Methods and devices for cutting tissue

Abstract

A catheter is provided, which includes a cutting element having one or more raised elements. The cutting element has a cup-shaped surface at the distal end that may be smooth and continuous except for the raised elements.

Description

BACKGROUND

Atherectomy catheters are used to remove material from a blood vessel to open the blood vessel and improve blood flow through the vessel.

One problem that occurs when removing material from a blood vessel is that the material may be either soft or hard and may vary during the cutting process. As such, the cutting element should be able to cut both hard tissue and soft tissue.

The present invention is directed to a cutting element for an atherectomy catheter and methods of cutting material from a blood flow lumen using a rotating cutting element.

SUMMARY

The present invention provides an atherectomy catheter, which has a cutting element that is able to cut both soft tissue and hard tissue. The cutting element has a sharp cutting edge that surrounds a cup-shaped surface. The cup-shaped surface directs the material, which has been cut into a tissue chamber. The circumferential cutting edge and the cup-shaped surface together are well suited to cut and remove relatively soft tissue.

In one aspect of the invention, an atherectomy catheter is provided which has one or more raised elements extending from the cup-shaped surface. The raised element may be recessed longitudinally and radially from the outer cutting edge by a controlled distance such as 0.0010-0.0020 inch but may, of course, be closer or further from the outer cutting edge depending upon the application. The raised elements help to break up hard tissue such as calcified plaque. The raised elements are somewhat recessed from the distal end so that the cutting edge remains exposed to cut soft tissue. When the cutting element encounters tissue, which is too hard to be cut sufficiently by the cutting edge, the raised elements help to break the harder tissue with a more blunt application of force.

In another aspect of the invention, the raised element is somewhat small so that a relatively large portion of the cup-shaped surface is smooth and uninterrupted. In this manner, the ability of the cutting element to direct tissue into the tissue chamber with the cup-shaped surface is not overly inhibited by the raised elements. For example, the raised elements may occupy an area less than 60 degrees when viewed along the longitudinal axis. Stated another way, the cup-shaped surface of the cutting element is smooth and uninterrupted throughout at least 300 degrees when viewed along the longitudinal axis. Stated still another way, the cup-shaped surface may be smooth and uninterrupted for at least 95% of the surface area of the cutting element when viewed along the longitudinal axis.

These and other aspects will become apparent from the following description of the preferred embodiments, drawings and claims.

The details of one or more embodiments of the invention are set forth in the accompanying drawings and the description below. Other features, objects, and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the description and drawings, and from the claims.

DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows a distal end of an atherectomy catheter.

FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of the atherectomy catheter with a cutting element in a stored position.

FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view with a cutting element in a working position;

FIG. 4 shows an embodiment of a cutting element;

FIG. 5 shows an end view of an embodiment of a cutting element;

FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view of an embodiment of a cutting element:

FIG. 7 shows another embodiment of a cutting element, which may be used with the atherectomy catheter;

FIG. 8 shows the embodiment of the cutting element of FIG. 7 and FIG. 8A shows one of the raised elements of the cutting element embodiment.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Referring to FIGS. 1-4, an atherectomy catheter 2 is shown which has a cutting element 4, which is used to cut material from a blood flow lumen. The cutting element 4 is movable between a stored position (FIG. 2) and a cutting position (FIG. 3) relative to an opening 6 in a body 8 of the catheter 2. The cutting element 8 moves outwardly relative to the opening 6 so that a portion of the element 4 extends outwardly from the body 8 through the opening 6. The cutting element 4 may be positioned relative to the body 8 and opening 6 so that less than 90 degrees of the cutting element 4 is exposed to cut tissue. Of course, more of the cutting element 4 may be exposed without departing from numerous aspects of the invention.

The catheter 2 is moved distally through a vessel with the cutting element 4 in the working or cutting position as described in further detail below. As the catheter 2 moves through the blood vessel, the tissue is cut by the cutting element 4 and is directed into a tissue chamber 12 positioned distal to the cutting element 4. The tissue chamber 12 may be somewhat elongate to accommodate the tissue, which has been cut.

The cutting element 4 is moved proximally from the stored position so that a cam surface 14 on the cutting element 4 engages a ramp 16 on the body 8 of the catheter 2. The interaction between the cam surface 14 and the ramp 16 causes the cutting element 4 to move to the cutting position and also causes a tip 18 to deflect which tends to move the cutting element 4 toward the tissue to be cut.

The cutting element 4 is coupled to a shaft 20 that extends through a lumen 21 in the catheter 2. The cutting element 4 is rotated about a longitudinal axis LA when the shaft rotates. The cutting element 4 is rotated about 1 to 160,000 rpm but may be rotated at any other suitable speed depending upon the particular application.

Referring to FIGS. 2, 4 and 5, the cutting element 4 is shown when viewed along the longitudinal axis LA. The term “along the longitudinal axis” as used herein shall mean the view of FIG. 5 that shows the distal end of the cutting element 4 when viewed in the direction of the longitudinal axis and/or the axis of rotation. The cutting element 4 has a cutting edge 22 that may be a continuous, uninterrupted, circular-shaped edge although it may also include ridges, teeth, serrations or other features without departing from the scope of the invention. The cutting edge 22 may be at a radially outer edge 23 of the cutting element 4 when the cutting element 4 is in the cutting position.

The cutting element 4 has a cup-shaped surface 24, which directs the tissue cut by the cutting edge 22 into the tissue chamber 12. The cup-shaped surface 24 may be a smooth and continuous surface free of throughholes, teeth, fins or other features, which disrupt the smooth nature of the surface 24 for at least half the distance from the longitudinal axis LA to the outer radius at the cutting edge 22. The cup-shaped surface 24 may also be free of any such features throughout an area of at least 300 degrees relative to the longitudinal axis LA.

Referring to FIG. 4-6, one or more raised elements 26 extend outwardly from the cup-shaped surface 24 with FIG. 5 showing two raised elements 26. The raised element 26 is a small wedge of material that rises relatively abruptly from the cup-shaped surface 24. The raised element 26 has a first wall 30 and a second wall 32 that both extend radially and form an angle of about 20 degrees therebetween so that the two raised elements 26 together occupy an area of about 40 degrees and altogether may be less than 60 degrees. A third wall 34 extends between the radially inner portion of the first and second walls 30, 32. The raised element 26 helps to break up hard tissue and plaque by applying a relatively blunt force to the hard tissue or plaque since cutting such tissue with the cutting edge 22 is often not effective.

The raised elements 26 altogether occupy a relative small part of the cup-shaped surface 24. The raised elements 26 together may occupy less than 5% of a surface area of the cutting element 4. The term “surface area of the cutting element” as used herein shall mean the surface area which is radially inward from the outer or cutting edge 22 and is exposed when viewed along the longitudinal axis LA. Stated another way, at least 95% of the surface area of the cutting element is a smooth cup-shaped surface when viewed along the longitudinal axis. By sizing and positioning the raised element 26 in this manner, the raised element 26 does not interfere with the ability of the cutting element 4 to cut and re-direct tissue into the tissue chamber while still providing the ability to break up hard tissue and plaque with the raised element 26.

The raised element 26 may be recessed from the cutting edge 22 longitudinally and/or radially. The raised element 26 may be recessed longitudinally from the cutting edge 0.0010 to 0.0020 inch and may be about 0.0015 inch. The raised element 26 may be recessed radially from the cutting edge 22 by about the same amount. A distal wall 38 of the cutting element 4 forms a flat surface 40, which is perpendicular to the longitudinal axis LA so that the entire surface is recessed the same distance from the cutting edge. The distal wall 38 may take any other shape, such as a curved shape, or may be tilted, inclined or beveled as now described.

Referring to FIGS. 7, 8 and 8A, another cutting element 4A is shown wherein the same or similar reference numbers refer to the same or similar structure and all discussion concerning the same or similar features of the cutting element 4 are equally applicable here. The cutting element 4A has a cutting edge 22A that may be a continuous, uninterrupted, circular-shaped edge although it may also include ridges, teeth, serrations or other features without departing from the scope of the invention. The cutting edge 22A may be at a radially outer edge 23A of the cutting element 4A when the cutting element 4A is in the cutting position. The cutting element 4A has a cup-shaped surface 24A that directs the tissue cut by the cutting edge 22A into the tissue chamber 12 (see FIG. 2). The cup-shaped surface 24A may be a substantially smooth and continuous surface as described above in connection with the cutting element 4.

One or more raised elements 26A, extend outwardly from the cup-shaped surface 24A. FIG. 8 shows four raised elements 26A but may include any number such as 2, 3, 4, 6 or 8 raised elements. The raised element 26A is a small wedge of material that rises relatively abruptly from the cup-shaped surface 24A. The raised element 26A has a first wall 30A and a second wall 32A which both extend radially and form an angle of about 1 to 30 degrees therebetween so that the four raised elements 26A together occupy an area of about 4 to 60 degrees and altogether may be less than 60 degrees altogether. A third wall 34A extends between the radially inner portion of the first and second walls 30A, 32A. The raised elements 26A may occupy a relative small part of the cup-shaped surface 24A and may be recessed from the cutting edge 22A in the manner described above in connection with the cutting element 4.

A distal wall 38A of the cutting element 4A has a surface 40A that forms an angle of about 30-90 degrees with respect to the longitudinal axis LA. The entire surface 40A may still be somewhat close to but recessed from the cutting edge 22A so that the entire surface 40A is 0.0010 to 0.0050 inch from the cutting edge. An edge 50 formed at the intersection of wall 30A and distal wall 38A is closer to the cutting edge 22A than an edge 52 formed at the intersection of wall 32A and distal wall 38A. The cutting element 4A may be rotated in either direction so that the raised edge 50 may be the leading or trailing edge. The raised edge may be 0.0010 to 0.0020 inch from the cutting edge. The raised elements 26A may all be formed in the same manner or may be different from one another. For example, some of the elements 26A could be angled in different directions so that two of the elements have the raised edge 50 as the leading edge and two of the elements 26A have the raised edge 50 as the trailing edge. The raised elements 26A may also subtend different angles, be of different heights or may have different radial lengths without departing from various aspects of the present invention.

Use of the catheter 2 is now described in connection with the cutting element 4 but is equally applicable to use of the catheter 2 with the cutting element 4A. The catheter 2 is introduced into the patient in a conventional manner using a guidewire (not shown) or the like. The catheter 2 is advanced with the cutting element in the stored position of FIG. 2 until the catheter is positioned at the location where material is to be removed. The cutting element 4 is then moved proximally so that the ramp 16 and cam surface 14 engage to move the cutting element 4 to the cutting position of FIG. 3 and to deflect the tip of the catheter 2 to move the cutting element 4 toward the tissue to be cut. The cutting element 4 is rotated about longitudinal axis LA and catheter 2 is then moved distally through the vessel so that the cutting element 4 cuts tissue. The tissue, which has been cut, is directed into the tissue chamber 12.

The present invention has been described in connection with preferred embodiments but may, of course, be practiced while departing from the above described embodiments. For example, three or more raised elements may be provided or cutting edge may be serrated without departing from numerous aspects of the present invention.

Claims

1. An atherectomy catheter, comprising: a body having opposite proximal and distal ends;a rotatable shaft coupled to the body;a cutting element adjacent the distal end of the body and coupled to the rotatable shaft, such that the rotatable shaft is able to rotate the cutting element through a complete rotation about a longitudinal axis of the cutting element, the cutting element having opposite distal and proximal ends, a concave surface and a cutting edge, the concave surface defining a concave cavity, the cutting edge extending circumferentially at the distal end of the cutting element; anda raised element extending distally from the concave surface of the cutting element, the raised element having a first wall extending generally radially, and a distal wall including distal surface which intersects the first wall to form a raised edge of the raised element, wherein an entirety of the distal surface of the raised element is recessed proximally from the cutting edge.

2. The catheter of claim 1, wherein: the distal surface of the raised element is recessed proximally from the cutting edge by a longitudinal distance of 0.0010-0.0020 inch.

3. The catheter of claim 1, wherein: the concave surface of the cutting element is smooth and uninterrupted throughout at least 300 degrees when viewed from the longitudinal axis.

4. The catheter of claim 1, wherein: the concave surface of the cutting element is smooth and uninterrupted for at least 95% of its surface area.

5. The catheter of claim 1, wherein: the concave surface of the cutting element has an outer radius when viewed from the longitudinal axis, the concave surface being continuous and uninterrupted from the longitudinal axis to at least half the distance to the outer radius.

6. The catheter of claim 1, further comprising: a plurality of raised elements, the plurality of raised elements altogether occupying an area less than 60 degrees of the concave surface when viewed from the longitudinal axis.

7. The catheter of claim 6, wherein: the plurality of raised element altogether occupy less than 5% of the surface area of the concave surface.

8. The catheter of claim 7, wherein: the concave surface is smooth and uninterrupted for at least 95% of its surface area.

9. The catheter of claim 1, wherein: the body has an opening, less than 90 degrees of the cutting element is exposed to cut tissue relative to the opening in the body.

10. The catheter of claim 1, further comprising: a plurality of raised elements, the plurality of raised elements being 2 to 6 raised elements.

11. The catheter of claim 1, wherein: the raised element has a trailing edge and the raised edge is a leading edge when the cutting edge is rotated, both the leading edge and trailing edge being 0.0010 to 0.0050 inch from the cutting edge.

12. The catheter of claim 11, wherein: the distal surface is formed between the raised edge and trailing edge, and the distal surface forms an angle with the longitudinal axis of 30 to 90 degrees.

13. The catheter of claim 1, wherein: the raised element comprises 4 raised elements.

14. The catheter of claim 1, wherein: the entire raised element is within the concave cavity.

15. The catheter of claim 1, wherein: the distal surface of the raised element forms an angle with the longitudinal axis of 30 to 90 degrees.

16. A method of removing material from a blood vessel, comprising: providing a catheter comprising: a body having opposite proximal and distal ends;a rotatable shaft coupled to the body;a cutting element adjacent the distal end of the body and coupled to the rotatable shaft, such that the rotatable shaft is able to rotate the cutting element through a complete rotation about a longitudinal axis of the cutting element, the cutting element having opposite distal and proximal ends, a concave surface and a cutting edge, the concave surface defining a concave cavity, the cutting edge extending circumferentially at the distal end of the cutting element; anda raised element extending distally from the concave surface of the cutting element, the raised element having a first wall extending generally radially, and a distal wall including distal surface which intersects the first wall to form a raised edge of the raised element, wherein an entirety of the distal surface of the raised element is recessed proximally from the cutting edge; andmoving the catheter in a distal direction within a blood vessel, as the rotatable shaft is rotating the cutting element, to cut tissue.

17. The method of claim 16, wherein: the providing step is carried out with the raised element being recessed proximally from the cutting edge by a longitudinal distance of 0.0010-0.0020 inch.

18. The method of claim 16, wherein: the providing step is carried out with the distal surface of the raised element being recessed proximally from the cutting edge by a radial distance of 0.0010-0.0020 inch.

19. The method of claim 16, wherein: the providing step is carried out with the concave surface of the cutting element being uninterrupted throughout at least 300 degrees when viewed from the longitudinal axis.

20. The method of claim 16, wherein: the providing step is carried out with the concave surface being uninterrupted for at least 95 percent of its surface area.

21. The method of claim 16, wherein: the providing step is carried out with the concave surface having an outer radius at the cutting edge, the concave surface being continuous and uninterrupted from the longitudinal axis to at least half the distance to the cutting edge.

22. The method of claim 16, wherein: the providing step is carried out with a plurality of said raised elements, at least a portion of each raised element being within the concave cavity, and which together occupy an area less than 60 degrees of the concave surface when viewed from the longitudinal axis and together occupy less than 5% of the surface area of the concave surface; andthe concave surface being smooth and uninterrupted for at least 95% of its surface area.

23. The method of claim 16, wherein: the providing step is carried out with less than 90 degrees of the cutting element being exposed to cut tissue relative to the opening in the body.

24. The method of claim 16, wherein: the providing step is carried out with a plurality of said raised elements on the concave surface of the cutting element, at least a portion of each raised element being within the concave cavity, the plurality of raised elements being 2 to 6 raised elements.

25. The method of claim 16, wherein: the providing step is carried out with the raised element having a trailing edge and the raised edge being a leading edge when the cutting element is rotated, both the leading edge and trailing edge being 0.0010 to 0.0050 inch from the cutting edge.

26. The method of claim 25, wherein: the providing step is carried out with the distal surface being formed between the raised edge and trailing edge, the distal surface forming an angle with the longitudinal axis of 30 to 90 degrees.

27. The method of claim 16, wherein: the providing step is carried out with 4 of said raised elements.

28. The method of claim 16, wherein: the providing step is carried out with the entire raised element being within the concave cavity.