Many factors affect the color of a digital image. Image color content can be attributed to shifts in the physical color content of a scene, shifts due to image processing errors, and shifts due to scene illuminant color. When color shifts cause an image to incorrectly represent the color of an image object, color correction can be used to ameliorate the bias in the image. However, color correction should be avoided when the color bias is attributed to the object of the image scene. Current color correction methods do not adequately discern between these color contributors. Accordingly, improper corrections are performed thereby decreasing the accuracy of the image.
The file of this patent contains at least one drawing executed in color. Copies of this patent with color drawing(s) will be provided by the Patent and Trademark Office upon request and payment of the necessary fee.
Embodiments of the present invention will be best understood by reference to the drawings, wherein like parts are designated by like numerals throughout. The figures listed above are expressly incorporated as part of this detailed description.
It will be readily understood that the components of the present invention, as generally described and illustrated in the figures herein, could be arranged and designed in a wide variety of different configurations. Thus, the following more detailed description of the embodiments of the methods and systems of the present invention is not intended to limit the scope of the invention, but it is merely representative of the presently preferred embodiments of the invention.
Elements of embodiments of the present invention may be embodied in hardware, firmware and/or software. While exemplary embodiments revealed herein may only describe one of these forms, it is to be understood that one skilled in the art would be able to effectuate these elements in any of these forms while resting within the scope of the present invention.
Embodiments of the present invention comprise methods and systems for detecting and correcting colorbalance problems in digital images. These methods and systems can be applied to many different colorbalance correction methods and algorithms. Color correction algorithms typically address how to discriminate between shifts in the physical color content of the scene, shifts due to image processing errors, and shifts due to scene illuminant color. The methods and systems of embodiments of the present invention improve discrimination of images representing biased scene color content from images exhibiting an induced color bias that should be corrected.
When an image color bias is attributed to the scene object content, the proper solution is to avoid a standard color correction of the image. If a correction is applied in this circumstance, the corrected image will most likely be less preferred than the original image. One example of this situation where scene object content can “fool” some algorithms is an image of a field of brightly colored sunflowers. Many algorithms will detect the abundance of yellow as an indicator that the scene illuminant is yellow and correct the image color away from yellow.
One aspect of the systems and methods of embodiments of the present invention thus involves the decision stage as to whether or not to color correct an image. An aspect of some embodiments of the present invention is that they can be used to reduce or increase a bias in a color correction estimate due to the scene color content.
In some embodiments of the present invention the systems and methods may employ a probabilistic colorbalance correction algorithm. In these embodiments, a particular instance of a scene color model is established and an image is then evaluated to determine how representative the image is within this model. In some embodiments, this process is similar to detecting when a given image is a statistical outlier given the model. In other embodiments, a model can be generated that represents an unlikely scene color or illuminant (and that has a very different mathematical derivation), but that implicitly deals with detecting unlikely images that should not be corrected.
Probabilistic Illuminant Estimation
In some embodiments of the present invention, a probabilistic illuminant estimation method may be used. In some of these embodiments, a maximum a posteriori estimator (MAP) for the scene illuminant may be used. In some exemplary embodiments, this probabilistic estimation method may be described as follows. Let p(ej|X) represent the posterior probability of the jth illuminant given an image X and let p(ej) represent the prior probability of the jth illuminant. Bayes' formula allows one to compute the posterior probability given the priors and likelihood functions, p(X|ej).
The illuminant having the maximum posterior probability may then be selected as the scene illuminant estimate. In other embodiments, techniques may use the posterior mode, posterior mean, or may minimize an additional Bayes cost function. A maximum likelihood estimator may use the likelihood functions without prior weighting.
Making the assumption that pixels are independent in the image, the image likelihood function can be computed as the product of the likelihoods of all pixels in the image.
In some embodiments, spatial dependencies between pixels (common in real images) may be accounted for by a more complicated image probability model (e.g., one using Markov random fields).
In some embodiments, each pixel may be described by a color vector containing the pixel chromaticity values. A number of different chromaticity spaces may be employed including CIE x and y chromaticities or RGB-based chromaticity spaces such as r=R/G, b=B/G; or r=R/(R+G+B), g=G/(R+G+B). The continuous probability distribution may be approximated by a discrete frequency distribution over a set of chromaticity bins.
A model of surface reflectance and illumination may be used to approximate the color frequency distributions. One exemplary method of estimating this distribution is to generate a large number of random samples from a set of representative reflectance functions and then to render these reflectance functions, r(λ), under an illuminant spectral power distribution, e(λ). Sensor responses, Ri, can be computed by projecting onto the sensor sensitivity functions, S(λ).
In some simulations, the 462 reflectances of the Munsell matte set were used as our set of possible reflectance functions.
A second exemplary method of estimating scene color distributions is to render a reflectance set under an illuminant and then to compute the histogram of color values. This method may equal the expected values of the chromaticity frequencies using the random sampling method for large samples. Normalizing the 2D chromaticity histogram yields a frequency distribution that can be used as p(X|ej).
The illuminant estimated by this second exemplary method can be used to compute a color correction matrix that approximates the mapping of the surface reflectance functions from the estimated illuminant to a canonical illuminant such as CIE D6500. Applying this color correction matrix to the image color values will ideally produce a more pleasing image.
Testing for Model Violations
One problem with the above method is that the estimated illuminant will be correct only if all of the assumptions of the model are valid. It has been determined that when the assumptions of the simple probability model are violated, the estimated illuminant is often inaccurate and can lead to erroneous colorbalance correction. Some embodiments of the present invention add model validity testing to the framework. These embodiments may determine the degree to which images violate the probability model and attenuate the correction in these cases. A correction attenuation method used in some embodiments of the present invention is described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/676,306, entitled “Systems and Methods for Correcting Image Color Balance, invented by Jon M. Speigle and John E. Dolan, filed Sep. 30, 2003, hereby incorporated herein by reference.
FIGS. 1(a) and 1(b) are digital photographs of a field of sunflowers.
FIGS. 2(a) and 2(b) show another example of bright surface colors being mistaken for color induced by the illuminant. Again,
Embodiments of the present invention detect when an image violates the assumptions of an underlying color probability model. Two exemplary embodiments and their associated derivations of the image probability are described. These embodiments correspond to implementations of different computational complexities. These derivations differ as to when the assumption of pixel independence is introduced relative to the marginalization across illuminants.
Exemplary Probability Determination Embodiment 1: Marginalization Followed by Pixel Independence
The following derivation culminates in the overall probability of the image, p(X). The image probability is equal to the joint probability, p(X,e), marginalized over all illuminants. The joint probability, p(X,e), represents the probability of jointly drawing a particular illuminant e and an image X. The marginal, p(X), represents the image probability across all illuminants. The subscript E on the integral denotes that the integration is over the space of all illuminants.
By the definition of conditional probability
we can substitute for the joint probability.
where p(X|e) is the probability of an image conditioned on the illuminant and p(e) is the prior probability of drawing a particular illuminant.
For a discrete set of M illuminants this becomes
If we assume that all illuminants are equally likely, then the image probability is simply the average of the conditional probabilities.
Now applying the pixel independence assumption, we can substitute for p(X|ej). The image probability is now the average of the image probabilities conditional on each illuminant.
This derivation of the image probability has numerical precision issues because the products of near zero probability values can drive the overall image probability to zero even though a majority of image pixels are highly probable. The second derivation avoids this problem.
Exemplary Probability Determination Embodiment 2: Pixel Independence Followed by Marginalization
In this embodiment pixel independence is assumed at the outset. We compute the probability of each pixel marginalized across illuminants as follows, assuming, without loss of generality, that the illuminant prior is uniform.
This produces a probability map for the image where the value, [0, 1], at each pixel indicates whether the pixel is unlikely (0) or likely (1) given our scene model. This probability map may be used in some embodiments, where a classification rule is based on the distribution of pixel probabilities rather than the overall image probability. Given the marginalized pixel probability, p(xi), the pixel independence assumption can be applied to derive a simplified formula for the image probability.
For computational reasons, a form of the image probability formula may be derived that uses the image histogram. Because the image color distribution has already been computed, it is efficient to derive P(X) in terms of this histogram. The final result is to represent computing the image probability as the dot product between the image color distribution and the marginalized color probability function.
Computing the log image probability,
Substituting f(xi),
Now let
Because all pixels in the image are contained in the histogram,
The summation of f(xi) over pixels can be approximated using the image color histogram.
where bj represents the color coordinates of the bin. Note the approximation is due to the quantization error for each pixel, e(xi,bj).
e(xi,bj)=f(xi)−f(bj)
Defining the vector
the log image probability can be computed as the inner product between
log P(X)≈(
To illustrate the behavior of this algorithm we can use a test suite of images such as that shown in
How well different algorithms fare at classifying this image set is a consideration. An algorithm that applied a correction to all images in
Exemplary Classification Embodiment 1: Classification Based on Image Likelihood
The algorithm of this first embodiment uses the overall image probability to control whether an image is corrected. High image probabilities, P(X) indicate that the image is consistent with the set of illuminants and scene probability model indicating that correction is appropriate or a higher degree of correction is appropriate. Low P(X) images are not consistent with the scene model and will not be corrected or will be corrected to a lesser degree.
In these embodiments, a hard threshold may be used to control correction. The magnitude of correction may be made a function of the image likelihood or other fixed and variable thresholding techniques may be used. Some methods for attenuating the magnitude of correction based on a confidence measure may also be used. Some of these methods are described in U.S. patent application Ser. No.10/676,306, entitled “Systems and Methods for Correcting Image Color Balance, invented by Jon M. Speigle and John E. Dolan, filed Sep. 30, 2003, incorporated herein by reference.
Exemplary Classification Embodiment 2: Classification Based on Distribution of Pixel Likelihoods
In some embodiments of the present invention, the distribution of pixel probabilities may be used rather than combining these to form an overall image probability.
The classification algorithm of these embodiments is based on evaluating the cumulative probability distribution of confidence values and is controlled by two parameters. An equivalent rule can be formulated in terms of the inverse cumulative distribution.
Let f(x) represent the frequency distribution of pixel confidences and c(a) represent the cumulative distribution for the interval 0≦x≦a.
c(a)=∫0af(x)dx
The classification rule is:
This rule basically evaluates the shape of the cumulative distribution for each image. The parameter a0 represents a particular pixel confidence and c(a0) represents the cumulative frequency at this confidence. The cumulative threshold parameter tproportion represents an area under the probability distribution, f(x).
The methods of these embodiments may be optimized by maximizing the percentage correct for the two parameters a0 and tproportion for an image set.
Exemplary Classification Embodiment 3: Pixel Likelihood Weighting in Illuminant Estimation
The pixel probability can be used as a criteria for weighting pixels in the actual illuminant estimate. Weighting pixels can reduce the influence that unlikely pixels (and regions of unlikely pixels) have on the final estimate. The actual correction may still be applied to the entire image, but is now a better estimate of the actual scene illuminant. Methods and systems of some of these embodiments are described in U.S. patent application Ser. No.10/677,034, entitled “Systems and Methods for Computing the Presence of Self-Luminous Elements in an Image, invented by Jon M. Speigle and John E. Dolan, filed Sep. 30, 2003, hereby incorporated herein by reference.
Alternative Scene Probability Model Embodiments
As described in the derivation of the pixel and image probability models, a number of alternative probability models may be formulated. The use of pixel/image probabilities in most embodiments is somewhat independent of the particular probability model.
In some embodiments the assumption of a uniform illuminant prior may be dropped and the actual illuminant priors that help produce better image classifications and corrections may be used. One simple illuminant prior that may be used is based on the distance from the locus of blackbody radiators or daylight locus. Both of these loci shift from bluish to yellowish and can approximate the illumination in outdoor scenes. Given a scene classification (e.g,. indoor vs. outdoor), different illuminant prior probability functions could be used to further improve estimation accuracy.
In still other embodiments, methods of developing a color probability model may use a derivation of the probability model from a given image population. The simple reflectance-set approach does not reflect the actual color probabilities as seen in the world (e.g., that many outdoor photos will contain plants and plants are often greenish). An image-based method can be made to reflect the actual color probabilities in the world. An image-based approach may result in better image classification than the simple reflectance set approach for images representative of the particular image population.
The detailed description, above, sets forth numerous specific details to provide a thorough understanding of the present invention. However, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the present invention may be practiced without these specific details. In other instances, well known methods, procedures, components, and circuitry have not been described in detail to avoid obscuring the present invention.
All the references cited herein are incorporated by reference.
The terms and expressions that have been employed in the foregoing specification are used as terms of description and not of limitation, and there is no intention, in the use of such terms and expressions, of excluding equivalents of the features shown and described or portions thereof, it being recognized that the scope of the invention is defined and limited only by the claims that follow.
This application is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 10/677,034, filed Sep. 30, 2003, entitled “Systems and Methods for Computing the Presence of Self-Luminous Elements in an Image”, invented by Jon Speigle; this application is also a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 10/676,306, filed Sep. 30, 2003, entitled “Systems and Methods for Correcting Image Color Balance”, invented by Jon Speigle and John Dolan.
Number | Date | Country | |
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Parent | 10677034 | Sep 2003 | US |
Child | 11529088 | Sep 2006 | US |
Parent | 10676306 | Sep 2003 | US |
Child | 11529088 | Sep 2006 | US |