A pharmaceutical composition of claim 1 wherein said Src protein is Src-A.

3. A pharmaceutical composition of claim 1 wherein said Src protein has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3 and having at amino acid residue 527 any amino acid except for tyrosine, serine or threonine.

4. A pharmaceutical composition of claim 1 wherein said Src protein is inactive.

5. A pharmaceutical composition of claim 4 wherein said Src protein is Src K295M having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3 and having the lysine residue at position 295 replaced with a methionine residue.

6. A pharmaceutical composition of claim 4 wherein said Src protein is Src 251 having the amino acid sequence of residues 1 through 251 of SEQ ID NO: 3.

7. A pharmaceutical composition of claim 1 wherein said Yes protein is an inactive Yes protein.

8. An article of manufacture comprising packaging material and a pharmaceutical composition contained within said packaging material, wherein said pharmaceutical composition is capable of modulating vascular permeability in a tissue suffering from a disease condition, wherein said packaging material comprises a label which indicates that said pharmaceutical composition can be used for treating disease conditions by modulating vascular permeability, and wherein said pharmaceutical composition comprises a tyrosine kinase Src protein and Yes protein, in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and at least one of the Src protein and the Yes protein is an active kinase and at least one of the Src protein and the Yes protein is an inactive kinase.

9. An article of manufacture of claim 8 wherein said Src protein is an active Src.

10. An article of manufacture of claim 9 wherein said active Src protein is Src-A.

11. An article of manufacture of claim 9 wherein said Src protein has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3 and having at amino acid residue 527 ayamino acidaxcept for tyrosine, serine or threonine.

12. An article of manufacture of claim 8 wherein said Src protein is inactive.

13. An article of manufacture of claim 12 wherein said Src protein is Src K295M having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3 and having the lysine residue at position 295 replaced with a methionine residue.

14. An article of manufacture of claim 12 wherein said Src protein is Src 251 having the amino acid sequence of residues 1 through 251 of SEQ ID NO: 3.

15. An article of manufacture of claim 8 wherein said Yes protein is active.

16. An article of manufacture of claim 8 wherein said Yes protein is inactive.