Patent Application
20180211315
The present disclosure relates to the trading of financial products. More specifically, the present disclosure relates to aspects of actively creating, disseminating, trading, and auctioning complex orders.
A derivative is a financial security whose value is based, at least in part, on a value or characteristic of an underlying asset. Two exemplary and well known derivatives are options and futures.
An option is a contract that gives the contract holder a right, but not an obligation, to buy or sell an underlying asset at a specific price on or before a certain date. Generally, a party who purchases an option is referred to as the holder of the option and a party who sells an option is referred to as the writer of the option.
There are generally two types of options: call and put options. A holder of a call option receives a right to purchase an underlying asset at a specific price, i.e., the “strike price.” If the holder exercises the call option, the writer is obligated to deliver the underlying asset to the holder at the strike price. Alternatively, the holder of a put option receives a right to sell an underlying asset at a strike price. If the holder exercises the put option, the writer is obligated to purchase the underlying asset at the agreed upon strike price. When settlement includes the transfer of an underlying asset, the settlement is often referred to as physical settlement or in kind settlement. However, an underlying asset of an option need not be tangible and/or transferable property.
Options may also be based on more abstract market indicators, such as stock indices, interest rates, futures contracts, and other derivatives. In these cases, physical settlement may not be desired and/or possible. When physical settlement is not desired and/or possible, contracts may be “cash settled.” That is, rather than transferring the underlying asset, a cash payment is made to settle the contract. For example, using cash settlement, a holder of an index call option receives the right to “purchase” not the index itself, but rather a cash amount based on the value of the index multiplied by a multiplier, e.g., $100. For example, if a holder of an index call option exercises the option, the writer of the option must pay the holder the difference between the current value of the underlying index and the strike price multiplied by the multiplier.
Similar to options contracts, futures contracts may also be based on abstract market indicators. Futures contracts give a buyer of the future an obligation to receive delivery of an underlying commodity or asset on a fixed date in the future. Accordingly, a seller of the future contract is obligated to deliver the commodity or asset on the specified date for a given price.
Although futures contracts generally confer an obligation to physically deliver an underlying asset on a specified delivery date, the actual underlying asset need not change hands. Instead, futures contracts, like options contracts, may be cash settled. To cash settle a futures contract, the difference between a market price and a contract price of an underlying asset is paid by one investor to the other. Again, like options, cash settlement allows futures contracts to be created based on more abstract assets, such as market indices. To cash settle index futures, the difference between the contract price and the price of the underlying index (i.e., current value of market index) is exchanged between the investors. Derivatives such as options and futures may be traded over-the-counter (“OTC”), and/or on other trading facilities such as organized exchanges (e.g., Chicago Board Options Exchange Incorporated). OTC transactions are bilateral in nature and individual parties to a transaction are free to customize each transaction as they see fit. Platform-traded derivatives, such as exchange traded derivatives, are standardized and are settled using a clearing corporation that acts as an intermediary when a contract is exercised.
Orders to buy or sell derivatives are often completed as part of a greater overall trading strategy. For example, a trader might want to buy asset A and sell asset B, but only if both transactions are possible for a particular price or better. To accommodate these types of transactions, complex orders for a particular price (e.g., a complex limit order) also known as spread orders, are used. Complex orders are orders that consist of two or more legs or components. However, in order to execute a complex order, all of the legs must be executable for a combined price that is at or better than the complex order limit price. Because a complex order can be made up of any combination of legs and the legs may be various types of financial products (including, but not limited to, stocks, options, futures, swaps, bonds, etc.), the trading strategies that can be implemented via complex orders are diverse and ever growing. Moreover, trading exchanges (e.g., Chicago Board Options Exchange Incorporated) often keep different “books” for standard and complex orders. Generally, a book is a list of the orders resting at an exchange. A complex order book (“COB”) contains information regarding the complex orders resting at an exchange. When attempting to execute an incoming complex order, the exchange will check the COB for a contra order (an order that has the opposite position to the incoming order) to execute with the incoming complex order.
Additionally, when attempting to execute an incoming complex order, the exchange might check the standard order book (i.e., the book that contains information regarding non-complex orders) to determine if the individual legs of the complex order can be executed against standard orders resting in the standard order book. Again, it is important to note that even if the legs could be executed against orders resting in the standard order book, the complex order cannot execute unless all the legs can be executed and the sum cost of the execution of the legs is at or better than a limit price for the complex order.
Additionally, when attempting to execute an incoming complex order, the exchange might conduct an auction. For example, a complex order auction (“COA”) automates the order handling and execution process for certain complex orders while continuing to provide the potential for price improvement through an automated auction process. With COA, eligible marketable and near-marketable complex orders will initiate an auction for price improvement. At the expiration of the auction period, the order will either trade or be booked to the COB. An exemplary COA method and system can be found in U.S. Pat. No. 7,676,421, which is co-owned and incorporated by reference in its entirety into the present application.
However, even using the above described complex order execution mechanisms, executing incoming complex orders is often difficult. The disclosure contained herein provides multiple new and innovative mechanisms for achieving execution of complex orders.
Methods and systems for handling complex orders may comprise a configuration including a trading platform in direct or indirect communications through a network (e.g., the Internet) with a home exchange (e.g., Chicago Board Options Exchange) and away exchanges (e.g., NYSE ARCA, NYSE AMEX, the Boston Options Exchange, etc.). The trading platform includes a display device, a memory and a processor. The trading platform stores in the memory: bids, offers, and orders. The orders include option orders that include multi-legged and single-legged orders. The orders may include an incoming spread, and/or a resting spread.
The methods and systems for handling complex orders comprise ways to perform spread linking that includes receiving into a memory coupled to a processor of a trading platform a complex order including a requested price. Performing spread linking includes determining prices at which one or more respective exchanges can fill the complex order, where the prices include a home exchange price and at least one away exchange price. The exchanges include a home exchange and one or more away exchanges. When the home exchange price is equal to or better than the requested price and equal to or better than the at least one away exchange price, the complex order is executed at the home exchange. Alternatively, when the away exchange price is equal to or better than the requested price and better than the home exchange price, the complex order is routed to the away exchange for execution. When an order remainder results, the order remainder may rest at the home exchange or the away exchange, depending on the preferences of the user and/or the exchange.
The methods and systems for handling complex orders also comprise ways to perform spread legging. The method for performing spread legging determines whether one or more exchanges can fill the legs of an order. When the one or more exchanges can fill the legs, each of the legs are identified as home exchange executable legs executable by the home exchange or away exchange executable legs executable by the away exchange. The method for performing spread legging determines, for each of the away exchange executable legs, at least one of the one or more away exchanges offering a better leg price. The better leg price is a leg price better than the requested leg price for the leg and better than a leg price offered by the other one or more away exchanges. The method for performing spread legging includes executing the home exchange executable legs by the home exchange, and routing the away exchange executable legs to the respective one or more away exchanges offering the better leg price. The method for performing spread legging determines whether an order remainder results from execution of the home exchange executable legs and the away exchange executable legs, and when the order remainder results, rests the order remainder at the home or away exchange depending on the preferences of the users and/or the exchange.
The methods and systems for handling complex orders further include a way to perform spread flashing. Performing spread flashing includes determining for at least one of the legs of an order whether the displayed market price at the home exchange or an away exchange price at one or more away exchanges satisfies the requested leg price for one of the legs the order. When one of the one or more away exchanges can execute the leg at the away exchange price and the leg is not executable at the home exchange, the home exchange auctions the leg to local market participants. When at least one of the local market participants satisfy the away exchange price or offers a better price than the displayed market price for the leg, identified as a spread flash price, and when the displayed market price for the other legs displayed at the home exchange satisfy the requested leg price for the other legs, the order is executed at the home exchange. The home exchange executes the one leg at the spread flash price and executes the other legs at the respective displayed market price for the other legs.
The methods and systems for handling complex orders further include a way to perform a COB enhanced execution. Performing the COB enhanced execution includes determining whether trading a non-complex order depends on execution of a complex order as a precondition to trading the non-complex order, and executing the non-complex order against the complex order, when the complex order is determined to be a precondition to trading the non-complex order.
The methods and systems for handling complex orders comprise a way to calculate a synthetic complex COB quote. A synthetic COB quote is calculated to match or improve the best displayed market price for a leg of a resting COB order. The synthetic COB quote satisfies the net order price for the resting COB order when another leg of the resting COB order is executed against the best displayed market price for the other leg. The synthetic COB quote is displayed to market participants to attract simple orders that make the resting complex orders tradable.
The present disclosure is directed to methods and systems related to the trading of complex orders. According to one embodiment of the present invention, the methods and systems described herein are integrated into known computerized financial trading systems, such as computerized systems that are currently used by financial exchanges (e.g., Chicago Board Options Exchange Incorporated). According to other embodiments of the present invention, the methods and systems described herein can be implemented utilizing computerized financial systems that are separate from systems that are currently used by financial exchanges or by utilizing a combination of financial exchange and non-financial exchange systems.
The exchange components of the financial trading system 150 include a computer implemented trading platform 152 (that includes, but is not limited to, member interface 154 and matching engine 156) and computer implemented exchange backend systems 158. Member interface 154 provides an electronic interface for receiving trading messages (e.g., bids, offers, quotes, orders, and trading instructions) from the computers or other electronic devices of traders or other entities transacting business at the financial exchange, or any combination thereof. The member interface 154 may be a graphical user interface (“GUI”) and other software components operating on a computer configured to perform trading functionality. Additionally, according to the financial trading system 150, the member interface 154 screens analyzes received electronic trading instructions for proper format and information, and, if deemed execution eligible, routes the trading instruction to the appropriate matching engine 156.
Matching engine 156 provides an electronic mechanism for matching contra-position bids and offers that are submitted to the financial exchange by traders or other entities transacting business at the financial exchange. While financial trading system 150 shows a single matching engine 156, multiple matching engines may be included in a trading platform 152. Multiple matching engines may work independently or cooperatively depending on various factors related to the business of the financial exchange. For example, different exchange traded products (e.g., stock, options, futures, etc.) may utilize different matching engines. The matching engine 156 executes trades by pairing contra orders. Further, according to some financial trading systems, non-marketable orders are placed in an electronic order book. An electric order book may be implemented using known computer hardware in combination with a database product.
After a trade is executed, matching engine 156 sends information related to the executed trade to the exchange backend systems 158, which are used in the process of settling trades that have been executed at the financial exchange. Further, the matching engine 156 sends information related to the executed trade to the member firm backend systems 162. According to some examples of financial trading systems, the matching engine 156 also updates the electronic order book based on executed transactions.
The non-exchange components of financial trading system 150 include clearing corporation systems 160, and member firm backend systems 162. The clearing corporation systems 160 are used in the process of settling trades that have been executed at the financial exchange. An example of a clearing corporation is The Options Clearing Corporation, which is an equity derivatives clearing organization. The member firm backend systems 162 are used by the entities conducting business at the financial exchange to receive settlement information regarding their transactions.
According to the present exemplary financial trading system, the computer implemented trading platform 152 can be accessed in a variety of ways by entities conducting business at the financial exchange. For example, market makers may access the computer implemented trading platform 152 through market maker computers 164 that are in electronic communication with the member interface 154. Utilizing the market maker terminals, electronic trading messages (e.g., bids, offers, quotes, orders, trading instructions) may be sent to the computer implemented trading platform 152. These messages may include instructions for trading complex orders. Alternatively, the electronic trading messages (e.g., bids, offers, quotes, orders, trading instructions) may be routed through a member firm order routing system 168.
Further, according to the present exemplary financial trading system, a non-member entity wanting to transact business at the financial exchange can enter the non-member entity's trading instructions using a customer computer 166. However, these trading instructions must be routed through a member firm order routing system 168. The member firms order routing systems 168 transmits the electronic trading instructions to the member interface 154.
The exchange backend systems 158 may, according to some implementations of financial trading systems, perform a number of functions. For example, exchange backend systems 158 may perform operations related to contract definition and listing data. Additionally, the exchange backend systems may transmit information regarding orders (including, but not limited to complex orders) to market data vendors 170, perform operations related to the performance of underlying assets upon which derivatives are based, determine appropriate contract settlement values, and supply final settlement data to the clearing corporation systems 160 and the member firm backend systems 162.
According to the present disclosure, complex orders can be processed in a number of ways that increase the likelihood that the complex order will be executed. As described in
The complex orders strategy instructions 232 includes: synthetic COB quotes calculator instructions COB enhanced execution instructions 242, spread flash instructions 244, spread legging instructions 246, spread linking instructions 248, or any combination thereof. The set of instructions 232 determine whether to and in what combination to perform COB enhanced execution, spread linking, or spread legging, or spread flash, or any combination thereof. As discussed in further detail below, the COB enhanced execution instructions 242 uses unfilled single-legged option orders to fill component legs of a multi-legged options order. As discussed in further detail below, the spread flash instructions 244 auction a leg of a multi-legged option order to local market participants.
The system uses spread linking for marketable spreads that cannot be executed at a home exchange (e.g., CBOE) in order to link to away exchanges that support complex orders and that can fill all legs of the complex order (according to the appropriate ratio). The system uses spread linking for both incoming spreads (e.g., after a COA) and resting spreads (e.g., at the end of a COA, the system may rest all spreads in COB for a short time before linking the spreads away). To determine the marketability of a complex order at an away exchange, the system 202 may monitor both single exchange leg markets as well as any complex order books available to the home exchange (e.g., CBOE). The system 202 may, according to system or user defined options, cause orders to be linked if the away market is better, even in those instances where the complex order is marketable at the home exchange CBOE). The system 202 may offer the best-execution option on an order-by-order basis by providing a field for the execution instruction, or by firm/class/correspondent/log-in parameter.
Spread linking allows the system to fill each order at a best/better available price, where a best/better prices is shown at an away exchange(s). The legs of the complex order priced in the aggregate must be fillable on the exchange(s) to which the complex order is routed for fulfillment. For example, where a complex order includes a first leg to buy and a second leg to sell, and an away exchange shows an offer at two dollars for the first leg, a one dollar bid for the second leg; the net price for the complex order at the away exchange is one dollar.
An example of spread linking might involve sending a multi-leg complex order to a home exchange to be filled. The system receives the order and routing to order a trade engine for processing. If the exchange is unable to trade the order at the home exchange or if there is a better price available on one or more away exchanges the home exchange sends the complex order to the one or more away exchanges. In an embodiment of the present invention, the order is sent to an away exchange as an immediate or canceled order (IOC). At the away exchange the linked order may be totally or partially filled. According to an embodiment of the present invention, the linked order (i e the order sent to the away exchange for execution) is an all-or none order (“AONO”). If the linked order is not fully executed a remainder may either rest at the home or away exchange, according to either system or user defined parameters. Upon receipt of the fill notice from the away exchange the fill notice is sent to the customer.
According to an embodiment of the present invention, an order sent to an away exchange, (i.e., “a linked order”), may be different from the original customer order. For example, the linked order may be a sub (child) order of the customer (parent) order. The present invention may use spread linking for both complex and non-complex orders.
Table 1 shows the steps, according to an embodiment of the present invention, the system may use when a customer chooses not to use spread linking as described above.
Table 2 shows the steps the system may use if spread linking is used to execute an order.
According to an embodiment of the present invention, the system uses spread legging to link individual leg of a complex order to an away exchange(s) when the (202) away exchange's leg quote renders the complex order marketable. Spread legging may be used in executing both incoming and resting complex orders. According to one embodiment of the present invention, the system may book all complex orders prior to performing the spread linking process. Spread legging is similar to spread linking. However, in spread linking each leg of a complex order may be routed to an exchange for execution separate from each other leg. According to an embodiment of the present invention, the system monitors home and away exchange quotes to determine if each of the legs of a complex order can be executed at one or more exchanges in an away that satisfies the complex order price. If the execution of the legs would satisfy the price, the complex order is broken into simple single-leg orders that are executed at the home and/or away exchanges.
According to an embodiment of the present invention, the system may send an order or leg (or both) to those away exchanges that trade spreads electronically. According to an embodiment of the present invention, the system may send a notice regarding the order, or leg (or both) to those away exchanges that do not trade spreads electronically.
According to one embodiment of the present invention, the system may not perform price comparisons between the leg(s) of a complex order that are executable at both home and away exchanges. Rather, according to this embodiment of the home exchange is given preference so long as the net price of the complex order is satisfied. According to another embodiment of the present invention, the system checks the prices shown by the away exchanges for each of the legs of the order, including legs that are executable at the home exchange, and executes the legs at the best available price regardless of the exchanges being home or away. For example, a first leg of a two-legged complex order is executable at an away exchange and the second leg is executable at the home exchange for a combined net price that satisfies the complex order. However, in the event an away exchange shows a better price for the second leg, i.e., the leg that is executable at the home exchange, the home exchange may forward the second leg to the other away exchange for execution at a better price. Returning to the description of
Table 3 and 4 show examples of steps the system may use to execute an order utilizing spread legging, as described above.
According to various embodiments of the present invention, spread flashing may allow legs of a complex order that would have been executed at an away exchange to be executed at a home exchange after the use or a price improvement mechanism. For example,
For example, CBOE's Hybrid Agency Liaison (HAL), which is the subject of U.S. Pat. No. 7,653,588, which is incorporated herein by reference, may be used to allow participants at the home exchange to “step up to” the same or better price than the price offered at the away exchange. Continuing with the description of
HAL is an example of a system that automates the handling of national best bid and offer (NBBO) rejects (orders received when CBOE, for example, is not on the NBBO). With HAL, market quoters at a home exchange match the NBBO within the flash period (e.g., 150 ms) or the order will be routed to an away exchange showing the best price. HAL includes those systems as described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,653,588 and Publication Nos. 20100191640 A1, both to Tilly et al., both of which are co-owned, the entire disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference.
According to an embodiment of the present invention, spread flash may be used prior to linking a leg to an away exchange, rather than sending a component leg of an order to an away exchange, the system initiates an auction at the home exchange intended to entice market participants at the home exchange to enter a bid or offer at a price or at a better than the away exchange. According to an embodiment of the present invention, spread flash may be used to flash one or more legs of a complex order simultaneously or in some term of an iterative process.
An example of spread flashing is as follows. A complex order having two legs is recorded having a limit price of $4. The first leg is executable at the home exchange at a price of $2, which is at the NBBO. The second leg is executable at the home exchange for a price of $2.10. Thus, the complex order is executable at the home exchange for a price of $4.10, which does not satisfy the price of the complex order. However, the price of the second leg is not at the NBBO. The second leg can have priced flash applied to it. A price improvement mechanism is applied to the second leg and a better price of $2 is obtained. The net order price is $4, which satisfies the complex order price. Had a better price not been obtained, the second leg could have been sent to an away exchange for certain at a satisfactory price, as described above. According to an embodiment of the present invention alternatively, and/or in addition to performing the spread flash on a complex order leg where, the home exchange is not at the NBBO, the home exchange may choose to flash the leg where the home exchange is on the NBBO in order to get the price improvement from that leg so that the customer's net price is a better price.
Table 5 shows the steps, according to an embodiment of the present invention, the system may use perform a spread flash upon conclusion of a COA or flashed while in COB.
According to an embodiment of the present invention, the use of COB-Enhanced execution allows legs of a complex order that are resting on the COB to execute in a per leg basis against non-complex orders that are received at an exchange.
At step 602, the system receives a marketable non-complex order (i.e., a single leg order). At step 604, the system determines if the received non-complex order is a contra order (i.e., an order that could fill) a leg of a complex order that is resting on the COB. If the received non-complex order is not a contra order to a leg of a complex order resting on the COB the process ends. If the received order is a contra order to a leg of a complex order resting on the COB the process continues at step 606, where the system determines if the remaining legs of the resting complex order are marketable. If the remaining legs are not marketable the process ends. If the remaining legs of the resting complex order are marketable the process continues at step 608, when the received non-complex order is executed against a leg of a resting complex order.
Table 6 shows the steps the system may use to handle a MKT and/or marketable limit order while an exchange such as CBOE is on NBBO.
Table 7 shows the steps the system may use to handle a MKT order while an exchange such as CBOE is on NBBO, ratio check.
Table 8 shows the steps the system may use to handle execution of a Tweener order, ratio check.
Table 9 shows the steps the system may use to handle execution of a NBBO rejected order.
According to an embodiment of the present invention, system 202, in an effort to fill complex orders, may generate one or more synthetic quotes having an improved calculated price. The system calculates synthetic quotes for one or more legs of a complex order resting on the COB to attract simple orders that are tradable against the resting complex order.
An exchange may receive a complex order and utilize one or more techniques in order to fill the complex order. According to an embodiment of the present invention, techniques that may be used include, but are not limited to: spread linking, spread legging, and spread flash (as describe above). Generally, complex orders that are not filled are placed on the COB, where the complex order waits for execution.
According to an embodiment of the present invention, in order to increase the likelihood that a complex order resting on the COB is filled, an exchange may use a net price of the complex order to display a better price for one or more legs of the complex order. In some implementations, an exchange may deconstruct a complex order resting on the COB and advertise a new display price for a component leg of the complex order that makes the complex order executable.
According to an embodiment of the present invention, the new display price for the component leg is equal to or better than a previously displayed price for the component leg. The new display price for the component leg is typically a price that the exchange has determined to be executable. Further, the new display price for the component leg results in a net price for the complex order that is the same as the net price of the complex order with the original price for the leg of the complex order.
In some implementations, an exchange may automatically deconstruct a complex order and generate (by imputed instruction, saved preferences, or automatically according system settings) a synthetic quote for one or more legs of the complex order. The synthetic quote matches or improves upon the best-displayed bid or offer on the order book for the leg of the complex order. The synthetic quote of the complex order additionally results in a net price that satisfies the complex order at their original prices. This, according to some embodiments, may result in improved liquidity for complex orders.
According to an embodiment of the present invention, the system may determine which leg(s) of a complex order to create a synthetic quote for by analyzing various factors and information about each leg of the complex order. For example, the system may analyze the bids/offers for a leg, an aggregate number of bid or offers associated with a leg, a liquidity of a leg, a price movement of a leg, and/or any other factor that may help a system such as an exchange identify a leg for the creation of a synthetic COB quote.
According to an embodiment of the present invention, a synthetic quote may be generated according to the following steps. Using a system to determine, in real-time, the difference between the limit price and the market for a complex order. Creating synthetic quotes on one or more of the legs of the complex order in the non-complex order book by adjusting the current BBO of the legs by the difference between the limit price and the market for a complex order. For a detailed example, see Table 10 below.
After generation, a synthetic COB quote for each leg may be checked to determine whether the synthetic COB quote will attract simple orders that make the resting complex orders tradable and updated each time the synthetic COB quote is updated.
At step 708, the system determines whether all legs of an order may be executable by an exchange (e.g., the home exchange or one or more away exchanges). When the component legs of the order cannot be executed by an exchange, the system waits for a market change at step 704. Once a market change occurs, the process loops to step 706 and the system generates one or more synthetic COB leg quotes as described above.
However, when the system determines at step 708 that the component legs of the order can be executed by an exchange, at step 710, the home exchange executes the component legs of the order executable at the home exchange. Additionally, at step 712, the system communicates the other component legs of the order to the one or more away exchanges for execution at the one or more away exchanges.
At step 714, the system determines whether an order remainder exists. When the system determines that an order remainder exists, the process loops to step 702 and the above-described process is repeated for the remainder. However, when the system determines at step 714 that an order remainder does not exist, the process ends.
In some implementations, the system may use a priority scheme to rank and/or prioritize the various methods for processing complex orders and determine when to calculate synthetic COB quotes for legs of multi-legged complex orders. The rank and/or priority of methods for processing complex orders may be in direct correlation to an amount of risk exposure and/or price improvement that may result from each of the various methods.
In one example, a system may perform spread linking prior to performing spread legging in order to execute an order. The system may receive no interest in a calculated synthetic price in leg one, and subsequently initiate flashing in the second leg of a multi-legged order. In another example, a system may receive no interest in a calculated synthetic price in leg one, but the exchange may receive an order for the second leg. Since the spread exists, the system may use COB execution to fill the incoming order for the second leg even though no synthetic price may be shown for the second leg. The incoming order may be shown against the second leg of the resting COB order, while leg one of the resting cob order may fill against the displayed local market (e.g., CBOE). In some implementations, a graphical indicator may indicate whether the system has calculated a synthetic price for a leg resting on the COB.
In some implementations, in the event a spread order is resting on the COB that includes an order to buy series one and sell series two, a system may create a synthetic price for series one. The system may flag the displayed market in the series two so that users are notified that a spread exists with a component leg with a synthetic price. A spread with a synthetic COB price for a component leg may be an enticement that encourages more incoming single-legged orders. The enticement is created because of an expectation that such a spread may provide price improvement from the displayed market. When the system displays a price for a leg of a complex order that is not synthetic, the system may graphically indicate whether the leg is part of a spread with another leg at a synthetic COB price. Such an indication may also encourage more incoming single-legged orders because of an expectation that such a spread may provide price improvement from the displayed market.
Table 10 includes the steps the system may use when calculating synthetic COB quotes for a user.
The computer system 800 may include a memory 804 that can communicate via a bus 808. The memory 804 may be a main memory, a static memory, or a dynamic memory. The memory 804 may include, but may not be limited to computer readable storage media such as various types of volatile and non-volatile storage media, including but not limited to random access memory, read-only memory, programmable read-only memory, electrically programmable read-only memory, electrically erasable read-only memory, flash memory, magnetic tape or disk, optical media and the like. In one case, the memory 804 may include a cache or random access memory for the processor 802. Alternatively or in addition, the memory 804 may be separate from the processor 802, such as a cache memory of a processor, the system memory, or other memory. The memory 804 may be an external storage device or database for storing data. Examples may include a hard drive, compact disc (“CD”), digital video disc (“DVD”), memory card, memory stick, floppy disc, universal serial bus (“USB”) memory device, or any other device operative to store data. The memory 804 may be operable to store instructions 824 executable by the processor 802. The functions, acts or tasks illustrated in the figures or described herein may be performed by the programmed processor 802 executing the instructions 824 stored in the memory 804. The functions, acts or tasks may be independent of the particular type of instructions set, storage media, processor or processing strategy and may be performed by software, hardware, integrated circuits, firm-ware, micro-code and the like, operating alone or in combination. Likewise, processing strategies may include multiprocessing, multitasking, parallel processing and the like.
The computer system 800 may further include a display 814, such as a liquid crystal display (LCD), an organic light emitting diode (OLED), a flat panel display, a solid state display, a cathode ray tube (CRT), a projector, a printer or other now known or later developed display device for outputting determined information. The display 814 may act as an interface for the user to see the functioning of the processor 802, or specifically as an interface with the software stored in the memory 804 or in the drive unit 806.
Additionally, the computer system 800 may include an input device 812 configured to allow a user to interact with any of the components of system 800. The input device 812 may be a number pad, a keyboard, or a cursor control device, such as a mouse, or a joystick, touch screen display, remote control or any other device operative to interact with the system 800.
The computer system 800 may also include a disk or optical drive unit 806. The disk drive unit 806 may include a computer-readable medium 822 in which one or more sets of instructions 824, e.g. software, can be embedded. Further, the instructions 824 may perform one or more of the methods or logic as described herein. The instructions 824 may reside completely, or at least partially, within the memory 804 and/or within the processor 802 during execution by the computer system 800. The memory 804 and the processor 802 also may include computer-readable media as discussed above.
The present disclosure contemplates a computer-readable medium 822 that includes instructions 824 or receives and executes instructions 824 responsive to a propagated signal; so that a device connected to a network 214 may communicate voice, video, audio, images or any other data over the network 214. Further, the instructions 824 may be transmitted or received over the network 214 via a communication interface 818. The communication interface 818 may be a part of the processor 802 or may be a separate component. The communication interface 818 may be created in software or may be a physical connection in hardware. The communication interface 818 may be configured to connect with a network 214, external media, the display 814, or any other components in system 800, or combinations thereof. The connection with the network 214 may be a physical connection, such as a wired Ethernet connection or may be established wirelessly as discussed below. Likewise, the additional connections with other components of the system 800 may be physical connections or may be established wirelessly.
The network 214 may include wired networks, wireless networks, or combinations thereof. The wireless network may be a cellular telephone network, an 802.11, 802.16, 802.20, or WiMax network. Further, the network 214 may be a public network, such as the Internet, a private network, such as an intranet, or combinations thereof, and may utilize a variety of networking protocols now available or later developed including, but not limited to TCP/IP based networking protocols.
The computer-readable medium 822 may be a single medium, or the computer-readable medium 822 may be a single medium or multiple media, such as a centralized or distributed database, and/or associated caches and servers that store one or more sets of instructions. The term “computer-readable medium” may also include any medium that may be capable of storing, encoding or carrying a set of instructions for execution by a processor or that may cause a computer system to perform any one or more of the methods or operations disclosed herein.
The computer-readable medium 822 may include a solid-state memory such as a memory card or other package that houses one or more non-volatile read-only memories. The computer-readable medium 822 also may be a random access memory or other volatile re-writable memory. Additionally, the computer-readable medium 822 may include a magneto-optical or optical medium, such as a disk or tapes or other storage device to capture carrier wave signals such as a signal communicated over a transmission medium. A digital file attachment to an e-mail or other self-contained information archive or set of archives may be considered a distribution medium that may be a tangible storage medium. Accordingly, the disclosure may be considered to include any one or more of a computer-readable medium or a distribution medium and other equivalents and successor media, in which data or instructions may be stored.
It is intended that the foregoing detailed description be regarded as illustrative rather than limiting, and that it be understood that it is the following claims, including all equivalents, that are intended to define the spirit and scope of this invention.
This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional App. No. 61/693,115, filed Aug. 24, 2012, wherein the entirety of the aforementioned application is hereby incorporated herein by reference.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 61693115 | Aug 2012 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 13975045 | Aug 2013 | US |
| Child | 15697079 | US |
