Patent Application
20240125226
In the oil and gas industry, operations may be performed in a well at various depths below the surface with downhole tools. For example, fluids are typically produced from a reservoir in a formation by drilling a wellbore into the formation, establishing a flow path between the reservoir and the wellbore, and conveying the fluids from the reservoir to the surface through the wellbore. Typically, a production tubing is disposed in the wellbore to carry the fluids to the surface. The production tubing may include a pump to assist in lifting the fluids up the wellbore. Fluids produced from a hydrocarbon reservoir may include natural gas, oil, and water.
Various artificial lift systems may be used in the oil and gas industry to increase fluid production and recovery from wells that lack sufficient internal pressure for natural production. These artificial lift systems, based on their lifting mechanisms, may be grouped as mechanical (sucker rod or beam pump, progressing cavity pump, hydraulic piston pump), hydraulic (velocity string, gas lift, plunger lift, jet pump), electromechanical (electric submersible pump, electric submersible progressing pump), and chemical (surfactant, soap sticks). An electrical submersible pump (ESP) generally includes a centrifugal pump, a motor, an electrical power cable connected to the motor, and surface controls (switchboards/variable speed drives). The centrifugal pump, the seal chamber, and the motor are usually hung on tubing or pipe known as a production tubing string from a wellhead with the pump located axially above the motor; however, in certain applications, the motor may be located above the pump.
Conventionally, various artificial lift systems may be frequently used in wells with high sand concentrations. Over a long production period, a cumulative effect of high sand concentrations in the wellbore may result in sand accumulation or a sand cake in the wellbore. Depending on the duration of the production period and sand concentration, the sand level may partially plug the wellbore or may reach a tubing string (e.g., bottom hole assembly (BHA)). Either situation can lead to unexpected remedial action or workover costs which increase non-productive time (NPT) in addition to possible equipment damage, hazardous work environment, and total well loss.
This summary is provided to introduce a selection of concepts that are further described below in the detailed description. This summary is not intended to identify key or essential features of the claimed subject matter, nor is it intended to be used as an aid in limiting the scope of the claimed subject matter.
In one aspect, the embodiments disclosed herein relate to a well site having a wellbore extending from a surface to a target reservoir. A production tubing extends into the wellbore from the surface. The production tubing forms a flow conduit from the target reservoir to the surface. A pump may be coupled to the production tubing to lift well fluids to the surface. A sand level device is coupled below the pump. The sand level device may include one or more transmitters to generate and transmit at least two signals down the wellbore and one or more receivers to receive the at least two signals reflected from a surface in the wellbore. A time duration of transmitting and receiving the at least two signals may correspond to a straight-line distance between the sand level device and the surface in the wellbore. The sand level device may be configured to send an alarm when the straight-line distance does not suppress a predetermined threshold.
In another aspect, the embodiments disclosed herein relate to a method. The method may include pumping well fluids, with a pump, up a production tubing from a wellbore to a surface; transmitting, with one or more transmitters of a sand level device, at least two signals down the wellbore; reflecting the at least two signals off a wall in the wellbore; receiving the at least two signals, with one or more receivers of the sand level device; determining a straight-line distance from the sand level device to the wall in the wellbore based on a time duration of transmitting and receiving the at least two signals; and comparing the determined straight-line distance to a predetermined threshold. When the determined straight-line distance does not surpass the predetermined threshold, the method also may include sending an alarm indicating that a sand level accumulation in the wellbore has reached a maximum level; and conducting remedial operations to reduce the sand level accumulation.
In yet another aspect, the embodiments disclosed herein relate to a non-transitory computer readable medium storing instructions on a memory coupled to a processor. The instructions may include functionality for transmitting, with one or more transmitters of a sand level device, at least two signals down a wellbore; reflecting the at least two signals off a surface in the wellbore; and receiving the at least two signals, with one or more receivers of the sand level device. The processor may be configured to determining a straight-line distance from the sand level device to the surface in the wellbore based on a time duration of transmitting and receiving the at least two signals; and comparing the determined straight-line distance to a predetermined threshold.
Other aspects and advantages will be apparent from the following description and the appended claims.
Embodiments of the present disclosure will now be described in detail with reference to the accompanying Figures. Like elements in the various figures may be denoted by like reference numerals for consistency.
In the following detailed description of embodiments of the present disclosure, numerous specific details are set forth to provide a more thorough understanding of the claimed subject matter. However, it will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art that the embodiments disclosed herein may be practiced without these specific details. In other instances, well-known features have not been described in detail to avoid unnecessarily complicating the description. Additionally, it will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art that the scale of the elements presented in the accompanying Figures may vary without departing from the scope of the present disclosure.
As used herein, the term “coupled” or “coupled to” or “connected” or “connected to” “attached” or “attached to” may indicate establishing either a direct or indirect connection and is not limited to either unless expressly referenced as such. Wherever possible, like or identical reference numerals are used in the figures to identify common or the same elements. The figures are not necessarily to scale, and certain features and certain views of the figures may be shown exaggerated in scale for purposes of clarification. In addition, any terms designating tubular (i.e., a length of pipe that provides a conduit for flow therein) should not be deemed to limit the scope of the disclosure. The embodiments are described merely as examples of useful applications, which are not limited to any specific details of the embodiments herein.
Embodiments disclosed herein relate generally to determining a level of sand in a wellbore during operations. More specifically, embodiments disclosed herein relate to systems and methods for a sand level device incorporated into an artificial lift system which is lowered into a wellbore. In one aspect, the sand level device disclosed herein may detect, receive, and transmit data to a surface via the artificial lift system. Overall, the sand level device may provide warnings of a sand level encroaching towards a pump of the artificial lift system to facilitate planned preparation for either sand treatment or unplugging or dissolving operations or other required remedial actions in the well.
In Block 100, artificial lift operations are conducted in a wellbore. For example, a pump, such as an electric submersible pump (ESP) or a progressing cavity pump (PCP), pump well fluids from a wellbore up a production tubing to the surface. During an initial production period, the well fluids are able to carry sand particles into the pump to be pumped to surface via the production tubing. In some cases, the sand particles are moved from a horizontal section of the wellbore to a vertical section of the wellbore to enter the pump.
In Block 101, a sand level device, coupled to the pump, transmits at least two signals down the wellbore to reflect off a bend point or kick-off point in the wellbore. For example, one or more transmitters of the sand level device generates and transmits the at least two signals, such as an electromagnetic or acoustic signal, that is sent down the wellbore. Each signal of the at least two signals may be transmitted down the wellbore at different angles to cover various points along the entire diameter of the wellbore. The bend point or kick-off point may be an area where the wellbore transitions from the vertical section to the horizontal section. Additionally, the sand level device may be positioned at an end of the production tubing closest to a bottom of the wellbore such that a depth of the sand level device is known, and no other downhole equipment interferes with the transmitted signals to reflect off the bend point or kick-off point. Further, the transmitted signals may be encoded with a time stamp indicating a time at which the at least two signals were transmitted from the sand level device.
In Block 102, the reflected signals are received by the sand level device. For example, one or more receivers of the sand level device receives the reflected signals. Additionally, the received reflected signals may be time stamped to indicate a time at which the reflected signals were received by the sand level device.
In Block 103, a straight-line distance from the sand level device to the bend point or kick-off point is determined based on time duration of the signals transmitted to received (i.e., time of flight of the signal). For example, a processor of the sand level device may compute the straight-line distance and/or the sand level device may transmit the measurements to a controller at the surface for processing. In some embodiments, the straight-line distance may be computed by multiplying a known velocity at which the signals were transmitted with the time of flight of the signals and dividing the multiplication by two. Additionally, the straight-line distance corresponds to a sand level within the wellbore. For example, an initial determined straight-line distance may correspond to no sand accumulation in the bend point or kick-off point. In the case where addition determined straight-line distance are shorter than the initial determined straight-line distance, this means that sand has begun to accumulate as the time of flight of the signal will be shorter (i.e., the transmitted signals reflect faster).
In Block 104, the determined straight-line distance is stored. For example, a memory of the sand level device may store the determined straight-line distance and/or the controller at the surface may store the determined straight-line distance. In some embodiments, the initial determined straight-line distance may be stored as a control value equating to no sand accumulation in the bend point or kick-off point.
In Block 105, the Blocks 101-104 are continuously repeated as the artificial lift operations are continued. By continuously repeating the Blocks 101-104, an accumulation of sand in the bend point or kick-off point may be determined. Additionally, data from the sand level device may be continuously transmitted from the wellbore to surface. At the surface, the data may be relayed to a controller, such as, a computer system in a surveillance room at an operator facility. By having continuous transmission, the method ensures effective monitoring and quick reaction time to cater to encroaching sand levels in the wellbore.
In the Block 106, the determined straight-line distance is compared to predetermined thresholds. For example, the predetermined threshold of a straight-line distance may be a value equal to when the determined straight-line distance corresponds to a maximum sand level allowed in the wellbore. The maximum sand level may equate to a sand level that will reach downhole equipment. If the determined straight-line distance does not surpass the predetermined threshold, the sand accumulation has progressed to reach the maximum sand level which corresponds to a shorter straight-line distance. With the maximum sand level reached, the method moves to the Block 107. However, if the determined straight-line distance does surpass the predetermined threshold, the sand accumulation has not progressed to reach the maximum sand level and downhole operations to be conducted as shown in Block 108. For example, the downhole operations may be to continue the artificial lift operations for producing hydrocarbons.
In Block 107, with the maximum sand level reached, remedial downhole operations are conducted. For Example, chemical treatments may be pumped down the production tubing and through the pump or other downhole equipment to reach the wellbore below. The chemical treatments may then start to dissolve the sand accumulation. As the remedial downhole operations are conducted, the method may repeat Blocks 101-106 to continuously measure how much sand accumulation has been dissolved until the determined straight-line distance does surpass the predetermined threshold.
Overall, the method for determining the level of sand in the wellbore during operations, as described in
Now referring to
In one or more embodiments, the target reservoir 204 may be isolated by one or more packers 208 sealing an annulus between the production tubing 206 and the wellbore 203. Additionally, the one or more packers 208 provides isolation or acts as a pressure barrier between well fluids below the one or more packers 208 and any fluids above the one or more packers 208. Once the target reservoir 204 is isolated, the artificial lift system 201 may be operated, increase the pressure of the fluids, and discharge the pressurized fluids into the production tubing 206. Pressurized fluid in the production tubing 206 rises to the surface due to differences in pressure.
At an end of the production tubing 206, a bottomhole assembly 207 may be provided with various downhole tools, such as the artificial lift system 201 to retrieve fluids from the target reservoir 204. The artificial lift system 201 may include of a pump 209, a protector 210, a cable 211, a motor 212, a monitoring sub/tool 213, and an intake port 214. Fluid enters the artificial lift system 201 through the intake port 214. The pump 209 is used to lift well fluids to the surface or if at surface, transfers fluid from one location to another. The pump 209 may be an electric submersible pump (ESP) or a progressing cavity pump (PCP) or any type of downhole pump for lifting fluids. The motor 212 provides mechanical power required to drive the pump 209 via a shaft. The cable 211 provides a means of supplying the motor 212 with the needed electrical power from the surface. The protector 210 absorbs a thrust load from the pump 209, transmits power from the motor 212 to the pump 209, equalizes pressure, provides/receives additional motor oil as temperature changes and prevents well fluid from entering the motor 212.
In operation, the pump 209 of the artificial lift system 201 consists of stages, which are made up of impellers and diffusers. The impeller, which is rotating, adds energy to the fluid to provide head, whereas the diffuser, which is stationary, converts the kinetic energy of fluid from the impeller into head. The pump 209 stages are typically stacked in series to form a multi-stage system that is contained within a pump housing. The sum of head generated by each individual stage is summative; hence, the total head developed by the multi-stage system increases linearly from the first to the last stage. The monitoring sub/tool 213 is installed onto the motor 212 to measure parameters such as pump intake and discharge pressures, motor oil and winding temperature as well as motor vibration. Measured downhole data is communicated to surface via the cable 211.
In one or more embodiments, a sand level device 202 is incorporated into the artificial lift system 201. For example, the sand level device 202 may be positioned at a bottom of the artificial lift system 201. The bottom of the artificial lift system 201 may also be the lowermost position of the bottomhole assembly 207. The lowermost position of the bottomhole assembly 207 may be predetermined and recorded at the surface so that a setting depth at which the sand level device 202 sits in the wellbore 203 is known. In some embodiments, the sand level device 202 may be directly coupled to the monitoring sub/tool 213 or incorporated within the monitoring sub/tool 213. The sand level device 202 receives operating power, such as electrical power, from the cable 211 electrically connected to the monitoring sub/tool 213 and electrically coupling to the sand level device 202. Additionally, the sand level device 202 sends data through the monitoring sub/tool 213 and up the cable 211 to surface.
The sand level device 202 includes one or more transmitters 215 and one or more receivers 216. The one or more transmitters 215 and the one or more receivers 216 may be operationally (i.e., electrically) coupled to the cable 211 to send and receive data from the surface. Further, the one or more transmitters 215 and the one or more receivers 216 may be electromagnetic or acoustic such that the received signals are easily ascertained from reflection of signals from a surface of the wellbore 203.
In
In one or more embodiments, sand particles 217 are also carried by the well fluids from the horizontal section of the wellbore 203 up the vertical section of the wellbore 203 into the intake port 214, where the sand particles 217 are pumped to surface via the production tubing 206. As shown in the production scenario of
Still referring to
In one or more embodiments, the straight-line distance from the sand level device 202 to different portions of a bend or kick-off point may be computed based on time duration of the at least two signals (A, B, C) reflected to the one or more receivers 216 of the sand level device 202. The bend or kick-off point may be a transition section of the wellbore 203 where the wellbore 203 deviates from the vertical section to the horizontal section. Additionally, as the setting depth of the sand level device 202 and the depth of the bend or kick-off point of the wellbore 203 is known, a predetermined threshold may be correlated. Further, the straight-line distance from
In
Over time, the sand accumulation 218 may increase in size to disrupt production (i.e., the flow of well fluids to the surface) and damage the various components of the artificial lift system 201. To prevent the sand accumulation 218 from encroaching the artificial lift system 201, the sand level device 202 is continuously operated to provide continuous sand level monitoring in the wellbore 203. As shown in
Now referring to
In one or more embodiments, the at least two signals (A′, B′, C′) transmitted and received by the sand level device 202 are now reflected off the sand accumulation 218 instead of the wellbore 203. In this condition, due to the presence of the sand cake in the bend or kick-off point of the wellbore 203, the duration time between transmitting and receiving the at least two signals (A′, B′, C′) is now shorter compared to the duration time between transmitting and receiving the at least two signals (A, B, C) in
As the sand accumulation 218 continues to permeate, the sand accumulation 218 can begin to cake in the vertical section of the wellbore 203, as depicted in the scenario of
As shown from
Once the maximum sand level is reached, the sand level device 202 may send an alarm or alert to an operator. As shown in
During the remedial actions, the sand level device 202 continuously transmits and receives at least two signals (Ar, Br, Cr) to provide real-time measurements of the sand accumulation 218 being chemically dissolved. As the sand accumulation 218 dissolves, a duration time between transmitting and receiving the at least two signals (Ar, Br, Cr) is now longer compared to the duration time between transmitting and receiving the at least two signals (A″, B″, C″) in
Now referring to
In one or more embodiments, the one or more transmitters 215 and the one or more receivers 216 are connected to the electronic board 222. For example, the one or more transmitters 215 and the one or more receivers 216 are connected to a bottom surface 222b of the electronic board 222 opposite the top surface 222a. From the electronic board 222, the one or more transmitters 215 and the one or more receivers 216 extend to the second end 220. By extending to the second end 220, the one or more transmitters 215 and the one or more receivers 216 may send and receive signals without interruptions. Additionally, the one or more transmitters 215 and the one or more receivers 216 may be axially spaced from each other to cover more area.
Now referring to
Referring now to
In case of sand accumulation in a wellbore, according to embodiments herein, a method and system for utilizing a sand level device attached to an artificial lift system is operated to continuously measure, monitor, and transmit the sand accumulation in the wellbore. By using the sand level device, well control is achieved by detecting when a sand cake is encroaching the downhole equipment. Additionally, using the method for determining a level of sand in a wellbore during operations according to embodiments herein increases efficiency of planning well or equipment remedial action and reduces costs associated with pre-mature and unplanned equipment failure or well plug-up. Overall, continuously operating the sand level device may provide early detection of sand accumulation in a wellbore and can return the well to service faster with planning well or equipment remedial action to significantly improve the operational safety, reliability, and longevity during drilling, completion, well intervention, and workover operations.
Implementations herein for operating the artificial lift system 201 may be implemented on a computing system coupled to a controller in communication with the various components, such as the sand level device 202 of the artificial lift system 201. Any combination of mobile, desktop, server, router, switch, embedded device, or other types of hardware may be used with the artificial lift system 201. For example, as shown in
The computing system 900 may also include one or more input devices 910, such as a touchscreen, keyboard, mouse, microphone, touchpad, electronic pen, or any other type of input device. Additionally, the computing system 900 may include one or more output devices 908, such as a screen (e.g., a liquid crystal display (LCD), a plasma display, touchscreen, cathode ray tube (CRT) monitor, projector, or other display device), a printer, external storage, or any other output device. One or more of the output devices may be the same or different from the input device(s). The input and output device(s) may be locally or remotely connected to the computer processor(s) 902, non-persistent storage 904, and persistent storage 906. Many different types of computing systems exist, and the input and output device(s) may take other forms.
The computing system 900 of
Data may also be presented through various audio methods. Data may be rendered into an audio format and presented as sound through one or more speakers operably connected to a computing device. Data may also be presented to a user through haptic methods. For example, haptic methods may include vibrations or other physical signals generated by the computing system. For example, data may be presented to a user using a vibration generated by a handheld computer device with a predefined duration and intensity of the vibration to communicate the data.
While the present disclosure has been described with respect to a limited number of embodiments, those skilled in the art, having benefit of this disclosure, will appreciate that other embodiments may be devised which do not depart from the scope of the disclosure as described herein. Accordingly, the scope of the disclosure should be limited only by the attached claims.
