Patent Application
20050205089
This application relates to generally methods and devices for aerosolizing medicament, as well as to methods and devices for storing and delivering medicament to be aerosolized. More specifically, this application relates to a mouthpiece for an unpressurized inhalation device.
One factor that influences the effectiveness of an inhalation device that has a mouthpiece and an aerosol generator is the percentage amount of aerosolized medicament emitted from the mouthpiece relative to the amount of medicament supplied to the aerosol generator. Typically, there is some loss of medicament caused by particle impaction, which results from the aerodynamic behavior of the particles carried by the inhalation medicament stream. In particular, the inhalation flow rate that passes through the mouthpiece of an inhalation device may range between about 15 and 60 liters/minute. This rate may cause flow within internal passages of the inhalation device to be turbulent, resulting in collision among aerosol particles and with internal surfaces of the mouthpiece. Consequently, some medicament remains in the mouthpiece and does not reach the lungs of the patient.
There is thus a general need in the art for methods and devices that improve the effectiveness of inhalation devices by reducing the amount of loss from such factors.
Embodiments of the invention provide an aerosolizing device, which may be a hand-held aerosolizing device for inhalation of aerosolized medicament. The device has a mouthpiece through which a user inhales the aerosolized medicament. An aerosol generator may be provided as a vibrating element with holes through which the medicament is ejected, although other suitable aerosol generators may be used without departing from numerous aspects of the invention.
The medicament is held in a container that holds a number of doses of the medicament. The container delivers the medicament to a reservoir, which is designed to minimize the residual volume in the reservoir. An inner surface of the reservoir may be hydrophobic to encourage medicament to flow downward to the aerosol generator. The reservoir is may also be tear-drop shaped and have a smooth inner surface that is free of seams and corners to further encourage downward flow. The container and reservoir may be replaced independently or at the same time. The reservoir and container may also be formed as a single unit or may be separate units mounted to the device by the user.
The reservoir may also have a collection area located adjacent to the vibrating element where a final volume of medicament accumulates. The final volume is drawn over the holes in the vibrating element when the vibrating element is vibrated, thereby reducing the residual volume. The reservoir may also be designed so that the aerosol generator is positioned at a relatively low hydrostatic position when the device is positioned in a particular operating orientation. For example, the aerosol generator may be positioned so that less than 25%, and even less than 10%, of the volume of the reservoir is positioned below the aerosol generator.
The reservoir may also have one or more vent holes for smooth medicament delivery into the reservoir during filling and out of the reservoir when the medicament is being aerosolized. The vent holes may be sized to prevent the medicament from escaping therethrough.
The medicament path between the container and reservoir may include a valve that prevents contamination of the container and medicament path. The valve maintains the sterility of the container so that the container does not need to be pierced a number of times, as might otherwise be necessary. The valve may be positioned at a wall of the reservoir so that the valve isolates the entire medicament path together with the container.
Various aspects of the present invention are also directed to a container. The container is similar to a standard vial with the addition of a specialized connector. The connector mates with the aerosolizing device and, in another aspect, may mate with the reservoir as well. The connector has a protrusion that engages an L-shaped slot in the device for a bayonet-type connection. The connector also has a number of tabs or hooks that engage the reservoir to lock the reservoir to the container.
The mouthpiece may define separate medicament and air flow passages, each such passage having an outlet into the user's mouth when the device is used. The aerosol generator provides aerosolized medicament along the medicament flow passage, such as in response to inhalation by the user. The air flow passage has an inlet in communication with an ambient atmosphere so that air flows along the air flow passage, such as may also be in response to user inhalation. Separation of the medicament and air flows causes the medicament to be mixed with the air in the user's mouth, providing improved effectiveness of the device in delivering medicament. Greater than 90% of medicament provided to the aerosol generator may be expelled through the outlet of the medicament flow passage. In one embodiment, the outlet of the air flow passage is disposed substantially below the outlet of the medicament flow passage when the mouthpiece is oriented for insertion into the user's mouth.
The mouthpiece may be separable from the rest of the housing. The aerosol generator may also be contained within the mouthpiece so that the aerosol generator may be cleaned along with the mouthpiece. The mouthpiece may also have a port that receives a pressure-sensing conduit. The pressure-sensing conduit leads from the medicament flow passage to a pressure sensor. The pressure sensor is used for breath actuation of the device by sensing the drop in pressure when the user inhales on the mouthpiece.
These and other aspects of the invention are disclosed and described in the following description, drawings, and claims.
Referring initially to
The medicament to be aerosolized is stored in a container 12, such as a vial 14, which may hold a number of doses of the medicament. The container 12 is removed and replaced as necessary. The user selects a dose size or amount and delivers the dose from the container 12 to a reservoir 14, which holds the medicament. The reservoir 14 may be removed and replaced together with or separate from the container 12 as explained below.
The container 12 has a piston 16, which is moved by a dosing mechanism 18 to dispense a volume of the medicament. The dosing mechanism 18 may be any suitable dosing mechanism such as the dosing mechanisms for insulin pen mechanisms. The dosing mechanism 18 is operated with a dosing control 20 that the user operates to select and deliver a quantity of medicament to the reservoir 14. The housing 4 has a window 20 to view the amount of medicament in the container 12.
The container 12 has a body 22 similar to a standard vial. The container 12 does differ from a standard vial in that the container 12 has a connector 23, such as a collar 24, which mates with the reservoir 14 and the aerosolizing device 2. To this end, the connector 23 has a bayonet-type connection with the aerosolizing device 2. The connector 23 has three projections 26 extending from a cylindrical body 28. The projections register and slide within L-shaped slots 30 in the aerosolizing device 2. The container 12 is loaded into the device 2 by pushing downward and then rotating the collar 24 to secure the collar 24, and therefore container 12, to the device 2. The slots 30 may have a raised portion or detent to lock the projection in the slot 30. The position, size, spacing, and orientation of the projections 26 and corresponding slots 30 may be altered for different medicaments to prevent use of an improper medicament. The device 2 may also have a sensor 32 that detects proper engagement of the projection 26 within the slot 30 before the device 2 will dispense medicament. The container 12 may, of course, have any suitable connection with the aerosolizing device 2 that helps to prevent use of an improper medicament.
The container 12 also locks together with the reservoir 14 to provide a secure engagement with the reservoir 14. When the container 12 is mounted to the reservoir 14, a needle 40 pierces the container 12. The container 12 also has three tabs or hooks 42 that lock together with mating connectors 44 on the reservoir 14. The tabs 42 are located about 120° apart and each have a recess 44 and a shoulder 46 that engages complementary features on a connector 43 on the reservoir 14. The container 12 and reservoir 14 may, of course, mount to one another in any other suitable manner and the features may be altered for different medicaments.
The container 12 and reservoir 14 form a medicament assembly 48. The container 12 is preferably mounted to the reservoir 14 by the user immediately before loading the container 12 and reservoir 14. Alternatively, the container 12 and reservoir 14 may be loaded sequentially. For example, the container 12 could be mounted to the device 2 followed by mounting the reservoir 14 to the container 12. The medicament assembly 48 may also be provided as a single unit that the user replaces all at once.
The reservoir 14 has an opening 50 that delivers the medicament to the aerosol generator 8. The opening 50 is oriented to form a feed angle of about 5-30°, and may be about 15°, relative to the longitudinal axis L of the container 12 as defined by the container body. The opening 50 also may have a diameter of about 0.05-0.25 inches and may be about 0.15 inches. The opening size and feed angle provide smooth delivery of the medicament from the reservoir 14 to the aerosol generator 8 particularly when the aerosol generator is oriented somewhat upright.
The medicament travels along a medicament path 52 between the container 12 and reservoir 14. The medicament path 52 includes the needle 40 and a channel 54 leading from the needle 40 to the reservoir 14. The medicament path 52 may, of course, be formed in any other manner, including as a simple lumen or tube extending between the container 12 and reservoir 14. Furthermore, the medicament coupling between the container 12 and reservoir 14 may be any other suitable coupling other than the needle 40.
The medicament path 52 also includes a valve 54 that prevents contamination of the container 12. The valve 54 eliminates the need to pierce the container 12 a number of times as may be necessary to maintain sterility if the valve were not provided. The valve 54 may be a one-way valve such as a slit valve, ball valve, or duckbill valve. The valve 54 may be positioned to protect the entire medicament path between the container 12 and reservoir 14. To this end, the valve 54 may be positioned at the end of the medicament path 52, such as at a wall 56 of the reservoir 14. The valve 54 may also be positioned at a relatively low hydrostatic position relative to the reservoir 14 such that less than 25% of the reservoir 14, and perhaps less than 10%, is positioned hydrostatically below the valve 54. In this manner, the residual medicament volume in the reservoir 14 may be reduced since the valve 54 position can reduce the wetted surface of the reservoir 14 as compared to a valve positioned to dispense the medicament at a higher position in the reservoir. Of course, the valve 54 may be positioned at an elevated position in the reservoir 14 without departing from the invention. The valve 54 may also direct the medicament at the aerosol generator 8. The valve 54 may direct a stream of medicament at the aerosol generator 8 so that air in the reservoir 14 near the aerosol generator 8 is actively removed. A problem that can occur when delivering medicament to the aerosol generator is that air can be trapped near the aerosol generator, which can inhibit proper functioning of the device. The orientation of the valve 54 and the ability of the valve 54 to deliver a stream of medicament together reduce the risk of trapping air around the aerosol generator 8.
The reservoir 14 has an inner wall 71 that has a tear-drop shape and is substantially free of corners, seams, and edges to encourage medicament drainage. The reservoir 14 has a backwall 60 that forms an angle of about 20-70° with respect to horizontal when the device is held in a preferred operating orientation. The inner wall 62 of the reservoir 14 is also preferably hydrophobic, but may be hydrophilic, depending upon the application and particular medicament, to further reduce the residual volume. The reservoir 14 may also have a relatively small volume to minimize the surface area of the reservoir 14. The tear-drop shape, smooth interior wall, angled backwall 60, and hydrophobic surface all encourage liquid in the reservoir 14 to flow downward toward the aerosol generator 8, thereby minimizing the residual medicament volume.
The aerosol generator 8 may be angled away from the reservoir 14 at an angle of about 0-45° relative to vertical and may be about 15° when the device is in the preferred operating orientation. The reservoir 14 may be made in any suitable manner and with any suitable materials. For example, the reservoir 14 may be made out of polypropylene and formed by injection molding. The aerosol generator 8 may be oriented in any other manner and may be any type of aerosol generator.
The mouthpiece 6 may be removable to load and remove the container 12 and/or reservoir 14. Removal of the mouthpiece 6 also permits cleaning of the mouthpiece 6 and aerosol generator 8. The aerosol generator 8 may be cleaned or removed after each use or at any predetermined interval, such as, for example, after a predetermined number of containers 12 and/or reservoirs 14 have been used. The mouthpiece 6 or aerosol generator 8 may even be removed and replaced with each container 12 or assembly 48. The mouthpiece 6 may be mounted with a suitable connection, such as a snap-fit connection or latch with the rest of the housing. In one embodiment, the mouthpiece 6 includes separate medicament and air-flow passages so that the medicament particles are mixed with air in the user's mouth when the user inhales on the mouthpiece. This is described in further detail in connection with
The aerosol generator 8 may include a vibrating assembly 80. The vibrating assembly 80 includes a piezoelectric element 82 mounted to a substrate 84. The substrate 84 may be cup-shaped 86 or may have any other suitable shape, such as as a flat ring or plate. A vibrating element 88 with a number of holes 90 is mounted to the substrate 84. The vibrating element 88 is preferably dome-shaped and the holes 90 may be tapered. The vibrating element 88 and assembly 80 may, of course, be any other suitable element, such as a flat plate, thin mesh, or flexible membrane, without departing from the scope of the invention. Furthermore, various aspects of the invention may be practiced independent of the particular aerosolizing method and device.
The substrate 84 is coupled to the mouthpiece directly or by a mounting element 92, which secures the vibrating assembly 80 to the housing 4 and specifically the mouthpiece 6. The vibrating assembly 80, via the mounting element 92, is coupled to the housing 4 by a flexible connection 94, such as a resilient connection 95. The connection 94 may be formed in part by a spring, foam, or elastomeric element disposed between the vibrating assembly 80 and housing 4. In the particular embodiment shown, an elastomeric element 96 having an oval cross section is shown, although a C-shaped, U-shaped, or other suitably shaped cross-section may be used. The flexible or resilient connection 94 can reduce dampening of the vibrating assembly as compared to rigid connections with the mouthpiece or housing 6.
The resilient connection 95 also provides a modest closing force on a medicament seal 98 between the aerosol generator 8 and reservoir 14. The closing force created by the resilient connection 95 helps to prevent medicament from leaking out of the seal 98 between the reservoir 14 and aerosol generator 8. The seal 98 is formed by a sealing element 100, such as an O-ring, on the mounting element 92, and a complementary sealing element 102, such as a groove on the reservoir 14. The connection 94 naturally biases the sealing elements 100 and 102 together in that the connection 94 is slightly compressed when the reservoir 14 is mounted. The proper alignment of the reservoir 14 is achieved when the mouthpiece 6 registers with the rest of the housing 4.
The mounting element 92 may also engage the vibrating assembly 80, such as the vibrating element 88, and direct medicament to the vibrating element 88. The mounting element 92 may engage the vibrating element 88 with any suitable connection. For example, the mounting element may be glued to the vibrating element 88 or may have an O-ring that engages the vibrating element. As mentioned above, the vibrating element is generally oriented within 45° of vertical, and preferably about 15°, during operation, but may be oriented at any other angle without departing from the invention.
The device 2 is preferably breath-actuated in any suitable manner. In one embodiment, a pressure sensor 110, such as a pressure transducer 112, measures pressure in the mouthpiece chamber 114 so that when the user inhales on the mouthpiece 6, the sensor 110 detects the pressure drop and triggers the aerosol generator 8 at a trigger pressure. The pressure sensor 110 may be mounted to the mouthpiece 6 or may be mounted to the body of the device 2. A pressure-sensing conduit 116 extends to a rear chamber 118 of the device 2 where the pressure sensor 110 is mounted. A pressure-sensing port 118 in the mouthpiece 6 receives the conduit 116 to provide pressure communication between the mouthpiece chamber 63 and pressure sensor 110 via the conduit 116.
An embodiment for the mouthpiece is shown with the perspective and cross-sectional views of
This is accomplished in the illustrated embodiment by providing separate flow passages for the medicament and for mixing air. Referring collectively to
The flows of medicament and air are respectively shown with arrows 162 and 164. A number of tests have been performed to assess the effectiveness of the mouthpiece 6 shown in
Quantitative results of some of the tests are compared in Tables 1a and 1b. Table 1a provides results for a hand-held inhalation device having a vented mouthpiece to provide mixing of aerosolized liquid particles with air in the mouthpiece. Table 1b provides corresponding results for a hand-held inhalation device like the one shown in
For each mouthpiece, trials were performed using flow rates of 28.3 L/min and 60 L/min, all with a medicament volume of 200 μL. The amount of medicament leaving the mouthpiece was measured, with the emitted dose being defined as the percentage of medicament leaving the mouthpiece to the total medicament volume of 200%. For the vented mouthpiece, the average emitted dose was 78.2% for the lower flow rate and 71.9% for the higher flow rate. At both flow rates, the average emitted dose was higher with the mouthpiece described in connection with
Operation of the device is now fully described. The user detaches the mouthpiece and loads the medicament assembly into the device. The medicament assembly may be formed by the container and reservoir, which are attached together by the user or mounted in sequence to the device. Once the container and reservoir are attached together, the interlocking feature may prevent disassembly and thus prevent improper usage of the device and parts thereof. The device may be primed in any suitable manner. For example, a volume of medicament equal to or just larger than the medicament path may be delivered when the container is loaded or when the first dose is delivered from a particular container. Alternatively, medicament may simply by delivered from the container until medicament is sensed in the reservoir.
When the user is prepared to inhale the aerosolized medicament, the user operates the dosing controls to select and deliver a volume of medicament from the container to the reservoir. The dosing mechanism moves the piston to move medicament through the medicament path, out the valve and into the reservoir as shown in
The invention has been described with respect to various specific embodiments, but it can be appreciated that various modifications may be made without departing from the scope of the invention. For example, while the description above has focused on a specific implementation of an aerosolizing inhalation device, it will be appreciated that many components may be used in combination with a variety of alternative designs for inhalation devices. In particular, the mouthpiece described above with separate medicament and air flow passages may be used with numerous types of inhalation devices that include an aerosol generator for aerosolizing medicament. Advantages resulting from the separation of air and medicament flows so that mixing occurs in the user's mouth may be realized with any of a variety of alternative designs for inhalation devices.
This application is a continuation-in-part application of, and claims the benefit of the filing date of, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/043,075, entitled “METHODS AND DEVICES FOR NEBULIZING FLUIDS,” filed Jan. 7, 2002 BY Michael Klimowicz, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference for all purposes.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 10043075 | Jan 2002 | US |
| Child | 11039709 | Jan 2005 | US |
