Methods and devices for crossing chronic total occlusions

Abstract

The present disclosure is directed to a method of facilitating treatment via a vascular wall defining a vascular lumen containing an occlusion therein. The method may include providing an intravascular device having a distal portion and a longitudinal axis and inserting the intravascular device into the vascular lumen. The method may further include positioning the distal portion in the vascular wall, rotating the intravascular device about the longitudinal axis, and advancing the intravascular device within the vascular wall.

Description

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The inventions described herein relate to devices and associated methods for the treatment of chronic total occlusions. More particularly, the inventions described herein relate to devices and methods for crossing chronic total occlusions and establishing a pathway blood flow past the chronic total occlusions.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Due to age, high cholesterol and other contributing factors, a large percentage of the population has arterial atherosclerosis that totally occludes portions of the patient's vasculature and presents significant risks to patient health. For example, in the case of a total occlusion of a coronary artery, the result may be painful angina, loss of cardiac tissue or patient death. In another example, complete occlusion of the femoral and/or popliteal arteries in the leg may result in limb threatening ischemia and limb amputation.

Commonly known endovascular devices and techniques are either inefficient (time consuming procedure), have a high risk of perforating a vessel (poor safety) or fail to cross the occlusion (poor efficacy). Physicians currently have difficulty visualizing the native vessel lumen, cannot accurately direct endovascular devices toward the visualized lumen, or fail to advance devices through the lesion. Bypass surgery is often the preferred treatment for patients with chronic total occlusions, but less invasive techniques would be preferred.

Described herein are devices and methods employed to exploit the vascular wall of a vascular lumen for the purpose of bypassing a total occlusion of an artery. Exploitation of a vascular wall may involve the passage of an endovascular device into and out of said wall which is commonly and interchangeable described as false lumen access, intramural access, sub medial access or in the case of this disclosure, subintimal access.

BRIEF SUMMARY

Described herein are devices and methods employed to exploit the vascular wall of a vascular lumen for the purpose of bypassing a total occlusion of an artery. Exploitation of a vascular wall may involve the passage of an endovascular device into and out of said wall which is commonly and interchangeable described as false lumen access, intramural access, sub medial access or in the case of this disclosure, subintimal access.

In one aspect, the present disclosure is directed to a method of facilitating treatment via a vascular wall defining a vascular lumen containing an occlusion therein. The method may include providing an intravascular device having a distal portion and a longitudinal axis and inserting the intravascular device into the vascular lumen. The method may further include positioning the distal portion in the vascular wall, rotating the intravascular device about the longitudinal axis, and advancing the intravascular device within the vascular wall.

In another aspect, the present disclosure is direct to a device for facilitating treatment via a vascular wall defining a vascular lumen containing an occlusion therein. The device may include a shaft having a distal end and a proximal end. The shaft may include a coil having a plurality of filars wound in a helical shape, the coil extending from the distal end of the shaft to the proximal end of the shaft, and a sleeve, having a proximal end and a distal end, the sleeve extending from the distal end of the shaft and covering a portion of the coil. The device may further include a tip fixed to the distal end of the shaft, and a hub fixed to the proximal end of the shaft.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of an artery.

FIG. 2 is an additional view of the artery shown in the previous figure.

FIG. 3 is an additional view of the artery shown in the previous figure.

FIG. 4 is an additional view of the artery shown in the previous figure.

FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view of an artery.

FIG. 6 is an additional view of the artery shown in the previous figure.

FIG. 7 is a partial cross-sectional view of an exemplary crossing device.

FIG. 8 is a plan view showing an assembly including the crossing device shown in the previous figure.

FIG. 9 is a plan view of the assembly shown in the previous figure.

FIG. 10 is a cross-sectional view of the assembly shown in the previous figure.

FIG. 11 is a cross sectional view of the handle assembly shown in the previous figure.

FIG. 12 is a partial cross-sectional view showing a guidewire that is disposed in a lumen defined by a shaft of a crossing device.

FIG. 13 is an additional view of the guidewire and crossing device shown in the previous figure.

FIG. 14 is a plan view showing a heart including a coronary artery.

FIG. 15A is an enlarged view showing a portion of the heart shown in the previous figure.

FIG. 15B is an enlarged plan view of a crossing device shown in FIG. 15A.

FIG. 16A is an additional view showing a crossing device disposed in a heart.

FIG. 16B is an enlarged plan view of a crossing device shown in FIG. 16A.

FIG. 17A is an enlarged view showing a portion of a heart and a crossing device that is extending into a proximal segment of a coronary artery of the heart.

FIG. 17B is a representation of a fluoroscopic display produced when radiopaque fluid has been injected into the body from the distal end of a crossing device while the distal end of the crossing device is disposed in the true lumen of a coronary artery.

FIG. 18A is an enlarged view showing a portion of a heart and a crossing device that is extending into a proximal segment of a coronary artery of the heart.

FIG. 18B is a representation of a fluoroscopic display produced when radiopaque fluid has been injected into the body from the distal end of a crossing device while the distal end of the crossing device is disposed in the subintimal space of a coronary artery.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS

The following detailed description should be read with reference to the drawings in which similar elements in different drawings are numbered the same. The drawings, which are not necessarily to scale, depict illustrative embodiments and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention.

FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of an artery 102 having a wall 126. In FIG. 1, wall 126 of artery 102 is shown having three layers. The outermost layer of wall 126 is the adventitia 105 and the innermost layer of wall 126 is the intima 107. The tissues extending between intima 107 and adventitia 105 may be collectively referred to as the media 109. For purposes of illustration, intima 107, media 109 and adventitia 105 are each shown as a single homogenous layer in FIG. 1. In the human body, however, the intima and the media each comprise a number of sub-layers. The transition between the external most portion of the intima and the internal most portion of the media is sometimes referred to as the subintimal space.

Intima 107 defines a true lumen 106 of artery 102. In FIG. 1, an occlusion 108 is shown blocking true lumen 106. Occlusion 108 divides true lumen 106 into a proximal segment 103 and a distal segment 104. A crossing device 120 is disposed in proximal segment 103 of true lumen 106. Crossing device 120 may be used to establish a channel between proximal segment 103 and distal segment 104. Crossing device 120 of FIG. 1 comprises a tip 124 that is fixed to a distal end of a shaft 122.

FIG. 2 is an additional view of artery 102 shown in the previous figure. In the embodiment of FIG. 2, the distal end of crossing device 120 has been advanced in a distal direction so that tip 124 is disposed in subintimal space 128. With reference to FIG. 2, it will be appreciated that tip 124 has passed through intima 107 and is disposed between intima 107 and adventitia 105 of artery 102. The embodiment of FIG. 2 and other embodiments described here within show access to the subintimal space 128 by way of example, not limitation, as the crossing device 120 may alternatively pass through the occlusion 108 thus remaining disposed in the true lumen 106.

In the embodiment of FIG. 2, shaft 122 of crossing device 120 defines a lumen 130. Lumen 130 may be used to deliver fluids into the body. For example, radiopaque fluid may be injected through lumen 130 and into subintimal space 128. In some useful embodiments, lumen 130 is dimensioned to receive a guidewire.

FIG. 3 is an additional view of artery 102 shown in the previous figure. In the embodiment of FIG. 3, the distal end of crossing device 120 has been advanced so that tip 124 has moved in an axial direction through subintimal space 128. With reference to FIG. 3, it will be appreciated that tip 124 has moved distally past occlusion 108. In FIG. 3, tip 124 is shown residing between intima 107 and adventitia 105 of artery 102. Axial advancement of tip 124 may cause blunt dissection of the layers forming wall 126 of artery 102. Alternatively, the tip may cause blunt dissection of the materials comprising the occlusion 108 (not shown).

In some useful methods in accordance with the present disclosure, crossing device 120 is rotated about its longitudinal axis and moved in a direction parallel to its longitudinal axis simultaneously. When this is the case, rotation of crossing device 120 may reduce resistance to the axial advancement of crossing device 120. These methods take advantage of the fact that the kinetic coefficient of friction is usually less than the static coefficient of friction for a given frictional interface. Rotating crossing device 120 assures that the coefficient of friction at the interface between the crossing device and the surround tissue will be a kinetic coefficient of friction and not a static coefficient of friction.

FIG. 4 is an additional view of artery 102 shown in the previous figure. In the embodiment of FIG. 4, crossing device 120 has been withdrawn from true lumen 106 of artery 102. With reference to FIG. 4, it will be appreciated that a guidewire 132 remains in the position formerly occupied by crossing device 120.

The position of guidewire 132 shown in FIG. 4 may be achieved using crossing device 120. Guidewire 132 may be positioned, for example, by first placing crossing device 120 in the position shown in the previous figure, then advancing guidewire 132 through lumen 130 defined by shaft 122 of crossing device 120. Alternately, guidewire 132 may be disposed within lumen 130 while crossing device 120 is advanced through the vasculature of a patient. When this is the case, guidewire 132 may be used to aid in the process of steering crossing device 120 through the vasculature.

With guidewire 132 in the position shown in FIG. 4, guidewire 132 may be used to direct other devices to subintimal space 128. For example, a catheter may be advanced over guidewire 132 until the distal end of the catheter is disposed in subintimal space 128. After reaching the subintimal space, the catheter may be used to dilate subintimal space 128. Examples of catheters that may be used to dilate the subintimal space include balloon catheters and atherectomy catheters.

FIG. 5 is a cross sectional view of an artery 202 having a wall 226. In FIG. 5, a crossing device 220 is shown extending through subintimal space 228 and around an occlusion 208. In FIG. 5, occlusion 208 is shown blocking a true lumen 206 defined by an intima 207 of wall 226. Occlusion 208 divides true lumen 206 into a proximal segment 203 and a distal segment 204. When a crossing member in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure is advanced through the subintimal space of an artery, the distal end of the crossing device may penetrate the intima and enter the distal segment of the true lumen after advancing beyond an occlusion.

In the embodiment of FIG. 5, a tip 224 of crossing device 220 is disposed in distal segment 204. Accordingly, it will be appreciated that crossing device 220 has pierced intima 207 distally of occlusion 208 and entered distal segment 204 of artery 202. In FIG. 5, shaft 222 is shown extending through intima 207 and subintimal space 228. Shaft 222 of crossing device 220 may define a lumen 230.

FIG. 6 is an additional view of artery 202 shown in the previous figure. In the embodiment of FIG. 6, crossing device 220 has been withdrawn leaving a guidewire 232 in the position shown in FIG. 6.

The position of guidewire 232 shown in FIG. 6 may be achieved using crossing device 220. Guidewire 232 may be positioned, for example, by first placing crossing device 220 in the position shown in the previous figure, then advancing guidewire 232 through lumen 230 defined by shaft 222 of crossing device 220. Alternately, guidewire 232 may be disposed within lumen 230 while crossing device 220 is advanced through the vasculature of a patient. When this is the case, guidewire 232 may be used to aid in the process of steering crossing device 220 through the vasculature of a patient.

Devices such as balloon angioplasty catheters and atherectomy catheters may be advanced over guidewire 232 and into subintimal space 228. In this way, these devices may be used in conjunction with guidewire 232 to establish a blood flow path between proximal segment 203 of true lumen 206 and distal segment 204 of true lumen 206. This path allows blood to flow through subintimal space 228 and around occlusion 208.

FIG. 7 is a partial cross-sectional view of an exemplary crossing device 320. Crossing device 320 of FIG. 7 comprises a tip 324 that is fixed to a distal end of a shaft 322. In the exemplary embodiment of FIG. 7, shaft 322 comprises a coil 334, a sleeve 336, a tubular body 338, and a sheath 344.

Tip 324 is fixed to a distal portion of coil 334. Coil 334 comprises a plurality of filars 342 that are wound in a generally helical shape. In some useful embodiments of crossing device 320, coil 334 comprises eight, nine or ten filars wound into the shape illustrated in FIG. 7. Crossing device 320 includes a sleeve 336 that is disposed about a portion of coil 334. Sleeve 336 may comprise, for example, PET shrink tubing, i.e. polyethylene terephthalate.

Sleeve 336 and coil 334 both extend into a lumen defined by a tubular body 338. Tubular body 338 may comprise, for example hypodermic tubing formed of Nitinol, i.e. nickel titanium. With reference to FIG. 7, it will be appreciated that a proximal portion of sleeve 336 is disposed between tubular body 338 and coil 334. In some embodiments of crossing device 320, a distal portion of tubular body 338 defines a helical cut. This helical cut may be formed, for example, using a laser cutting process. The helical cut may be shaped and dimensioned to provide an advantageous transition in lateral stiffness proximate the distal end of tubular body 338.

A proximal portion of coil 334 extends proximally beyond the distal end of tubular body 338. A hub 346 is fixed to a proximal portion of coil 334 and a proximal portion of tubular body 338. Hub 346 may comprise, for example, a luer fitting. Sheath 344 is disposed about a portion of tubular body 338 and a portion of sleeve 336. In some embodiments of crossing device 320, sheath 344 comprises HYTREL, a thermoplastic elastomer.

With reference to FIG. 7, it will be appreciated that tubular body 338, coil 334, sleeve 336, and sheath 344 each have a proximal end and a distal end. The proximal end of sheath 344 is disposed between the proximal end of tubular body 338 and the proximal end of sleeve 336. The distal end of sleeve 336 is positioned proximate tip 324 that is fixed to the distal end of coil 334. The distal end of sheath 344 is located between the distal end of tubular body 338 and the distal end of sleeve 336. With reference to FIG. 7, it will be appreciated that sheath 344 overlays the distal end of tubular body 338.

With reference to FIG. 7, it will be appreciate that tip 324 has a generally rounded shape. The generally rounded shape of tip 324 may reduce the likelihood that crossing device 320 will penetrate the adventitia of an artery. Tip 324 may be formed from a suitable metallic material including but not limited to stainless steel, silver solder, and braze. Tip 324 may also be formed from suitable polymeric materials or adhesives including but not limited to polycarbonate, polyethylene and epoxy. In some embodiments of crossing device 320, outer surface 340 of tip 324 comprises a generally non-abrasive surface. For example, outer surface 340 may have a surface roughness of 25 micrometers or less. A tip member having a relatively smooth outer surface may reduce the likelihood that the tip member will abrade the adventitia of an artery.

FIG. 8 is a plan view showing an assembly 348 including crossing device 320 shown in the previous figure. In the embodiment of FIG. 8, a handle assembly 350 is coupled to crossing device 320. In FIG. 8, handle assembly 350 is shown disposed about a proximal portion of shaft 322 of crossing device 320. Handle assembly 350 comprises a handle body 352 and a handle cap 354.

In some useful embodiments in accordance with the present disclosure, handle assembly 350 is long enough to receive the thumb and for fingers of a physician's right and left hands. When this is the case, a physician can use two hands to rotate handle assembly 350. In the embodiment of FIG. 8, grooves 356 are formed in handle body 352 and handle cap 354. Grooves 356 may improve the physician's ability to grip handle assembly 350.

FIG. 9 is an additional plan view showing assembly 348 shown in the previous figure. In FIG. 9, a proximal portion of handle assembly 350 is positioned between the thumb and forefinger of a left hand 358. A distal portion of handle assembly 350 is disposed between the thumb and forefinger of a right hand 360.

In some useful methods, crossing device 320 is rotated and axially advanced simultaneously. Rotation of crossing device 320 can be achieved by rolling handle assembly 350 between the thumb and forefinger one hand. Two hands can also be used as shown in FIG. 9. Rotating crossing device 320 assures that the coefficient of friction at the interface between the crossing device and the surround tissue will be a kinetic coefficient of friction and not a static coefficient of friction.

In some useful methods in accordance with the present disclosure, crossing device 320 is rotated at a rotational speed of 2 to 200 revolutions per minute. In some particularly useful methods in accordance with the present disclosure, crossing device 320 is rotated at a rotational speed of 50 and 150 revolutions per minute. Crossing device 320 may be rotated by hand as depicted in FIG. 9. It is also contemplated that a mechanical device (e.g., an electric motor) may be used to rotate crossing device 320.

FIG. 10 is a cross-sectional view of assembly 348 shown in the previous figure. With reference to FIG. 10 it will be appreciated that handle assembly 350 is disposed about sheath 344, tubular body 338, sleeve 336 and coil 334.

FIG. 11 is a cross sectional view of handle assembly 350 shown in the previous figure. With reference to FIG. 11, it will be appreciated that handle assembly 350 includes a plurality of grip sleeves 362 and a plurality of spacers 364. In the embodiment of FIG. 11, handle cap 354 includes male threads 366 that engage female threads 368 in handle body 352.

When handle cap 354 is rotated relative to handle body 352, the threads produce relative longitudinal motion between handle cap 354 and handle body 352. In other words, handle cap 354 can be screwed into handle body 352. As handle cap 354 is advanced into handle body 352, the inner end of handle cap 354 applies a compressive force to grip sleeves 362. Grip sleeves 362 are made from an elastomeric material. The compression forces applied to grip sleeves 362 by handle body 352 and handle cap 354 cause grip sleeves 362 to bulge. The bulging of grip sleeves 362 causes grip sleeves 362 to grip shaft 322 of crossing device 320.

The force that each grip sleeve 362 applies to the shaft is generally equally distributed about the circumference of the shaft. When this is the case, the likelihood that the shaft will be crushed by the grip sleeves is reduced. At the same time, the grip sleeves provide an interface that allows significant torque to be applied to the shaft when the handle is rotated.

FIG. 12 is a partial cross-sectional view showing a guidewire 432 that is disposed in a lumen 430 defined by a shaft 422 of a crossing device 420. FIG. 13 is an additional view showing guidewire 432 and crossing device 420 shown in FIG. 12. In some embodiments of crossing device 420, shaft 422 defines a lumen 430. When this is the case, a guidewire may be inserted into the lumen. The guidewire may be used to steer the crossing device. The guidewire may remain inside the lumen until it is needed for steering. When steering is needed, the guidewire may be advanced so that a portion of the guidewire extends beyond the distal end of the crossing device. A distal portion of the guidewire may then be advanced in the direction that the physician wishes to advance crossing device 420.

In the embodiment of FIG. 13, guidewire 432 has been distally advanced (relative to the position shown in FIG. 12). With reference to FIG. 13, it will be appreciated that a distal portion 470 of guidewire 432 is extending beyond the distal end of crossing device 420. In the embodiment of FIG. 13, distal portion 470 of guidewire 432 is biased to assume a generally curved shape when it is unrestrained by crossing device 420.

In the embodiment of FIG. 13, there are at least two degrees of freedom between guidewire 432 and crossing device 420. First, guidewire 432 and crossing device 420 are free to rotate relative to one another. Second, guidewire 432 and crossing device 420 are free to move in a longitudinal direction relative to one another. It is sometimes desirable to use guidewire 432 as an aid in directing crossing device 420 through the vasculature of a patient. When this is the case, distal portion 470 of guidewire 432 may be advanced beyond the distal end of crossing device 420. Guidewire 432 may then be rotated until distal portion 470 of guidewire 432 assumes a desired orientation.

FIG. 14 shows a heart 500 including a coronary artery 502. An occlusion 508 is disposed in coronary artery 502. Occlusion 508 divides a lumen of coronary artery 502 into a proximal segment 503 and a distal segment 504. The proximal segment 503 may be easily accessed using endovascular devices and has adequate blood flow to supply the cardiac muscle. The distal segment 504 is not easily accessed with interventional devices and has significantly reduced blood flow as compared to proximal segment 503.

FIG. 15A is an enlarged view showing a portion of heart 500 shown in the previous figure. In FIG. 15A, a crossing device 520 is disposed in proximal segment 503 of coronary artery 502. FIG. 15B is an enlarged plan view of crossing device 520 shown in FIG. 15A. Crossing device 520 comprises a tip 524 and a shaft 522.

FIG. 16A is an additional view showing crossing device 520 disposed in heart 500. FIG. 16B is an enlarged plan view of crossing device 520 shown in FIG. 16A. In FIGS. 16A and 16B crossing device 520 has been rotated approximately ninety degrees relative to the position shown in FIGS. 15A and 15B.

Some useful methods in accordance with the present disclosure include the step of rotating crossing device 520. When the proximal portion of a crossing device is rotated, it may be desirable to confirm that the distal end of the crossing device is also rotating.

Many physicians have experience using guidewires. These physicians are aware that twisting the proximal end of a guidewire when the distal end of the guidewire is fixed may cause the guidewire to break due to twisting. Accordingly, many physicians may be hesitant to rotate an intravascular device more than a few revolutions unless they are certain that the distal end of the device is free to rotate.

One method for determining whether the tip of a crossing member is rotating may be described with reference to FIGS. 15A, 15B, 16A and 16B. As shown in the figures, crossing member 520 comprises a tip 524 fixed to the distal end of a shaft 522. Tip 524 comprises a radiopaque marker 572. Radiopaque marker 572 has a face 574 and an edge 576. Face 574 has a width W and a length L. Edge 576 has a length L and a thickness T. In some useful embodiments of crossing device 520, thickness T of radiopaque marker 572 is smaller than both length L and width W. When this is the case, radiopaque marker 572 may be used to provide a physician with visual feedback indicating that tip 524 of crossing device 520 is rotating.

During rotation of crossing device 520, the shape of radiopaque marker provides visual feedback assuring the physician that the tip of the crossing member is rotating as the physician rotates the proximal portion of the crossing member. Radiopaque marker 572 provides two different appearances while it is being rotated and observed using fluoroscopic methods. When edge 576 of radiopaque marker is viewed on a fluoroscopic display a first appearance is achieved. When face 574 of radiopaque marker 572 is viewed, it provides a second appearance on the fluoroscopic display. With reference to the figures, it will be appreciate that the first appearance has a smaller footprint than the second appearance. When the appearance of radiopaque marker 572 is alternating between the first appearance and the second appearance, the physician can infer that tip 524 is rotating. This visual feedback allows the physician to confirm that the distal end of crossing member is rotating.

FIGS. 17A and 18A each show a crossing device 520 comprising a tip 524 fixed to a shaft 522. Tip 524 comprises a radiopaque marker 572. Tip 524 of crossing device 520 has been advanced through a proximal segment 503 of a coronary artery 502. With reference to FIGS. 17A and 18A, it will be appreciated that tip 524 is near wall 526 of coronary artery 502 and an occlusion 508 that is located in the true lumen of coronary artery 502. When a surgical procedure is viewed on a fluoroscope, it may be difficult for the physician to determine whether or not tip 524 is disposed in the subintimal space of coronary artery 502. Methods for determining whether the tip is disposed in the subintimal space may be described with reference to FIGS. 17 and 18.

For example, one method in accordance with the present disclosure may include the steps of positioning the distal end of a crossing device in a position that may or may not be in the subintimal space of an artery and injecting radiopaque fluid into the body from the distal end of crossing device 520. If the radiopaque fluid remains in a localized area (e.g., in the subintimal space) then a physician viewing the radiopaque fluid on a fluoroscopic display can infer that the distal end of the crossing device is disposed in the subintimal space. If the radiopaque fluid rapidly enters the bloodstream and is carried through the vasculature, then the physician can infer that the distal end of the crossing device is disposed in the true lumen of the artery.

FIG. 17B is a representation of a fluoroscopic display 578 produced when radiopaque fluid has been injected into the body from the distal end of crossing device 520 while tip 524 is disposed in the true lumen of coronary artery 502. In FIG. 17B, the radiopaque fluid 580 has rapidly entered the bloodstream and has cause the vasculature in fluid communication with proximal segment 503 to become illuminated on fluoroscopic display 578. Radiopaque marker 572 is also visible in fluoroscopic display 578.

FIG. 18B is a representation of a fluoroscopic display 578 produced when radiopaque fluid has been injected into the body from the distal end of crossing device 520 while tip 524 is disposed in the subintimal space of coronary artery 502. In FIG. 18B, the radiopaque fluid 580 is disposed in a localized area (i.e., in the subintimal space). Radiopaque marker 572 is also visible in fluoroscopic display 578.

Additional methods are also contemplated. For example, negative pressure (i.e., sub atmospheric pressure) may be applied to the lumen defined by crossing device 520. The physician may observe the results of this application of negative pressure. If a partial vacuum is produced and little or no blood is drawn through the lumen, then the physician can infer that the distal end of the lumen is located in the subintimal space. If, on the other hand, blood is drawn through the lumen of the crossing member, then the physician can infer that the distal end of the crossing member is disposed in the true lumen of a blood vessel.

Claims

1. A device for facilitating treatment via a vascular wall defining a vascular lumen containing an occlusion therein, the device comprising: a crossing device including a shaft, a hub fixedly attached at a proximal end of the shaft, and an enlarged tip fixedly attached at a distal end of the shaft, the shaft of the crossing device including: a tightly-wound helical coil extending from the proximal end of the shaft to the distal end of the shaft and defining a guidewire lumen extending therein;a polymeric sleeve extending proximally from the enlarged tip and covering at least a portion of the tightly-wound helical coil; anda metallic hypotube extending distally from the hub over a proximal portion of the tightly-wound helical coil; anda handle assembly slidably disposable coaxially over the shaft and couplable to the shaft such that rotation of the handle assembly transfers torque to the crossing device.

2. The device of claim 1, wherein the handle assembly is configured to grip an outer surface of the shaft.

3. The device of claim 2, wherein the handle assembly includes a handle body and a handle cap threadably coupled to the handle body; wherein when the handle assembly is disposed coaxially over the shaft, rotation of the handle cap relative to and toward the handle body causes the handle assembly to grip the outer surface of the shaft.

4. The device of claim 2, wherein when the handle assembly is disposed coaxially over the shaft, the handle assembly is configured to be positioned about the metallic hypotube.

5. The device of claim 1, further comprising a polymeric sheath covering a portion of the metallic hypotube, a portion of the tightly-wound helical coil, and a portion of the polymeric sleeve.

6. The device of claim 5, wherein at least a portion of the metallic hypotube is exposed to an exterior of the shaft.

7. The device of claim 5, wherein at least a portion of the polymeric sleeve is exposed to an exterior of the shaft.

8. The device of claim 5, wherein none of the tightly-wound helical coil is exposed to an exterior of the shaft.

9. The device of claim 5, wherein a distal end of the polymeric sheath is disposed between a distal end of the metallic hypotube and a distal end of the polymeric sleeve.

10. The device of claim 1, wherein the guidewire lumen extends through the tightly-wound helical coil to an opening in the enlarged tip, wherein the opening opens to an exterior of the shaft.

11. The device of claim 1, wherein when the handle assembly is disposed coaxially over the shaft, the metallic hypotube extends proximal of the handle assembly.

12. The device of claim 1, where the hub is fixedly attached to a proximal end of the metallic hypotube.

13. The device of claim 12, wherein the hub is fixedly attached to a proximal end of the tightly-wound helical coil.

14. The device of claim 13, wherein the tightly-wound coil extends proximal of the proximal end of the metallic hypotube.

15. The device of claim 1, wherein the enlarged tip has a generally rounded shape and an outer surface of the enlarged tip is non-abrasive.

16. The device of claim 1, wherein the tightly-wound helical coil includes a plurality of filars.

17. The device of claim 16, wherein the plurality of filars is eight, nine, or ten filars.

18. The device of claim 1, wherein the enlarged tip includes a radiopaque marker having two different fluoroscopic appearances when the enlarged tip is rotated.

19. The device of claim 18, wherein a first fluoroscopic appearance of the radiopaque marker has a smaller footprint that a second fluoroscopic appearance of the radiopaque marker.

20. The device of claim 1, wherein a distal portion of the metallic hypotube includes a helical cut formed therein to provide a transition in lateral stiffness proximate a distal end of the metallic hypotube.