Patent Application
20210253915
Device packaging and assembly plays an important role in the modern electronics industry. In many cases, an electronic component comprises a printed circuit board and a plurality of electronic components such as chips, energy sources, and memory devices attached to the circuit board. Some such electronic devices are designed to be flexible for increased durability and ease of use.
Current techniques to adhere electrical components comprise sewing, mechanical fastening, and thermal bonding.
Provided herein is a conductive adhesive comprising: a conductive additive comprising at least one of: a carbon-based additive comprising two or more of graphene nanoparticles, graphene nanosheets, and graphene microparticles; and a silver-based additive comprising a silver nanowire, a silver nanoparticle, or both, wherein the silver-based additive has a diameter of less than 0.5 μm; and an adhesive agent.
In some embodiments, the conductive adhesive has percolation threshold when dried of about 5% to about 25%. In some embodiments, the conductive adhesive has percolation threshold when dried of about 5% to about 6%, about 5% to about 7%, about 5% to about 8%, about 5% to about 9%, about 5% to about 10%, about 5% to about 11%, about 5% to about 12%, about 5% to about 15%, about 5% to about 18%, about 5% to about 21%, about 5% to about 25%, about 6% to about 7%, about 6% to about 8%, about 6% to about 9%, about 6% to about 10%, about 6% to about 11%, about 6% to about 12%, about 6% to about 15%, about 6% to about 18%, about 6% to about 21%, about 6% to about 25%, about 7% to about 8%, about 7% to about 9%, about 7% to about 10%, about 7% to about 11%, about 7% to about 12%, about 7% to about 15%, about 7% to about 18%, about 7% to about 21%, about 7% to about 25%, about 8% to about 9%, about 8% to about 10%, about 8% to about 11%, about 8% to about 12%, about 8% to about 15%, about 8% to about 18%, about 8% to about 21%, about 8% to about 25%, about 9% to about 10%, about 9% to about 11%, about 9% to about 12%, about 9% to about 15%, about 9% to about 18%, about 9% to about 21%, about 9% to about 25%, about 10% to about 11%, about 10% to about 12%, about 10% to about 15%, about 10% to about 18%, about 10% to about 21%, about 10% to about 25%, about 11% to about 12%, about 11% to about 15%, about 11% to about 18%, about 11% to about 21%, about 11% to about 25%, about 12% to about 15%, about 12% to about 18%, about 12% to about 21%, about 12% to about 25%, about 15% to about 18%, about 15% to about 21%, about 15% to about 25%, about 18% to about 21%, about 18% to about 25%, or about 21% to about 25%. In some embodiments, the conductive adhesive has percolation threshold when dried of about 5%, about 6%, about 7%, about 8%, about 9%, about 10%, about 11%, about 12%, about 15%, about 18%, about 21%, or about 25%. In some embodiments, the conductive adhesive has percolation threshold when dried of at least about 5%, about 6%, about 7%, about 8%, about 9%, about 10%, about 11%, about 12%, about 15%, about 18%, or about 21%. In some embodiments, the conductive adhesive has percolation threshold when dried of at most about 6%, about 7%, about 8%, about 9%, about 10%, about 11%, about 12%, about 15%, about 18%, about 21%, or about 25%.
The silver-based additive may comprise a silver nanowire, a silver nanoparticle, or both. The silver-based additive may comprise a silver nanowire, and not a silver nanoparticle. The silver-based additive may comprise a silver nanoparticle, and not a silver nanowire. The silver-based additive may comprise a silver nanowire and a silver nanoparticle. Alternatively, the silver-based material may comprise silver nanorods, silver nanoflowers, silver nanofibers, silver nanoplatelets, silver nanoribbons, silver nanocubes, silver bipyramids, or any combination thereof. The silver nanowires may have a diameter of less than about 1 μm, about 0.9 μm, about 0.8 μm, about 0.7 μm, about 0.6 μm, about 0.5 μm, about 0.4 μm, about 0.3 μm, about 0.2 μm, about 0.1 μm, about 0.09 μm, about 0.08 μm, about 0.07 μm, about 0.06 μm, or about 0.05 μm. At least about 25% of the silver nanowires may have a diameter of less than about 1 μm, about 0.9 μm, about 0.8 μm, about 0.7 μm, about 0.6 μm, about 0.5 μm, about 0.4 μm, about 0.3 μm, about 0.2 μm, about 0.1 μm, about 0.09 μm, about 0.08 μm, about 0.07 μm, about 0.06 μm, or about 0.05 μm. At least about 50% of the silver nanowires may have a diameter of less than about 1 μm, about 0.9 μm, about 0.8 μm, about 0.7 μm, about 0.6 μm, about 0.5 μm, about 0.4 μm, about 0.3 μm, about 0.2 μm, about 0.1 μm, about 0.09 μm, about 0.08 μm, about 0.07 μm, about 0.06 μm, or about 0.05 μm. At least about 75% of the silver nanowires may have a diameter of less than about 1 μm, about 0.9 μm, about 0.8 μm, about 0.7 μm, about 0.6 μm, about 0.5 μm, about 0.4 μm, about 0.3 μm, about 0.2 μm, about 0.1 μm, about 0.09 μm, about 0.08 μm, about 0.07 μm, about 0.06 μm, or about 0.05 μm. The silver nanowires may have a length of greater than about 10 μm, about 15 μm, about 20 μm, about 25 μm, about 30 μm, about 35 μm, about 40 μm, about 45 μm, about 50 μm, about 55 μm, about 60 μm, about 65 μm, about 70 μm, or about 75 μm. At least about 25% of the silver nanowires may have a length of greater than about 10 μm, about 15 μm, about 20 μm, about 25 μm, about 30 μm, about 35 μm, about 40 μm, about 45 μm, about 50 μm, about 55 μm, about 60 μm, about 65 μm, about 70 μm, or about 75 μm. At least about 50% of the silver nanowires may have a length of greater than about 10 μm, about 15 μm, about 20 μm, about 25 μm, about 30 μm, about 35 μm, about 40 μm, about 45 μm, about 50 μm, about 55 μm, about 60 μm, about 65 μm, about 70 μm, or about 75 μm. At least about 75% of the silver nanowires may have a length of greater than about 10 μm, about 15 μm, about 20 μm, about 25 μm, about 30 μm, about 35 μm, about 40 μm, about 45 μm, about 50 μm, about 55 μm, about 60 μm, about 65 μm, about 70 μm, or about 75 μm. The silver nanowire may have an average aspect ratio of about 250:1, 300:1, 350:1, 400:1, 450:1, 500:1, 600:1, 700:1, 800:1, 900:1, or 1000:1. The silver nanowire may have an average aspect ratio of at least about 250:1, 300:1, 350:1, 400:1, 450:1, 500:1, 600:1, 700:1, 800:1, 900:1, or 1000:1.
In some embodiments, the adhesive agent comprises a hardener and a resin. In some embodiments, at least a portion of the conductive additive is incorporated into the hardener, the resin, or both. In some embodiments, the conductive adhesive further comprises a thinner. In some embodiments, the conductive adhesive further comprises a pigment, a silver metallic pigment, a colorant, a silver metallic colorant, a dye, or any combination thereof.
In some embodiments, the conductive adhesive has a sheet resistance when dry of about 5 ohm/sq to about 500 ohm/sq. In some embodiments, the conductive adhesive has a sheet resistance when dry of about 5 ohm/sq to about 10 ohm/sq, about 5 ohm/sq to about 20 ohm/sq, about 5 ohm/sq to about 50 ohm/sq, about 5 ohm/sq to about 100 ohm/sq, about 5 ohm/sq to about 150 ohm/sq, about 5 ohm/sq to about 200 ohm/sq, about 5 ohm/sq to about 250 ohm/sq, about 5 ohm/sq to about 300 ohm/sq, about 5 ohm/sq to about 350 ohm/sq, about 5 ohm/sq to about 400 ohm/sq, about 5 ohm/sq to about 500 ohm/sq, about 10 ohm/sq to about 20 ohm/sq, about 10 ohm/sq to about 50 ohm/sq, about 10 ohm/sq to about 100 ohm/sq, about 10 ohm/sq to about 150 ohm/sq, about 10 ohm/sq to about 200 ohm/sq, about 10 ohm/sq to about 250 ohm/sq, about 10 ohm/sq to about 300 ohm/sq, about 10 ohm/sq to about 350 ohm/sq, about 10 ohm/sq to about 400 ohm/sq, about 10 ohm/sq to about 500 ohm/sq, about 20 ohm/sq to about 50 ohm/sq, about 20 ohm/sq to about 100 ohm/sq, about 20 ohm/sq to about 150 ohm/sq, about 20 ohm/sq to about 200 ohm/sq, about 20 ohm/sq to about 250 ohm/sq, about 20 ohm/sq to about 300 ohm/sq, about 20 ohm/sq to about 350 ohm/sq, about 20 ohm/sq to about 400 ohm/sq, about 20 ohm/sq to about 500 ohm/sq, about 50 ohm/sq to about 100 ohm/sq, about 50 ohm/sq to about 150 ohm/sq, about 50 ohm/sq to about 200 ohm/sq, about 50 ohm/sq to about 250 ohm/sq, about 50 ohm/sq to about 300 ohm/sq, about 50 ohm/sq to about 350 ohm/sq, about 50 ohm/sq to about 400 ohm/sq, about 50 ohm/sq to about 500 ohm/sq, about 100 ohm/sq to about 150 ohm/sq, about 100 ohm/sq to about 200 ohm/sq, about 100 ohm/sq to about 250 ohm/sq, about 100 ohm/sq to about 300 ohm/sq, about 100 ohm/sq to about 350 ohm/sq, about 100 ohm/sq to about 400 ohm/sq, about 100 ohm/sq to about 500 ohm/sq, about 150 ohm/sq to about 200 ohm/sq, about 150 ohm/sq to about 250 ohm/sq, about 150 ohm/sq to about 300 ohm/sq, about 150 ohm/sq to about 350 ohm/sq, about 150 ohm/sq to about 400 ohm/sq, about 150 ohm/sq to about 500 ohm/sq, about 200 ohm/sq to about 250 ohm/sq, about 200 ohm/sq to about 300 ohm/sq, about 200 ohm/sq to about 350 ohm/sq, about 200 ohm/sq to about 400 ohm/sq, about 200 ohm/sq to about 500 ohm/sq, about 250 ohm/sq to about 300 ohm/sq, about 250 ohm/sq to about 350 ohm/sq, about 250 ohm/sq to about 400 ohm/sq, about 250 ohm/sq to about 500 ohm/sq, about 300 ohm/sq to about 350 ohm/sq, about 300 ohm/sq to about 400 ohm/sq, about 300 ohm/sq to about 500 ohm/sq, about 350 ohm/sq to about 400 ohm/sq, about 350 ohm/sq to about 500 ohm/sq, or about 400 ohm/sq to about 500 ohm/sq. In some embodiments, the conductive adhesive has a sheet resistance when dry of about 5 ohm/sq, about 10 ohm/sq, about 20 ohm/sq, about 50 ohm/sq, about 100 ohm/sq, about 150 ohm/sq, about 200 ohm/sq, about 250 ohm/sq, about 300 ohm/sq, about 350 ohm/sq, about 400 ohm/sq, or about 500 ohm/sq. In some embodiments, the conductive adhesive has a sheet resistance when dry of at least about 5 ohm/sq, about 10 ohm/sq, about 20 ohm/sq, about 50 ohm/sq, about 100 ohm/sq, about 150 ohm/sq, about 200 ohm/sq, about 250 ohm/sq, about 300 ohm/sq, about 350 ohm/sq, about 400 ohm/sq, or about 500 ohm/sq. In some embodiments, the conductive adhesive has a sheet resistance when dry of at most about 5 ohm/sq, about 10 ohm/sq, about 20 ohm/sq, about 50 ohm/sq, about 100 ohm/sq, about 150 ohm/sq, about 200 ohm/sq, about 250 ohm/sq, about 300 ohm/sq, about 350 ohm/sq, about 400 ohm/sq, or about 500 ohm/sq.
In some embodiments, the conductive adhesive has a sheet resistance when dry of about 0.3 ohm/sq/mil to about 2 ohm/sq/mil. In some embodiments, the conductive adhesive has a sheet resistance when dry of about 0.3 ohm/sq/mil to about 0.4 ohm/sq/mil, about 0.3 ohm/sq/mil to about 0.6 ohm/sq/mil, about 0.3 ohm/sq/mil to about 0.8 ohm/sq/mil, about 0.3 ohm/sq/mil to about 1 ohm/sq/mil, about 0.3 ohm/sq/mil to about 1.2 ohm/sq/mil, about 0.3 ohm/sq/mil to about 1.4 ohm/sq/mil, about 0.3 ohm/sq/mil to about 1.6 ohm/sq/mil, about 0.3 ohm/sq/mil to about 1.8 ohm/sq/mil, about 0.3 ohm/sq/mil to about 2 ohm/sq/mil, about 0.4 ohm/sq/mil to about 0.6 ohm/sq/mil, about 0.4 ohm/sq/mil to about 0.8 ohm/sq/mil, about 0.4 ohm/sq/mil to about 1 ohm/sq/mil, about 0.4 ohm/sq/mil to about 1.2 ohm/sq/mil, about 0.4 ohm/sq/mil to about 1.4 ohm/sq/mil, about 0.4 ohm/sq/mil to about 1.6 ohm/sq/mil, about 0.4 ohm/sq/mil to about 1.8 ohm/sq/mil, about 0.4 ohm/sq/mil to about 2 ohm/sq/mil, about 0.6 ohm/sq/mil to about 0.8 ohm/sq/mil, about 0.6 ohm/sq/mil to about 1 ohm/sq/mil, about 0.6 ohm/sq/mil to about 1.2 ohm/sq/mil, about 0.6 ohm/sq/mil to about 1.4 ohm/sq/mil, about 0.6 ohm/sq/mil to about 1.6 ohm/sq/mil, about 0.6 ohm/sq/mil to about 1.8 ohm/sq/mil, about 0.6 ohm/sq/mil to about 2 ohm/sq/mil, about 0.8 ohm/sq/mil to about 1 ohm/sq/mil, about 0.8 ohm/sq/mil to about 1.2 ohm/sq/mil, about 0.8 ohm/sq/mil to about 1.4 ohm/sq/mil, about 0.8 ohm/sq/mil to about 1.6 ohm/sq/mil, about 0.8 ohm/sq/mil to about 1.8 ohm/sq/mil, about 0.8 ohm/sq/mil to about 2 ohm/sq/mil, about 1 ohm/sq/mil to about 1.2 ohm/sq/mil, about 1 ohm/sq/mil to about 1.4 ohm/sq/mil, about 1 ohm/sq/mil to about 1.6 ohm/sq/mil, about 1 ohm/sq/mil to about 1.8 ohm/sq/mil, about 1 ohm/sq/mil to about 2 ohm/sq/mil, about 1.2 ohm/sq/mil to about 1.4 ohm/sq/mil, about 1.2 ohm/sq/mil to about 1.6 ohm/sq/mil, about 1.2 ohm/sq/mil to about 1.8 ohm/sq/mil, about 1.2 ohm/sq/mil to about 2 ohm/sq/mil, about 1.4 ohm/sq/mil to about 1.6 ohm/sq/mil, about 1.4 ohm/sq/mil to about 1.8 ohm/sq/mil, about 1.4 ohm/sq/mil to about 2 ohm/sq/mil, about 1.6 ohm/sq/mil to about 1.8 ohm/sq/mil, about 1.6 ohm/sq/mil to about 2 ohm/sq/mil, or about 1.8 ohm/sq/mil to about 2 ohm/sq/mil. In some embodiments, the conductive adhesive has a sheet resistance when dry of about 0.3 ohm/sq/mil, about 0.4 ohm/sq/mil, about 0.6 ohm/sq/mil, about 0.8 ohm/sq/mil, about 1 ohm/sq/mil, about 1.2 ohm/sq/mil, about 1.4 ohm/sq/mil, about 1.6 ohm/sq/mil, about 1.8 ohm/sq/mil, or about 2 ohm/sq/mil. In some embodiments, the conductive adhesive has a sheet resistance when dry of at least about 0.3 ohm/sq/mil, about 0.4 ohm/sq/mil, about 0.6 ohm/sq/mil, about 0.8 ohm/sq/mil, about 1 ohm/sq/mil, about 1.2 ohm/sq/mil, about 1.4 ohm/sq/mil, about 1.6 ohm/sq/mil, about 1.8 ohm/sq/mil, or about 2 ohm/sq/mil. In some embodiments, the conductive adhesive has a sheet resistance when dry of at most about 0.3 ohm/sq/mil, about 0.4 ohm/sq/mil, about 0.6 ohm/sq/mil, about 0.8 ohm/sq/mil, about 1 ohm/sq/mil, about 1.2 ohm/sq/mil, about 1.4 ohm/sq/mil, about 1.6 ohm/sq/mil, about 1.8 ohm/sq/mil, or about 2 ohm/sq/mil.
In some embodiments, the conductive adhesive has a conductivity when dried of about 0.15 S/m to about 60 S/m. In some embodiments, the conductive adhesive has a conductivity when dried of about 0.15 S/m to about 0.3 S/m, about 0.15 S/m to about 0.5 S/m, about 0.15 S/m to about 1 S/m, about 0.15 S/m to about 2 S/m, about 0.15 S/m to about 5 S/m, about 0.15 S/m to about 10 S/m, about 0.15 S/m to about 20 S/m, about 0.15 S/m to about 30 S/m, about 0.15 S/m to about 40 S/m, about 0.15 S/m to about 50 S/m, about 0.15 S/m to about 60 S/m, about 0.3 S/m to about 0.5 S/m, about 0.3 S/m to about 1 S/m, about 0.3 S/m to about 2 S/m, about 0.3 S/m to about 5 S/m, about 0.3 S/m to about 10 S/m, about 0.3 S/m to about 20 S/m, about 0.3 S/m to about 30 S/m, about 0.3 S/m to about 40 S/m, about 0.3 S/m to about 50 S/m, about 0.3 S/m to about 60 S/m, about 0.5 S/m to about 1 S/m, about 0.5 S/m to about 2 S/m, about 0.5 S/m to about 5 S/m, about 0.5 S/m to about 10 S/m, about 0.5 S/m to about 20 S/m, about 0.5 S/m to about 30 S/m, about 0.5 S/m to about 40 S/m, about 0.5 S/m to about 50 S/m, about 0.5 S/m to about 60 S/m, about 1 S/m to about 2 S/m, about 1 S/m to about 5 S/m, about 1 S/m to about 10 S/m, about 1 S/m to about 20 S/m, about 1 S/m to about 30 S/m, about 1 S/m to about 40 S/m, about 1 S/m to about 50 S/m, about 1 S/m to about 60 S/m, about 2 S/m to about 5 S/m, about 2 S/m to about 10 S/m, about 2 S/m to about 20 S/m, about 2 S/m to about 30 S/m, about 2 S/m to about 40 S/m, about 2 S/m to about 50 S/m, about 2 S/m to about 60 S/m, about 5 S/m to about 10 S/m, about 5 S/m to about 20 S/m, about 5 S/m to about 30 S/m, about 5 S/m to about 40 S/m, about 5 S/m to about 50 S/m, about 5 S/m to about 60 S/m, about 10 S/m to about 20 S/m, about 10 S/m to about 30 S/m, about 10 S/m to about 40 S/m, about 10 S/m to about 50 S/m, about 10 S/m to about 60 S/m, about 20 S/m to about 30 S/m, about 20 S/m to about 40 S/m, about 20 S/m to about 50 S/m, about 20 S/m to about 60 S/m, about 30 S/m to about 40 S/m, about 30 S/m to about 50 S/m, about 30 S/m to about 60 S/m, about 40 S/m to about 50 S/m, about 40 S/m to about 60 S/m, or about 50 S/m to about 60 S/m. In some embodiments, the conductive adhesive has a conductivity when dried of about 0.15 S/m, about 0.3 S/m, about 0.5 S/m, about 1 S/m, about 2 S/m, about 5 S/m, about 10 S/m, about 20 S/m, about 30 S/m, about 40 S/m, about 50 S/m, or about 60 S/m. In some embodiments, the conductive adhesive has a conductivity when dried of at least about 0.15 S/m, about 0.3 S/m, about 0.5 S/m, about 1 S/m, about 2 S/m, about 5 S/m, about 10 S/m, about 20 S/m, about 30 S/m, about 40 S/m, or about 50 S/m. In some embodiments, the conductive adhesive has a conductivity when dried of at most about 0.3 S/m, about 0.5 S/m, about 1 S/m, about 2 S/m, about 5 S/m, about 10 S/m, about 20 S/m, about 30 S/m, about 40 S/m, about 50 S/m, or about 60 S/m.
Another aspect provided herein is a conductive ink comprising: a conductive additive comprising at least one of: a carbon-based additive comprising two or more of graphene nanoparticles, graphene nanosheets, and graphene microparticles; and a silver-based additive comprising a silver nanowire, a silver nanoparticle, or both, wherein the silver-based additive has a diameter of less than 0.5 μm; and a solvent.
In some embodiments, the conductive ink has a percolation threshold when dried of about 5% to about 25%. In some embodiments, the conductive ink has a percolation threshold when dried of about 5% to about 6%, about 5% to about 7%, about 5% to about 8%, about 5% to about 9%, about 5% to about 10%, about 5% to about 11%, about 5% to about 12%, about 5% to about 15%, about 5% to about 18%, about 5% to about 21%, about 5% to about 25%, about 6% to about 7%, about 6% to about 8%, about 6% to about 9%, about 6% to about 10%, about 6% to about 11%, about 6% to about 12%, about 6% to about 15%, about 6% to about 18%, about 6% to about 21%, about 6% to about 25%, about 7% to about 8%, about 7% to about 9%, about 7% to about 10%, about 7% to about 11%, about 7% to about 12%, about 7% to about 15%, about 7% to about 18%, about 7% to about 21%, about 7% to about 25%, about 8% to about 9%, about 8% to about 10%, about 8% to about 11%, about 8% to about 12%, about 8% to about 15%, about 8% to about 18%, about 8% to about 21%, about 8% to about 25%, about 9% to about 10%, about 9% to about 11%, about 9% to about 12%, about 9% to about 15%, about 9% to about 18%, about 9% to about 21%, about 9% to about 25%, about 10% to about 11%, about 10% to about 12%, about 10% to about 15%, about 10% to about 18%, about 10% to about 21%, about 10% to about 25%, about 11% to about 12%, about 11% to about 15%, about 11% to about 18%, about 11% to about 21%, about 11% to about 25%, about 12% to about 15%, about 12% to about 18%, about 12% to about 21%, about 12% to about 25%, about 15% to about 18%, about 15% to about 21%, about 15% to about 25%, about 18% to about 21%, about 18% to about 25%, or about 21% to about 25%. In some embodiments, the conductive ink has a percolation threshold when dried of about 5%, about 6%, about 7%, about 8%, about 9%, about 10%, about 11%, about 12%, about 15%, about 18%, about 21%, or about 25%. In some embodiments, the conductive ink has a percolation threshold when dried of at least about 5%, about 6%, about 7%, about 8%, about 9%, about 10%, about 11%, about 12%, about 15%, about 18%, or about 21%. In some embodiments, the conductive ink has a percolation threshold when dried of at most about 6%, about 7%, about 8%, about 9%, about 10%, about 11%, about 12%, about 15%, about 18%, about 21%, or about 25%.
The silver-based additive may comprise a silver nanowire, a silver nanoparticle, or both. The silver-based additive may comprise a silver nanowire, and not a silver nanoparticle. The silver-based additive may comprise a silver nanoparticle, and not a silver nanowire. The silver-based additive may comprise a silver nanowire and a silver nanoparticle. Alternatively, the silver-based material may comprise silver nanorods, silver nanoflowers, silver nanofibers, silver nanoplatelets, silver nanoribbons, silver nanocubes, silver bipyramids, or any combination thereof. The silver nanowires may have a diameter of less than about 1 μm, about 0.9 μm, about 0.8 μm, about 0.7 μm, about 0.6 μm, about 0.5 μm, about 0.4 μm, about 0.3 μm, about 0.2 μm, about 0.1 μm, about 0.09 μm, about 0.08 μm, about 0.07 μm, about 0.06 μm, or about 0.05 μm. At least about 25% of the silver nanowires may have a diameter of less than about 1 μm, about 0.9 μm, about 0.8 μm, about 0.7 μm, about 0.6 μm, about 0.5 μm, about 0.4 μm, about 0.3 μm, about 0.2 μm, about 0.1 μm, about 0.09 μm, about 0.08 μm, about 0.07 μm, about 0.06 μm, or about 0.05 μm. At least about 50% of the silver nanowires may have a diameter of less than about 1 μm, about 0.9 μm, about 0.8 μm, about 0.7 μm, about 0.6 μm, about 0.5 μm, about 0.4 μm, about 0.3 μm, about 0.2 μm, about 0.1 μm, about 0.09 μm, about 0.08 μm, about 0.07 μm, about 0.06 μm, or about 0.05 μm. At least about 75% of the silver nanowires may have a diameter of less than about 1 μm, about 0.9 μm, about 0.8 μm, about 0.7 μm, about 0.6 μm, about 0.5 μm, about 0.4 μm, about 0.3 μm, about 0.2 μm, about 0.1 μm, about 0.09 μm, about 0.08 μm, about 0.07 μm, about 0.06 μm, or about 0.05 μm. The silver nanowires may have a length of greater than about 10 μm, about 15 μm, about 20 μm, about 25 μm, about 30 μm, about 35 μm, about 40 μm, about 45 μm, about 50 μm, about 55 μm, about 60 μm, about 65 μm, about 70 μm, or about 75 μm. At least about 25% of the silver nanowires may have a length of greater than about 10 μm, about 15 μm, about 20 μm, about 25 μm, about 30 μm, about 35 μm, about 40 μm, about 45 μm, about 50 μm, about 55 μm, about 60 μm, about 65 μm, about 70 μm, or about 75 μm. At least about 50% of the silver nanowires may have a length of greater than about 10 μm, about 15 μm, about 20 μm, about 25 μm, about 30 μm, about 35 μm, about 40 μm, about 45 μm, about 50 μm, about 55 μm, about 60 μm, about 65 μm, about 70 μm, or about 75 μm. At least about 75% of the silver nanowires may have a length of greater than about 10 μm, about 15 μm, about 20 μm, about 25 μm, about 30 μm, about 35 μm, about 40 μm, about 45 μm, about 50 μm, about 55 μm, about 60 μm, about 65 μm, about 70 μm, or about 75 μm. The silver nanowire may have an average aspect ratio of about 250:1, 300:1, 350:1, 400:1, 450:1, 500:1, 600:1, 700:1, 800:1, 900:1, or 1000:1. The silver nanowire may have an average aspect ratio of at least about 250:1, 300:1, 350:1, 400:1, 450:1, 500:1, 600:1, 700:1, 800:1, 900:1, or 1000:1.
In some embodiments, the proportion by weight of the conductive additive in the conductive ink is about 0.25% to about 20%. In some embodiments, the proportion by weight of the conductive additive in the conductive ink is about 0.25% to about 0.5%, about 0.25% to about 0.75%, about 0.25% to about 1%, about 0.25% to about 2%, about 0.25% to about 4%, about 0.25% to about 6%, about 0.25% to about 8%, about 0.25% to about 10%, about 0.25% to about 15%, about 0.25% to about 20%, about 0.5% to about 0.75%, about 0.5% to about 1%, about 0.5% to about 2%, about 0.5% to about 4%, about 0.5% to about 6%, about 0.5% to about 8%, about 0.5% to about 10%, about 0.5% to about 15%, about 0.5% to about 20%, about 0.75% to about 1%, about 0.75% to about 2%, about 0.75% to about 4%, about 0.75% to about 6%, about 0.75% to about 8%, about 0.75% to about 10%, about 0.75% to about 15%, about 0.75% to about 20%, about 1% to about 2%, about 1% to about 4%, about 1% to about 6%, about 1% to about 8%, about 1% to about 10%, about 1% to about 15%, about 1% to about 20%, about 2% to about 4%, about 2% to about 6%, about 2% to about 8%, about 2% to about 10%, about 2% to about 15%, about 2% to about 20%, about 4% to about 6%, about 4% to about 8%, about 4% to about 10%, about 4% to about 15%, about 4% to about 20%, about 6% to about 8%, about 6% to about 10%, about 6% to about 15%, about 6% to about 20%, about 8% to about 10%, about 8% to about 15%, about 8% to about 20%, about 10% to about 15%, about 10% to about 20%, or about 15% to about 20%. In some embodiments, the proportion by weight of the conductive additive in the conductive ink is about 0.25%, about 0.5%, about 0.75%, about 1%, about 2%, about 4%, about 6%, about 8%, about 10%, about 15%, or about 20%. In some embodiments, the proportion by weight of the conductive additive in the conductive ink is at least about 0.25%, about 0.5%, about 0.75%, about 1%, about 2%, about 4%, about 6%, about 8%, about 10%, or about 15%. In some embodiments, the proportion by weight of the conductive additive in the conductive ink is at most about 0.5%, about 0.75%, about 1%, about 2%, about 4%, about 6%, about 8%, about 10%, about 15%, or about 20%.
In some embodiments, the conductive ink has a viscosity of about 5 centipoise (cps) to about 40 cps. In some embodiments, the conductive ink has a viscosity of about 5 cps to about 10 cps, about 5 cps to about 15 cps, about 5 cps to about 20 cps, about 5 cps to about 25 cps, about 5 cps to about 30 cps, about 5 cps to about 35 cps, about 5 cps to about 40 cps, about 10 cps to about 15 cps, about 10 cps to about 20 cps, about 10 cps to about 25 cps, about 10 cps to about 30 cps, about 10 cps to about 35 cps, about 10 cps to about 40 cps, about 15 cps to about 20 cps, about 15 cps to about 25 cps, about 15 cps to about 30 cps, about 15 cps to about 35 cps, about 15 cps to about 40 cps, about 20 cps to about 25 cps, about 20 cps to about 30 cps, about 20 cps to about 35 cps, about 20 cps to about 40 cps, about 25 cps to about 30 cps, about 25 cps to about 35 cps, about 25 cps to about 40 cps, about 30 cps to about 35 cps, about 30 cps to about 40 cps, or about 35 cps to about 40 cps. In some embodiments, the conductive ink has a viscosity of about 5 cps, about 10 cps, about 15 cps, about 20 cps, about 25 cps, about 30 cps, about 35 cps, or about 40 cps. In some embodiments, the conductive ink has a viscosity of at least about 5 cps, about 10 cps, about 15 cps, about 20 cps, about 25 cps, about 30 cps, or about 35 cps. In some embodiments, the conductive ink has a viscosity of at most about 10 cps, about 15 cps, about 20 cps, about 25 cps, about 30 cps, about 35 cps, or about 40 cps.
In some embodiments, the conductive ink has a sheet resistance when dried of about 0.1 ohm/sq/mil to about 0.8 ohm/sq/mil. In some embodiments, the conductive ink has a sheet resistance when dried of about 0.1 ohm/sq/mil to about 0.2 ohm/sq/mil, about 0.1 ohm/sq/mil to about 0.3 ohm/sq/mil, about 0.1 ohm/sq/mil to about 0.4 ohm/sq/mil, about 0.1 ohm/sq/mil to about 0.5 ohm/sq/mil, about 0.1 ohm/sq/mil to about 0.6 ohm/sq/mil, about 0.1 ohm/sq/mil to about 0.7 ohm/sq/mil, about 0.1 ohm/sq/mil to about 0.8 ohm/sq/mil, about 0.2 ohm/sq/mil to about 0.3 ohm/sq/mil, about 0.2 ohm/sq/mil to about 0.4 ohm/sq/mil, about 0.2 ohm/sq/mil to about 0.5 ohm/sq/mil, about 0.2 ohm/sq/mil to about 0.6 ohm/sq/mil, about 0.2 ohm/sq/mil to about 0.7 ohm/sq/mil, about 0.2 ohm/sq/mil to about 0.8 ohm/sq/mil, about 0.3 ohm/sq/mil to about 0.4 ohm/sq/mil, about 0.3 ohm/sq/mil to about 0.5 ohm/sq/mil, about 0.3 ohm/sq/mil to about 0.6 ohm/sq/mil, about 0.3 ohm/sq/mil to about 0.7 ohm/sq/mil, about 0.3 ohm/sq/mil to about 0.8 ohm/sq/mil, about 0.4 ohm/sq/mil to about 0.5 ohm/sq/mil, about 0.4 ohm/sq/mil to about 0.6 ohm/sq/mil, about 0.4 ohm/sq/mil to about 0.7 ohm/sq/mil, about 0.4 ohm/sq/mil to about 0.8 ohm/sq/mil, about 0.5 ohm/sq/mil to about 0.6 ohm/sq/mil, about 0.5 ohm/sq/mil to about 0.7 ohm/sq/mil, about 0.5 ohm/sq/mil to about 0.8 ohm/sq/mil, about 0.6 ohm/sq/mil to about 0.7 ohm/sq/mil, about 0.6 ohm/sq/mil to about 0.8 ohm/sq/mil, or about 0.7 ohm/sq/mil to about 0.8 ohm/sq/mil. In some embodiments, the conductive ink has a sheet resistance when dried of about 0.1 ohm/sq/mil, about 0.2 ohm/sq/mil, about 0.3 ohm/sq/mil, about 0.4 ohm/sq/mil, about 0.5 ohm/sq/mil, about 0.6 ohm/sq/mil, about 0.7 ohm/sq/mil, or about 0.8 ohm/sq/mil. In some embodiments, the conductive ink has a sheet resistance when dried of at least about 0.1 ohm/sq/mil, about 0.2 ohm/sq/mil, about 0.3 ohm/sq/mil, about 0.4 ohm/sq/mil, about 0.5 ohm/sq/mil, about 0.6 ohm/sq/mil, or about 0.7 ohm/sq/mil. In some embodiments, the conductive ink has a sheet resistance when dried of at most about 0.2 ohm/sq/mil, about 0.3 ohm/sq/mil, about 0.4 ohm/sq/mil, about 0.5 ohm/sq/mil, about 0.6 ohm/sq/mil, about 0.7 ohm/sq/mil, or about 0.8 ohm/sq/mil.
In some embodiments, the conductive ink further comprises at least one of a binder, a surfactant, and a defoamer. In some embodiments, the conductive ink further comprises a pigment, a silver metallic pigment, a colorant, a silver metallic colorant, a dye, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the conductive ink has a conductivity of greater than 10 S/cm when dried.
Another aspect provided herein is a method of forming silver nanowires comprising: heating a solvent; adding a catalyst solution and a polymer solution to the solvent to form a first solution; injecting a silver-based solution into the first solution to form a second solution; centrifuging the second solution; and washing the second solution with a washing solution to extract the silver nanowires.
In some embodiments, the method further comprises heating the second solution before centrifuging the second solution. In some embodiments, the method further comprises cooling the second solution before centrifuging the second solution. In some embodiments, the solvent comprises a glycol, a polymer solution, or both. In some embodiments, washing the second solution comprises a plurality of washing cycles comprising from about two cycles to about six cycles. In some embodiments, the method is performed in a solvothermal chamber. In some embodiments, the solvent is stirred while being heated.
The silver nanowires may have a diameter of less than about 1 μm, about 0.9 μm, about 0.8 μm, about 0.7 μm, about 0.6 μm, about 0.5 μm, about 0.4 μm, about 0.3 μm, about 0.2 μm, about 0.1 μm, about 0.09 μm, about 0.08 μm, about 0.07 μm, about 0.06 μm, or about 0.05 μm. At least about 25% of the silver nanowires may have a diameter of less than about 1 μm, about 0.9 μm, about 0.8 μm, about 0.7 μm, about 0.6 μm, about 0.5 μm, about 0.4 μm, about 0.3 μm, about 0.2 μm, about 0.1 μm, about 0.09 μm, about 0.08 μm, about 0.07 μm, about 0.06 μm, or about 0.05 μm. At least about 50% of the silver nanowires may have a diameter of less than about 1 μm, about 0.9 μm, about 0.8 μm, about 0.7 μm, about 0.6 μm, about 0.5 μm, about 0.4 μm, about 0.3 μm, about 0.2 μm, about 0.1 μm, about 0.09 μm, about 0.08 μm, about 0.07 μm, about 0.06 μm, or about 0.05 μm. At least about 75% of the silver nanowires may have a diameter of less than about 1 μm, about 0.9 μm, about 0.8 μm, about 0.7 μm, about 0.6 μm, about 0.5 μm, about 0.4 μm, about 0.3 μm, about 0.2 μm, about 0.1 μm, about 0.09 μm, about 0.08 μm, about 0.07 μm, about 0.06 μm, or about 0.05 μm. The silver nanowires may have a length of greater than about 10 μm, about 15 μm, about 20 μm, about 25 μm, about 30 μm, about 35 μm, about 40 μm, about 45 μm, about 50 μm, about 55 μm, about 60 μm, about 65 μm, about 70 μm, or about 75 μm. At least about 25% of the silver nanowires may have a length of greater than about 10 μm, about 15 μm, about 20 μm, about 25 μm, about 30 μm, about 35 μm, about 40 μm, about 45 μm, about 50 μm, about 55 μm, about 60 μm, about 65 μm, about 70 μm, or about 75 μm. At least about 50% of the silver nanowires may have a length of greater than about 10 μm, about 15 μm, about 20 μm, about 25 μm, about 30 μm, about 35 μm, about 40 μm, about 45 μm, about 50 μm, about 55 μm, about 60 μm, about 65 μm, about 70 μm, or about 75 μm. At least about 75% of the silver nanowires may have a length of greater than about 10 μm, about 15 μm, about 20 μm, about 25 μm, about 30 μm, about 35 μm, about 40 μm, about 45 μm, about 50 μm, about 55 μm, about 60 μm, about 65 μm, about 70 μm, or about 75 μm.
In some embodiments, the polymer solution has a concentration of about 0.075 M to about 0.25 M. In some embodiments, the polymer solution has a concentration of about 0.075 M to about 0.1 M, about 0.075 M to about 0.125 M, about 0.075 M to about 0.15 M, about 0.075 M to about 0.175 M, about 0.075 M to about 0.2 M, about 0.075 M to about 0.225 M, about 0.075 M to about 0.25 M, about 0.1 M to about 0.125 M, about 0.1 M to about 0.15 M, about 0.1 M to about 0.175 M, about 0.1 M to about 0.2 M, about 0.1 M to about 0.225 M, about 0.1 M to about 0.25 M, about 0.125 M to about 0.15 M, about 0.125 M to about 0.175 M, about 0.125 M to about 0.2 M, about 0.125 M to about 0.225 M, about 0.125 M to about 0.25 M, about 0.15 M to about 0.175 M, about 0.15 M to about 0.2 M, about 0.15 M to about 0.225 M, about 0.15 M to about 0.25 M, about 0.175 M to about 0.2 M, about 0.175 M to about 0.225 M, about 0.175 M to about 0.25 M, about 0.2 M to about 0.225 M, about 0.2 M to about 0.25 M, or about 0.225 M to about 0.25 M. In some embodiments, the polymer solution has a concentration of about 0.075 M, about 0.1 M, about 0.125 M, about 0.15 M, about 0.175 M, about 0.2 M, about 0.225 M, or about 0.25 M. In some embodiments, the polymer solution has a concentration of at least about 0.075 M, about 0.1 M, about 0.125 M, about 0.15 M, about 0.175 M, about 0.2 M, about 0.225 M, or about 0.25 M. In some embodiments, the polymer solution has a concentration of at most about 0.075 M, about 0.1 M, about 0.125 M, about 0.15 M, about 0.175 M, about 0.2 M, about 0.225 M, or about 0.25 M.
In some embodiments, the catalyst solution has a concentration of about 2 mM to about 8 mM. In some embodiments, the catalyst solution has a concentration of about 2 mM to about 2.5 mM, about 2 mM to about 3 mM, about 2 mM to about 3.5 mM, about 2 mM to about 4 mM, about 2 mM to about 4.5 mM, about 2 mM to about 5 mM, about 2 mM to about 5.5 mM, about 2 mM to about 6 mM, about 2 mM to about 6.5 mM, about 2 mM to about 7 mM, about 2 mM to about 8 mM, about 2.5 mM to about 3 mM, about 2.5 mM to about 3.5 mM, about 2.5 mM to about 4 mM, about 2.5 mM to about 4.5 mM, about 2.5 mM to about 5 mM, about 2.5 mM to about 5.5 mM, about 2.5 mM to about 6 mM, about 2.5 mM to about 6.5 mM, about 2.5 mM to about 7 mM, about 2.5 mM to about 8 mM, about 3 mM to about 3.5 mM, about 3 mM to about 4 mM, about 3 mM to about 4.5 mM, about 3 mM to about 5 mM, about 3 mM to about 5.5 mM, about 3 mM to about 6 mM, about 3 mM to about 6.5 mM, about 3 mM to about 7 mM, about 3 mM to about 8 mM, about 3.5 mM to about 4 mM, about 3.5 mM to about 4.5 mM, about 3.5 mM to about 5 mM, about 3.5 mM to about 5.5 mM, about 3.5 mM to about 6 mM, about 3.5 mM to about 6.5 mM, about 3.5 mM to about 7 mM, about 3.5 mM to about 8 mM, about 4 mM to about 4.5 mM, about 4 mM to about 5 mM, about 4 mM to about 5.5 mM, about 4 mM to about 6 mM, about 4 mM to about 6.5 mM, about 4 mM to about 7 mM, about 4 mM to about 8 mM, about 4.5 mM to about 5 mM, about 4.5 mM to about 5.5 mM, about 4.5 mM to about 6 mM, about 4.5 mM to about 6.5 mM, about 4.5 mM to about 7 mM, about 4.5 mM to about 8 mM, about 5 mM to about 5.5 mM, about 5 mM to about 6 mM, about 5 mM to about 6.5 mM, about 5 mM to about 7 mM, about 5 mM to about 8 mM, about 5.5 mM to about 6 mM, about 5.5 mM to about 6.5 mM, about 5.5 mM to about 7 mM, about 5.5 mM to about 8 mM, about 6 mM to about 6.5 mM, about 6 mM to about 7 mM, about 6 mM to about 8 mM, about 6.5 mM to about 7 mM, about 6.5 mM to about 8 mM, or about 7 mM to about 8 mM. In some embodiments, the catalyst solution has a concentration of about 2 mM, about 2.5 mM, about 3 mM, about 3.5 mM, about 4 mM, about 4.5 mM, about 5 mM, about 5.5 mM, about 6 mM, about 6.5 mM, about 7 mM, or about 8 mM. In some embodiments, the catalyst solution has a concentration of at least about 2 mM, about 2.5 mM, about 3 mM, about 3.5 mM, about 4 mM, about 4.5 mM, about 5 mM, about 5.5 mM, about 6 mM, about 6.5 mM, about 7 mM, or about 8 mM. In some embodiments, the catalyst solution has a concentration of at most about 2 mM, about 2.5 mM, about 3 mM, about 3.5 mM, about 4 mM, about 4.5 mM, about 5 mM, about 5.5 mM, about 6 mM, about 6.5 mM, about 7 mM, or about 8 mM.
In some embodiments, the volume of the solvent is greater than the volume of the catalyst solution by a factor of about 75 to about 250. In some embodiments, the volume of the solvent is greater than the volume of the catalyst solution by a factor of about 75 to about 100, about 75 to about 125, about 75 to about 150, about 75 to about 175, about 75 to about 200, about 75 to about 225, about 75 to about 250, about 100 to about 125, about 100 to about 150, about 100 to about 175, about 100 to about 200, about 100 to about 225, about 100 to about 250, about 125 to about 150, about 125 to about 175, about 125 to about 200, about 125 to about 225, about 125 to about 250, about 150 to about 175, about 150 to about 200, about 150 to about 225, about 150 to about 250, about 175 to about 200, about 175 to about 225, about 175 to about 250, about 200 to about 225, about 200 to about 250, or about 225 to about 250. In some embodiments, the volume of the solvent is greater than the volume of the catalyst solution by a factor of about 75, about 100, about 125, about 150, about 175, about 200, about 225, or about 250. In some embodiments, the volume of the solvent is greater than the volume of the catalyst solution by a factor of at least about 75, about 100, about 125, about 150, about 175, about 200, about 225, or about 250. In some embodiments, the volume of the solvent is greater than the volume of the catalyst solution by a factor of at most about 75, about 100, about 125, about 150, about 175, about 200, about 225, or about 250.
In some embodiments, the volume of the solvent is greater than the volume of the polymer solution by a factor of about 1.5 to about 6.5. In some embodiments, the volume of the solvent is greater than the volume of the polymer solution by a factor of about 1.5 to about 2, about 1.5 to about 2.5, about 1.5 to about 3, about 1.5 to about 3.5, about 1.5 to about 4, about 1.5 to about 4.5, about 1.5 to about 5, about 1.5 to about 5.5, about 1.5 to about 6, about 1.5 to about 6.5, about 2 to about 2.5, about 2 to about 3, about 2 to about 3.5, about 2 to about 4, about 2 to about 4.5, about 2 to about 5, about 2 to about 5.5, about 2 to about 6, about 2 to about 6.5, about 2.5 to about 3, about 2.5 to about 3.5, about 2.5 to about 4, about 2.5 to about 4.5, about 2.5 to about 5, about 2.5 to about 5.5, about 2.5 to about 6, about 2.5 to about 6.5, about 3 to about 3.5, about 3 to about 4, about 3 to about 4.5, about 3 to about 5, about 3 to about 5.5, about 3 to about 6, about 3 to about 6.5, about 3.5 to about 4, about 3.5 to about 4.5, about 3.5 to about 5, about 3.5 to about 5.5, about 3.5 to about 6, about 3.5 to about 6.5, about 4 to about 4.5, about 4 to about 5, about 4 to about 5.5, about 4 to about 6, about 4 to about 6.5, about 4.5 to about 5, about 4.5 to about 5.5, about 4.5 to about 6, about 4.5 to about 6.5, about 5 to about 5.5, about 5 to about 6, about 5 to about 6.5, about 5.5 to about 6, about 5.5 to about 6.5, or about 6 to about 6.5. In some embodiments, the volume of the solvent is greater than the volume of the polymer solution by a factor of about 1.5, about 2, about 2.5, about 3, about 3.5, about 4, about 4.5, about 5, about 5.5, about 6, or about 6.5. In some embodiments, the volume of the solvent is greater than the volume of the polymer solution by a factor of at least about 1.5, about 2, about 2.5, about 3, about 3.5, about 4, about 4.5, about 5, about 5.5, about 6, or about 6.5. In some embodiments, the volume of the solvent is greater than the volume of the polymer solution by a factor of at most bout 1.5, about 2, about 2.5, about 3, about 3.5, about 4, about 4.5, about 5, about 5.5, about 6, or about 6.5.
In some embodiments, the silver-based solution has a concentration of about 0.05 M to about 0.2 M. In some embodiments, the silver-based solution has a concentration of at least about 0.05 M. In some embodiments, the silver-based solution has a concentration of at most about 0.2 M. In some embodiments, the silver-based solution has a concentration of about 0.05 M to about 0.075 M, about 0.05 M to about 0.1 M, about 0.05 M to about 0.125 M, about 0.05 M to about 0.15 M, about 0.05 M to about 0.175 M, about 0.05 M to about 0.2 M, about 0.075 M to about 0.1 M, about 0.075 M to about 0.125 M, about 0.075 M to about 0.15 M, about 0.075 M to about 0.175 M, about 0.075 M to about 0.2 M, about 0.1 M to about 0.125 M, about 0.1 M to about 0.15 M, about 0.1 M to about 0.175 M, about 0.1 M to about 0.2 M, about 0.125 M to about 0.15 M, about 0.125 M to about 0.175 M, about 0.125 M to about 0.2 M, about 0.15 M to about 0.175 M, about 0.15 M to about 0.2 M, or about 0.175 M to about 0.2 M. In some embodiments, the silver-based solution has a concentration of about 0.05 M, about 0.075 M, about 0.1 M, about 0.125 M, about 0.15 M, about 0.175 M, or about 0.2 M. In some embodiments, the silver-based solution has a concentration of at least about 0.05 M, about 0.075 M, about 0.1 M, about 0.125 M, about 0.15 M, about 0.175 M, or about 0.2 M. In some embodiments, the silver-based solution has a concentration of at most about 0.05 M, about 0.075 M, about 0.1 M, about 0.125 M, about 0.15 M, about 0.175 M, or about 0.2 M.
In some embodiments, the volume of the solvent is greater than the volume of the silver-based solution by a factor of about 1.5 to about 6.5. In some embodiments, the volume of the solvent is greater than the volume of the silver-based solution by a factor of at least about 1.5. In some embodiments, the volume of the solvent is greater than the volume of the silver-based solution by a factor of at most about 6.5. In some embodiments, the volume of the solvent is greater than the volume of the silver-based solution by a factor of about 1.5 to about 2, about 1.5 to about 2.5, about 1.5 to about 3, about 1.5 to about 3.5, about 1.5 to about 4, about 1.5 to about 4.5, about 1.5 to about 5, about 1.5 to about 5.5, about 1.5 to about 6, about 1.5 to about 6.5, about 2 to about 2.5, about 2 to about 3, about 2 to about 3.5, about 2 to about 4, about 2 to about 4.5, about 2 to about 5, about 2 to about 5.5, about 2 to about 6, about 2 to about 6.5, about 2.5 to about 3, about 2.5 to about 3.5, about 2.5 to about 4, about 2.5 to about 4.5, about 2.5 to about 5, about 2.5 to about 5.5, about 2.5 to about 6, about 2.5 to about 6.5, about 3 to about 3.5, about 3 to about 4, about 3 to about 4.5, about 3 to about 5, about 3 to about 5.5, about 3 to about 6, about 3 to about 6.5, about 3.5 to about 4, about 3.5 to about 4.5, about 3.5 to about 5, about 3.5 to about 5.5, about 3.5 to about 6, about 3.5 to about 6.5, about 4 to about 4.5, about 4 to about 5, about 4 to about 5.5, about 4 to about 6, about 4 to about 6.5, about 4.5 to about 5, about 4.5 to about 5.5, about 4.5 to about 6, about 4.5 to about 6.5, about 5 to about 5.5, about 5 to about 6, about 5 to about 6.5, about 5.5 to about 6, about 5.5 to about 6.5, or about 6 to about 6.5. In some embodiments, the volume of the solvent is greater than the volume of the silver-based solution by a factor of about 1.5, about 2, about 2.5, about 3, about 3.5, about 4, about 4.5, about 5, about 5.5, about 6, or about 6.5. In some embodiments, the volume of the solvent is greater than the volume of the silver-based solution by a factor of at least about 1.5, about 2, about 2.5, about 3, about 3.5, about 4, about 4.5, about 5, about 5.5, about 6, or about 6.5. In some embodiments, the volume of the solvent is greater than the volume of the silver-based solution by a factor of at most about 1.5, about 2, about 2.5, about 3, about 3.5, about 4, about 4.5, about 5, about 5.5, about 6, or about 6.5.
In some embodiments, the solvent is heated to a temperature of about 75° C. to about 300° C. In some embodiments, the solvent is heated to a temperature of at least about 75° C. In some embodiments, the solvent is heated to a temperature of at most about 300° C. In some embodiments, the solvent is heated to a temperature of about 75° C. to about 100° C., about 75° C. to about 125° C., about 75° C. to about 150° C., about 75° C. to about 175° C., about 75° C. to about 200° C., about 75° C. to about 225° C., about 75° C. to about 250° C., about 75° C. to about 275° C., about 75° C. to about 300° C., about 100° C. to about 125° C., about 100° C. to about 150° C., about 100° C. to about 175° C., about 100° C. to about 200° C., about 100° C. to about 225° C., about 100° C. to about 250° C., about 100° C. to about 275° C., about 100° C. to about 300° C., about 125° C. to about 150° C., about 125° C. to about 175° C., about 125° C. to about 200° C., about 125° C. to about 225° C., about 125° C. to about 250° C., about 125° C. to about 275° C., about 125° C. to about 300° C., about 150° C. to about 175° C., about 150° C. to about 200° C., about 150° C. to about 225° C., about 150° C. to about 250° C., about 150° C. to about 275° C., about 150° C. to about 300° C., about 175° C. to about 200° C., about 175° C. to about 225° C., about 175° C. to about 250° C., about 175° C. to about 275° C., about 175° C. to about 300° C., about 200° C. to about 225° C., about 200° C. to about 250° C., about 200° C. to about 275° C., about 200° C. to about 300° C., about 225° C. to about 250° C., about 225° C. to about 275° C., about 225° C. to about 300° C., about 250° C. to about 275° C., about 250° C. to about 300° C., or about 275° C. to about 300° C. In some embodiments, the solvent is heated to a temperature of about 75° C., about 100° C., about 125° C., about 150° C., about 175° C., about 200° C., about 225° C., about 250° C., about 275° C., or about 300° C. In some embodiments, the solvent is heated to a temperature of at least about 75° C., about 100° C., about 125° C., about 150° C., about 175° C., about 200° C., about 225° C., about 250° C., about 275° C., or about 300° C. In some embodiments, the solvent is heated to a temperature of at most about 75° C., about 100° C., about 125° C., about 150° C., about 175° C., about 200° C., about 225° C., about 250° C., about 275° C., or about 300° C.
In some embodiments, the solvent is heated for a period of time of about 30 minutes to about 120 minutes. In some embodiments, the solvent is heated for a period of time of at least about 30 minutes. In some embodiments, the solvent is heated for a period of time of at most about 120 minutes. In some embodiments, the solvent is heated for a period of time of about 30 minutes to about 40 minutes, about 30 minutes to about 50 minutes, about 30 minutes to about 60 minutes, about 30 minutes to about 70 minutes, about 30 minutes to about 80 minutes, about 30 minutes to about 90 minutes, about 30 minutes to about 100 minutes, about 30 minutes to about 110 minutes, about 30 minutes to about 120 minutes, about 40 minutes to about 50 minutes, about 40 minutes to about 60 minutes, about 40 minutes to about 70 minutes, about 40 minutes to about 80 minutes, about 40 minutes to about 90 minutes, about 40 minutes to about 100 minutes, about 40 minutes to about 110 minutes, about 40 minutes to about 120 minutes, about 50 minutes to about 60 minutes, about 50 minutes to about 70 minutes, about 50 minutes to about 80 minutes, about 50 minutes to about 90 minutes, about 50 minutes to about 100 minutes, about 50 minutes to about 110 minutes, about 50 minutes to about 120 minutes, about 60 minutes to about 70 minutes, about 60 minutes to about 80 minutes, about 60 minutes to about 90 minutes, about 60 minutes to about 100 minutes, about 60 minutes to about 110 minutes, about 60 minutes to about 120 minutes, about 70 minutes to about 80 minutes, about 70 minutes to about 90 minutes, about 70 minutes to about 100 minutes, about 70 minutes to about 110 minutes, about 70 minutes to about 120 minutes, about 80 minutes to about 90 minutes, about 80 minutes to about 100 minutes, about 80 minutes to about 110 minutes, about 80 minutes to about 120 minutes, about 90 minutes to about 100 minutes, about 90 minutes to about 110 minutes, about 90 minutes to about 120 minutes, about 100 minutes to about 110 minutes, about 100 minutes to about 120 minutes, or about 110 minutes to about 120 minutes. In some embodiments, the solvent is heated for a period of time of about 30 minutes, about 40 minutes, about 50 minutes, about 60 minutes, about 70 minutes, about 80 minutes, about 90 minutes, about 100 minutes, about 110 minutes, or about 120 minutes. In some embodiments, the solvent is heated for a period of time of at least about 30 minutes, about 40 minutes, about 50 minutes, about 60 minutes, about 70 minutes, about 80 minutes, about 90 minutes, about 100 minutes, about 110 minutes, or about 120 minutes. In some embodiments, the solvent is heated for a period of time of at most about 30 minutes, about 40 minutes, about 50 minutes, about 60 minutes, about 70 minutes, about 80 minutes, about 90 minutes, about 100 minutes, about 110 minutes, or about 120 minutes.
In some embodiments, the second solution is heated for a period of time of about 30 minutes to about 120 minutes. In some embodiments, the second solution is heated for a period of time of at least about 30 minutes. In some embodiments, the second solution is heated for a period of time of at most about 120 minutes. In some embodiments, the second solution is heated for a period of time of about 30 minutes to about 40 minutes, about 30 minutes to about 50 minutes, about 30 minutes to about 60 minutes, about 30 minutes to about 70 minutes, about 30 minutes to about 80 minutes, about 30 minutes to about 90 minutes, about 30 minutes to about 100 minutes, about 30 minutes to about 110 minutes, about 30 minutes to about 120 minutes, about 40 minutes to about 50 minutes, about 40 minutes to about 60 minutes, about 40 minutes to about 70 minutes, about 40 minutes to about 80 minutes, about 40 minutes to about 90 minutes, about 40 minutes to about 100 minutes, about 40 minutes to about 110 minutes, about 40 minutes to about 120 minutes, about 50 minutes to about 60 minutes, about 50 minutes to about 70 minutes, about 50 minutes to about 80 minutes, about 50 minutes to about 90 minutes, about 50 minutes to about 100 minutes, about 50 minutes to about 110 minutes, about 50 minutes to about 120 minutes, about 60 minutes to about 70 minutes, about 60 minutes to about 80 minutes, about 60 minutes to about 90 minutes, about 60 minutes to about 100 minutes, about 60 minutes to about 110 minutes, about 60 minutes to about 120 minutes, about 70 minutes to about 80 minutes, about 70 minutes to about 90 minutes, about 70 minutes to about 100 minutes, about 70 minutes to about 110 minutes, about 70 minutes to about 120 minutes, about 80 minutes to about 90 minutes, about 80 minutes to about 100 minutes, about 80 minutes to about 110 minutes, about 80 minutes to about 120 minutes, about 90 minutes to about 100 minutes, about 90 minutes to about 110 minutes, about 90 minutes to about 120 minutes, about 100 minutes to about 110 minutes, about 100 minutes to about 120 minutes, or about 110 minutes to about 120 minutes. In some embodiments, the second solution is heated for a period of time of about 30 minutes, about 40 minutes, about 50 minutes, about 60 minutes, about 70 minutes, about 80 minutes, about 90 minutes, about 100 minutes, about 110 minutes, or about 120 minutes. In some embodiments, the second solution is heated for a period of time of at least about 30 minutes, about 40 minutes, about 50 minutes, about 60 minutes, about 70 minutes, about 80 minutes, about 90 minutes, about 100 minutes, about 110 minutes, or about 120 minutes. In some embodiments, the second solution is heated for a period of time of at most about 30 minutes, about 40 minutes, about 50 minutes, about 60 minutes, about 70 minutes, about 80 minutes, about 90 minutes, about 100 minutes, about 110 minutes, or about 120 minutes.
In some embodiments, the stirring is performed at a rate of about 100 rpm to about 400 rpm. In some embodiments, the stirring is performed at a rate of at least about 100 rpm. In some embodiments, the stirring is performed at a rate of at most about 400 rpm. In some embodiments, the stirring is performed at a rate of about 100 rpm to about 125 rpm, about 100 rpm to about 150 rpm, about 100 rpm to about 175 rpm, about 100 rpm to about 200 rpm, about 100 rpm to about 225 rpm, about 100 rpm to about 250 rpm, about 100 rpm to about 275 rpm, about 100 rpm to about 300 rpm, about 100 rpm to about 350 rpm, about 100 rpm to about 400 rpm, about 125 rpm to about 150 rpm, about 125 rpm to about 175 rpm, about 125 rpm to about 200 rpm, about 125 rpm to about 225 rpm, about 125 rpm to about 250 rpm, about 125 rpm to about 275 rpm, about 125 rpm to about 300 rpm, about 125 rpm to about 350 rpm, about 125 rpm to about 400 rpm, about 150 rpm to about 175 rpm, about 150 rpm to about 200 rpm, about 150 rpm to about 225 rpm, about 150 rpm to about 250 rpm, about 150 rpm to about 275 rpm, about 150 rpm to about 300 rpm, about 150 rpm to about 350 rpm, about 150 rpm to about 400 rpm, about 175 rpm to about 200 rpm, about 175 rpm to about 225 rpm, about 175 rpm to about 250 rpm, about 175 rpm to about 275 rpm, about 175 rpm to about 300 rpm, about 175 rpm to about 350 rpm, about 175 rpm to about 400 rpm, about 200 rpm to about 225 rpm, about 200 rpm to about 250 rpm, about 200 rpm to about 275 rpm, about 200 rpm to about 300 rpm, about 200 rpm to about 350 rpm, about 200 rpm to about 400 rpm, about 225 rpm to about 250 rpm, about 225 rpm to about 275 rpm, about 225 rpm to about 300 rpm, about 225 rpm to about 350 rpm, about 225 rpm to about 400 rpm, about 250 rpm to about 275 rpm, about 250 rpm to about 300 rpm, about 250 rpm to about 350 rpm, about 250 rpm to about 400 rpm, about 275 rpm to about 300 rpm, about 275 rpm to about 350 rpm, about 275 rpm to about 400 rpm, about 300 rpm to about 350 rpm, about 300 rpm to about 400 rpm, or about 350 rpm to about 400 rpm. In some embodiments, the stirring is performed at a rate of about 100 rpm, about 125 rpm, about 150 rpm, about 175 rpm, about 200 rpm, about 225 rpm, about 250 rpm, about 275 rpm, about 300 rpm, about 350 rpm, or about 400 rpm. In some embodiments, the stirring is performed at a rate of at least about 100 rpm, about 125 rpm, about 150 rpm, about 175 rpm, about 200 rpm, about 225 rpm, about 250 rpm, about 275 rpm, about 300 rpm, about 350 rpm, or about 400 rpm. In some embodiments, the stirring is performed at a rate of at most about 100 rpm, about 125 rpm, about 150 rpm, about 175 rpm, about 200 rpm, about 225 rpm, about 250 rpm, about 275 rpm, about 300 rpm, about 350 rpm, or about 400 rpm.
In some embodiments, the centrifuging occurs over a period of time of about 10 minutes to about 40 minutes. In some embodiments, the centrifuging occurs over a period of time of at least about 10 minutes. In some embodiments, the centrifuging occurs over a period of time of at most about 40 minutes. In some embodiments, the centrifuging occurs over a period of time of about 10 minutes to about 15 minutes, about 10 minutes to about 20 minutes, about 10 minutes to about 25 minutes, about 10 minutes to about 30 minutes, about 10 minutes to about 35 minutes, about 10 minutes to about 40 minutes, about 15 minutes to about 20 minutes, about 15 minutes to about 25 minutes, about 15 minutes to about 30 minutes, about 15 minutes to about 35 minutes, about 15 minutes to about 40 minutes, about 20 minutes to about 25 minutes, about 20 minutes to about 30 minutes, about 20 minutes to about 35 minutes, about 20 minutes to about 40 minutes, about 25 minutes to about 30 minutes, about 25 minutes to about 35 minutes, about 25 minutes to about 40 minutes, about 30 minutes to about 35 minutes, about 30 minutes to about 40 minutes, or about 35 minutes to about 40 minutes. In some embodiments, the centrifuging occurs over a period of time of about 10 minutes, about 15 minutes, about 20 minutes, about 25 minutes, about 30 minutes, about 35 minutes, or about 40 minutes. In some embodiments, the centrifuging occurs over a period of time of at least about 10 minutes, about 15 minutes, about 20 minutes, about 25 minutes, about 30 minutes, about 35 minutes, or about 40 minutes. In some embodiments, the centrifuging occurs over a period of time of at most about 10 minutes, about 15 minutes, about 20 minutes, about 25 minutes, about 30 minutes, about 35 minutes, or about 40 minutes.
Another aspect provided herein is a conductive carbon-based glue comprising a carbon-based material and an adhesive agent. In some embodiments, the carbon-based material comprises graphene, graphite powder, natural graphite, synthetic graphite, expanded graphite, carbon black, Timcal carbon super C45, Timcal carbon super C65, cabot carbon, carbon super P, acetylene black, furnace black, carbon nanotubes, vapor-grown carbon fibers, graphene oxide, or any combination thereof.
In some embodiments, the adhesive agent comprises a percentage by weight of the conductive carbon-based glue of about 60% to about 99.9%. In some embodiments, the adhesive agent comprises a percentage by weight of the conductive carbon-based glue of at least about 60%. In some embodiments, the adhesive agent comprises a percentage by weight of the conductive carbon-based glue of at most about 99.9%. In some embodiments, the adhesive agent comprises a percentage by weight of the conductive carbon-based glue of about 60% to about 65%, about 60% to about 70%, about 60% to about 75%, about 60% to about 80%, about 60% to about 85%, about 60% to about 90%, about 60% to about 95%, about 60% to about 97%, about 60% to about 99%, about 60% to about 99.9%, about 65% to about 70%, about 65% to about 75%, about 65% to about 80%, about 65% to about 85%, about 65% to about 90%, about 65% to about 95%, about 65% to about 97%, about 65% to about 99%, about 65% to about 99.9%, about 70% to about 75%, about 70% to about 80%, about 70% to about 85%, about 70% to about 90%, about 70% to about 95%, about 70% to about 97%, about 70% to about 99%, about 70% to about 99.9%, about 75% to about 80%, about 75% to about 85%, about 75% to about 90%, about 75% to about 95%, about 75% to about 97%, about 75% to about 99%, about 75% to about 99.9%, about 80% to about 85%, about 80% to about 90%, about 80% to about 95%, about 80% to about 97%, about 80% to about 99%, about 80% to about 99.9%, about 85% to about 90%, about 85% to about 95%, about 85% to about 97%, about 85% to about 99%, about 85% to about 99.9%, about 90% to about 95%, about 90% to about 97%, about 90% to about 99%, about 90% to about 99.9%, about 95% to about 97%, about 95% to about 99%, about 95% to about 99.9%, about 97% to about 99%, about 97% to about 99.9%, or about 99% to about 99.9%. In some embodiments, the adhesive agent comprises a percentage by weight of the conductive carbon-based glue of about 60%, about 65%, about 70%, about 75%, about 80%, about 85%, about 90%, about 95%, about 97%, about 99%, or about 99.9%. In some embodiments, the adhesive agent comprises a percentage by weight of the conductive carbon-based glue of at least bout 60%, about 65%, about 70%, about 75%, about 80%, about 85%, about 90%, about 95%, about 97%, about 99%, or about 99.9%. In some embodiments, the adhesive agent comprises a percentage by weight of the conductive carbon-based glue of at most about 60%, about 65%, about 70%, about 75%, about 80%, about 85%, about 90%, about 95%, about 97%, about 99%, or about 99.9%.
In some embodiments, the carbon-based material comprises a percentage by weight of the conductive carbon-based glue of about 0.1% to about 40%. In some embodiments, the carbon-based material comprises a percentage by weight of the conductive carbon-based glue of at least about 0.1%. In some embodiments, the carbon-based material comprises a percentage by weight of the conductive carbon-based glue of at most about 40%. In some embodiments, the carbon-based material comprises a percentage by weight of the conductive carbon-based glue of about 0.1% to about 0.2%, about 0.1% to about 0.5%, about 0.1% to about 1%, about 0.1% to about 5%, about 0.1% to about 10%, about 0.1% to about 15%, about 0.1% to about 20%, about 0.1% to about 25%, about 0.1% to about 30%, about 0.1% to about 35%, about 0.1% to about 40%, about 0.2% to about 0.5%, about 0.2% to about 1%, about 0.2% to about 5%, about 0.2% to about 10%, about 0.2% to about 15%, about 0.2% to about 20%, about 0.2% to about 25%, about 0.2% to about 30%, about 0.2% to about 35%, about 0.2% to about 40%, about 0.5% to about 1%, about 0.5% to about 5%, about 0.5% to about 10%, about 0.5% to about 15%, about 0.5% to about 20%, about 0.5% to about 25%, about 0.5% to about 30%, about 0.5% to about 35%, about 0.5% to about 40%, about 1% to about 5%, about 1% to about 10%, about 1% to about 15%, about 1% to about 20%, about 1% to about 25%, about 1% to about 30%, about 1% to about 35%, about 1% to about 40%, about 5% to about 10%, about 5% to about 15%, about 5% to about 20%, about 5% to about 25%, about 5% to about 30%, about 5% to about 35%, about 5% to about 40%, about 10% to about 15%, about 10% to about 20%, about 10% to about 25%, about 10% to about 30%, about 10% to about 35%, about 10% to about 40%, about 15% to about 20%, about 15% to about 25%, about 15% to about 30%, about 15% to about 35%, about 15% to about 40%, about 20% to about 25%, about 20% to about 30%, about 20% to about 35%, about 20% to about 40%, about 25% to about 30%, about 25% to about 35%, about 25% to about 40%, about 30% to about 35%, about 30% to about 40%, or about 35% to about 40%. In some embodiments, the carbon-based material comprises a percentage by weight of the conductive carbon-based glue of about 0.1%, about 0.2%, about 0.5%, about 1%, about 5%, about 10%, about 15%, about 20%, about 25%, about 30%, about 35%, or about 40%. In some embodiments, the carbon-based material comprises a percentage by weight of the conductive carbon-based glue of at least about 0.1%, about 0.2%, about 0.5%, about 1%, about 5%, about 10%, about 15%, about 20%, about 25%, about 30%, about 35%, or about 40%. In some embodiments, the carbon-based material comprises a percentage by weight of the conductive carbon-based glue of at most about 0.1%, about 0.2%, about 0.5%, about 1%, about 5%, about 10%, about 15%, about 20%, about 25%, about 30%, about 35%, or about 40%.
In some embodiments, the carbon-based material comprises graphene, wherein a percentage by weight of the graphene in the carbon-based material is about 0.1% to about 10%. In some embodiments, the carbon-based material comprises graphene, wherein a percentage by weight of the graphene in the carbon-based material is at least about 0.1%. In some embodiments, the carbon-based material comprises graphene, wherein a percentage by weight of the graphene in the carbon-based material is at most about 10%. In some embodiments, the carbon-based material comprises graphene, wherein a percentage by weight of the graphene in the carbon-based material is about 0.1% to about 0.2%, about 0.1% to about 0.5%, about 0.1% to about 1%, about 0.1% to about 2%, about 0.1% to about 3%, about 0.1% to about 4%, about 0.1% to about 5%, about 0.1% to about 6%, about 0.1% to about 7%, about 0.1% to about 8%, about 0.1% to about 10%, about 0.2% to about 0.5%, about 0.2% to about 1%, about 0.2% to about 2%, about 0.2% to about 3%, about 0.2% to about 4%, about 0.2% to about 5%, about 0.2% to about 6%, about 0.2% to about 7%, about 0.2% to about 8%, about 0.2% to about 10%, about 0.5% to about 1%, about 0.5% to about 2%, about 0.5% to about 3%, about 0.5% to about 4%, about 0.5% to about 5%, about 0.5% to about 6%, about 0.5% to about 7%, about 0.5% to about 8%, about 0.5% to about 10%, about 1% to about 2%, about 1% to about 3%, about 1% to about 4%, about 1% to about 5%, about 1% to about 6%, about 1% to about 7%, about 1% to about 8%, about 1% to about 10%, about 2% to about 3%, about 2% to about 4%, about 2% to about 5%, about 2% to about 6%, about 2% to about 7%, about 2% to about 8%, about 2% to about 10%, about 3% to about 4%, about 3% to about 5%, about 3% to about 6%, about 3% to about 7%, about 3% to about 8%, about 3% to about 10%, about 4% to about 5%, about 4% to about 6%, about 4% to about 7%, about 4% to about 8%, about 4% to about 10%, about 5% to about 6%, about 5% to about 7%, about 5% to about 8%, about 5% to about 10%, about 6% to about 7%, about 6% to about 8%, about 6% to about 10%, about 7% to about 8%, about 7% to about 10%, or about 8% to about 10%. In some embodiments, the carbon-based material comprises graphene, wherein a percentage by weight of the graphene in the carbon-based material is about 0.1%, about 0.2%, about 0.5%, about 1%, about 2%, about 3%, about 4%, about 5%, about 6%, about 7%, about 8%, or about 10%. In some embodiments, the carbon-based material comprises graphene, wherein a percentage by weight of the graphene in the carbon-based material is at least about 0.1%, about 0.2%, about 0.5%, about 1%, about 2%, about 3%, about 4%, about 5%, about 6%, about 7%, about 8%, or about 10%. In some embodiments, the carbon-based material comprises graphene, wherein a percentage by weight of the graphene in the carbon-based material is at most about 0.1%, about 0.2%, about 0.5%, about 1%, about 2%, about 3%, about 4%, about 5%, about 6%, about 7%, about 8%, or about 10%.
In some embodiments, the carbon-based material comprises graphite powder, wherein a percentage by weight of the graphite powder in the carbon-based material is about 1% to about 40%. In some embodiments, the carbon-based material comprises graphite powder, wherein a percentage by weight of the graphite powder in the carbon-based material is at least about 1%. In some embodiments, the carbon-based material comprises graphite powder, wherein a percentage by weight of the graphite powder in the carbon-based material is at most about 40%. In some embodiments, the carbon-based material comprises graphite powder, wherein a percentage by weight of the graphite powder in the carbon-based material is about 1% to about 2%, about 1% to about 5%, about 1% to about 10%, about 1% to about 15%, about 1% to about 20%, about 1% to about 25%, about 1% to about 30%, about 1% to about 35%, about 1% to about 40%, about 2% to about 5%, about 2% to about 10%, about 2% to about 15%, about 2% to about 20%, about 2% to about 25%, about 2% to about 30%, about 2% to about 35%, about 2% to about 40%, about 5% to about 10%, about 5% to about 15%, about 5% to about 20%, about 5% to about 25%, about 5% to about 30%, about 5% to about 35%, about 5% to about 40%, about 10% to about 15%, about 10% to about 20%, about 10% to about 25%, about 10% to about 30%, about 10% to about 35%, about 10% to about 40%, about 15% to about 20%, about 15% to about 25%, about 15% to about 30%, about 15% to about 35%, about 15% to about 40%, about 20% to about 25%, about 20% to about 30%, about 20% to about 35%, about 20% to about 40%, about 25% to about 30%, about 25% to about 35%, about 25% to about 40%, about 30% to about 35%, about 30% to about 40%, or about 35% to about 40%. In some embodiments, the carbon-based material comprises graphite powder, wherein a percentage by weight of the graphene in the carbon-based material is about 1%, about 2%, about 5%, about 10%, about 15%, about 20%, about 25%, about 30%, about 35%, or about 40%. In some embodiments, the carbon-based material comprises graphite powder, wherein a percentage by weight of the graphene in the carbon-based material is at least about 1%, about 2%, about 5%, about 10%, about 15%, about 20%, about 25%, about 30%, about 35%, or about 40%. In some embodiments, the carbon-based material comprises graphite powder, wherein a percentage by weight of the graphene in the carbon-based material is at most about 1%, about 2%, about 5%, about 10%, about 15%, about 20%, about 25%, about 30%, about 35%, or about 40%.
In some embodiments, the adhesive agent comprises carpenter's glue, wood glue, cyanoacrylate, contact cement, latex, library paste, mucilage, methyl cellulose, resorcinol resin, starch, butanone, dichloromethane acrylic, ethylene-vinyl, phenol formaldehyde resin, polyamide, polyester, polyethylene, polypropylene, polysulfide, polyurethane, polyvinyl acetate, aliphatic, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinyl chloride emulsion, silicone, styrene acrylic, epichlorohydrin, an epoxide, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the conductive carbon-based glue further comprises a conductive filler. In some embodiments, the conductive filler comprises silver. In some embodiments, the silver comprises silver nanoparticles, silver nanorods, silver nanowires, silver nanoflowers, silver nanofibers, silver nanoplatelets, silver nanoribbons, silver nanocubes, silver bipyramids, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the conductive carbon-based glue further comprises a thinner. In some embodiments, the thinner comprises butyl acetate, lacquer thinner, acetone, petroleum naphtha, mineral spirits, xylene, or any combination thereof.
In some embodiments, the conductive carbon-based glue comprises a percent by volume of the thinner of about 50% to about 99%. In some embodiments, the conductive carbon-based glue comprises a percent by volume of the thinner of at least about 50%. In some embodiments, the conductive carbon-based glue comprises a percent by volume of the thinner of at most about 99%. In some embodiments, the conductive carbon-based glue comprises a percent by volume of the thinner of about 50% to about 55%, about 50% to about 60%, about 50% to about 65%, about 50% to about 70%, about 50% to about 75%, about 50% to about 80%, about 50% to about 85%, about 50% to about 90%, about 50% to about 95%, about 50% to about 99%, about 55% to about 60%, about 55% to about 65%, about 55% to about 70%, about 55% to about 75%, about 55% to about 80%, about 55% to about 85%, about 55% to about 90%, about 55% to about 95%, about 55% to about 99%, about 60% to about 65%, about 60% to about 70%, about 60% to about 75%, about 60% to about 80%, about 60% to about 85%, about 60% to about 90%, about 60% to about 95%, about 60% to about 99%, about 65% to about 70%, about 65% to about 75%, about 65% to about 80%, about 65% to about 85%, about 65% to about 90%, about 65% to about 95%, about 65% to about 99%, about 70% to about 75%, about 70% to about 80%, about 70% to about 85%, about 70% to about 90%, about 70% to about 95%, about 70% to about 99%, about 75% to about 80%, about 75% to about 85%, about 75% to about 90%, about 75% to about 95%, about 75% to about 99%, about 80% to about 85%, about 80% to about 90%, about 80% to about 95%, about 80% to about 99%, about 85% to about 90%, about 85% to about 95%, about 85% to about 99%, about 90% to about 95%, about 90% to about 99%, or about 95% to about 99%. In some embodiments, the conductive carbon-based glue comprises a percent by volume of the thinner of about 50%, about 55%, about 60%, about 65%, about 70%, about 75%, about 80%, about 85%, about 90%, about 95%, or about 99%. In some embodiments, the conductive carbon-based glue comprises a percent by volume of the thinner of at least about 50%, about 55%, about 60%, about 65%, about 70%, about 75%, about 80%, about 85%, about 90%, about 95%, or about 99%. In some embodiments, the conductive carbon-based glue comprises a percent by volume of the thinner of at most about 50%, about 55%, about 60%, about 65%, about 70%, about 75%, about 80%, about 85%, about 90%, about 95%, or about 99%.
In some embodiments, the conductive carbon-based glue has a sheet resistance of about 5 ohm/sq to about 500 ohm/sq. In some embodiments, the conductive carbon-based glue has a sheet resistance of at least about 5 ohm/sq. In some embodiments, the conductive carbon-based glue has a sheet resistance of at most about 500 ohm/sq. In some embodiments, the conductive carbon-based glue has a sheet resistance of about 5 ohm/sq to about 10 ohm/sq, about 5 ohm/sq to about 20 ohm/sq, about 5 ohm/sq to about 50 ohm/sq, about 5 ohm/sq to about 100 ohm/sq, about 5 ohm/sq to about 150 ohm/sq, about 5 ohm/sq to about 200 ohm/sq, about 5 ohm/sq to about 250 ohm/sq, about 5 ohm/sq to about 300 ohm/sq, about 5 ohm/sq to about 350 ohm/sq, about 5 ohm/sq to about 400 ohm/sq, about 5 ohm/sq to about 500 ohm/sq, about 10 ohm/sq to about 20 ohm/sq, about 10 ohm/sq to about 50 ohm/sq, about 10 ohm/sq to about 100 ohm/sq, about 10 ohm/sq to about 150 ohm/sq, about 10 ohm/sq to about 200 ohm/sq, about 10 ohm/sq to about 250 ohm/sq, about 10 ohm/sq to about 300 ohm/sq, about 10 ohm/sq to about 350 ohm/sq, about 10 ohm/sq to about 400 ohm/sq, about 10 ohm/sq to about 500 ohm/sq, about 20 ohm/sq to about 50 ohm/sq, about 20 ohm/sq to about 100 ohm/sq, about 20 ohm/sq to about 150 ohm/sq, about 20 ohm/sq to about 200 ohm/sq, about 20 ohm/sq to about 250 ohm/sq, about 20 ohm/sq to about 300 ohm/sq, about 20 ohm/sq to about 350 ohm/sq, about 20 ohm/sq to about 400 ohm/sq, about 20 ohm/sq to about 500 ohm/sq, about 50 ohm/sq to about 100 ohm/sq, about 50 ohm/sq to about 150 ohm/sq, about 50 ohm/sq to about 200 ohm/sq, about 50 ohm/sq to about 250 ohm/sq, about 50 ohm/sq to about 300 ohm/sq, about 50 ohm/sq to about 350 ohm/sq, about 50 ohm/sq to about 400 ohm/sq, about 50 ohm/sq to about 500 ohm/sq, about 100 ohm/sq to about 150 ohm/sq, about 100 ohm/sq to about 200 ohm/sq, about 100 ohm/sq to about 250 ohm/sq, about 100 ohm/sq to about 300 ohm/sq, about 100 ohm/sq to about 350 ohm/sq, about 100 ohm/sq to about 400 ohm/sq, about 100 ohm/sq to about 500 ohm/sq, about 150 ohm/sq to about 200 ohm/sq, about 150 ohm/sq to about 250 ohm/sq, about 150 ohm/sq to about 300 ohm/sq, about 150 ohm/sq to about 350 ohm/sq, about 150 ohm/sq to about 400 ohm/sq, about 150 ohm/sq to about 500 ohm/sq, about 200 ohm/sq to about 250 ohm/sq, about 200 ohm/sq to about 300 ohm/sq, about 200 ohm/sq to about 350 ohm/sq, about 200 ohm/sq to about 400 ohm/sq, about 200 ohm/sq to about 500 ohm/sq, about 250 ohm/sq to about 300 ohm/sq, about 250 ohm/sq to about 350 ohm/sq, about 250 ohm/sq to about 400 ohm/sq, about 250 ohm/sq to about 500 ohm/sq, about 300 ohm/sq to about 350 ohm/sq, about 300 ohm/sq to about 400 ohm/sq, about 300 ohm/sq to about 500 ohm/sq, about 350 ohm/sq to about 400 ohm/sq, about 350 ohm/sq to about 500 ohm/sq, or about 400 ohm/sq to about 500 ohm/sq. In some embodiments, the conductive carbon-based glue has a sheet resistance of about 5 ohm/sq, about 10 ohm/sq, about 20 ohm/sq, about 50 ohm/sq, about 100 ohm/sq, about 150 ohm/sq, about 200 ohm/sq, about 250 ohm/sq, about 300 ohm/sq, about 350 ohm/sq, about 400 ohm/sq, or about 500 ohm/sq. In some embodiments, the conductive carbon-based glue has a sheet resistance of at least about 5 ohm/sq, about 10 ohm/sq, about 20 ohm/sq, about 50 ohm/sq, about 100 ohm/sq, about 150 ohm/sq, about 200 ohm/sq, about 250 ohm/sq, about 300 ohm/sq, about 350 ohm/sq, about 400 ohm/sq, or about 500 ohm/sq. In some embodiments, the conductive carbon-based glue has a sheet resistance of at most about 5 ohm/sq, about 10 ohm/sq, about 20 ohm/sq, about 50 ohm/sq, about 100 ohm/sq, about 150 ohm/sq, about 200 ohm/sq, about 250 ohm/sq, about 300 ohm/sq, about 350 ohm/sq, about 400 ohm/sq, or about 500 ohm/sq.
In some embodiments, the conductive carbon-based glue has a sheet resistance of about 0.3 ohm/sq/mil to about 2 ohm/sq/mil. In some embodiments, the conductive carbon-based glue has a sheet resistance of at least about 0.3 ohm/sq/mil, about 0.4 ohm/sq/mil, about 0.6 ohm/sq/mil, about 0.8 ohm/sq/mil, about 1 ohm/sq/mil, about 1.2 ohm/sq/mil, about 1.4 ohm/sq/mil, about 1.6 ohm/sq/mil, about 1.8 ohm/sq/mil, or about 2 ohm/sq/mil. In some embodiments, the conductive carbon-based glue has a sheet resistance of at most about 0.3 ohm/sq/mil, about 0.4 ohm/sq/mil, about 0.6 ohm/sq/mil, about 0.8 ohm/sq/mil, about 1 ohm/sq/mil, about 1.2 ohm/sq/mil, about 1.4 ohm/sq/mil, about 1.6 ohm/sq/mil, about 1.8 ohm/sq/mil, or about 2 ohm/sq/mil. In some embodiments, the conductive carbon-based glue has a sheet resistance of about 0.3 ohm/sq/mil to about 0.4 ohm/sq/mil, about 0.3 ohm/sq/mil to about 0.6 ohm/sq/mil, about 0.3 ohm/sq/mil to about 0.8 ohm/sq/mil, about 0.3 ohm/sq/mil to about 1 ohm/sq/mil, about 0.3 ohm/sq/mil to about 1.2 ohm/sq/mil, about 0.3 ohm/sq/mil to about 1.4 ohm/sq/mil, about 0.3 ohm/sq/mil to about 1.6 ohm/sq/mil, about 0.3 ohm/sq/mil to about 1.8 ohm/sq/mil, about 0.3 ohm/sq/mil to about 2 ohm/sq/mil, about 0.4 ohm/sq/mil to about 0.6 ohm/sq/mil, about 0.4 ohm/sq/mil to about 0.8 ohm/sq/mil, about 0.4 ohm/sq/mil to about 1 ohm/sq/mil, about 0.4 ohm/sq/mil to about 1.2 ohm/sq/mil, about 0.4 ohm/sq/mil to about 1.4 ohm/sq/mil, about 0.4 ohm/sq/mil to about 1.6 ohm/sq/mil, about 0.4 ohm/sq/mil to about 1.8 ohm/sq/mil, about 0.4 ohm/sq/mil to about 2 ohm/sq/mil, about 0.6 ohm/sq/mil to about 0.8 ohm/sq/mil, about 0.6 ohm/sq/mil to about 1 ohm/sq/mil, about 0.6 ohm/sq/mil to about 1.2 ohm/sq/mil, about 0.6 ohm/sq/mil to about 1.4 ohm/sq/mil, about 0.6 ohm/sq/mil to about 1.6 ohm/sq/mil, about 0.6 ohm/sq/mil to about 1.8 ohm/sq/mil, about 0.6 ohm/sq/mil to about 2 ohm/sq/mil, about 0.8 ohm/sq/mil to about 1 ohm/sq/mil, about 0.8 ohm/sq/mil to about 1.2 ohm/sq/mil, about 0.8 ohm/sq/mil to about 1.4 ohm/sq/mil, about 0.8 ohm/sq/mil to about 1.6 ohm/sq/mil, about 0.8 ohm/sq/mil to about 1.8 ohm/sq/mil, about 0.8 ohm/sq/mil to about 2 ohm/sq/mil, about 1 ohm/sq/mil to about 1.2 ohm/sq/mil, about 1 ohm/sq/mil to about 1.4 ohm/sq/mil, about 1 ohm/sq/mil to about 1.6 ohm/sq/mil, about 1 ohm/sq/mil to about 1.8 ohm/sq/mil, about 1 ohm/sq/mil to about 2 ohm/sq/mil, about 1.2 ohm/sq/mil to about 1.4 ohm/sq/mil, about 1.2 ohm/sq/mil to about 1.6 ohm/sq/mil, about 1.2 ohm/sq/mil to about 1.8 ohm/sq/mil, about 1.2 ohm/sq/mil to about 2 ohm/sq/mil, about 1.4 ohm/sq/mil to about 1.6 ohm/sq/mil, about 1.4 ohm/sq/mil to about 1.8 ohm/sq/mil, about 1.4 ohm/sq/mil to about 2 ohm/sq/mil, about 1.6 ohm/sq/mil to about 1.8 ohm/sq/mil, about 1.6 ohm/sq/mil to about 2 ohm/sq/mil, or about 1.8 ohm/sq/mil to about 2 ohm/sq/mil. In some embodiments, the conductive carbon-based glue has a sheet resistance of about 0.3 ohm/sq/mil, about 0.4 ohm/sq/mil, about 0.6 ohm/sq/mil, about 0.8 ohm/sq/mil, about 1 ohm/sq/mil, about 1.2 ohm/sq/mil, about 1.4 ohm/sq/mil, about 1.6 ohm/sq/mil, about 1.8 ohm/sq/mil, or about 2 ohm/sq/mil. In some embodiments, the conductive carbon-based glue has a sheet resistance of at least about 0.3 ohm/sq/mil, about 0.4 ohm/sq/mil, about 0.6 ohm/sq/mil, about 0.8 ohm/sq/mil, about 1 ohm/sq/mil, about 1.2 ohm/sq/mil, about 1.4 ohm/sq/mil, about 1.6 ohm/sq/mil, about 1.8 ohm/sq/mil, or about 2 ohm/sq/mil. In some embodiments, the conductive carbon-based glue has a sheet resistance of at most about 0.3 ohm/sq/mil, about 0.4 ohm/sq/mil, about 0.6 ohm/sq/mil, about 0.8 ohm/sq/mil, about 1 ohm/sq/mil, about 1.2 ohm/sq/mil, about 1.4 ohm/sq/mil, about 1.6 ohm/sq/mil, about 1.8 ohm/sq/mil, or about 2 ohm/sq/mil.
In some embodiments, the conductive carbon-based glue has a conductivity of about 0.15 S/m to about 60 S/m. In some embodiments, the conductive carbon-based glue has a conductivity of at least about 0.15 S/m. In some embodiments, the conductive carbon-based glue has a conductivity of at most about 60 S/m. In some embodiments, the conductive carbon-based glue has a conductivity of about 0.15 S/m to about 0.3 S/m, about 0.15 S/m to about 0.5 S/m, about 0.15 S/m to about 1 S/m, about 0.15 S/m to about 2 S/m, about 0.15 S/m to about 5 S/m, about 0.15 S/m to about 10 S/m, about 0.15 S/m to about 20 S/m, about 0.15 S/m to about 30 S/m, about 0.15 S/m to about 40 S/m, about 0.15 S/m to about 50 S/m, about 0.15 S/m to about 60 S/m, about 0.3 S/m to about 0.5 S/m, about 0.3 S/m to about 1 S/m, about 0.3 S/m to about 2 S/m, about 0.3 S/m to about 5 S/m, about 0.3 S/m to about 10 S/m, about 0.3 S/m to about 20 S/m, about 0.3 S/m to about 30 S/m, about 0.3 S/m to about 40 S/m, about 0.3 S/m to about 50 S/m, about 0.3 S/m to about 60 S/m, about 0.5 S/m to about 1 S/m, about 0.5 S/m to about 2 S/m, about 0.5 S/m to about 5 S/m, about 0.5 S/m to about 10 S/m, about 0.5 S/m to about 20 S/m, about 0.5 S/m to about 30 S/m, about 0.5 S/m to about 40 S/m, about 0.5 S/m to about 50 S/m, about 0.5 S/m to about 60 S/m, about 1 S/m to about 2 S/m, about 1 S/m to about 5 S/m, about 1 S/m to about 10 S/m, about 1 S/m to about 20 S/m, about 1 S/m to about 30 S/m, about 1 S/m to about 40 S/m, about 1 S/m to about 50 S/m, about 1 S/m to about 60 S/m, about 2 S/m to about 5 S/m, about 2 S/m to about 10 S/m, about 2 S/m to about 20 S/m, about 2 S/m to about 30 S/m, about 2 S/m to about 40 S/m, about 2 S/m to about 50 S/m, about 2 S/m to about 60 S/m, about 5 S/m to about 10 S/m, about 5 S/m to about 20 S/m, about 5 S/m to about 30 S/m, about 5 S/m to about 40 S/m, about 5 S/m to about 50 S/m, about 5 S/m to about 60 S/m, about 10 S/m to about 20 S/m, about 10 S/m to about 30 S/m, about 10 S/m to about 40 S/m, about 10 S/m to about 50 S/m, about 10 S/m to about 60 S/m, about 20 S/m to about 30 S/m, about 20 S/m to about 40 S/m, about 20 S/m to about 50 S/m, about 20 S/m to about 60 S/m, about 30 S/m to about 40 S/m, about 30 S/m to about 50 S/m, about 30 S/m to about 60 S/m, about 40 S/m to about 50 S/m, about 40 S/m to about 60 S/m, or about 50 S/m to about 60 S/m. In some embodiments, the conductive carbon-based glue has a conductivity of about 0.15 S/m, about 0.3 S/m, about 0.5 S/m, about 1 S/m, about 2 S/m, about 5 S/m, about 10 S/m, about 20 S/m, about 30 S/m, about 40 S/m, about 50 S/m, or about 60 S/m. In some embodiments, the conductive carbon-based glue has a conductivity of at least about 0.15 S/m, about 0.3 S/m, about 0.5 S/m, about 1 S/m, about 2 S/m, about 5 S/m, about 10 S/m, about 20 S/m, about 30 S/m, about 40 S/m, about 50 S/m, or about 60 S/m. In some embodiments, the conductive carbon-based glue has a conductivity of at most about 0.15 S/m, about 0.3 S/m, about 0.5 S/m, about 1 S/m, about 2 S/m, about 5 S/m, about 10 S/m, about 20 S/m, about 30 S/m, about 40 S/m, about 50 S/m, or about 60 S/m.
In some embodiments, the conductive carbon-based glue has a sheet resistance difference between a flat position and a position with a convex bend angle of at most 180 degrees, of at most about 6%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, or 1%. In some embodiments, the conductive carbon-based glue has a sheet resistance difference between a flat position and a position with a concave bend angle of at most 180 degrees, of at most about 6%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, or 1%. In some embodiments, the conductive carbon-based glue has a sheet resistance difference between a flat position and a position with a twist angle of at most 800 degrees, of at most about 10%, 9%, 8%, 7%, 6%, 5%, 4%, 3%, or 2%.
In some embodiments, the conductive carbon-based glue a shear strength of at least about 20 MPa, 15 MPA, 10 MPa, or 5 MPa. In some embodiments, the conductive carbon-based glue a shear strength of at least about 10 MPa.
In some embodiments, the conductive carbon-based glue has a tensile strength of at least about 30 MPa, 25 MPA, 20 MPa, 10 MPa, or 5 MPa. In some embodiments, the conductive carbon-based glue a tensile strength of at least about 20 MPa.
In some embodiments, the viscosity of the conductive glue is about 10 centipoise to about 10,000 centipoise. In some embodiments, the viscosity of the conductive glue is at least about 10 centipoise. In some embodiments, the viscosity of the conductive glue is at most about 10,000 centipoise. In some embodiments, the viscosity of the conductive glue is about 10 centipoise to about 20 centipoise, about 10 centipoise to about 50 centipoise, about 10 centipoise to about 100 centipoise, about 10 centipoise to about 200 centipoise, about 10 centipoise to about 500 centipoise, about 10 centipoise to about 1,000 centipoise, about 10 centipoise to about 2,000 centipoise, about 10 centipoise to about 5,000 centipoise, about 10 centipoise to about 10,000 centipoise, about 20 centipoise to about 50 centipoise, about 20 centipoise to about 100 centipoise, about 20 centipoise to about 200 centipoise, about 20 centipoise to about 500 centipoise, about 20 centipoise to about 1,000 centipoise, about 20 centipoise to about 2,000 centipoise, about 20 centipoise to about 5,000 centipoise, about 20 centipoise to about 10,000 centipoise, about 50 centipoise to about 100 centipoise, about 50 centipoise to about 200 centipoise, about 50 centipoise to about 500 centipoise, about 50 centipoise to about 1,000 centipoise, about 50 centipoise to about 2,000 centipoise, about 50 centipoise to about 5,000 centipoise, about 50 centipoise to about 10,000 centipoise, about 100 centipoise to about 200 centipoise, about 100 centipoise to about 500 centipoise, about 100 centipoise to about 1,000 centipoise, about 100 centipoise to about 2,000 centipoise, about 100 centipoise to about 5,000 centipoise, about 100 centipoise to about 10,000 centipoise, about 200 centipoise to about 500 centipoise, about 200 centipoise to about 1,000 centipoise, about 200 centipoise to about 2,000 centipoise, about 200 centipoise to about 5,000 centipoise, about 200 centipoise to about 10,000 centipoise, about 500 centipoise to about 1,000 centipoise, about 500 centipoise to about 2,000 centipoise, about 500 centipoise to about 5,000 centipoise, about 500 centipoise to about 10,000 centipoise, about 1,000 centipoise to about 2,000 centipoise, about 1,000 centipoise to about 5,000 centipoise, about 1,000 centipoise to about 10,000 centipoise, about 2,000 centipoise to about 5,000 centipoise, about 2,000 centipoise to about 10,000 centipoise, or about 5,000 centipoise to about 10,000 centipoise. In some embodiments, the viscosity of the conductive glue is about 10 centipoise, about 20 centipoise, about 50 centipoise, about 100 centipoise, about 200 centipoise, about 500 centipoise, about 1,000 centipoise, about 2,000 centipoise, about 5,000 centipoise, or about 10,000 centipoise. In some embodiments, the viscosity of the conductive glue is at least about 10 centipoise, about 20 centipoise, about 50 centipoise, about 100 centipoise, about 200 centipoise, about 500 centipoise, about 1,000 centipoise, about 2,000 centipoise, about 5,000 centipoise, or about 10,000 centipoise. In some embodiments, the viscosity of the conductive glue is no more than about 10 centipoise, about 20 centipoise, about 50 centipoise, about 100 centipoise, about 200 centipoise, about 500 centipoise, about 1,000 centipoise, about 2,000 centipoise, about 5,000 centipoise, or about 10,000 centipoise.
In some embodiments, the conductive carbon-based glue further comprises a pigment, a colorant, a dye, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the conductive carbon-based glue comprises at least one, at least two, at least three, at least four, or at least five colorants, dyes, pigments, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the pigment comprises a metal-based or metallic pigment. In some embodiments, the metallic pigment is a gold, silver, titanium, aluminum, tin, zinc, mercury, manganese, lead, iron, iron oxide, copper, cobalt, cadmium, chromium, arsenic, bismuth, antimony, or barium pigment. In some embodiments, the colorant comprises at least one metallic pigment. In some embodiments, the colorant comprises a silver metallic colorant. In some embodiments, the silver metallic colorant comprises silver nanoparticles, silver nanorods, silver nanowires, silver nanoflowers, silver nanofibers, silver nanoplatelets, silver nanoribbons, silver nanocubes, silver bipyramids, or a combination thereof.
In some embodiments, a colorant is selected from a pigment and/or dye that is red, yellow, magenta, green, cyan, violet, black, or brown, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, a pigment is blue, brown, cyan, green, violet, magenta, red, yellow, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, a dye is blue, brown, cyan, green, violet, magenta, red, yellow, or a combination thereof.
In some embodiments, a yellow colorant includes Pigment Yellow 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 23, 65, 74, 83, 93, 110, 128, 151, 155, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, a black colorant includes Color Black S170, Color Black S150, Color Black FW1, Color Black FW18, Acid Black 1, 11, 52, 172, 194, 210, 234, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, a red or magenta colorant includes Pigment Red 1-10, 12, 18, 21, 23, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 48, 90, 112, 122, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, a cyan or violet colorant includes Pigment Blue 15, 17, 22, Pigment Violet 1, 2, 3, 5, 19, 23, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, an orange colorant includes Pigment Orange 48 and/or 49. In some embodiments, a violet colorant includes Pigment Violet 19 and/or 42.
Another aspect provided herein is a conductive carbon-based epoxy comprising a resin comprising a carbon-based material and an adhesive agent and a hardener.
In some embodiments, the carbon-based material comprises graphene, graphite powder, natural graphite, synthetic graphite, expanded graphite, carbon black, Timcal carbon super C45, Timcal carbon super C65, cabot carbon, carbon super P, acetylene black, furnace black, carbon nanotubes, vapor-grown carbon fibers, graphene oxide, or any combination thereof.
In some embodiments, the carbon-based material comprises graphene, wherein a percentage by weight of the graphene in the carbon-based material is about 0.1% to about 10%. In some embodiments, the carbon-based material comprises graphene, wherein a percentage by weight of the graphene in the carbon-based material is at least about 0.1%. In some embodiments, the carbon-based material comprises graphene, wherein a percentage by weight of the graphene in the carbon-based material is at most about 10%. In some embodiments, the carbon-based material comprises graphene, wherein a percentage by weight of the graphene in the carbon-based material is about 0.1% to about 0.2%, about 0.1% to about 0.5%, about 0.1% to about 1%, about 0.1% to about 2%, about 0.1% to about 3%, about 0.1% to about 4%, about 0.1% to about 5%, about 0.1% to about 6%, about 0.1% to about 7%, about 0.1% to about 8%, about 0.1% to about 10%, about 0.2% to about 0.5%, about 0.2% to about 1%, about 0.2% to about 2%, about 0.2% to about 3%, about 0.2% to about 4%, about 0.2% to about 5%, about 0.2% to about 6%, about 0.2% to about 7%, about 0.2% to about 8%, about 0.2% to about 10%, about 0.5% to about 1%, about 0.5% to about 2%, about 0.5% to about 3%, about 0.5% to about 4%, about 0.5% to about 5%, about 0.5% to about 6%, about 0.5% to about 7%, about 0.5% to about 8%, about 0.5% to about 10%, about 1% to about 2%, about 1% to about 3%, about 1% to about 4%, about 1% to about 5%, about 1% to about 6%, about 1% to about 7%, about 1% to about 8%, about 1% to about 10%, about 2% to about 3%, about 2% to about 4%, about 2% to about 5%, about 2% to about 6%, about 2% to about 7%, about 2% to about 8%, about 2% to about 10%, about 3% to about 4%, about 3% to about 5%, about 3% to about 6%, about 3% to about 7%, about 3% to about 8%, about 3% to about 10%, about 4% to about 5%, about 4% to about 6%, about 4% to about 7%, about 4% to about 8%, about 4% to about 10%, about 5% to about 6%, about 5% to about 7%, about 5% to about 8%, about 5% to about 10%, about 6% to about 7%, about 6% to about 8%, about 6% to about 10%, about 7% to about 8%, about 7% to about 10%, or about 8% to about 10%. In some embodiments, the carbon-based material comprises graphene, wherein a percentage by weight of the graphene in the carbon-based material is about 0.1%, about 0.2%, about 0.5%, about 1%, about 2%, about 3%, about 4%, about 5%, about 6%, about 7%, about 8%, or about 10%. In some embodiments, the carbon-based material comprises graphene, wherein a percentage by weight of the graphene in the carbon-based material is at least about 0.1%, about 0.2%, about 0.5%, about 1%, about 2%, about 3%, about 4%, about 5%, about 6%, about 7%, about 8%, or about 10%. In some embodiments, the carbon-based material comprises graphene, wherein a percentage by weight of the graphene in the carbon-based material is at most about 0.1%, about 0.2%, about 0.5%, about 1%, about 2%, about 3%, about 4%, about 5%, about 6%, about 7%, about 8%, or about 10%.
In some embodiments, the carbon-based material comprises graphite powder, wherein a percentage by weight of the graphite powder in the carbon-based material is about 1% to about 40%. In some embodiments, the carbon-based material comprises graphite powder, wherein a percentage by weight of the graphite powder in the carbon-based material is at least about 1%. In some embodiments, the carbon-based material comprises graphite powder, wherein a percentage by weight of the graphite powder in the carbon-based material is at most about 40%. In some embodiments, the carbon-based material comprises graphite powder, wherein a percentage by weight of the graphite powder in the carbon-based material is about 1% to about 2%, about 1% to about 5%, about 1% to about 10%, about 1% to about 15%, about 1% to about 20%, about 1% to about 25%, about 1% to about 30%, about 1% to about 35%, about 1% to about 40%, about 2% to about 5%, about 2% to about 10%, about 2% to about 15%, about 2% to about 20%, about 2% to about 25%, about 2% to about 30%, about 2% to about 35%, about 2% to about 40%, about 5% to about 10%, about 5% to about 15%, about 5% to about 20%, about 5% to about 25%, about 5% to about 30%, about 5% to about 35%, about 5% to about 40%, about 10% to about 15%, about 10% to about 20%, about 10% to about 25%, about 10% to about 30%, about 10% to about 35%, about 10% to about 40%, about 15% to about 20%, about 15% to about 25%, about 15% to about 30%, about 15% to about 35%, about 15% to about 40%, about 20% to about 25%, about 20% to about 30%, about 20% to about 35%, about 20% to about 40%, about 25% to about 30%, about 25% to about 35%, about 25% to about 40%, about 30% to about 35%, about 30% to about 40%, or about 35% to about 40%. In some embodiments, the carbon-based material comprises graphite powder, wherein a percentage by weight of the graphite powder in the carbon-based material is about 1%, about 2%, about 5%, about 10%, about 15%, about 20%, about 25%, about 30%, about 35%, or about 40%. In some embodiments, the carbon-based material comprises graphite powder, wherein a percentage by weight of the graphite powder in the carbon-based material is at least about 1%, about 2%, about 5%, about 10%, about 15%, about 20%, about 25%, about 30%, about 35%, or about 40%. In some embodiments, the carbon-based material comprises graphite powder, wherein a percentage by weight of the graphite powder in the carbon-based material is at most about 1%, about 2%, about 5%, about 10%, about 15%, about 20%, about 25%, about 30%, about 35%, or about 40%.
In some embodiments, the adhesive agent comprises carpenter's glue, wood glue, cyanoacrylate, contact cement, latex, library paste, mucilage, methyl cellulose, resorcinol resin, starch, butanone, dichloromethane acrylic, ethylene-vinyl, phenol formaldehyde resin, polyamide, polyester, polyethylene, polypropylene, polysulfide, polyurethane, polyvinyl acetate, aliphatic, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinyl chloride emulsion, silicone, styrene acrylic, epichlorohydrin, an epoxide, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the hardener comprises Bisphenol A, Bisphenol F, a novolac, an aliphatic alcohol, an aliphatic polyol, a glycidylamine, triethylene triamine, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the conductive carbon-based glue further comprises a conductive filler. In some embodiments, the conductive filler comprises silver. In some embodiments, the silver comprises silver nanoparticles, silver nanorods, silver nanowires, silver nanoflowers, silver nanofibers, silver nanoplatelets, silver nanoribbons, silver nanocubes, silver bipyramids, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the conductive carbon-based glue further comprises a thinner. In some embodiments, the thinner comprises butyl acetate, lacquer thinner, acetone, petroleum naphtha, mineral spirits, xylene, or any combination thereof.
In some embodiments, the percent by volume of the thinner in the conductive carbon-based epoxy is about 50% to about 99%. In some embodiments, the percent by volume of the thinner is at least about 50%. In some embodiments, the percent by volume of the thinner is at most about 99%. In some embodiments, the percent by volume of the thinner is about 50% to about 55%, about 50% to about 60%, about 50% to about 65%, about 50% to about 70%, about 50% to about 75%, about 50% to about 80%, about 50% to about 85%, about 50% to about 90%, about 50% to about 95%, about 50% to about 99%, about 55% to about 60%, about 55% to about 65%, about 55% to about 70%, about 55% to about 75%, about 55% to about 80%, about 55% to about 85%, about 55% to about 90%, about 55% to about 95%, about 55% to about 99%, about 60% to about 65%, about 60% to about 70%, about 60% to about 75%, about 60% to about 80%, about 60% to about 85%, about 60% to about 90%, about 60% to about 95%, about 60% to about 99%, about 65% to about 70%, about 65% to about 75%, about 65% to about 80%, about 65% to about 85%, about 65% to about 90%, about 65% to about 95%, about 65% to about 99%, about 70% to about 75%, about 70% to about 80%, about 70% to about 85%, about 70% to about 90%, about 70% to about 95%, about 70% to about 99%, about 75% to about 80%, about 75% to about 85%, about 75% to about 90%, about 75% to about 95%, about 75% to about 99%, about 80% to about 85%, about 80% to about 90%, about 80% to about 95%, about 80% to about 99%, about 85% to about 90%, about 85% to about 95%, about 85% to about 99%, about 90% to about 95%, about 90% to about 99%, or about 95% to about 99%. In some embodiments, the percent by volume of the thinner is about 50%, about 55%, about 60%, about 65%, about 70%, about 75%, about 80%, about 85%, about 90%, about 95%, or about 99%. In some embodiments, the percent by volume of the thinner is at least about 50%, about 55%, about 60%, about 65%, about 70%, about 75%, about 80%, about 85%, about 90%, about 95%, or about 99%. In some embodiments, the percent by volume of the thinner is at most about 50%, about 55%, about 60%, about 65%, about 70%, about 75%, about 80%, about 85%, about 90%, about 95%, or about 99%.
In some embodiments, the percentage by weight of the resin in the conductive carbon-based epoxy is about 25% to about 75%. In some embodiments, the percentage by weight of the resin in the conductive carbon-based epoxy is at least about 25%. In some embodiments, the percentage by weight of the resin in the conductive carbon-based epoxy is at most about 75%. In some embodiments, the percentage by weight of the resin in the conductive carbon-based epoxy is about 25% to about 30%, about 25% to about 35%, about 25% to about 40%, about 25% to about 45%, about 25% to about 50%, about 25% to about 55%, about 25% to about 60%, about 25% to about 65%, about 25% to about 70%, about 25% to about 75%, about 30% to about 35%, about 30% to about 40%, about 30% to about 45%, about 30% to about 50%, about 30% to about 55%, about 30% to about 60%, about 30% to about 65%, about 30% to about 70%, about 30% to about 75%, about 35% to about 40%, about 35% to about 45%, about 35% to about 50%, about 35% to about 55%, about 35% to about 60%, about 35% to about 65%, about 35% to about 70%, about 35% to about 75%, about 40% to about 45%, about 40% to about 50%, about 40% to about 55%, about 40% to about 60%, about 40% to about 65%, about 40% to about 70%, about 40% to about 75%, about 45% to about 50%, about 45% to about 55%, about 45% to about 60%, about 45% to about 65%, about 45% to about 70%, about 45% to about 75%, about 50% to about 55%, about 50% to about 60%, about 50% to about 65%, about 50% to about 70%, about 50% to about 75%, about 55% to about 60%, about 55% to about 65%, about 55% to about 70%, about 55% to about 75%, about 60% to about 65%, about 60% to about 70%, about 60% to about 75%, about 65% to about 70%, about 65% to about 75%, or about 70% to about 75%. In some embodiments, the percentage by weight of the resin in the conductive carbon-based epoxy is about 25%, about 30%, about 35%, about 40%, about 45%, about 50%, about 55%, about 60%, about 65%, about 70%, or about 75%. In some embodiments, the percentage by weight of the resin in the conductive carbon-based epoxy is at least about 25%, about 30%, about 35%, about 40%, about 45%, about 50%, about 55%, about 60%, about 65%, about 70%, or about 75%. In some embodiments, the percentage by weight of the resin in the conductive carbon-based epoxy is at most about 25%, about 30%, about 35%, about 40%, about 45%, about 50%, about 55%, about 60%, about 65%, about 70%, or about 75%.
In some embodiments, the resin comprises a percentage by weight of the carbon-based material of about 60% to about 99%. In some embodiments, the resin comprises a percentage by weight of the carbon-based material of at least about 60%. In some embodiments, the resin comprises a percentage by weight of the carbon-based material of at most about 99%. In some embodiments, the resin comprises a percentage by weight of the carbon-based material of about 60% to about 65%, about 60% to about 70%, about 60% to about 75%, about 60% to about 80%, about 60% to about 85%, about 60% to about 90%, about 60% to about 95%, about 60% to about 96%, about 60% to about 97%, about 60% to about 98%, about 60% to about 99%, about 65% to about 70%, about 65% to about 75%, about 65% to about 80%, about 65% to about 85%, about 65% to about 90%, about 65% to about 95%, about 65% to about 96%, about 65% to about 97%, about 65% to about 98%, about 65% to about 99%, about 70% to about 75%, about 70% to about 80%, about 70% to about 85%, about 70% to about 90%, about 70% to about 95%, about 70% to about 96%, about 70% to about 97%, about 70% to about 98%, about 70% to about 99%, about 75% to about 80%, about 75% to about 85%, about 75% to about 90%, about 75% to about 95%, about 75% to about 96%, about 75% to about 97%, about 75% to about 98%, about 75% to about 99%, about 80% to about 85%, about 80% to about 90%, about 80% to about 95%, about 80% to about 96%, about 80% to about 97%, about 80% to about 98%, about 80% to about 99%, about 85% to about 90%, about 85% to about 95%, about 85% to about 96%, about 85% to about 97%, about 85% to about 98%, about 85% to about 99%, about 90% to about 95%, about 90% to about 96%, about 90% to about 97%, about 90% to about 98%, about 90% to about 99%, about 95% to about 96%, about 95% to about 97%, about 95% to about 98%, about 95% to about 99%, about 96% to about 97%, about 96% to about 98%, about 96% to about 99%, about 97% to about 98%, about 97% to about 99%, or about 98% to about 99%. In some embodiments, the resin comprises a percentage by weight of the carbon-based material of about 60%, about 65%, about 70%, about 75%, about 80%, about 85%, about 90%, about 95%, about 96%, about 97%, about 98%, or about 99%. In some embodiments, the resin comprises a percentage by weight of the carbon-based material of at least about 60%, about 65%, about 70%, about 75%, about 80%, about 85%, about 90%, about 95%, about 96%, about 97%, about 98%, or about 99%. In some embodiments, the resin comprises a percentage by weight of the carbon-based material of at most about 60%, about 65%, about 70%, about 75%, about 80%, about 85%, about 90%, about 95%, about 96%, about 97%, about 98%, or about 99%.
In some embodiments, the conductive carbon-based epoxy is configured to cure at room temperature. In some embodiments, the conductive carbon-based epoxy has a curing time at room temperature of about 12 hours to about 48 hours. In some embodiments, the conductive carbon-based epoxy has a curing time at room temperature of at least about 12 hours. In some embodiments, the conductive carbon-based epoxy has a curing time at room temperature of at most about 48 hours. In some embodiments, the conductive carbon-based epoxy has a curing time at room temperature of about 12 hours to about 16 hours, about 12 hours to about 20 hours, about 12 hours to about 24 hours, about 12 hours to about 28 hours, about 12 hours to about 32 hours, about 12 hours to about 36 hours, about 12 hours to about 40 hours, about 12 hours to about 44 hours, about 12 hours to about 48 hours, about 16 hours to about 20 hours, about 16 hours to about 24 hours, about 16 hours to about 28 hours, about 16 hours to about 32 hours, about 16 hours to about 36 hours, about 16 hours to about 40 hours, about 16 hours to about 44 hours, about 16 hours to about 48 hours, about 20 hours to about 24 hours, about 20 hours to about 28 hours, about 20 hours to about 32 hours, about 20 hours to about 36 hours, about 20 hours to about 40 hours, about 20 hours to about 44 hours, about 20 hours to about 48 hours, about 24 hours to about 28 hours, about 24 hours to about 32 hours, about 24 hours to about 36 hours, about 24 hours to about 40 hours, about 24 hours to about 44 hours, about 24 hours to about 48 hours, about 28 hours to about 32 hours, about 28 hours to about 36 hours, about 28 hours to about 40 hours, about 28 hours to about 44 hours, about 28 hours to about 48 hours, about 32 hours to about 36 hours, about 32 hours to about 40 hours, about 32 hours to about 44 hours, about 32 hours to about 48 hours, about 36 hours to about 40 hours, about 36 hours to about 44 hours, about 36 hours to about 48 hours, about 40 hours to about 44 hours, about 40 hours to about 48 hours, or about 44 hours to about 48 hours. In some embodiments, the conductive carbon-based epoxy has a curing time at room temperature of about 12 hours, about 16 hours, about 20 hours, about 24 hours, about 28 hours, about 32 hours, about 36 hours, about 40 hours, about 44 hours, or about 48 hours. In some embodiments, the conductive carbon-based epoxy has a curing time at room temperature of at least about 12 hours, about 16 hours, about 20 hours, about 24 hours, about 28 hours, about 32 hours, about 36 hours, about 40 hours, about 44 hours, or about 48 hours. In some embodiments, the conductive carbon-based epoxy has a curing time at room temperature of at most about 12 hours, about 16 hours, about 20 hours, about 24 hours, about 28 hours, about 32 hours, about 36 hours, about 40 hours, about 44 hours, or about 48 hours.
In some embodiments, the conductive carbon-based epoxy has a curing time at a temperature of 65° C. of about 10 minutes to about 40 minutes. In some embodiments, the conductive carbon-based epoxy has a curing time at a temperature of 65° C. of at least about 10 minutes. In some embodiments, the conductive carbon-based epoxy has a curing time at a temperature of 65° C. of at most about 40 minutes. In some embodiments, the conductive carbon-based epoxy has a curing time at a temperature of 65° C. of about 10 minutes to about 15 minutes, about 10 minutes to about 20 minutes, about 10 minutes to about 25 minutes, about 10 minutes to about 30 minutes, about 10 minutes to about 35 minutes, about 10 minutes to about 40 minutes, about 15 minutes to about 20 minutes, about 15 minutes to about 25 minutes, about 15 minutes to about 30 minutes, about 15 minutes to about 35 minutes, about 15 minutes to about 40 minutes, about 20 minutes to about 25 minutes, about 20 minutes to about 30 minutes, about 20 minutes to about 35 minutes, about 20 minutes to about 40 minutes, about 25 minutes to about 30 minutes, about 25 minutes to about 35 minutes, about 25 minutes to about 40 minutes, about 30 minutes to about 35 minutes, about 30 minutes to about 40 minutes, or about 35 minutes to about 40 minutes. In some embodiments, the conductive carbon-based epoxy has a curing time at a temperature of 65° C. of about 10 minutes, about 15 minutes, about 20 minutes, about 25 minutes, about 30 minutes, about 35 minutes, or about 40 minutes. In some embodiments, the conductive carbon-based epoxy has a curing time at a temperature of 65° C. of at least about 10 minutes, about 15 minutes, about 20 minutes, about 25 minutes, about 30 minutes, about 35 minutes, or about 40 minutes. In some embodiments, the conductive carbon-based epoxy has a curing time at a temperature of 65° C. of at most about 10 minutes, about 15 minutes, about 20 minutes, about 25 minutes, about 30 minutes, about 35 minutes, or about 40 minutes.
In some embodiments, the conductive carbon-based epoxy has a working time of about 10 minutes to about 40 minutes. In some embodiments, the conductive carbon-based epoxy has a working time of at least about 10 minutes. In some embodiments, the conductive carbon-based epoxy has a working time of at most about 40 minutes. In some embodiments, the conductive carbon-based epoxy has a working time of about 10 minutes to about 15 minutes, about 10 minutes to about 20 minutes, about 10 minutes to about 25 minutes, about 10 minutes to about 30 minutes, about 10 minutes to about 35 minutes, about 10 minutes to about 40 minutes, about 15 minutes to about 20 minutes, about 15 minutes to about 25 minutes, about 15 minutes to about 30 minutes, about 15 minutes to about 35 minutes, about 15 minutes to about 40 minutes, about 20 minutes to about 25 minutes, about 20 minutes to about 30 minutes, about 20 minutes to about 35 minutes, about 20 minutes to about 40 minutes, about 25 minutes to about 30 minutes, about 25 minutes to about 35 minutes, about 25 minutes to about 40 minutes, about 30 minutes to about 35 minutes, about 30 minutes to about 40 minutes, or about 35 minutes to about 40 minutes. In some embodiments, the conductive carbon-based epoxy has a working time of about 10 minutes, about 15 minutes, about 20 minutes, about 25 minutes, about 30 minutes, about 35 minutes, or about 40 minutes. In some embodiments, the conductive carbon-based epoxy has a working time of at least about 10 minutes, about 15 minutes, about 20 minutes, about 25 minutes, about 30 minutes, about 35 minutes, or about 40 minutes. In some embodiments, the conductive carbon-based epoxy has a working time of at most about 10 minutes, about 15 minutes, about 20 minutes, about 25 minutes, about 30 minutes, about 35 minutes, or about 40 minutes.
In some embodiments, the conductive carbon-based epoxy has a sheet resistance of about 50 ohm/sq to about 300 ohm/sq. In some embodiments, the conductive carbon-based epoxy has a sheet resistance of at least about 50 ohm/sq. In some embodiments, the conductive carbon-based epoxy has a sheet resistance of at most about 300 ohm/sq. In some embodiments, the conductive carbon-based epoxy has a sheet resistance of about 50 ohm/sq to about 75 ohm/sq, about 50 ohm/sq to about 100 ohm/sq, about 50 ohm/sq to about 125 ohm/sq, about 50 ohm/sq to about 150 ohm/sq, about 50 ohm/sq to about 175 ohm/sq, about 50 ohm/sq to about 200 ohm/sq, about 50 ohm/sq to about 225 ohm/sq, about 50 ohm/sq to about 250 ohm/sq, about 50 ohm/sq to about 275 ohm/sq, about 50 ohm/sq to about 300 ohm/sq, about 75 ohm/sq to about 100 ohm/sq, about 75 ohm/sq to about 125 ohm/sq, about 75 ohm/sq to about 150 ohm/sq, about 75 ohm/sq to about 175 ohm/sq, about 75 ohm/sq to about 200 ohm/sq, about 75 ohm/sq to about 225 ohm/sq, about 75 ohm/sq to about 250 ohm/sq, about 75 ohm/sq to about 275 ohm/sq, about 75 ohm/sq to about 300 ohm/sq, about 100 ohm/sq to about 125 ohm/sq, about 100 ohm/sq to about 150 ohm/sq, about 100 ohm/sq to about 175 ohm/sq, about 100 ohm/sq to about 200 ohm/sq, about 100 ohm/sq to about 225 ohm/sq, about 100 ohm/sq to about 250 ohm/sq, about 100 ohm/sq to about 275 ohm/sq, about 100 ohm/sq to about 300 ohm/sq, about 125 ohm/sq to about 150 ohm/sq, about 125 ohm/sq to about 175 ohm/sq, about 125 ohm/sq to about 200 ohm/sq, about 125 ohm/sq to about 225 ohm/sq, about 125 ohm/sq to about 250 ohm/sq, about 125 ohm/sq to about 275 ohm/sq, about 125 ohm/sq to about 300 ohm/sq, about 150 ohm/sq to about 175 ohm/sq, about 150 ohm/sq to about 200 ohm/sq, about 150 ohm/sq to about 225 ohm/sq, about 150 ohm/sq to about 250 ohm/sq, about 150 ohm/sq to about 275 ohm/sq, about 150 ohm/sq to about 300 ohm/sq, about 175 ohm/sq to about 200 ohm/sq, about 175 ohm/sq to about 225 ohm/sq, about 175 ohm/sq to about 250 ohm/sq, about 175 ohm/sq to about 275 ohm/sq, about 175 ohm/sq to about 300 ohm/sq, about 200 ohm/sq to about 225 ohm/sq, about 200 ohm/sq to about 250 ohm/sq, about 200 ohm/sq to about 275 ohm/sq, about 200 ohm/sq to about 300 ohm/sq, about 225 ohm/sq to about 250 ohm/sq, about 225 ohm/sq to about 275 ohm/sq, about 225 ohm/sq to about 300 ohm/sq, about 250 ohm/sq to about 275 ohm/sq, about 250 ohm/sq to about 300 ohm/sq, or about 275 ohm/sq to about 300 ohm/sq. In some embodiments, the conductive carbon-based epoxy has a sheet resistance of about 50 ohm/sq, about 75 ohm/sq, about 100 ohm/sq, about 125 ohm/sq, about 150 ohm/sq, about 175 ohm/sq, about 200 ohm/sq, about 225 ohm/sq, about 250 ohm/sq, about 275 ohm/sq, or about 300 ohm/sq. In some embodiments, the conductive carbon-based epoxy has a sheet resistance of at least about 50 ohm/sq, about 75 ohm/sq, about 100 ohm/sq, about 125 ohm/sq, about 150 ohm/sq, about 175 ohm/sq, about 200 ohm/sq, about 225 ohm/sq, about 250 ohm/sq, about 275 ohm/sq, or about 300 ohm/sq. In some embodiments, the conductive carbon-based epoxy has a sheet resistance of at most about 50 ohm/sq, about 75 ohm/sq, about 100 ohm/sq, about 125 ohm/sq, about 150 ohm/sq, about 175 ohm/sq, about 200 ohm/sq, about 225 ohm/sq, about 250 ohm/sq, about 275 ohm/sq, or about 300 ohm/sq.
In some embodiments, the conductive carbon-based epoxy has a sheet resistance of about 0.3 ohm/sq/mil to about 2 ohm/sq/mil. In some embodiments, the conductive carbon-based epoxy has a sheet resistance of at least about 0.3 ohm/sq/mil. In some embodiments, the conductive carbon-based epoxy has a sheet resistance of at most about 2 ohm/sq/mil. In some embodiments, the conductive carbon-based epoxy has a sheet resistance of about 0.3 ohm/sq/mil to about 0.6 ohm/sq/mil, about 0.3 ohm/sq/mil to about 0.8 ohm/sq/mil, about 0.3 ohm/sq/mil to about 1 ohm/sq/mil, about 0.3 ohm/sq/mil to about 1.2 ohm/sq/mil, about 0.3 ohm/sq/mil to about 1.4 ohm/sq/mil, about 0.3 ohm/sq/mil to about 1.6 ohm/sq/mil, about 0.3 ohm/sq/mil to about 1.8 ohm/sq/mil, about 0.3 ohm/sq/mil to about 2 ohm/sq/mil, about 0.6 ohm/sq/mil to about 0.8 ohm/sq/mil, about 0.6 ohm/sq/mil to about 1 ohm/sq/mil, about 0.6 ohm/sq/mil to about 1.2 ohm/sq/mil, about 0.6 ohm/sq/mil to about 1.4 ohm/sq/mil, about 0.6 ohm/sq/mil to about 1.6 ohm/sq/mil, about 0.6 ohm/sq/mil to about 1.8 ohm/sq/mil, about 0.6 ohm/sq/mil to about 2 ohm/sq/mil, about 0.8 ohm/sq/mil to about 1 ohm/sq/mil, about 0.8 ohm/sq/mil to about 1.2 ohm/sq/mil, about 0.8 ohm/sq/mil to about 1.4 ohm/sq/mil, about 0.8 ohm/sq/mil to about 1.6 ohm/sq/mil, about 0.8 ohm/sq/mil to about 1.8 ohm/sq/mil, about 0.8 ohm/sq/mil to about 2 ohm/sq/mil, about 1 ohm/sq/mil to about 1.2 ohm/sq/mil, about 1 ohm/sq/mil to about 1.4 ohm/sq/mil, about 1 ohm/sq/mil to about 1.6 ohm/sq/mil, about 1 ohm/sq/mil to about 1.8 ohm/sq/mil, about 1 ohm/sq/mil to about 2 ohm/sq/mil, about 1.2 ohm/sq/mil to about 1.4 ohm/sq/mil, about 1.2 ohm/sq/mil to about 1.6 ohm/sq/mil, about 1.2 ohm/sq/mil to about 1.8 ohm/sq/mil, about 1.2 ohm/sq/mil to about 2 ohm/sq/mil, about 1.4 ohm/sq/mil to about 1.6 ohm/sq/mil, about 1.4 ohm/sq/mil to about 1.8 ohm/sq/mil, about 1.4 ohm/sq/mil to about 2 ohm/sq/mil, about 1.6 ohm/sq/mil to about 1.8 ohm/sq/mil, about 1.6 ohm/sq/mil to about 2 ohm/sq/mil, or about 1.8 ohm/sq/mil to about 2 ohm/sq/mil. In some embodiments, the conductive carbon-based epoxy has a sheet resistance of about 0.3 ohm/sq/mil, about 0.6 ohm/sq/mil, about 0.8 ohm/sq/mil, about 1 ohm/sq/mil, about 1.2 ohm/sq/mil, about 1.4 ohm/sq/mil, about 1.6 ohm/sq/mil, about 1.8 ohm/sq/mil, or about 2 ohm/sq/mil. In some embodiments, the conductive carbon-based epoxy has a sheet resistance of at least about 0.3 ohm/sq/mil, about 0.6 ohm/sq/mil, about 0.8 ohm/sq/mil, about 1 ohm/sq/mil, about 1.2 ohm/sq/mil, about 1.4 ohm/sq/mil, about 1.6 ohm/sq/mil, about 1.8 ohm/sq/mil, or about 2 ohm/sq/mil. In some embodiments, the conductive carbon-based epoxy has a sheet resistance of at most about 0.3 ohm/sq/mil, about 0.6 ohm/sq/mil, about 0.8 ohm/sq/mil, about 1 ohm/sq/mil, about 1.2 ohm/sq/mil, about 1.4 ohm/sq/mil, about 1.6 ohm/sq/mil, about 1.8 ohm/sq/mil, or about 2 ohm/sq/mil.
In some embodiments, the conductive carbon-based epoxy has a conductivity of about 0.15 S/m to about 60 S/m. In some embodiments, the conductive carbon-based epoxy has a conductivity of at least about 0.15 S/m. In some embodiments, the conductive carbon-based epoxy has a conductivity of at most about 60 S/m. In some embodiments, the conductive carbon-based epoxy has a conductivity of about 0.15 S/m to about 0.3 S/m, about 0.15 S/m to about 0.5 S/m, about 0.15 S/m to about 1 S/m, about 0.15 S/m to about 2 S/m, about 0.15 S/m to about 5 S/m, about 0.15 S/m to about 10 S/m, about 0.15 S/m to about 20 S/m, about 0.15 S/m to about 30 S/m, about 0.15 S/m to about 40 S/m, about 0.15 S/m to about 50 S/m, about 0.15 S/m to about 60 S/m, about 0.3 S/m to about 0.5 S/m, about 0.3 S/m to about 1 S/m, about 0.3 S/m to about 2 S/m, about 0.3 S/m to about 5 S/m, about 0.3 S/m to about 10 S/m, about 0.3 S/m to about 20 S/m, about 0.3 S/m to about 30 S/m, about 0.3 S/m to about 40 S/m, about 0.3 S/m to about 50 S/m, about 0.3 S/m to about 60 S/m, about 0.5 S/m to about 1 S/m, about 0.5 S/m to about 2 S/m, about 0.5 S/m to about 5 S/m, about 0.5 S/m to about 10 S/m, about 0.5 S/m to about 20 S/m, about 0.5 S/m to about 30 S/m, about 0.5 S/m to about 40 S/m, about 0.5 S/m to about 50 S/m, about 0.5 S/m to about 60 S/m, about 1 S/m to about 2 S/m, about 1 S/m to about 5 S/m, about 1 S/m to about 10 S/m, about 1 S/m to about 20 S/m, about 1 S/m to about 30 S/m, about 1 S/m to about 40 S/m, about 1 S/m to about 50 S/m, about 1 S/m to about 60 S/m, about 2 S/m to about 5 S/m, about 2 S/m to about 10 S/m, about 2 S/m to about 20 S/m, about 2 S/m to about 30 S/m, about 2 S/m to about 40 S/m, about 2 S/m to about 50 S/m, about 2 S/m to about 60 S/m, about 5 S/m to about 10 S/m, about 5 S/m to about 20 S/m, about 5 S/m to about 30 S/m, about 5 S/m to about 40 S/m, about 5 S/m to about 50 S/m, about 5 S/m to about 60 S/m, about 10 S/m to about 20 S/m, about 10 S/m to about 30 S/m, about 10 S/m to about 40 S/m, about 10 S/m to about 50 S/m, about 10 S/m to about 60 S/m, about 20 S/m to about 30 S/m, about 20 S/m to about 40 S/m, about 20 S/m to about 50 S/m, about 20 S/m to about 60 S/m, about 30 S/m to about 40 S/m, about 30 S/m to about 50 S/m, about 30 S/m to about 60 S/m, about 40 S/m to about 50 S/m, about 40 S/m to about 60 S/m, or about 50 S/m to about 60 S/m. In some embodiments, the conductive carbon-based epoxy has a conductivity of about 0.15 S/m, about 0.3 S/m, about 0.5 S/m, about 1 S/m, about 2 S/m, about 5 S/m, about 10 S/m, about 20 S/m, about 30 S/m, about 40 S/m, about 50 S/m, or about 60 S/m. In some embodiments, the conductive carbon-based epoxy has a conductivity of at least about 0.15 S/m, about 0.3 S/m, about 0.5 S/m, about 1 S/m, about 2 S/m, about 5 S/m, about 10 S/m, about 20 S/m, about 30 S/m, about 40 S/m, about 50 S/m, or about 60 S/m. In some embodiments, the conductive carbon-based epoxy has a conductivity of at most about 0.15 S/m, about 0.3 S/m, about 0.5 S/m, about 1 S/m, about 2 S/m, about 5 S/m, about 10 S/m, about 20 S/m, about 30 S/m, about 40 S/m, about 50 S/m, or about 60 S/m.
In some embodiments, the conductive carbon-based epoxy has a sheet resistance which differs when the conductive carbon-based epoxy is bent at a convex angle of at most 180 degrees, by at most about 0.5%, 0.4%, 0.3%, or 0.2%.
In some embodiments, the conductive carbon-based epoxy has a sheet resistance which differs when the conductive carbon-based epoxy is bent at a concave angle of at most 180 degrees of at most about 0.5%, 0.4%, 0.3%, 0.2%, 0.15%, or 0.1%.
In some embodiments, the conductive carbon-based epoxy has a sheet resistance which differs when the conductive carbon-based epoxy is stretched under 20% strain by at most about 5%, 4%, 3,%, 2%, or 1%.
In some embodiments, the conductive carbon-based epoxy has a sheet resistance which differs when the conductive carbon-based epoxy is stretched under 50% strain by at most about 20%, 17%, 15%, 12%, or 10%.
In some embodiments, the conductive carbon-based epoxy further comprises a pigment, a colorant, a dye, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the conductive carbon-based epoxy comprises at least one, at least two, at least three, at least four, or at least five colorants, dyes, pigments, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the pigment comprises a metal-based or metallic pigment. In some embodiments, the metallic pigment is a gold, silver, titanium, aluminum, tin, zinc, mercury, manganese, lead, iron, iron oxide, copper, cobalt, cadmium, chromium, arsenic, bismuth, antimony, or barium pigment. In some embodiments, the colorant comprises at least one metallic pigment. In some embodiments, the colorant comprises a silver metallic colorant. In some embodiments, the silver metallic colorant comprises silver nanoparticles, silver nanorods, silver nanowires, silver nanoflowers, silver nanofibers, silver nanoplatelets, silver nanoribbons, silver nanocubes, silver bipyramids, or a combination thereof.
In some embodiments, a colorant is selected from a pigment and/or dye that is red, yellow, magenta, green, cyan, violet, black, or brown, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, a pigment is blue, brown, cyan, green, violet, magenta, red, yellow, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, a dye is blue, brown, cyan, green, violet, magenta, red, yellow, or a combination thereof.
In some embodiments, a yellow colorant includes Pigment Yellow 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 23, 65, 74, 83, 93, 110, 128, 151, 155, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, a black colorant includes Color Black 5170, Color Black 5150, Color Black FW1, Color Black FW18, Acid Black 1, 11, 52, 172, 194, 210, 234, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, a red or magenta colorant includes Pigment Red 1-10, 12, 18, 21, 23, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 48, 90, 112, 122, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, a cyan or violet colorant includes Pigment Blue 15, 17, 22, Pigment Violet 1, 2, 3, 5, 19, 23, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, an orange colorant includes Pigment Orange 48 and/or 49. In some embodiments, a violet colorant includes Pigment Violet 19 and/or 42.
Another aspect provided herein is a method of forming a conductive carbon-based glue comprising forming a carbon-based material and adding an adhesive agent to the carbon-based material.
In some embodiments, the carbon-based material comprises graphene, graphite powder, natural graphite, synthetic graphite, expanded graphite, carbon black, Timcal carbon super C45, Timcal carbon super C65, cabot carbon, carbon super P, acetylene black, furnace black, carbon nanotubes, vapor-grown carbon fibers, graphene oxide, or any combination thereof.
In some embodiments, the carbon-based material comprises a percentage by weight of the adhesive agent of about 60% to about 99.9%. In some embodiments, the carbon-based material comprises a percentage by weight of the adhesive agent of at least about 60%. In some embodiments, the carbon-based material comprises a percentage by weight of the adhesive agent of at most about 99.9%. In some embodiments, the carbon-based material comprises a percentage by weight of the adhesive agent of about 60% to about 65%, about 60% to about 70%, about 60% to about 75%, about 60% to about 80%, about 60% to about 85%, about 60% to about 90%, about 60% to about 95%, about 60% to about 96%, about 60% to about 97%, about 60% to about 99%, about 60% to about 99.9%, about 65% to about 70%, about 65% to about 75%, about 65% to about 80%, about 65% to about 85%, about 65% to about 90%, about 65% to about 95%, about 65% to about 96%, about 65% to about 97%, about 65% to about 99%, about 65% to about 99.9%, about 70% to about 75%, about 70% to about 80%, about 70% to about 85%, about 70% to about 90%, about 70% to about 95%, about 70% to about 96%, about 70% to about 97%, about 70% to about 99%, about 70% to about 99.9%, about 75% to about 80%, about 75% to about 85%, about 75% to about 90%, about 75% to about 95%, about 75% to about 96%, about 75% to about 97%, about 75% to about 99%, about 75% to about 99.9%, about 80% to about 85%, about 80% to about 90%, about 80% to about 95%, about 80% to about 96%, about 80% to about 97%, about 80% to about 99%, about 80% to about 99.9%, about 85% to about 90%, about 85% to about 95%, about 85% to about 96%, about 85% to about 97%, about 85% to about 99%, about 85% to about 99.9%, about 90% to about 95%, about 90% to about 96%, about 90% to about 97%, about 90% to about 99%, about 90% to about 99.9%, about 95% to about 96%, about 95% to about 97%, about 95% to about 99%, about 95% to about 99.9%, about 96% to about 97%, about 96% to about 99%, about 96% to about 99.9%, about 97% to about 99%, about 97% to about 99.9%, or about 99% to about 99.9%. In some embodiments, the carbon-based material comprises a percentage by weight of the adhesive agent of about 60%, about 65%, about 70%, about 75%, about 80%, about 85%, about 90%, about 95%, about 96%, about 97%, about 99%, or about 99.9%. In some embodiments, the carbon-based material comprises a percentage by weight of the adhesive agent of at least about 60%, about 65%, about 70%, about 75%, about 80%, about 85%, about 90%, about 95%, about 96%, about 97%, about 99%, or about 99.9%. In some embodiments, the carbon-based material comprises a percentage by weight of the adhesive agent of at most about 60%, about 65%, about 70%, about 75%, about 80%, about 85%, about 90%, about 95%, about 96%, about 97%, about 99%, or about 99.9%.
In some embodiments, the carbon-based material comprises graphene, wherein a percentage by weight of the graphene in the carbon-based material is about 0.1% to about 10%. In some embodiments, the carbon-based material comprises graphene, wherein a percentage by weight of the graphene in the carbon-based material is at least about 0.1%. In some embodiments, the carbon-based material comprises graphene, wherein a percentage by weight of the graphene in the carbon-based material is at most about 10%. In some embodiments, the carbon-based material comprises graphene, wherein a percentage by weight of the graphene in the carbon-based material is about 0.1% to about 0.2%, about 0.1% to about 0.5%, about 0.1% to about 1%, about 0.1% to about 2%, about 0.1% to about 3%, about 0.1% to about 4%, about 0.1% to about 5%, about 0.1% to about 6%, about 0.1% to about 7%, about 0.1% to about 8%, about 0.1% to about 10%, about 0.2% to about 0.5%, about 0.2% to about 1%, about 0.2% to about 2%, about 0.2% to about 3%, about 0.2% to about 4%, about 0.2% to about 5%, about 0.2% to about 6%, about 0.2% to about 7%, about 0.2% to about 8%, about 0.2% to about 10%, about 0.5% to about 1%, about 0.5% to about 2%, about 0.5% to about 3%, about 0.5% to about 4%, about 0.5% to about 5%, about 0.5% to about 6%, about 0.5% to about 7%, about 0.5% to about 8%, about 0.5% to about 10%, about 1% to about 2%, about 1% to about 3%, about 1% to about 4%, about 1% to about 5%, about 1% to about 6%, about 1% to about 7%, about 1% to about 8%, about 1% to about 10%, about 2% to about 3%, about 2% to about 4%, about 2% to about 5%, about 2% to about 6%, about 2% to about 7%, about 2% to about 8%, about 2% to about 10%, about 3% to about 4%, about 3% to about 5%, about 3% to about 6%, about 3% to about 7%, about 3% to about 8%, about 3% to about 10%, about 4% to about 5%, about 4% to about 6%, about 4% to about 7%, about 4% to about 8%, about 4% to about 10%, about 5% to about 6%, about 5% to about 7%, about 5% to about 8%, about 5% to about 10%, about 6% to about 7%, about 6% to about 8%, about 6% to about 10%, about 7% to about 8%, about 7% to about 10%, or about 8% to about 10%. In some embodiments, the carbon-based material comprises graphene, wherein a percentage by weight of the graphene in the carbon-based material is about 0.1%, about 0.2%, about 0.5%, about 1%, about 2%, about 3%, about 4%, about 5%, about 6%, about 7%, about 8%, or about 10%. In some embodiments, the carbon-based material comprises graphene, wherein a percentage by weight of the graphene in the carbon-based material is at least about 0.1%, about 0.2%, about 0.5%, about 1%, about 2%, about 3%, about 4%, about 5%, about 6%, about 7%, about 8%, or about 10%. In some embodiments, the carbon-based material comprises graphene, wherein a percentage by weight of the graphene in the carbon-based material is at most about 0.1%, about 0.2%, about 0.5%, about 1%, about 2%, about 3%, about 4%, about 5%, about 6%, about 7%, about 8%, or about 10%.
In some embodiments, the carbon-based material comprises graphite powder, wherein a percentage by weight of the graphite powder in the carbon-based material is about 1% to about 40%. In some embodiments, the carbon-based material comprises graphite powder, wherein a percentage by weight of the graphite powder in the carbon-based material is at least about 1%. In some embodiments, the carbon-based material comprises graphite powder, wherein a percentage by weight of the graphite powder in the carbon-based material is at most about 40%. In some embodiments, the carbon-based material comprises graphite powder, wherein a percentage by weight of the graphite powder in the carbon-based material is about 1% to about 2%, about 1% to about 5%, about 1% to about 10%, about 1% to about 15%, about 1% to about 20%, about 1% to about 25%, about 1% to about 30%, about 1% to about 35%, about 1% to about 40%, about 2% to about 5%, about 2% to about 10%, about 2% to about 15%, about 2% to about 20%, about 2% to about 25%, about 2% to about 30%, about 2% to about 35%, about 2% to about 40%, about 5% to about 10%, about 5% to about 15%, about 5% to about 20%, about 5% to about 25%, about 5% to about 30%, about 5% to about 35%, about 5% to about 40%, about 10% to about 15%, about 10% to about 20%, about 10% to about 25%, about 10% to about 30%, about 10% to about 35%, about 10% to about 40%, about 15% to about 20%, about 15% to about 25%, about 15% to about 30%, about 15% to about 35%, about 15% to about 40%, about 20% to about 25%, about 20% to about 30%, about 20% to about 35%, about 20% to about 40%, about 25% to about 30%, about 25% to about 35%, about 25% to about 40%, about 30% to about 35%, about 30% to about 40%, or about 35% to about 40%. In some embodiments, the carbon-based material comprises graphite powder, wherein a percentage by weight of the graphite powder in the carbon-based material is about 1%, about 2%, about 5%, about 10%, about 15%, about 20%, about 25%, about 30%, about 35%, or about 40%. In some embodiments, the carbon-based material comprises graphite powder, wherein a percentage by weight of the graphite powder in the carbon-based material is at least about 1%, about 2%, about 5%, about 10%, about 15%, about 20%, about 25%, about 30%, about 35%, or about 40%. In some embodiments, the carbon-based material comprises graphite powder, wherein a percentage by weight of the graphite powder in the carbon-based material is at most about 1%, about 2%, about 5%, about 10%, about 15%, about 20%, about 25%, about 30%, about 35%, or about 40%.
In some embodiments, the adhesive agent comprises carpenter's glue, wood glue, cyanoacrylate, contact cement, latex, library paste, mucilage, methyl cellulose, resorcinol resin, starch, butanone, dichloromethane acrylic, ethylene-vinyl, phenol formaldehyde resin, polyamide, polyester, polyethylene, polypropylene, polysulfide, polyurethane, polyvinyl acetate, aliphatic, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinyl chloride emulsion, silicone, styrene acrylic, epichlorohydrin, an epoxide, or any combination thereof. Some embodiments further comprise adding a conductive filler to the carbon-based material and the adhesive agent. In some embodiments, the conductive filler comprises silver. In some embodiments, the silver comprises silver nanoparticles, silver nanorods, silver nanowires, silver nanoflowers, silver nanofibers, silver nanoplatelets, silver nanoribbons, silver nanocubes, silver bipyramids, or any combination thereof. Some embodiments further comprise adding a thinner to the carbon-based material and the adhesive agent. In some embodiments, the thinner comprises butyl acetate, lacquer thinner, acetone, petroleum naphtha, mineral spirits, xylene, or any combination thereof.
Another aspect provided herein is a method of forming a conductive carbon-based epoxy comprising forming a resin comprising a carbon-based material and an adhesive agent and adding a hardener to the resin.
In some embodiments, the carbon-based material comprises graphene, graphite powder, natural graphite, synthetic graphite, expanded graphite, carbon black, Timcal carbon super C45, Timcal carbon super C65, cabot carbon, carbon super P, acetylene black, furnace black, carbon nanotubes, vapor-grown carbon fibers, graphene oxide, or any combination thereof.
In some embodiments, the carbon-based material comprises a percentage by weight of the resin of about 60% to about 99.9%. In some embodiments, the carbon-based material comprises a percentage by weight of the resin of at least about 60%. In some embodiments, the carbon-based material comprises a percentage by weight of the resin of at most about 99.9%. In some embodiments, the carbon-based material comprises a percentage by weight of the resin of about 60% to about 65%, about 60% to about 70%, about 60% to about 75%, about 60% to about 80%, about 60% to about 85%, about 60% to about 90%, about 60% to about 95%, about 60% to about 96%, about 60% to about 97%, about 60% to about 99%, about 60% to about 99.9%, about 65% to about 70%, about 65% to about 75%, about 65% to about 80%, about 65% to about 85%, about 65% to about 90%, about 65% to about 95%, about 65% to about 96%, about 65% to about 97%, about 65% to about 99%, about 65% to about 99.9%, about 70% to about 75%, about 70% to about 80%, about 70% to about 85%, about 70% to about 90%, about 70% to about 95%, about 70% to about 96%, about 70% to about 97%, about 70% to about 99%, about 70% to about 99.9%, about 75% to about 80%, about 75% to about 85%, about 75% to about 90%, about 75% to about 95%, about 75% to about 96%, about 75% to about 97%, about 75% to about 99%, about 75% to about 99.9%, about 80% to about 85%, about 80% to about 90%, about 80% to about 95%, about 80% to about 96%, about 80% to about 97%, about 80% to about 99%, about 80% to about 99.9%, about 85% to about 90%, about 85% to about 95%, about 85% to about 96%, about 85% to about 97%, about 85% to about 99%, about 85% to about 99.9%, about 90% to about 95%, about 90% to about 96%, about 90% to about 97%, about 90% to about 99%, about 90% to about 99.9%, about 95% to about 96%, about 95% to about 97%, about 95% to about 99%, about 95% to about 99.9%, about 96% to about 97%, about 96% to about 99%, about 96% to about 99.9%, about 97% to about 99%, about 97% to about 99.9%, or about 99% to about 99.9%. In some embodiments, the carbon-based material comprises a percentage by weight of the resin of about 60%, about 65%, about 70%, about 75%, about 80%, about 85%, about 90%, about 95%, about 96%, about 97%, about 99%, or about 99.9%. In some embodiments, the carbon-based material comprises a percentage by weight of the resin of at least about 60%, about 65%, about 70%, about 75%, about 80%, about 85%, about 90%, about 95%, about 96%, about 97%, about 99%, or about 99.9%. In some embodiments, the carbon-based material comprises a percentage by weight of the resin of at most about 60%, about 65%, about 70%, about 75%, about 80%, about 85%, about 90%, about 95%, about 96%, about 97%, about 99%, or about 99.9%.
In some embodiments, the carbon-based material comprises graphene, wherein a percentage by weight of the graphene in the carbon-based material is about 0.1% to about 10%. In some embodiments, the carbon-based material comprises graphene, wherein a percentage by weight of the graphene in the carbon-based material is at least about 0.1%. In some embodiments, the carbon-based material comprises graphene, wherein a percentage by weight of the graphene in the carbon-based material is at most about 10%. In some embodiments, the carbon-based material comprises graphene, wherein a percentage by weight of the graphene in the carbon-based material is about 0.1% to about 0.2%, about 0.1% to about 0.5%, about 0.1% to about 1%, about 0.1% to about 2%, about 0.1% to about 3%, about 0.1% to about 4%, about 0.1% to about 5%, about 0.1% to about 6%, about 0.1% to about 7%, about 0.1% to about 8%, about 0.1% to about 10%, about 0.2% to about 0.5%, about 0.2% to about 1%, about 0.2% to about 2%, about 0.2% to about 3%, about 0.2% to about 4%, about 0.2% to about 5%, about 0.2% to about 6%, about 0.2% to about 7%, about 0.2% to about 8%, about 0.2% to about 10%, about 0.5% to about 1%, about 0.5% to about 2%, about 0.5% to about 3%, about 0.5% to about 4%, about 0.5% to about 5%, about 0.5% to about 6%, about 0.5% to about 7%, about 0.5% to about 8%, about 0.5% to about 10%, about 1% to about 2%, about 1% to about 3%, about 1% to about 4%, about 1% to about 5%, about 1% to about 6%, about 1% to about 7%, about 1% to about 8%, about 1% to about 10%, about 2% to about 3%, about 2% to about 4%, about 2% to about 5%, about 2% to about 6%, about 2% to about 7%, about 2% to about 8%, about 2% to about 10%, about 3% to about 4%, about 3% to about 5%, about 3% to about 6%, about 3% to about 7%, about 3% to about 8%, about 3% to about 10%, about 4% to about 5%, about 4% to about 6%, about 4% to about 7%, about 4% to about 8%, about 4% to about 10%, about 5% to about 6%, about 5% to about 7%, about 5% to about 8%, about 5% to about 10%, about 6% to about 7%, about 6% to about 8%, about 6% to about 10%, about 7% to about 8%, about 7% to about 10%, or about 8% to about 10%. In some embodiments, the carbon-based material comprises graphene, wherein a percentage by weight of the graphene in the carbon-based material is about 0.1%, about 0.2%, about 0.5%, about 1%, about 2%, about 3%, about 4%, about 5%, about 6%, about 7%, about 8%, or about 10%. In some embodiments, the carbon-based material comprises graphene, wherein a percentage by weight of the graphene in the carbon-based material is at least about 0.1%, about 0.2%, about 0.5%, about 1%, about 2%, about 3%, about 4%, about 5%, about 6%, about 7%, about 8%, or about 10%. In some embodiments, the carbon-based material comprises graphene, wherein a percentage by weight of the graphene in the carbon-based material is at most about 0.1%, about 0.2%, about 0.5%, about 1%, about 2%, about 3%, about 4%, about 5%, about 6%, about 7%, about 8%, or about 10%.
In some embodiments, the carbon-based material comprises graphite powder, wherein a percentage by weight of the graphite powder in the carbon-based material is about 1% to about 40%. In some embodiments, the carbon-based material comprises graphite powder, wherein a percentage by weight of the graphite powder in the carbon-based material is at least about 1%. In some embodiments, the carbon-based material comprises graphite powder, wherein a percentage by weight of the graphite powder in the carbon-based material is at most about 40%. In some embodiments, the carbon-based material comprises graphite powder, wherein a percentage by weight of the graphite powder in the carbon-based material is about 1% to about 2%, about 1% to about 5%, about 1% to about 10%, about 1% to about 15%, about 1% to about 20%, about 1% to about 25%, about 1% to about 30%, about 1% to about 35%, about 1% to about 40%, about 2% to about 5%, about 2% to about 10%, about 2% to about 15%, about 2% to about 20%, about 2% to about 25%, about 2% to about 30%, about 2% to about 35%, about 2% to about 40%, about 5% to about 10%, about 5% to about 15%, about 5% to about 20%, about 5% to about 25%, about 5% to about 30%, about 5% to about 35%, about 5% to about 40%, about 10% to about 15%, about 10% to about 20%, about 10% to about 25%, about 10% to about 30%, about 10% to about 35%, about 10% to about 40%, about 15% to about 20%, about 15% to about 25%, about 15% to about 30%, about 15% to about 35%, about 15% to about 40%, about 20% to about 25%, about 20% to about 30%, about 20% to about 35%, about 20% to about 40%, about 25% to about 30%, about 25% to about 35%, about 25% to about 40%, about 30% to about 35%, about 30% to about 40%, or about 35% to about 40%. In some embodiments, the carbon-based material comprises graphite powder, wherein a percentage by weight of the graphite powder in the carbon-based material is about 1%, about 2%, about 5%, about 10%, about 15%, about 20%, about 25%, about 30%, about 35%, or about 40%. In some embodiments, the carbon-based material comprises graphite powder, wherein a percentage by weight of the graphite powder in the carbon-based material is at least about 1%, about 2%, about 5%, about 10%, about 15%, about 20%, about 25%, about 30%, about 35%, or about 40%. In some embodiments, the carbon-based material comprises graphite powder, wherein a percentage by weight of the graphite powder in the carbon-based material is at most about 1%, about 2%, about 5%, about 10%, about 15%, about 20%, about 25%, about 30%, about 35%, or about 40%.
In some embodiments, the adhesive agent comprises carpenter's glue, wood glue, cyanoacrylate, contact cement, latex, library paste, mucilage, methyl cellulose, resorcinol resin, starch, butanone, dichloromethane acrylic, ethylene-vinyl, phenol formaldehyde resin, polyamide, polyester, polyethylene, polypropylene, polysulfide, polyurethane, polyvinyl acetate, aliphatic, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinyl chloride emulsion, silicone, styrene acrylic, epichlorohydrin, an epoxide, or any combination thereof. Some embodiments further comprise adding a conductive filler to the resin and the hardener. In some embodiments, the conductive filler comprises silver. In some embodiments, the silver comprises silver nanoparticles, silver nanorods, silver nanowires, silver nanoflowers, silver nanofibers, silver nanoplatelets, silver nanoribbons, silver nanocubes, silver bipyramids, or any combination thereof. Some embodiments further comprise adding a thinner to the resin and the hardener. In some embodiments, the thinner comprises butyl acetate, lacquer thinner, acetone, petroleum naphtha, mineral spirits, xylene, or any combination thereof.
In some embodiments, the method of forming a conductive carbon-based epoxy further comprises adding a pigment, a colorant, a dye, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the method of forming a conductive carbon-based epoxy further comprises adding at least one, at least two, at least three, at least four, or at least five colorants, dyes, pigments, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the pigment comprises a metal-based or metallic pigment. In some embodiments, the metallic pigment is a gold, silver, titanium, aluminum, tin, zinc, mercury, manganese, lead, iron, iron oxide, copper, cobalt, cadmium, chromium, arsenic, bismuth, antimony, or barium pigment. In some embodiments, the colorant comprises at least one metallic pigment. In some embodiments, the colorant comprises a silver metallic colorant. In some embodiments, the silver metallic colorant comprises silver nanoparticles, silver nanorods, silver nanowires, silver nanoflowers, silver nanofibers, silver nanoplatelets, silver nanoribbons, silver nanocubes, silver bipyramids, or a combination thereof.
In some embodiments, a colorant is selected from a pigment and/or dye that is red, yellow, magenta, green, cyan, violet, black, or brown, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, a pigment is blue, brown, cyan, green, violet, magenta, red, yellow, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, a dye is blue, brown, cyan, green, violet, magenta, red, yellow, or a combination thereof.
In some embodiments, a yellow colorant includes Pigment Yellow 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 23, 65, 74, 83, 93, 110, 128, 151, 155, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, a black colorant includes Color Black S170, Color Black S150, Color Black FW1, Color Black FW18, Acid Black 1, 11, 52, 172, 194, 210, 234, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, a red or magenta colorant includes Pigment Red 1-10, 12, 18, 21, 23, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 48, 90, 112, 122, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, a cyan or violet colorant includes Pigment Blue 15, 17, 22, Pigment Violet 1, 2, 3, 5, 19, 23, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, an orange colorant includes Pigment Orange 48 and/or 49. In some embodiments, a violet colorant includes Pigment Violet 19 and/or 42.
Another aspect provided herein is a method of forming silver nanowires comprising: heating a solvent; adding a catalyst solution and a polymer solution to the glycol to form a first solution; injecting a silver-based solution into the first solution to form a second solution; centrifuging the second solution; and washing the second solution with a washing solution to extract the silver nanowires.
In some embodiments, the solvent comprises a glycol. In some embodiments the glycol comprises ethylene glycol, polyethylene glycol 200, polyethylene glycol 400, propylene glycol, or any combination thereof.
In some embodiments, the solvent comprises a polymer solution. In some embodiments, the polymer solution comprises a polymer comprising polyvinyl pyrrolidone, sodium dodecyl sulfonate, vitamin B2, poly(vinyl alcohol), dextrin, poly(methyl vinyl ether), or any combination thereof.
In some embodiments, the polymer has a molecular weight of about 10,000 to about 40,000. In some embodiments, the polymer has a molecular weight of at least about 10,000. In some embodiments, the polymer has a molecular weight of at most about 40,000. In some embodiments, the polymer has a molecular weight of about 10,000 to about 12,500, about 10,000 to about 15,000, about 10,000 to about 17,500, about 10,000 to about 20,000, about 10,000 to about 22,500, about 10,000 to about 25,000, about 10,000 to about 27,500, about 10,000 to about 30,000, about 10,000 to about 35,000, about 10,000 to about 40,000, about 12,500 to about 15,000, about 12,500 to about 17,500, about 12,500 to about 20,000, about 12,500 to about 22,500, about 12,500 to about 25,000, about 12,500 to about 27,500, about 12,500 to about 30,000, about 12,500 to about 35,000, about 12,500 to about 40,000, about 15,000 to about 17,500, about 15,000 to about 20,000, about 15,000 to about 22,500, about 15,000 to about 25,000, about 15,000 to about 27,500, about 15,000 to about 30,000, about 15,000 to about 35,000, about 15,000 to about 40,000, about 17,500 to about 20,000, about 17,500 to about 22,500, about 17,500 to about 25,000, about 17,500 to about 27,500, about 17,500 to about 30,000, about 17,500 to about 35,000, about 17,500 to about 40,000, about 20,000 to about 22,500, about 20,000 to about 25,000, about 20,000 to about 27,500, about 20,000 to about 30,000, about 20,000 to about 35,000, about 20,000 to about 40,000, about 22,500 to about 25,000, about 22,500 to about 27,500, about 22,500 to about 30,000, about 22,500 to about 35,000, about 22,500 to about 40,000, about 25,000 to about 27,500, about 25,000 to about 30,000, about 25,000 to about 35,000, about 25,000 to about 40,000, about 27,500 to about 30,000, about 27,500 to about 35,000, about 27,500 to about 40,000, about 30,000 to about 35,000, about 30,000 to about 40,000, or about 35,000 to about 40,000. In some embodiments, the polymer has a molecular weight of about 10,000, about 12,500, about 15,000, about 17,500, about 20,000, about 22,500, about 25,000, about 27,500, about 30,000, about 35,000, or about 40,000. In some embodiments, the polymer has a molecular weight of at least about 10,000, about 12,500, about 15,000, about 17,500, about 20,000, about 22,500, about 25,000, about 27,500, about 30,000, about 35,000, or about 40,000. In some embodiments, the polymer has a molecular weight of at most about 10,000, about 12,500, about 15,000, about 17,500, about 20,000, about 22,500, about 25,000, about 27,500, about 30,000, about 35,000, or about 40,000.
In some embodiments, the polymer solution has a concentration of about 0.075 M to about 0.25 M. In some embodiments, the polymer solution has a concentration of at least about 0.075 M. In some embodiments, the polymer solution has a concentration of at most about 0.25 M. In some embodiments, the polymer solution has a concentration of about 0.075 M to about 0.1 M, about 0.075 M to about 0.125 M, about 0.075 M to about 0.15 M, about 0.075 M to about 0.175 M, about 0.075 M to about 0.2 M, about 0.075 M to about 0.225 M, about 0.075 M to about 0.25 M, about 0.1 M to about 0.125 M, about 0.1 M to about 0.15 M, about 0.1 M to about 0.175 M, about 0.1 M to about 0.2 M, about 0.1 M to about 0.225 M, about 0.1 M to about 0.25 M, about 0.125 M to about 0.15 M, about 0.125 M to about 0.175 M, about 0.125 M to about 0.2 M, about 0.125 M to about 0.225 M, about 0.125 M to about 0.25 M, about 0.15 M to about 0.175 M, about 0.15 M to about 0.2 M, about 0.15 M to about 0.225 M, about 0.15 M to about 0.25 M, about 0.175 M to about 0.2 M, about 0.175 M to about 0.225 M, about 0.175 M to about 0.25 M, about 0.2 M to about 0.225 M, about 0.2 M to about 0.25 M, or about 0.225 M to about 0.25 M. In some embodiments, the polymer solution has a concentration of about 0.075 M, about 0.1 M, about 0.125 M, about 0.15 M, about 0.175 M, about 0.2 M, about 0.225 M, or about 0.25 M. In some embodiments, the polymer solution has a concentration of at least about 0.075 M, about 0.1 M, about 0.125 M, about 0.15 M, about 0.175 M, about 0.2 M, about 0.225 M, or about 0.25 M. In some embodiments, the polymer solution has a concentration of at most about 0.075 M, about 0.1 M, about 0.125 M, about 0.15 M, about 0.175 M, about 0.2 M, about 0.225 M, or about 0.25 M.
In some embodiments, the solvent is heated to a temperature of about 75° C. to about 300° C. In some embodiments, the solvent is heated to a temperature of at least about 75° C. In some embodiments, the solvent is heated to a temperature of at most about 300° C. In some embodiments, the solvent is heated to a temperature of about 75° C. to about 100° C., about 75° C. to about 125° C., about 75° C. to about 150° C., about 75° C. to about 175° C., about 75° C. to about 200° C., about 75° C. to about 225° C., about 75° C. to about 250° C., about 75° C. to about 275° C., about 75° C. to about 300° C., about 100° C. to about 125° C., about 100° C. to about 150° C., about 100° C. to about 175° C., about 100° C. to about 200° C., about 100° C. to about 225° C., about 100° C. to about 250° C., about 100° C. to about 275° C., about 100° C. to about 300° C., about 125° C. to about 150° C., about 125° C. to about 175° C., about 125° C. to about 200° C., about 125° C. to about 225° C., about 125° C. to about 250° C., about 125° C. to about 275° C., about 125° C. to about 300° C., about 150° C. to about 175° C., about 150° C. to about 200° C., about 150° C. to about 225° C., about 150° C. to about 250° C., about 150° C. to about 275° C., about 150° C. to about 300° C., about 175° C. to about 200° C., about 175° C. to about 225° C., about 175° C. to about 250° C., about 175° C. to about 275° C., about 175° C. to about 300° C., about 200° C. to about 225° C., about 200° C. to about 250° C., about 200° C. to about 275° C., about 200° C. to about 300° C., about 225° C. to about 250° C., about 225° C. to about 275° C., about 225° C. to about 300° C., about 250° C. to about 275° C., about 250° C. to about 300° C., or about 275° C. to about 300° C. In some embodiments, the solvent is heated to a temperature of about 75° C., about 100° C., about 125° C., about 150° C., about 175° C., about 200° C., about 225° C., about 250° C., about 275° C., or about 300° C. In some embodiments, the solvent is heated to a temperature of at least about 75° C., about 100° C., about 125° C., about 150° C., about 175° C., about 200° C., about 225° C., about 250° C., about 275° C., or about 300° C. In some embodiments, the solvent is heated to a temperature of at most about 75° C., about 100° C., about 125° C., about 150° C., about 175° C., about 200° C., about 225° C., about 250° C., about 275° C., or about 300° C.
In some embodiments, the solvent is heated for a period of time of about 30 minutes to about 120 minutes. In some embodiments, the solvent is heated for a period of time of at least about 30 minutes. In some embodiments, the solvent is heated for a period of time of at most about 120 minutes. In some embodiments, the solvent is heated for a period of time of about 30 minutes to about 40 minutes, about 30 minutes to about 50 minutes, about 30 minutes to about 60 minutes, about 30 minutes to about 70 minutes, about 30 minutes to about 80 minutes, about 30 minutes to about 90 minutes, about 30 minutes to about 100 minutes, about 30 minutes to about 110 minutes, about 30 minutes to about 120 minutes, about 40 minutes to about 50 minutes, about 40 minutes to about 60 minutes, about 40 minutes to about 70 minutes, about 40 minutes to about 80 minutes, about 40 minutes to about 90 minutes, about 40 minutes to about 100 minutes, about 40 minutes to about 110 minutes, about 40 minutes to about 120 minutes, about 50 minutes to about 60 minutes, about 50 minutes to about 70 minutes, about 50 minutes to about 80 minutes, about 50 minutes to about 90 minutes, about 50 minutes to about 100 minutes, about 50 minutes to about 110 minutes, about 50 minutes to about 120 minutes, about 60 minutes to about 70 minutes, about 60 minutes to about 80 minutes, about 60 minutes to about 90 minutes, about 60 minutes to about 100 minutes, about 60 minutes to about 110 minutes, about 60 minutes to about 120 minutes, about 70 minutes to about 80 minutes, about 70 minutes to about 90 minutes, about 70 minutes to about 100 minutes, about 70 minutes to about 110 minutes, about 70 minutes to about 120 minutes, about 80 minutes to about 90 minutes, about 80 minutes to about 100 minutes, about 80 minutes to about 110 minutes, about 80 minutes to about 120 minutes, about 90 minutes to about 100 minutes, about 90 minutes to about 110 minutes, about 90 minutes to about 120 minutes, about 100 minutes to about 110 minutes, about 100 minutes to about 120 minutes, or about 110 minutes to about 120 minutes. In some embodiments, the solvent is heated for a period of time of about 30 minutes, about 40 minutes, about 50 minutes, about 60 minutes, about 70 minutes, about 80 minutes, about 90 minutes, about 100 minutes, about 110 minutes, or about 120 minutes. In some embodiments, the solvent is heated for a period of time of at least about 30 minutes, about 40 minutes, about 50 minutes, about 60 minutes, about 70 minutes, about 80 minutes, about 90 minutes, about 100 minutes, about 110 minutes, or about 120 minutes. In some embodiments, the solvent is heated for a period of time of at most about 30 minutes, about 40 minutes, about 50 minutes, about 60 minutes, about 70 minutes, about 80 minutes, about 90 minutes, about 100 minutes, about 110 minutes, or about 120 minutes.
In some embodiments, the solvent is stirred while being heated. In some embodiments, the stirring is performed by a magnetic stir bar.
In some embodiments, the stirring is performed at a rate of about 100 rpm to about 400 rpm. In some embodiments, the stirring is performed at a rate of at least about 100 rpm. In some embodiments, the stirring is performed at a rate of at most about 400 rpm. In some embodiments, the stirring is performed at a rate of about 100 rpm to about 125 rpm, about 100 rpm to about 150 rpm, about 100 rpm to about 175 rpm, about 100 rpm to about 200 rpm, about 100 rpm to about 225 rpm, about 100 rpm to about 250 rpm, about 100 rpm to about 275 rpm, about 100 rpm to about 300 rpm, about 100 rpm to about 350 rpm, about 100 rpm to about 400 rpm, about 125 rpm to about 150 rpm, about 125 rpm to about 175 rpm, about 125 rpm to about 200 rpm, about 125 rpm to about 225 rpm, about 125 rpm to about 250 rpm, about 125 rpm to about 275 rpm, about 125 rpm to about 300 rpm, about 125 rpm to about 350 rpm, about 125 rpm to about 400 rpm, about 150 rpm to about 175 rpm, about 150 rpm to about 200 rpm, about 150 rpm to about 225 rpm, about 150 rpm to about 250 rpm, about 150 rpm to about 275 rpm, about 150 rpm to about 300 rpm, about 150 rpm to about 350 rpm, about 150 rpm to about 400 rpm, about 175 rpm to about 200 rpm, about 175 rpm to about 225 rpm, about 175 rpm to about 250 rpm, about 175 rpm to about 275 rpm, about 175 rpm to about 300 rpm, about 175 rpm to about 350 rpm, about 175 rpm to about 400 rpm, about 200 rpm to about 225 rpm, about 200 rpm to about 250 rpm, about 200 rpm to about 275 rpm, about 200 rpm to about 300 rpm, about 200 rpm to about 350 rpm, about 200 rpm to about 400 rpm, about 225 rpm to about 250 rpm, about 225 rpm to about 275 rpm, about 225 rpm to about 300 rpm, about 225 rpm to about 350 rpm, about 225 rpm to about 400 rpm, about 250 rpm to about 275 rpm, about 250 rpm to about 300 rpm, about 250 rpm to about 350 rpm, about 250 rpm to about 400 rpm, about 275 rpm to about 300 rpm, about 275 rpm to about 350 rpm, about 275 rpm to about 400 rpm, about 300 rpm to about 350 rpm, about 300 rpm to about 400 rpm, or about 350 rpm to about 400 rpm. In some embodiments, the stirring is performed at a rate of about 100 rpm, about 125 rpm, about 150 rpm, about 175 rpm, about 200 rpm, about 225 rpm, about 250 rpm, about 275 rpm, about 300 rpm, about 350 rpm, or about 400 rpm. In some embodiments, the stirring is performed at a rate of at least about 100 rpm, about 125 rpm, about 150 rpm, about 175 rpm, about 200 rpm, about 225 rpm, about 250 rpm, about 275 rpm, about 300 rpm, about 350 rpm, or about 400 rpm. In some embodiments, the stirring is performed at a rate of at most about 100 rpm, about 125 rpm, about 150 rpm, about 175 rpm, about 200 rpm, about 225 rpm, about 250 rpm, about 275 rpm, about 300 rpm, about 350 rpm, or about 400 rpm.
In some embodiments, the catalyst solution comprises a catalyst comprising (a chloride) CuCl2, CuCl, NaCl, PtCl2, AgCl, FeCl2, FeCl13, tetrapropylammonium chloride, tetrapropylammonium bromide, or any combination thereof.
In some embodiments, the catalyst solution has a concentration of about 2 mM to about 8 mM. In some embodiments, the catalyst solution has a concentration of at least about 2 mM. In some embodiments, the catalyst solution has a concentration of at most about 8 mM. In some embodiments, the catalyst solution has a concentration of about 2 mM to about 2.5 mM, about 2 mM to about 3 mM, about 2 mM to about 3.5 mM, about 2 mM to about 4 mM, about 2 mM to about 4.5 mM, about 2 mM to about 5 mM, about 2 mM to about 5.5 mM, about 2 mM to about 6 mM, about 2 mM to about 6.5 mM, about 2 mM to about 7 mM, about 2 mM to about 8 mM, about 2.5 mM to about 3 mM, about 2.5 mM to about 3.5 mM, about 2.5 mM to about 4 mM, about 2.5 mM to about 4.5 mM, about 2.5 mM to about 5 mM, about 2.5 mM to about 5.5 mM, about 2.5 mM to about 6 mM, about 2.5 mM to about 6.5 mM, about 2.5 mM to about 7 mM, about 2.5 mM to about 8 mM, about 3 mM to about 3.5 mM, about 3 mM to about 4 mM, about 3 mM to about 4.5 mM, about 3 mM to about 5 mM, about 3 mM to about 5.5 mM, about 3 mM to about 6 mM, about 3 mM to about 6.5 mM, about 3 mM to about 7 mM, about 3 mM to about 8 mM, about 3.5 mM to about 4 mM, about 3.5 mM to about 4.5 mM, about 3.5 mM to about 5 mM, about 3.5 mM to about 5.5 mM, about 3.5 mM to about 6 mM, about 3.5 mM to about 6.5 mM, about 3.5 mM to about 7 mM, about 3.5 mM to about 8 mM, about 4 mM to about 4.5 mM, about 4 mM to about 5 mM, about 4 mM to about 5.5 mM, about 4 mM to about 6 mM, about 4 mM to about 6.5 mM, about 4 mM to about 7 mM, about 4 mM to about 8 mM, about 4.5 mM to about 5 mM, about 4.5 mM to about 5.5 mM, about 4.5 mM to about 6 mM, about 4.5 mM to about 6.5 mM, about 4.5 mM to about 7 mM, about 4.5 mM to about 8 mM, about 5 mM to about 5.5 mM, about 5 mM to about 6 mM, about 5 mM to about 6.5 mM, about 5 mM to about 7 mM, about 5 mM to about 8 mM, about 5.5 mM to about 6 mM, about 5.5 mM to about 6.5 mM, about 5.5 mM to about 7 mM, about 5.5 mM to about 8 mM, about 6 mM to about 6.5 mM, about 6 mM to about 7 mM, about 6 mM to about 8 mM, about 6.5 mM to about 7 mM, about 6.5 mM to about 8 mM, or about 7 mM to about 8 mM. In some embodiments, the catalyst solution has a concentration of about 2 mM, about 2.5 mM, about 3 mM, about 3.5 mM, about 4 mM, about 4.5 mM, about 5 mM, about 5.5 mM, about 6 mM, about 6.5 mM, about 7 mM, or about 8 mM. In some embodiments, the catalyst solution has a concentration of at least about 2 mM, about 2.5 mM, about 3 mM, about 3.5 mM, about 4 mM, about 4.5 mM, about 5 mM, about 5.5 mM, about 6 mM, about 6.5 mM, about 7 mM, or about 8 mM. In some embodiments, the catalyst solution has a concentration of at most about 2 mM, about 2.5 mM, about 3 mM, about 3.5 mM, about 4 mM, about 4.5 mM, about 5 mM, about 5.5 mM, about 6 mM, about 6.5 mM, about 7 mM, or about 8 mM.
In some embodiments, the volume of the solvent is greater than the volume of the catalyst solution by a factor of about 75 to about 250. In some embodiments, the volume of the solvent is greater than the volume of the catalyst solution by a factor of at least about 75. In some embodiments, the volume of the solvent is greater than the volume of the catalyst solution by a factor of at most about 250. In some embodiments, the volume of the solvent is greater than the volume of the catalyst solution by a factor of about 75 to about 100, about 75 to about 125, about 75 to about 150, about 75 to about 175, about 75 to about 200, about 75 to about 225, about 75 to about 250, about 100 to about 125, about 100 to about 150, about 100 to about 175, about 100 to about 200, about 100 to about 225, about 100 to about 250, about 125 to about 150, about 125 to about 175, about 125 to about 200, about 125 to about 225, about 125 to about 250, about 150 to about 175, about 150 to about 200, about 150 to about 225, about 150 to about 250, about 175 to about 200, about 175 to about 225, about 175 to about 250, about 200 to about 225, about 200 to about 250, or about 225 to about 250. In some embodiments, the volume of the solvent is greater than the volume of the catalyst solution by a factor of about 75, about 100, about 125, about 150, about 175, about 200, about 225, or about 250. In some embodiments, the volume of the solvent is greater than the volume of the catalyst solution by a factor of at least about 75, about 100, about 125, about 150, about 175, about 200, about 225, or about 250. In some embodiments, the volume of the solvent is greater than the volume of the catalyst solution by a factor of at most about 75, about 100, about 125, about 150, about 175, about 200, about 225, or about 250.
In some embodiments, the volume of the solvent is greater than the volume of the polymer solution by a factor of about 1.5 to about 6.5. In some embodiments, the volume of the solvent is greater than the volume of the polymer solution by a factor of at least about 1.5. In some embodiments, the volume of the solvent is greater than the volume of the polymer solution by a factor of at most about 6.5. In some embodiments, the volume of the solvent is greater than the volume of the polymer solution by a factor of about 1.5 to about 2, about 1.5 to about 2.5, about 1.5 to about 3, about 1.5 to about 3.5, about 1.5 to about 4, about 1.5 to about 4.5, about 1.5 to about 5, about 1.5 to about 5.5, about 1.5 to about 6, about 1.5 to about 6.5, about 2 to about 2.5, about 2 to about 3, about 2 to about 3.5, about 2 to about 4, about 2 to about 4.5, about 2 to about 5, about 2 to about 5.5, about 2 to about 6, about 2 to about 6.5, about 2.5 to about 3, about 2.5 to about 3.5, about 2.5 to about 4, about 2.5 to about 4.5, about 2.5 to about 5, about 2.5 to about 5.5, about 2.5 to about 6, about 2.5 to about 6.5, about 3 to about 3.5, about 3 to about 4, about 3 to about 4.5, about 3 to about 5, about 3 to about 5.5, about 3 to about 6, about 3 to about 6.5, about 3.5 to about 4, about 3.5 to about 4.5, about 3.5 to about 5, about 3.5 to about 5.5, about 3.5 to about 6, about 3.5 to about 6.5, about 4 to about 4.5, about 4 to about 5, about 4 to about 5.5, about 4 to about 6, about 4 to about 6.5, about 4.5 to about 5, about 4.5 to about 5.5, about 4.5 to about 6, about 4.5 to about 6.5, about 5 to about 5.5, about 5 to about 6, about 5 to about 6.5, about 5.5 to about 6, about 5.5 to about 6.5, or about 6 to about 6.5. In some embodiments, the volume of the solvent is greater than the volume of the polymer solution by a factor of about 1.5, about 2, about 2.5, about 3, about 3.5, about 4, about 4.5, about 5, about 5.5, about 6, or about 6.5. In some embodiments, the volume of the solvent is greater than the volume of the polymer solution by a factor of at least about 1.5, about 2, about 2.5, about 3, about 3.5, about 4, about 4.5, about 5, about 5.5, about 6, or about 6.5. In some embodiments, the volume of the solvent is greater than the volume of the polymer solution by a factor of at most about 1.5, about 2, about 2.5, about 3, about 3.5, about 4, about 4.5, about 5, about 5.5, about 6, or about 6.5
In some embodiments, the silver-based solution comprises a silver-based material comprising AgNO3.
In some embodiments, the silver-based solution has a concentration of about 0.05 M to about 0.2 M. In some embodiments, the silver-based solution has a concentration of at least about 0.05 M. In some embodiments, the silver-based solution has a concentration of at most about 0.2 M. In some embodiments, the silver-based solution has a concentration of about 0.05 M to about 0.075 M, about 0.05 M to about 0.1 M, about 0.05 M to about 0.125 M, about 0.05 M to about 0.15 M, about 0.05 M to about 0.175 M, about 0.05 M to about 0.2 M, about 0.075 M to about 0.1 M, about 0.075 M to about 0.125 M, about 0.075 M to about 0.15 M, about 0.075 M to about 0.175 M, about 0.075 M to about 0.2 M, about 0.1 M to about 0.125 M, about 0.1 M to about 0.15 M, about 0.1 M to about 0.175 M, about 0.1 M to about 0.2 M, about 0.125 M to about 0.15 M, about 0.125 M to about 0.175 M, about 0.125 M to about 0.2 M, about 0.15 M to about 0.175 M, about 0.15 M to about 0.2 M, or about 0.175 M to about 0.2 M. In some embodiments, the silver-based solution has a concentration of about 0.05 M, about 0.075 M, about 0.1 M, about 0.125 M, about 0.15 M, about 0.175 M, or about 0.2 M.
In some embodiments, the volume of the solvent is greater than the volume of the silver-based solution by a factor of about 1.5 to about 6.5. In some embodiments, the volume of the solvent is greater than the volume of the silver-based solution by a factor of at least about 1.5. In some embodiments, the volume of the solvent is greater than the volume of the silver-based solution by a factor of at most about 6.5. In some embodiments, the volume of the solvent is greater than the volume of the silver-based solution by a factor of about 1.5 to about 2, about 1.5 to about 2.5, about 1.5 to about 3, about 1.5 to about 3.5, about 1.5 to about 4, about 1.5 to about 4.5, about 1.5 to about 5, about 1.5 to about 5.5, about 1.5 to about 6, about 1.5 to about 6.5, about 2 to about 2.5, about 2 to about 3, about 2 to about 3.5, about 2 to about 4, about 2 to about 4.5, about 2 to about 5, about 2 to about 5.5, about 2 to about 6, about 2 to about 6.5, about 2.5 to about 3, about 2.5 to about 3.5, about 2.5 to about 4, about 2.5 to about 4.5, about 2.5 to about 5, about 2.5 to about 5.5, about 2.5 to about 6, about 2.5 to about 6.5, about 3 to about 3.5, about 3 to about 4, about 3 to about 4.5, about 3 to about 5, about 3 to about 5.5, about 3 to about 6, about 3 to about 6.5, about 3.5 to about 4, about 3.5 to about 4.5, about 3.5 to about 5, about 3.5 to about 5.5, about 3.5 to about 6, about 3.5 to about 6.5, about 4 to about 4.5, about 4 to about 5, about 4 to about 5.5, about 4 to about 6, about 4 to about 6.5, about 4.5 to about 5, about 4.5 to about 5.5, about 4.5 to about 6, about 4.5 to about 6.5, about 5 to about 5.5, about 5 to about 6, about 5 to about 6.5, about 5.5 to about 6, about 5.5 to about 6.5, or about 6 to about 6.5. In some embodiments, the volume of the solvent is greater than the volume of the silver-based solution by a factor of about 1.5, about 2, about 2.5, about 3, about 3.5, about 4, about 4.5, about 5, about 5.5, about 6, or about 6.5. In some embodiments, the volume of the solvent is greater than the volume of the silver-based solution by a factor of at least about 1.5, about 2, about 2.5, about 3, about 3.5, about 4, about 4.5, about 5, about 5.5, about 6, or about 6.5. In some embodiments, the volume of the solvent is greater than the volume of the silver-based solution by a factor of at most about 1.5, about 2, about 2.5, about 3, about 3.5, about 4, about 4.5, about 5, about 5.5, about 6, or about 6.5.
In some embodiments, the silver-based solution is injected into the first solution over a period of time of about 1 second to about 900 seconds. In some embodiments, the silver-based solution is injected into the first solution over a period of time of at least about 1 second. In some embodiments, the silver-based solution is injected into the first solution over a period of time of at most about 900 seconds. In some embodiments, the silver-based solution is injected into the first solution over a period of time of about 1 second to about 2 seconds, about 1 second to about 5 seconds, about 1 second to about 10 seconds, about 1 second to about 50 seconds, about 1 second to about 100 seconds, about 1 second to about 200 seconds, about 1 second to about 300 seconds, about 1 second to about 400 seconds, about 1 second to about 600 seconds, about 1 second to about 800 seconds, about 1 second to about 900 seconds, about 2 seconds to about 5 seconds, about 2 seconds to about 10 seconds, about 2 seconds to about 50 seconds, about 2 seconds to about 100 seconds, about 2 seconds to about 200 seconds, about 2 seconds to about 300 seconds, about 2 seconds to about 400 seconds, about 2 seconds to about 600 seconds, about 2 seconds to about 800 seconds, about 2 seconds to about 900 seconds, about 5 seconds to about 10 seconds, about 5 seconds to about 50 seconds, about 5 seconds to about 100 seconds, about 5 seconds to about 200 seconds, about 5 seconds to about 300 seconds, about 5 seconds to about 400 seconds, about 5 seconds to about 600 seconds, about 5 seconds to about 800 seconds, about 5 seconds to about 900 seconds, about 10 seconds to about 50 seconds, about 10 seconds to about 100 seconds, about 10 seconds to about 200 seconds, about 10 seconds to about 300 seconds, about 10 seconds to about 400 seconds, about 10 seconds to about 600 seconds, about 10 seconds to about 800 seconds, about 10 seconds to about 900 seconds, about 50 seconds to about 100 seconds, about 50 seconds to about 200 seconds, about 50 seconds to about 300 seconds, about 50 seconds to about 400 seconds, about 50 seconds to about 600 seconds, about 50 seconds to about 800 seconds, about 50 seconds to about 900 seconds, about 100 seconds to about 200 seconds, about 100 seconds to about 300 seconds, about 100 seconds to about 400 seconds, about 100 seconds to about 600 seconds, about 100 seconds to about 800 seconds, about 100 seconds to about 900 seconds, about 200 seconds to about 300 seconds, about 200 seconds to about 400 seconds, about 200 seconds to about 600 seconds, about 200 seconds to about 800 seconds, about 200 seconds to about 900 seconds, about 300 seconds to about 400 seconds, about 300 seconds to about 600 seconds, about 300 seconds to about 800 seconds, about 300 seconds to about 900 seconds, about 400 seconds to about 600 seconds, about 400 seconds to about 800 seconds, about 400 seconds to about 900 seconds, about 600 seconds to about 800 seconds, about 600 seconds to about 900 seconds, or about 800 seconds to about 900 seconds. In some embodiments, the silver-based solution is injected into the first solution over a period of time of about 1 second, about 2 seconds, about 5 seconds, about 10 seconds, about 50 seconds, about 100 seconds, about 200 seconds, about 300 seconds, about 400 seconds, about 600 seconds, about 800 seconds, or about 900 seconds. In some embodiments, the silver-based solution is injected into the first solution over a period of time of at least about 1 second, about 2 seconds, about 5 seconds, about 10 seconds, about 50 seconds, about 100 seconds, about 200 seconds, about 300 seconds, about 400 seconds, about 600 seconds, about 800 seconds, or about 900 seconds. In some embodiments, the silver-based solution is injected into the first solution over a period of time of at most about 1 second, about 2 seconds, about 5 seconds, about 10 seconds, about 50 seconds, about 100 seconds, about 200 seconds, about 300 seconds, about 400 seconds, about 600 seconds, about 800 seconds, or about 900 seconds.
Some embodiments further comprise heating the second solution before the process of centrifuging the second solution.
In some embodiments, the heating of the second solution occurs over a period of time of about 30 minutes to about 120 minutes. In some embodiments, the heating of the second solution occurs over a period of time of at least about 30 minutes. In some embodiments, the heating of the second solution occurs over a period of time of at most about 120 minutes. In some embodiments, the heating of the second solution occurs over a period of time of about 30 minutes to about 40 minutes, about 30 minutes to about 50 minutes, about 30 minutes to about 60 minutes, about 30 minutes to about 70 minutes, about 30 minutes to about 80 minutes, about 30 minutes to about 90 minutes, about 30 minutes to about 100 minutes, about 30 minutes to about 110 minutes, about 30 minutes to about 120 minutes, about 40 minutes to about 50 minutes, about 40 minutes to about 60 minutes, about 40 minutes to about 70 minutes, about 40 minutes to about 80 minutes, about 40 minutes to about 90 minutes, about 40 minutes to about 100 minutes, about 40 minutes to about 110 minutes, about 40 minutes to about 120 minutes, about 50 minutes to about 60 minutes, about 50 minutes to about 70 minutes, about 50 minutes to about 80 minutes, about 50 minutes to about 90 minutes, about 50 minutes to about 100 minutes, about 50 minutes to about 110 minutes, about 50 minutes to about 120 minutes, about 60 minutes to about 70 minutes, about 60 minutes to about 80 minutes, about 60 minutes to about 90 minutes, about 60 minutes to about 100 minutes, about 60 minutes to about 110 minutes, about 60 minutes to about 120 minutes, about 70 minutes to about 80 minutes, about 70 minutes to about 90 minutes, about 70 minutes to about 100 minutes, about 70 minutes to about 110 minutes, about 70 minutes to about 120 minutes, about 80 minutes to about 90 minutes, about 80 minutes to about 100 minutes, about 80 minutes to about 110 minutes, about 80 minutes to about 120 minutes, about 90 minutes to about 100 minutes, about 90 minutes to about 110 minutes, about 90 minutes to about 120 minutes, about 100 minutes to about 110 minutes, about 100 minutes to about 120 minutes, or about 110 minutes to about 120 minutes. In some embodiments, the heating of the second solution occurs over a period of time of about 30 minutes, about 40 minutes, about 50 minutes, about 60 minutes, about 70 minutes, about 80 minutes, about 90 minutes, about 100 minutes, about 110 minutes, or about 120 minutes. In some embodiments, the heating of the second solution occurs over a period of time of at least about 30 minutes, about 40 minutes, about 50 minutes, about 60 minutes, about 70 minutes, about 80 minutes, about 90 minutes, about 100 minutes, about 110 minutes, or about 120 minutes. In some embodiments, the heating of the second solution occurs over a period of time of at most about 30 minutes, about 40 minutes, about 50 minutes, about 60 minutes, about 70 minutes, about 80 minutes, about 90 minutes, about 100 minutes, about 110 minutes, or about 120 minutes.
In some embodiments, the centrifuging occurs at a speed of about 1,500 rpm to about 6,000 rpm. In some embodiments, the centrifuging occurs at a speed of at least about 1,500 rpm. In some embodiments, the centrifuging occurs at a speed of at most about 6,000 rpm. In some embodiments, the centrifuging occurs at a speed of about 1,500 rpm to about 2,000 rpm, about 1,500 rpm to about 2,500 rpm, about 1,500 rpm to about 3,000 rpm, about 1,500 rpm to about 3,500 rpm, about 1,500 rpm to about 4,000 rpm, about 1,500 rpm to about 4,500 rpm, about 1,500 rpm to about 5,000 rpm, about 1,500 rpm to about 5,500 rpm, about 1,500 rpm to about 6,000 rpm, about 2,000 rpm to about 2,500 rpm, about 2,000 rpm to about 3,000 rpm, about 2,000 rpm to about 3,500 rpm, about 2,000 rpm to about 4,000 rpm, about 2,000 rpm to about 4,500 rpm, about 2,000 rpm to about 5,000 rpm, about 2,000 rpm to about 5,500 rpm, about 2,000 rpm to about 6,000 rpm, about 2,500 rpm to about 3,000 rpm, about 2,500 rpm to about 3,500 rpm, about 2,500 rpm to about 4,000 rpm, about 2,500 rpm to about 4,500 rpm, about 2,500 rpm to about 5,000 rpm, about 2,500 rpm to about 5,500 rpm, about 2,500 rpm to about 6,000 rpm, about 3,000 rpm to about 3,500 rpm, about 3,000 rpm to about 4,000 rpm, about 3,000 rpm to about 4,500 rpm, about 3,000 rpm to about 5,000 rpm, about 3,000 rpm to about 5,500 rpm, about 3,000 rpm to about 6,000 rpm, about 3,500 rpm to about 4,000 rpm, about 3,500 rpm to about 4,500 rpm, about 3,500 rpm to about 5,000 rpm, about 3,500 rpm to about 5,500 rpm, about 3,500 rpm to about 6,000 rpm, about 4,000 rpm to about 4,500 rpm, about 4,000 rpm to about 5,000 rpm, about 4,000 rpm to about 5,500 rpm, about 4,000 rpm to about 6,000 rpm, about 4,500 rpm to about 5,000 rpm, about 4,500 rpm to about 5,500 rpm, about 4,500 rpm to about 6,000 rpm, about 5,000 rpm to about 5,500 rpm, about 5,000 rpm to about 6,000 rpm, or about 5,500 rpm to about 6,000 rpm. In some embodiments, the centrifuging occurs at a speed of about 1,500 rpm, about 2,000 rpm, about 2,500 rpm, about 3,000 rpm, about 3,500 rpm, about 4,000 rpm, about 4,500 rpm, about 5,000 rpm, about 5,500 rpm, or about 6,000 rpm. In some embodiments, the centrifuging occurs at a speed of at least about 1,500 rpm, about 2,000 rpm, about 2,500 rpm, about 3,000 rpm, about 3,500 rpm, about 4,000 rpm, about 4,500 rpm, about 5,000 rpm, about 5,500 rpm, or about 6,000 rpm. In some embodiments, the centrifuging occurs at a speed of at most about 1,500 rpm, about 2,000 rpm, about 2,500 rpm, about 3,000 rpm, about 3,500 rpm, about 4,000 rpm, about 4,500 rpm, about 5,000 rpm, about 5,500 rpm, or about 6,000 rpm.
In some embodiments, the centrifuging occurs over a period of time of about 10 minutes to about 40 minutes. In some embodiments, the centrifuging occurs over a period of time of at least about 10 minutes. In some embodiments, the centrifuging occurs over a period of time of at most about 40 minutes. In some embodiments, the centrifuging occurs over a period of time of about 10 minutes to about 15 minutes, about 10 minutes to about 20 minutes, about 10 minutes to about 25 minutes, about 10 minutes to about 30 minutes, about 10 minutes to about 35 minutes, about 10 minutes to about 40 minutes, about 15 minutes to about 20 minutes, about 15 minutes to about 25 minutes, about 15 minutes to about 30 minutes, about 15 minutes to about 35 minutes, about 15 minutes to about 40 minutes, about 20 minutes to about 25 minutes, about 20 minutes to about 30 minutes, about 20 minutes to about 35 minutes, about 20 minutes to about 40 minutes, about 25 minutes to about 30 minutes, about 25 minutes to about 35 minutes, about 25 minutes to about 40 minutes, about 30 minutes to about 35 minutes, about 30 minutes to about 40 minutes, or about 35 minutes to about 40 minutes. In some embodiments, the centrifuging occurs over a period of time of about 10 minutes, about 15 minutes, about 20 minutes, about 25 minutes, about 30 minutes, about 35 minutes, or about 40 minutes. In some embodiments, the centrifuging occurs over a period of time of at least about 10 minutes, about 15 minutes, about 20 minutes, about 25 minutes, about 30 minutes, about 35 minutes, or about 40 minutes. In some embodiments, the centrifuging occurs over a period of time of at most about 10 minutes, about 15 minutes, about 20 minutes, about 25 minutes, about 30 minutes, about 35 minutes, or about 40 minutes.
Some embodiments further comprise cooling the second solution before the process of centrifuging the second solution. In some embodiments, the second solution is cooled to room temperature. In some embodiments, the washing solution comprises ethanol, acetone, water, or any combination thereof.
In some embodiments, washing the second solution comprises a plurality of washing cycles comprising about two cycles to about six cycles. In some embodiments, washing the second solution comprises a plurality of washing cycles comprising at least about two cycles. In some embodiments, washing the second solution comprises a plurality of washing cycles comprising at most about six cycles. In some embodiments, washing the second solution comprises a plurality of washing cycles comprising about two cycles to about three cycles, about two cycles to about four cycles, about two cycles to about five cycles, about two cycles to about six cycles, about three cycles to about four cycles, about three cycles to about five cycles, about three cycles to about six cycles, about four cycles to about five cycles, about four cycles to about six cycles, or about five cycles to about six cycles. In some embodiments, washing the second solution comprises a plurality of washing cycles comprising about two cycles, about three cycles, about four cycles, about five cycles, or about six cycles.
Some embodiments further comprise dispersing the silver nanowires in a dispersing solution. In some embodiments, the dispersing solution comprises ethanol, acetone, and water, or any combination thereof.
In some embodiments, the method is performed in open air. In some embodiments, the method is performed in a solvothermal chamber. In some embodiments, the method is performed under high pressure.
Another aspect provided herein is a conductive ink. The conductive ink may comprise a conductive additive. The conductive additive may comprise a carbon-based conductive additive, a silver-based conductive additive, or both. The conductive ink may comprise a conductive carbon-based ink. The conductive ink may comprise a conductive silver-based ink. The conductive carbon-based ink may comprise a conductive graphene-based ink. The conductive graphene-based ink may comprise: a binder solution comprising: a binder and a first solvent; a reduced graphene oxide dispersion comprising reduced graphene oxide, and a second solvent; a third solvent; a conductive additive; a surfactant; and a defoamer.
In some embodiments, the conductive ink further comprises a pigment, a colorant, a dye, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the conductive ink comprises at least one, at least two, at least three, at least four, or at least five colorants, dyes, pigments, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the pigment comprises a metal-based or metallic pigment. In some embodiments, the metallic pigment is a gold, silver, titanium, aluminum, tin, zinc, mercury, manganese, lead, iron, iron oxide, copper, cobalt, cadmium, chromium, arsenic, bismuth, antimony, or barium pigment. In some embodiments, the colorant comprises at least one metallic pigment. In some embodiments, the colorant comprises a silver metallic colorant. In some embodiments, the silver metallic colorant comprises silver nanoparticles, silver nanorods, silver nanowires, silver nanoflowers, silver nanofibers, silver nanoplatelets, silver nanoribbons, silver nanocubes, silver bipyramids, or a combination thereof.
In some embodiments, a colorant is selected from a pigment and/or dye that is red, yellow, magenta, green, cyan, violet, black, or brown, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, a pigment is blue, brown, cyan, green, violet, magenta, red, yellow, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, a dye is blue, brown, cyan, green, violet, magenta, red, yellow, or a combination thereof.
In some embodiments, a yellow colorant includes Pigment Yellow 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 23, 65, 74, 83, 93, 110, 128, 151, 155, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, a black colorant includes Color Black S170, Color Black S150, Color Black FW1, Color Black FW18, Acid Black 1, 11, 52, 172, 194, 210, 234, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, a red or magenta colorant includes Pigment Red 1-10, 12, 18, 21, 23, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 48, 90, 112, 122, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, a cyan or violet colorant includes Pigment Blue 15, 17, 22, Pigment Violet 1, 2, 3, 5, 19, 23, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, an orange colorant includes Pigment Orange 48 and/or 49. In some embodiments, a violet colorant includes Pigment Violet 19 and/or 42.
In some embodiments, at least one of the first solvent, the second solvent, and the third solvent comprises water and an organic solvent. In some embodiments, the organic solvent comprises ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, cyclohexanone, terpineol, 3-methoxy-3-methyl-1-butanol, 4-hydroxyl-4-methyl-pentan-2-one, methyl isobutyl ketone, or any combination thereof.
In some embodiments, a percentage by mass of at least one of the first solvent, the second solvent, and the third solvent in the conductive ink is about 1% to about 99%. In some embodiments, a percentage by mass of at least one of the first solvent, the second solvent, and the third solvent in the conductive ink is at least about 1%. In some embodiments, a percentage by mass of at least one of the first solvent, the second solvent, and the third solvent in the conductive ink is at most about 99%. In some embodiments, a percentage by mass of at least one of the first solvent, the second solvent, and the third solvent in the conductive ink is about 1% to about 2%, about 1% to about 5%, about 1% to about 10%, about 1% to about 20%, about 1% to about 30%, about 1% to about 40%, about 1% to about 50%, about 1% to about 60%, about 1% to about 70%, about 1% to about 80%, about 1% to about 99%, about 2% to about 5%, about 2% to about 10%, about 2% to about 20%, about 2% to about 30%, about 2% to about 40%, about 2% to about 50%, about 2% to about 60%, about 2% to about 70%, about 2% to about 80%, about 2% to about 99%, about 5% to about 10%, about 5% to about 20%, about 5% to about 30%, about 5% to about 40%, about 5% to about 50%, about 5% to about 60%, about 5% to about 70%, about 5% to about 80%, about 5% to about 99%, about 10% to about 20%, about 10% to about 30%, about 10% to about 40%, about 10% to about 50%, about 10% to about 60%, about 10% to about 70%, about 10% to about 80%, about 10% to about 99%, about 20% to about 30%, about 20% to about 40%, about 20% to about 50%, about 20% to about 60%, about 20% to about 70%, about 20% to about 80%, about 20% to about 99%, about 30% to about 40%, about 30% to about 50%, about 30% to about 60%, about 30% to about 70%, about 30% to about 80%, about 30% to about 99%, about 40% to about 50%, about 40% to about 60%, about 40% to about 70%, about 40% to about 80%, about 40% to about 99%, about 50% to about 60%, about 50% to about 70%, about 50% to about 80%, about 50% to about 99%, about 60% to about 70%, about 60% to about 80%, about 60% to about 99%, about 70% to about 80%, about 70% to about 99%, or about 80% to about 99%. In some embodiments, a percentage by mass of at least one of the first solvent, the second solvent, and the third solvent in the conductive ink is about 1%, about 2%, about 5%, about 10%, about 20%, about 30%, about 40%, about 50%, about 60%, about 70%, about 80%, or about 99%. In some embodiments, a percentage by mass of at least one of the first solvent, the second solvent, and the third solvent in the conductive ink is at least about 1%, about 2%, about 5%, about 10%, about 20%, about 30%, about 40%, about 50%, about 60%, about 70%, or about 80%. In some embodiments, a percentage by mass of at least one of the first solvent, the second solvent, and the third solvent in the conductive ink is at most about 2%, about 5%, about 10%, about 20%, about 30%, about 40%, about 50%, about 60%, about 70%, about 80%, or about 99%.
In some embodiments, the binder solution comprises a binder and a first solvent. In some embodiments, the binder comprises a polymer. In some embodiments, the polymer comprises a synthetic polymer. In some embodiments, the synthetic polymer comprises carboxymethyl cellulose, polyvinylidene fluoride, poly(vinyl alcohol), poly(vinyl pyrrolidone), poly(ethylene oxide), ethyl cellulose, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the binder is a dispersant. In some embodiments, the binder comprises carboxymethyl cellulose, polyvinylidene fluoride, poly(vinyl alcohol), poly(vinyl pyrrolidone), poly(ethylene oxide), ethyl cellulose, or any combination thereof.
In some embodiments, a percentage by mass of the binder solution in the conductive ink is about 0.5% to about 99%. In some embodiments, a percentage by mass of the binder solution in the conductive ink is at least about 0.5%. In some embodiments, a percentage by mass of the binder solution in the conductive ink is at most about 99%. In some embodiments, a percentage by mass of the binder solution in the conductive ink is about 0.5% to about 1%, about 0.5% to about 2%, about 0.5% to about 5%, about 0.5% to about 10%, about 0.5% to about 20%, about 0.5% to about 30%, about 0.5% to about 40%, about 0.5% to about 50%, about 0.5% to about 70%, about 0.5% to about 90%, about 0.5% to about 99%, about 1% to about 2%, about 1% to about 5%, about 1% to about 10%, about 1% to about 20%, about 1% to about 30%, about 1% to about 40%, about 1% to about 50%, about 1% to about 70%, about 1% to about 90%, about 1% to about 99%, about 2% to about 5%, about 2% to about 10%, about 2% to about 20%, about 2% to about 30%, about 2% to about 40%, about 2% to about 50%, about 2% to about 70%, about 2% to about 90%, about 2% to about 99%, about 5% to about 10%, about 5% to about 20%, about 5% to about 30%, about 5% to about 40%, about 5% to about 50%, about 5% to about 70%, about 5% to about 90%, about 5% to about 99%, about 10% to about 20%, about 10% to about 30%, about 10% to about 40%, about 10% to about 50%, about 10% to about 70%, about 10% to about 90%, about 10% to about 99%, about 20% to about 30%, about 20% to about 40%, about 20% to about 50%, about 20% to about 70%, about 20% to about 90%, about 20% to about 99%, about 30% to about 40%, about 30% to about 50%, about 30% to about 70%, about 30% to about 90%, about 30% to about 99%, about 40% to about 50%, about 40% to about 70%, about 40% to about 90%, about 40% to about 99%, about 50% to about 70%, about 50% to about 90%, about 50% to about 99%, about 70% to about 90%, about 70% to about 99%, or about 90% to about 99%. In some embodiments, a percentage by mass of the binder solution in the conductive ink is at most about 99%. In some embodiments, a percentage by mass of the binder solution in the conductive ink is about 0.5%, about 1%, about 2%, about 5%, about 10%, about 20%, about 30%, about 40%, about 50%, about 70%, about 90%, or about 99%. In some embodiments, a percentage by mass of the binder solution in the conductive ink is at least about 0.5%, about 1%, about 2%, about 5%, about 10%, about 20%, about 30%, about 40%, about 50%, about 60%, about 70%, about 80%, about 90%, about 95%, or about 99%. Alternatively or in combination, in some embodiments, a percentage by mass of the binder solution in the conductive ink is no more than about 0.5%, about 1%, about 2%, about 5%, about 10%, about 20%, about 30%, about 40%, about 50%, about 60%, about 70%, about 80%, about 90%, about 95%, or about 99%.
In some embodiments, a concentration of the binder solution is about 0.5% to about 2%. In some embodiments, a concentration of the binder solution is at least about 0.5%. In some embodiments, a concentration of the binder solution is at most about 2%. In some embodiments, a concentration of the binder solution is about 0.5% to about 0.625%, about 0.5% to about 0.75%, about 0.5% to about 0.875%, about 0.5% to about 1%, about 0.5% to about 1.25%, about 0.5% to about 1.5%, about 0.5% to about 1.75%, about 0.5% to about 2%, about 0.625% to about 0.75%, about 0.625% to about 0.875%, about 0.625% to about 1%, about 0.625% to about 1.25%, about 0.625% to about 1.5%, about 0.625% to about 1.75%, about 0.625% to about 2%, about 0.75% to about 0.875%, about 0.75% to about 1%, about 0.75% to about 1.25%, about 0.75% to about 1.5%, about 0.75% to about 1.75%, about 0.75% to about 2%, about 0.875% to about 1%, about 0.875% to about 1.25%, about 0.875% to about 1.5%, about 0.875% to about 1.75%, about 0.875% to about 2%, about 1% to about 1.25%, about 1% to about 1.5%, about 1% to about 1.75%, about 1% to about 2%, about 1.25% to about 1.5%, about 1.25% to about 1.75%, about 1.25% to about 2%, about 1.5% to about 1.75%, about 1.5% to about 2%, or about 1.75% to about 2%. In some embodiments, a concentration of the binder solution is about 0.5%, about 0.625%, about 0.75%, about 0.875%, about 1%, about 1.25%, about 1.5%, about 1.75%, or about 2%. In some embodiments, a concentration of the binder solution is at least about 0.5%, about 0.625%, about 0.75%, about 0.875%, about 1%, about 1.25%, about 1.5%, about 1.75%, or about 2%. In some embodiments, a concentration of the binder solution is no more than about 0.5%, about 0.625%, about 0.75%, about 0.875%, about 1%, about 1.25%, about 1.5%, about 1.75%, or about 2%.
In some embodiments, the reduced graphene oxide dispersion comprises reduced graphene oxide (RGO) and a second solvent.
In some embodiments, a percentage by mass of the RGO dispersion in the conductive ink is about 0.25% to about 1%. In some embodiments, a percentage by mass of the RGO dispersion in the conductive ink is at least about 0.25%. In some embodiments, a percentage by mass of the RGO dispersion in the conductive ink is at most about 1%. In some embodiments, a percentage by mass of the RGO dispersion in the conductive ink is about 0.25% to about 0.375%, about 0.25% to about 0.5%, about 0.25% to about 0.625%, about 0.25% to about 0.75%, about 0.25% to about 1%, about 0.375% to about 0.5%, about 0.375% to about 0.625%, about 0.375% to about 0.75%, about 0.375% to about 1%, about 0.5% to about 0.625%, about 0.5% to about 0.75%, about 0.5% to about 1%, about 0.625% to about 0.75%, about 0.625% to about 1%, or about 0.75% to about 1%. In some embodiments, a percentage by mass of the RGO dispersion in the conductive ink is about 0.25%, about 0.375%, about 0.5%, about 0.625%, about 0.75%, or about 1%. In some embodiments, a percentage by mass of the RGO dispersion in the conductive ink is at least about 0.25%, about 0.375%, about 0.5%, about 0.625%, about 0.75%, or about 1%. In some embodiments, a percentage by mass of the RGO dispersion in the conductive ink is no more than about 0.25%, about 0.375%, about 0.5%, about 0.625%, about 0.75%, or about 1%.
In some embodiments, a concentration by mass of the RGO in the RGO dispersion is about 3% to about 12%. In some embodiments, a concentration by mass of the RGO in the RGO dispersion is at least about 3%. In some embodiments, a concentration by mass of the RGO in the RGO dispersion is at most about 12%. In some embodiments, a concentration by mass of the RGO in the RGO dispersion is about 3% to about 4%, about 3% to about 5%, about 3% to about 6%, about 3% to about 7%, about 3% to about 8%, about 3% to about 9%, about 3% to about 10%, about 3% to about 11%, about 3% to about 12%, about 4% to about 5%, about 4% to about 6%, about 4% to about 7%, about 4% to about 8%, about 4% to about 9%, about 4% to about 10%, about 4% to about 11%, about 4% to about 12%, about 5% to about 6%, about 5% to about 7%, about 5% to about 8%, about 5% to about 9%, about 5% to about 10%, about 5% to about 11%, about 5% to about 12%, about 6% to about 7%, about 6% to about 8%, about 6% to about 9%, about 6% to about 10%, about 6% to about 11%, about 6% to about 12%, about 7% to about 8%, about 7% to about 9%, about 7% to about 10%, about 7% to about 11%, about 7% to about 12%, about 8% to about 9%, about 8% to about 10%, about 8% to about 11%, about 8% to about 12%, about 9% to about 10%, about 9% to about 11%, about 9% to about 12%, about 10% to about 11%, about 10% to about 12%, or about 11% to about 12%. In some embodiments, a concentration by mass of the RGO in the RGO dispersion is about 3%, about 4%, about 5%, about 6%, about 7%, about 8%, about 9%, about 10%, about 11%, or about 12%. In some embodiments, a concentration by mass of the RGO in the RGO dispersion is at least about 3%, about 4%, about 5%, about 6%, about 7%, about 8%, about 9%, about 10%, about 11%, or about 12%. In some embodiments, a concentration by mass of the RGO in the RGO dispersion is no more than about 3%, about 4%, about 5%, about 6%, about 7%, about 8%, about 9%, about 10%, about 11%, or about 12%.
In some embodiments, a percentage by mass of the RGO in the conductive ink is about 0.1% to about 99%. In some embodiments, a percentage by mass of the RGO in the conductive ink is at least about 0.1%. In some embodiments, a percentage by mass of the RGO in the conductive ink is at most about 99%. In some embodiments, a percentage by mass of the RGO in the conductive ink is about 0.1% to about 0.2%, about 0.1% to about 0.5%, about 0.1% to about 1%, about 0.1% to about 10%, about 0.1% to about 20%, about 0.1% to about 40%, about 0.1% to about 60%, about 0.1% to about 80%, about 0.1% to about 90%, about 0.1% to about 99%, about 0.2% to about 0.5%, about 0.2% to about 1%, about 0.2% to about 10%, about 0.2% to about 20%, about 0.2% to about 40%, about 0.2% to about 60%, about 0.2% to about 80%, about 0.2% to about 90%, about 0.2% to about 99%, about 0.5% to about 1%, about 0.5% to about 10%, about 0.5% to about 20%, about 0.5% to about 40%, about 0.5% to about 60%, about 0.5% to about 80%, about 0.5% to about 90%, about 0.5% to about 99%, about 1% to about 10%, about 1% to about 20%, about 1% to about 40%, about 1% to about 60%, about 1% to about 80%, about 1% to about 90%, about 1% to about 99%, about 10% to about 20%, about 10% to about 40%, about 10% to about 60%, about 10% to about 80%, about 10% to about 90%, about 10% to about 99%, about 20% to about 40%, about 20% to about 60%, about 20% to about 80%, about 20% to about 90%, about 20% to about 99%, about 40% to about 60%, about 40% to about 80%, about 40% to about 90%, about 40% to about 99%, about 60% to about 80%, about 60% to about 90%, about 60% to about 99%, about 80% to about 90%, about 80% to about 99%, or about 90% to about 99%. In some embodiments, a percentage by mass of the RGO in the conductive ink is about 0.1%, about 0.2%, about 0.5%, about 1%, about 10%, about 20%, about 40%, about 60%, about 80%, about 90%, or about 99%. In some embodiments, a percentage by mass of the RGO in the conductive ink is at least about 0.1%, about 0.2%, about 0.5%, about 1%, about 10%, about 20%, about 40%, about 60%, about 80%, about 90%, or about 99%. In some embodiments, a percentage by mass of the RGO in the conductive ink is no more than about 0.1%, about 0.2%, about 0.5%, about 1%, about 10%, about 20%, about 40%, about 60%, about 80%, about 90%, or about 99%.
In some embodiments, the conductive additive comprises a carbon-based material. In some embodiments, the carbon-based material comprises a paracrystalline carbon. In some embodiments, the paracrystalline carbon comprises carbon black, acetylene black, channel black, furnace black, lamp black, thermal black, or any combination thereof.
In some embodiments, the conductive additive comprises silver. In some embodiments, the silver comprises silver nanoparticles, silver nanorods, silver nanowires, silver nanoflowers, silver nanofibers, silver nanoplatelets, silver nanoribbons, silver nanocubes, silver bipyramids, or any combination thereof.
In some embodiments, a percentage by mass of the conductive additive in the conductive ink is about 2% to about 99%. In some embodiments, a percentage by mass of the conductive additive in the conductive ink is at least about 2%. In some embodiments, a percentage by mass of the conductive additive in the conductive ink is at most about 99%. In some embodiments, a percentage by mass of the conductive additive in the conductive ink is about 2% to about 5%, about 2% to about 10%, about 2% to about 20%, about 2% to about 30%, about 2% to about 40%, about 2% to about 50%, about 2% to about 60%, about 2% to about 70%, about 2% to about 80%, about 2% to about 90%, about 2% to about 99%, about 5% to about 10%, about 5% to about 20%, about 5% to about 30%, about 5% to about 40%, about 5% to about 50%, about 5% to about 60%, about 5% to about 70%, about 5% to about 80%, about 5% to about 90%, about 5% to about 99%, about 10% to about 20%, about 10% to about 30%, about 10% to about 40%, about 10% to about 50%, about 10% to about 60%, about 10% to about 70%, about 10% to about 80%, about 10% to about 90%, about 10% to about 99%, about 20% to about 30%, about 20% to about 40%, about 20% to about 50%, about 20% to about 60%, about 20% to about 70%, about 20% to about 80%, about 20% to about 90%, about 20% to about 99%, about 30% to about 40%, about 30% to about 50%, about 30% to about 60%, about 30% to about 70%, about 30% to about 80%, about 30% to about 90%, about 30% to about 99%, about 40% to about 50%, about 40% to about 60%, about 40% to about 70%, about 40% to about 80%, about 40% to about 90%, about 40% to about 99%, about 50% to about 60%, about 50% to about 70%, about 50% to about 80%, about 50% to about 90%, about 50% to about 99%, about 60% to about 70%, about 60% to about 80%, about 60% to about 90%, about 60% to about 99%, about 70% to about 80%, about 70% to about 90%, about 70% to about 99%, about 80% to about 90%, about 80% to about 99%, or about 90% to about 99%. In some embodiments, a percentage by mass of the conductive additive in the conductive ink is about 2%, about 5%, about 10%, about 20%, about 30%, about 40%, about 50%, about 60%, about 70%, about 80%, about 90%, or about 99%. In some embodiments, a percentage by mass of the conductive additive in the conductive ink is at least about 2%, about 5%, about 10%, about 20%, about 30%, about 40%, about 50%, about 60%, about 70%, about 80%, about 90%, or about 99%. In some embodiments, a percentage by mass of the conductive additive in the conductive ink is no more than about 2%, about 5%, about 10%, about 20%, about 30%, about 40%, about 50%, about 60%, about 70%, about 80%, about 90%, or about 99%.
Some embodiments further comprise a surfactant. In some embodiments, the surfactant comprises an acid, a nonionic surfactant, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the acid comprises perfluorooctanoic acid, perfluorooctane sulfonate, perfluorohexane sulfonic acid, perfluorononanoic acid, perfluorodecanoic acid, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the nonionic surfactant comprises a polyethylene glycol alkyl ether, a octaethylene glycol monododecyl ether, a pentaethylene glycol monododecyl ether, a polypropylene glycol alkyl ether, a glucoside alkyl ether, decyl glucoside, lauryl glucoside, octyl glucoside, a polyethylene glycol octylphenyl ether, dodecyldimethylamine oxide, a polyethylene glycol alkylphenyl ether, a polyethylene glycol octylphenyl ether, Triton X-100, polyethylene glycol alkylphenyl ether, nonoxynol-9, a glycerol alkyl ester polysorbate, sorbitan alkyl ester, polyethoxylated tallow amine, Dynol 604, or any combination thereof.
In some embodiments, high quantities of water in water-based conductive inks increase the surface tension of the ink. In some applications, such as in inkjet printing, however, a low, controlled surface tension and viscosity is required to maintain consistent jetting through the printhead nozzles. In some embodiments, the addition of a surfactant reduces the surface tension of an ink because as the surfactant units move to the water/air interface, their relative force of attraction weakens as the non-polar surfactant heads become exposed.
In some embodiments, a percentage by mass of the surfactant in the conductive ink is about 0.5% to about 10%. In some embodiments, a percentage by mass of the surfactant in the conductive ink is at least about 0.5%. In some embodiments, a percentage by mass of the surfactant in the conductive ink is at most about 10%. In some embodiments, a percentage by mass of the surfactant in the conductive ink is about 0.5% to about 1%, about 0.5% to about 2%, about 0.5% to about 3%, about 0.5% to about 4%, about 0.5% to about 5%, about 0.5% to about 6%, about 0.5% to about 7%, about 0.5% to about 8%, about 0.5% to about 9%, about 0.5% to about 10%, about 1% to about 2%, about 1% to about 3%, about 1% to about 4%, about 1% to about 5%, about 1% to about 6%, about 1% to about 7%, about 1% to about 8%, about 1% to about 9%, about 1% to about 10%, about 2% to about 3%, about 2% to about 4%, about 2% to about 5%, about 2% to about 6%, about 2% to about 7%, about 2% to about 8%, about 2% to about 9%, about 2% to about 10%, about 3% to about 4%, about 3% to about 5%, about 3% to about 6%, about 3% to about 7%, about 3% to about 8%, about 3% to about 9%, about 3% to about 10%, about 4% to about 5%, about 4% to about 6%, about 4% to about 7%, about 4% to about 8%, about 4% to about 9%, about 4% to about 10%, about 5% to about 6%, about 5% to about 7%, about 5% to about 8%, about 5% to about 9%, about 5% to about 10%, about 6% to about 7%, about 6% to about 8%, about 6% to about 9%, about 6% to about 10%, about 7% to about 8%, about 7% to about 9%, about 7% to about 10%, about 8% to about 9%, about 8% to about 10%, or about 9% to about 10%. In some embodiments, a percentage by mass of the surfactant in the conductive ink is about 0.5%, about 1%, about 2%, about 3%, about 4%, about 5%, about 6%, about 7%, about 8%, about 9%, or about 10%. In some embodiments, a percentage by mass of the surfactant in the conductive ink is at least about 0.5%, about 1%, about 2%, about 3%, about 4%, about 5%, about 6%, about 7%, about 8%, about 9%, or about 10%. In some embodiments, a percentage by mass of the surfactant in the conductive ink is no more than about 0.5%, about 1%, about 2%, about 3%, about 4%, about 5%, about 6%, about 7%, about 8%, about 9%, or about 10%.
Some embodiments further comprise a defoamer, wherein the defoamer comprises an insoluble oil, a silicone, a glycol, a stearate, an organic solvent, Surfynol DF-1100, alkyl polyacrylate, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the insoluble oil comprises mineral oil, vegetable oil, white oil, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the silicone comprises polydimethylsiloxane, silicone glycol, a fluorosilicone, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the glycol comprises polyethylene glycol, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the stearate comprises glycol stearate, stearin, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the organic solvent comprises ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, cyclohexanone, terpineol, 3-methoxy-3-methyl-1-butanol, 4-hydroxyl-4-methyl-pentan-2-one, methyl isobutyl ketone, or any combination thereof.
In some embodiments, a percentage by mass of the defoamer in the conductive ink is about 0.5% to about 10%. In some embodiments, a percentage by mass of the defoamer in the conductive ink is at least about 0.5%. In some embodiments, a percentage by mass of the defoamer in the conductive ink is at most about 10%. In some embodiments, a percentage by mass of the defoamer in the conductive ink is about 0.5% to about 1%, about 0.5% to about 2%, about 0.5% to about 3%, about 0.5% to about 4%, about 0.5% to about 5%, about 0.5% to about 6%, about 0.5% to about 7%, about 0.5% to about 8%, about 0.5% to about 9%, about 0.5% to about 10%, about 1% to about 2%, about 1% to about 3%, about 1% to about 4%, about 1% to about 5%, about 1% to about 6%, about 1% to about 7%, about 1% to about 8%, about 1% to about 9%, about 1% to about 10%, about 2% to about 3%, about 2% to about 4%, about 2% to about 5%, about 2% to about 6%, about 2% to about 7%, about 2% to about 8%, about 2% to about 9%, about 2% to about 10%, about 3% to about 4%, about 3% to about 5%, about 3% to about 6%, about 3% to about 7%, about 3% to about 8%, about 3% to about 9%, about 3% to about 10%, about 4% to about 5%, about 4% to about 6%, about 4% to about 7%, about 4% to about 8%, about 4% to about 9%, about 4% to about 10%, about 5% to about 6%, about 5% to about 7%, about 5% to about 8%, about 5% to about 9%, about 5% to about 10%, about 6% to about 7%, about 6% to about 8%, about 6% to about 9%, about 6% to about 10%, about 7% to about 8%, about 7% to about 9%, about 7% to about 10%, about 8% to about 9%, about 8% to about 10%, or about 9% to about 10%. In some embodiments, a percentage by mass of the defoamer in the conductive ink is about 0.5%, about 1%, about 2%, about 3%, about 4%, about 5%, about 6%, about 7%, about 8%, about 9%, or about 10%. In some embodiments, a percentage by mass of the defoamer in the conductive ink is at least about 0.5%, about 1%, about 2%, about 3%, about 4%, about 5%, about 6%, about 7%, about 8%, about 9%, or about 10%. In some embodiments, a percentage by mass of the defoamer in the conductive ink is no more than about 0.5%, about 1%, about 2%, about 3%, about 4%, about 5%, about 6%, about 7%, about 8%, about 9%, or about 10%.
In some embodiments, the solid matter content by mass of the conductive ink is about 2.5% to about 10.5%. In some embodiments, the solid matter content by mass of the conductive ink is at least about 2.5%. In some embodiments, the solid matter content by mass of the conductive ink is at most about 10.5%. In some embodiments, the solid matter content by mass of the conductive ink is about 2.5% to about 3.5%, about 2.5% to about 4.5%, about 2.5% to about 5.5%, about 2.5% to about 6.5%, about 2.5% to about 7.5%, about 2.5% to about 8.5%, about 2.5% to about 9.5%, about 2.5% to about 10.5%, about 3.5% to about 4.5%, about 3.5% to about 5.5%, about 3.5% to about 6.5%, about 3.5% to about 7.5%, about 3.5% to about 8.5%, about 3.5% to about 9.5%, about 3.5% to about 10.5%, about 4.5% to about 5.5%, about 4.5% to about 6.5%, about 4.5% to about 7.5%, about 4.5% to about 8.5%, about 4.5% to about 9.5%, about 4.5% to about 10.5%, about 5.5% to about 6.5%, about 5.5% to about 7.5%, about 5.5% to about 8.5%, about 5.5% to about 9.5%, about 5.5% to about 10.5%, about 6.5% to about 7.5%, about 6.5% to about 8.5%, about 6.5% to about 9.5%, about 6.5% to about 10.5%, about 7.5% to about 8.5%, about 7.5% to about 9.5%, about 7.5% to about 10.5%, about 8.5% to about 9.5%, about 8.5% to about 10.5%, or about 9.5% to about 10.5%. In some embodiments, the solid matter content by mass of the conductive ink is about 2.5%, about 3.5%, about 4.5%, about 5.5%, about 6.5%, about 7.5%, about 8.5%, about 9.5%, or about 10.5%. In some embodiments, the solid matter content by mass of the conductive ink is at least about 2.5%, about 3.5%, about 4.5%, about 5.5%, about 6.5%, about 7.5%, about 8.5%, about 9.5%, or about 10.5%. In some embodiments, the solid matter content by mass of the conductive ink is no more than about 2.5%, about 3.5%, about 4.5%, about 5.5%, about 6.5%, about 7.5%, about 8.5%, about 9.5%, or about 10.5%.
In some embodiments, the viscosity of the conductive ink is about 10 centipoise to about 10,000 centipoise. In some embodiments, the viscosity of the conductive ink is at least about 10 centipoise. In some embodiments, the viscosity of the conductive ink is at most about 10,000 centipoise. In some embodiments, the viscosity of the conductive ink is about 10 centipoise to about 20 centipoise, about 10 centipoise to about 50 centipoise, about 10 centipoise to about 100 centipoise, about 10 centipoise to about 200 centipoise, about 10 centipoise to about 500 centipoise, about 10 centipoise to about 1,000 centipoise, about 10 centipoise to about 2,000 centipoise, about 10 centipoise to about 5,000 centipoise, about 10 centipoise to about 10,000 centipoise, about 20 centipoise to about 50 centipoise, about 20 centipoise to about 100 centipoise, about 20 centipoise to about 200 centipoise, about 20 centipoise to about 500 centipoise, about 20 centipoise to about 1,000 centipoise, about 20 centipoise to about 2,000 centipoise, about 20 centipoise to about 5,000 centipoise, about 20 centipoise to about 10,000 centipoise, about 50 centipoise to about 100 centipoise, about 50 centipoise to about 200 centipoise, about 50 centipoise to about 500 centipoise, about 50 centipoise to about 1,000 centipoise, about 50 centipoise to about 2,000 centipoise, about 50 centipoise to about 5,000 centipoise, about 50 centipoise to about 10,000 centipoise, about 100 centipoise to about 200 centipoise, about 100 centipoise to about 500 centipoise, about 100 centipoise to about 1,000 centipoise, about 100 centipoise to about 2,000 centipoise, about 100 centipoise to about 5,000 centipoise, about 100 centipoise to about 10,000 centipoise, about 200 centipoise to about 500 centipoise, about 200 centipoise to about 1,000 centipoise, about 200 centipoise to about 2,000 centipoise, about 200 centipoise to about 5,000 centipoise, about 200 centipoise to about 10,000 centipoise, about 500 centipoise to about 1,000 centipoise, about 500 centipoise to about 2,000 centipoise, about 500 centipoise to about 5,000 centipoise, about 500 centipoise to about 10,000 centipoise, about 1,000 centipoise to about 2,000 centipoise, about 1,000 centipoise to about 5,000 centipoise, about 1,000 centipoise to about 10,000 centipoise, about 2,000 centipoise to about 5,000 centipoise, about 2,000 centipoise to about 10,000 centipoise, or about 5,000 centipoise to about 10,000 centipoise. In some embodiments, the viscosity of the conductive ink is about 10 centipoise, about 20 centipoise, about 50 centipoise, about 100 centipoise, about 200 centipoise, about 500 centipoise, about 1,000 centipoise, about 2,000 centipoise, about 5,000 centipoise, or about 10,000 centipoise. In some embodiments, the viscosity of the conductive ink is at least about 10 centipoise, about 20 centipoise, about 50 centipoise, about 100 centipoise, about 200 centipoise, about 500 centipoise, about 1,000 centipoise, about 2,000 centipoise, about 5,000 centipoise, or about 10,000 centipoise. In some embodiments, the viscosity of the conductive ink is no more than about 10 centipoise, about 20 centipoise, about 50 centipoise, about 100 centipoise, about 200 centipoise, about 500 centipoise, about 1,000 centipoise, about 2,000 centipoise, about 5,000 centipoise, or about 10,000 centipoise.
In some embodiments, the conductive ink has a viscosity of about 2,300 centipoise to about 2,400 centipoise. In some embodiments, the conductive ink has a viscosity of at least about 2,300 centipoise. In some embodiments, the conductive ink has a viscosity of at most about 2,400 centipoise. In some embodiments, the conductive ink has a viscosity of about 2,300 centipoise to about 2,310 centipoise, about 2,300 centipoise to about 2,320 centipoise, about 2,300 centipoise to about 2,330 centipoise, about 2,300 centipoise to about 2,340 centipoise, about 2,300 centipoise to about 2,350 centipoise, about 2,300 centipoise to about 2,360 centipoise, about 2,300 centipoise to about 2,370 centipoise, about 2,300 centipoise to about 2,380 centipoise, about 2,300 centipoise to about 2,390 centipoise, about 2,300 centipoise to about 2,400 centipoise, about 2,310 centipoise to about 2,320 centipoise, about 2,310 centipoise to about 2,330 centipoise, about 2,310 centipoise to about 2,340 centipoise, about 2,310 centipoise to about 2,350 centipoise, about 2,310 centipoise to about 2,360 centipoise, about 2,310 centipoise to about 2,370 centipoise, about 2,310 centipoise to about 2,380 centipoise, about 2,310 centipoise to about 2,390 centipoise, about 2,310 centipoise to about 2,400 centipoise, about 2,320 centipoise to about 2,330 centipoise, about 2,320 centipoise to about 2,340 centipoise, about 2,320 centipoise to about 2,350 centipoise, about 2,320 centipoise to about 2,360 centipoise, about 2,320 centipoise to about 2,370 centipoise, about 2,320 centipoise to about 2,380 centipoise, about 2,320 centipoise to about 2,390 centipoise, about 2,320 centipoise to about 2,400 centipoise, about 2,330 centipoise to about 2,340 centipoise, about 2,330 centipoise to about 2,350 centipoise, about 2,330 centipoise to about 2,360 centipoise, about 2,330 centipoise to about 2,370 centipoise, about 2,330 centipoise to about 2,380 centipoise, about 2,330 centipoise to about 2,390 centipoise, about 2,330 centipoise to about 2,400 centipoise, about 2,340 centipoise to about 2,350 centipoise, about 2,340 centipoise to about 2,360 centipoise, about 2,340 centipoise to about 2,370 centipoise, about 2,340 centipoise to about 2,380 centipoise, about 2,340 centipoise to about 2,390 centipoise, about 2,340 centipoise to about 2,400 centipoise, about 2,350 centipoise to about 2,360 centipoise, about 2,350 centipoise to about 2,370 centipoise, about 2,350 centipoise to about 2,380 centipoise, about 2,350 centipoise to about 2,390 centipoise, about 2,350 centipoise to about 2,400 centipoise, about 2,360 centipoise to about 2,370 centipoise, about 2,360 centipoise to about 2,380 centipoise, about 2,360 centipoise to about 2,390 centipoise, about 2,360 centipoise to about 2,400 centipoise, about 2,370 centipoise to about 2,380 centipoise, about 2,370 centipoise to about 2,390 centipoise, about 2,370 centipoise to about 2,400 centipoise, about 2,380 centipoise to about 2,390 centipoise, about 2,380 centipoise to about 2,400 centipoise, or about 2,390 centipoise to about 2,400 centipoise. In some embodiments, the conductive ink has a viscosity of about 2,300 centipoise, about 2,310 centipoise, about 2,320 centipoise, about 2,330 centipoise, about 2,340 centipoise, about 2,350 centipoise, about 2,360 centipoise, about 2,370 centipoise, about 2,380 centipoise, about 2,390 centipoise, or about 2,400 centipoise.
In some embodiments, the density of the conductive ink at a temperature of about 20° C. is about 2.5 g/cm3 to about 10.5 g/cm3. In some embodiments, the density of the conductive ink at a temperature of about 20° C. is at least about 2.5 g/cm3. In some embodiments, the density of the conductive ink at a temperature of about 20° C. is at most about 10.5 g/cm3. In some embodiments, the density of the conductive ink at a temperature of about 20° C. is about 2.5 g/cm3 to about 3.5 g/cm3, about 2.5 g/cm3 to about 4.5 g/cm3, about 2.5 g/cm3 to about 5.5 g/cm3, about 2.5 g/cm3 to about 6.5 g/cm3, about 2.5 g/cm3 to about 7.5 g/cm3, about 2.5 g/cm3 to about 8.5 g/cm3, about 2.5 g/cm3 to about 9.5 g/cm3, about 2.5 g/cm3 to about 10.5 g/cm3, about 3.5 g/cm3 to about 4.5 g/cm3, about 3.5 g/cm3 to about 5.5 g/cm3, about 3.5 g/cm3 to about 6.5 g/cm3, about 3.5 g/cm3 to about 7.5 g/cm3, about 3.5 g/cm3 to about 8.5 g/cm3, about 3.5 g/cm3 to about 9.5 g/cm3, about 3.5 g/cm3 to about 10.5 g/cm3, about 4.5 g/cm3 to about 5.5 g/cm3, about 4.5 g/cm3 to about 6.5 g/cm3, about 4.5 g/cm3 to about 7.5 g/cm3, about 4.5 g/cm3 to about 8.5 g/cm3, about 4.5 g/cm3 to about 9.5 g/cm3, about 4.5 g/cm3 to about 10.5 g/cm3, about 5.5 g/cm3 to about 6.5 g/cm3, about 5.5 g/cm3 to about 7.5 g/cm3, about 5.5 g/cm3 to about 8.5 g/cm3, about 5.5 g/cm3 to about 9.5 g/cm3, about 5.5 g/cm3 to about 10.5 g/cm3, about 6.5 g/cm3 to about 7.5 g/cm3, about 6.5 g/cm3 to about 8.5 g/cm3, about 6.5 g/cm3 to about 9.5 g/cm3, about 6.5 g/cm3 to about 10.5 g/cm3, about 7.5 g/cm3 to about 8.5 g/cm3, about 7.5 g/cm3 to about 9.5 g/cm3, about 7.5 g/cm3 to about 10.5 g/cm3, about 8.5 g/cm3 to about 9.5 g/cm3, about 8.5 g/cm3 to about 10.5 g/cm3, or about 9.5 g/cm3 to about 10.5 g/cm3. In some embodiments, the density of the conductive ink at a temperature of about 20° C. is at most about 10.5 g/cm3. In some embodiments, the density of the conductive ink at a temperature of about 20° C. is about 2.5 g/cm3, about 3.5 g/cm3, about 4.5 g/cm3, about 5.5 g/cm3, about 6.5 g/cm3, about 7.5 g/cm3, about 8.5 g/cm3, about 9.5 g/cm3, or about 10.5 g/cm3. In some embodiments, the density of the conductive ink at a temperature of at least about 20° C. is about 2.5 g/cm3, about 3.5 g/cm3, about 4.5 g/cm3, about 5.5 g/cm3, about 6.5 g/cm3, about 7.5 g/cm3, about 8.5 g/cm3, about 9.5 g/cm3, or about 10.5 g/cm3. In some embodiments, the density of the conductive ink at a temperature of no more than about 20° C. is about 2.5 g/cm3, about 3.5 g/cm3, about 4.5 g/cm3, about 5.5 g/cm3, about 6.5 g/cm3, about 7.5 g/cm3, about 8.5 g/cm3, about 9.5 g/cm3, or about 10.5 g/cm3.
Optionally, in some embodiments the conductive ink has a surface area of about 40 m2/g to about 2,400 m2/g. Optionally, in some embodiments the conductive ink has a surface area of at least about 40 m2/g. Optionally, in some embodiments the conductive ink has a surface area of at most about 2,400 m2/g. Optionally, in some embodiments the conductive ink has a surface area of about 40 m2/g to about 80 m2/g, about 40 m2/g to about 120 m2/g, about 40 m2/g to about 240 m2/g, about 40 m2/g to about 480 m2/g, about 40 m2/g to about 1,000 m2/g, about 40 m2/g to about 1,400 m2/g, about 40 m2/g to about 1,800 m2/g, about 40 m2/g to about 2,200 m2/g, about 40 m2/g to about 2,400 m2/g, about 80 m2/g to about 120 m2/g, about 80 m2/g to about 240 m2/g, about 80 m2/g to about 480 m2/g, about 80 m2/g to about 1,000 m2/g, about 80 m2/g to about 1,400 m2/g, about 80 m2/g to about 1,800 m2/g, about 80 m2/g to about 2,200 m2/g, about 80 m2/g to about 2,400 m2/g, about 120 m2/g to about 240 m2/g, about 120 m2/g to about 480 m2/g, about 120 m2/g to about 1,000 m2/g, about 120 m2/g to about 1,400 m2/g, about 120 m2/g to about 1,800 m2/g, about 120 m2/g to about 2,200 m2/g, about 120 m2/g to about 2,400 m2/g, about 240 m2/g to about 480 m2/g, about 240 m2/g to about 1,000 m2/g, about 240 m2/g to about 1,400 m2/g, about 240 m2/g to about 1,800 m2/g, about 240 m2/g to about 2,200 m2/g, about 240 m2/g to about 2,400 m2/g, about 480 m2/g to about 1,000 m2/g, about 480 m2/g to about 1,400 m2/g, about 480 m2/g to about 1,800 m2/g, about 480 m2/g to about 2,200 m2/g, about 480 m2/g to about 2,400 m2/g, about 1,000 m2/g to about 1,400 m2/g, about 1,000 m2/g to about 1,800 m2/g, about 1,000 m2/g to about 2,200 m2/g, about 1,000 m2/g to about 2,400 m2/g, about 1,400 m2/g to about 1,800 m2/g, about 1,400 m2/g to about 2,200 m2/g, about 1,400 m2/g to about 2,400 m2/g, about 1,800 m2/g to about 2,200 m2/g, about 1,800 m2/g to about 2,400 m2/g, or about 2,200 m2/g to about 2,400 m2/g. Optionally, in some embodiments the conductive ink has a surface area of about 40 m2/g, about 80 m2/g, about 120 m2/g, about 240 m2/g, about 480 m2/g, about 1,000 m2/g, about 1,400 m2/g, about 1,800 m2/g, about 2,200 m2/g, or about 2,400 m2/g. Optionally, in some embodiments the conductive ink has a surface area of at least about 40 m2/g, about 80 m2/g, about 120 m2/g, about 240 m2/g, about 480 m2/g, about 1,000 m2/g, about 1,400 m2/g, about 1,800 m2/g, about 2,200 m2/g, or about 2,400 m2/g. Optionally, in some embodiments the conductive ink has a surface area of no more than about 40 m2/g, about 80 m2/g, about 120 m2/g, about 240 m2/g, about 480 m2/g, about 1,000 m2/g, about 1,400 m2/g, about 1,800 m2/g, about 2,200 m2/g, or about 2,400 m2/g.
Optionally, in some embodiments the conductive ink has a conductivity of about 400 S/m to about 1,600 S/m. Optionally, in some embodiments the conductive ink has a conductivity of at least about 400 S/m. Optionally, in some embodiments the conductive ink has a conductivity of at most about 1,600 S/m. Optionally, in some embodiments the conductive ink has a conductivity of about 400 S/m to about 500 S/m, about 400 S/m to about 600 S/m, about 400 S/m to about 700 S/m, about 400 S/m to about 800 S/m, about 400 S/m to about 900 S/m, about 400 S/m to about 1,000 S/m, about 400 S/m to about 1,200 S/m, about 400 S/m to about 1,400 S/m, about 400 S/m to about 1,600 S/m, about 500 S/m to about 600 S/m, about 500 S/m to about 700 S/m, about 500 S/m to about 800 S/m, about 500 S/m to about 900 S/m, about 500 S/m to about 1,000 S/m, about 500 S/m to about 1,200 S/m, about 500 S/m to about 1,400 S/m, about 500 S/m to about 1,600 S/m, about 600 S/m to about 700 S/m, about 600 S/m to about 800 S/m, about 600 S/m to about 900 S/m, about 600 S/m to about 1,000 S/m, about 600 S/m to about 1,200 S/m, about 600 S/m to about 1,400 S/m, about 600 S/m to about 1,600 S/m, about 700 S/m to about 800 S/m, about 700 S/m to about 900 S/m, about 700 S/m to about 1,000 S/m, about 700 S/m to about 1,200 S/m, about 700 S/m to about 1,400 S/m, about 700 S/m to about 1,600 S/m, about 800 S/m to about 900 S/m, about 800 S/m to about 1,000 S/m, about 800 S/m to about 1,200 S/m, about 800 S/m to about 1,400 S/m, about 800 S/m to about 1,600 S/m, about 900 S/m to about 1,000 S/m, about 900 S/m to about 1,200 S/m, about 900 S/m to about 1,400 S/m, about 900 S/m to about 1,600 S/m, about 1,000 S/m to about 1,200 S/m, about 1,000 S/m to about 1,400 S/m, about 1,000 S/m to about 1,600 S/m, about 1,200 S/m to about 1,400 S/m, about 1,200 S/m to about 1,600 S/m, or about 1,400 S/m to about 1,600 S/m. Optionally, in some embodiments the conductive ink has a conductivity of about 400 S/m, about 500 S/m, about 600 S/m, about 700 S/m, about 800 S/m, about 900 S/m, about 1,000 S/m, about 1,200 S/m, about 1,400 S/m, or about 1,600 S/m. Optionally, in some embodiments the conductive ink has a conductivity of at least about 400 S/m, about 500 S/m, about 600 S/m, about 700 S/m, about 800 S/m, about 900 S/m, about 1,000 S/m, about 1,200 S/m, about 1,400 S/m, or about 1,600 S/m. Optionally, in some embodiments the conductive ink has a conductivity of no more than about 400 S/m, about 500 S/m, about 600 S/m, about 700 S/m, about 800 S/m, about 900 S/m, about 1,000 S/m, about 1,200 S/m, about 1,400 S/m, or about 1,600 S/m.
Optionally, in some embodiments the conductive ink has a C:O mass ratio of about 2:1 to about 40:1. Optionally, in some embodiments the conductive ink has a C:O mass ratio of at least about 2:1. Optionally, in some embodiments the conductive ink has a C:O mass ratio of at most about 40:1. Optionally, in some embodiments the conductive ink has a C:O mass ratio of about 2:1 to about 4:1, about 2:1 to about 6:1, about 2:1 to about 8:1, about 2:1 to about 10:1, about 2:1 to about 15:1, about 2:1 to about 20:1, about 2:1 to about 25:1, about 2:1 to about 30:1, about 2:1 to about 34:1, about 2:1 to about 40:1, about 4:1 to about 6:1, about 4:1 to about 8:1, about 4:1 to about 10:1, about 4:1 to about 15:1, about 4:1 to about 20:1, about 4:1 to about 25:1, about 4:1 to about 30:1, about 4:1 to about 34:1, about 4:1 to about 40:1, about 6:1 to about 8:1, about 6:1 to about 10:1, about 6:1 to about 15:1, about 6:1 to about 20:1, about 6:1 to about 25:1, about 6:1 to about 30:1, about 6:1 to about 34:1, about 6:1 to about 40:1, about 8:1 to about 10:1, about 8:1 to about 15:1, about 8:1 to about 20:1, about 8:1 to about 25:1, about 8:1 to about 30:1, about 8:1 to about 34:1, about 8:1 to about 40:1, about 10:1 to about 15:1, about 10:1 to about 20:1, about 10:1 to about 25:1, about 10:1 to about 30:1, about 10:1 to about 34:1, about 10:1 to about 40:1, about 15:1 to about 20:1, about 15:1 to about 25:1, about 15:1 to about 30:1, about 15:1 to about 34:1, about 15:1 to about 40:1, about 20:1 to about 25:1, about 20:1 to about 30:1, about 20:1 to about 34:1, about 20:1 to about 40:1, about 25:1 to about 30:1, about 25:1 to about 34:1, about 25:1 to about 40:1, about 30:1 to about 34:1, about 30:1 to about 40:1, or about 34:1 to about 40:1. Optionally, in some embodiments the conductive ink has a C:O mass ratio of about 2:1, about 4:1, about 6:1, about 8:1, about 10:1, about 15:1, about 20:1, about 25:1, about 30:1, about 34:1, or about 40:1. Optionally, in some embodiments the conductive ink has a C:O mass ratio of at least about 2:1, about 4:1, about 6:1, about 8:1, about 10:1, about 15:1, about 20:1, about 25:1, about 30:1, about 34:1, or about 40:1. Optionally, in some embodiments the conductive ink has a C:O mass ratio of no more than about 2:1, about 4:1, about 6:1, about 8:1, about 10:1, about 15:1, about 20:1, about 25:1, about 30:1, about 34:1, or about 40:1.
In some embodiments, the conductive ink is a conductive graphene hydrate.
In some embodiments, the graphene ink has a resistivity when dry of about 0.01 ohm/sq/mil to about 60 ohms/sq/mil. In some embodiments, the graphene ink has a resistivity when dry of at least about 0.01 ohm/sq/mil. In some embodiments, the graphene ink has a resistivity when dry of at most about 60 ohms/sq/mil. In some embodiments, the graphene ink has a resistivity when dry of about 0.01 ohm/sq/mil to about 0.05 ohm/sq/mil, about 0.01 ohm/sq/mil to about 0.1 ohm/sq/mil, about 0.01 ohm/sq/mil to about 0.5 ohm/sq/mil, about 0.01 ohm/sq/mil to about 1 ohm/sq/mil, about 0.01 ohm/sq/mil to about 5 ohms/sq/mil, about 0.01 ohm/sq/mil to about 10 ohms/sq/mil, about 0.01 ohm/sq/mil to about 20 ohms/sq/mil, about 0.01 ohm/sq/mil to about 30 ohms/sq/mil, about 0.01 ohm/sq/mil to about 40 ohms/sq/mil, about 0.01 ohm/sq/mil to about 50 ohms/sq/mil, about 0.01 ohm/sq/mil to about 60 ohms/sq/mil, about 0.05 ohm/sq/mil to about 0.1 ohm/sq/mil, about 0.05 ohm/sq/mil to about 0.5 ohm/sq/mil, about 0.05 ohm/sq/mil to about 1 ohm/sq/mil, about 0.05 ohm/sq/mil to about 5 ohms/sq/mil, about 0.05 ohm/sq/mil to about 10 ohms/sq/mil, about 0.05 ohm/sq/mil to about 20 ohms/sq/mil, about 0.05 ohm/sq/mil to about 30 ohms/sq/mil, about 0.05 ohm/sq/mil to about 40 ohms/sq/mil, about 0.05 ohm/sq/mil to about 50 ohms/sq/mil, about 0.05 ohm/sq/mil to about 60 ohms/sq/mil, about 0.1 ohm/sq/mil to about 0.5 ohm/sq/mil, about 0.1 ohm/sq/mil to about 1 ohm/sq/mil, about 0.1 ohm/sq/mil to about 5 ohms/sq/mil, about 0.1 ohm/sq/mil to about 10 ohms/sq/mil, about 0.1 ohm/sq/mil to about 20 ohms/sq/mil, about 0.1 ohm/sq/mil to about 30 ohms/sq/mil, about 0.1 ohm/sq/mil to about 40 ohms/sq/mil, about 0.1 ohm/sq/mil to about 50 ohms/sq/mil, about 0.1 ohm/sq/mil to about 60 ohms/sq/mil, about 0.5 ohm/sq/mil to about 1 ohm/sq/mil, about 0.5 ohm/sq/mil to about 5 ohms/sq/mil, about 0.5 ohm/sq/mil to about 10 ohms/sq/mil, about 0.5 ohm/sq/mil to about 20 ohms/sq/mil, about 0.5 ohm/sq/mil to about 30 ohms/sq/mil, about 0.5 ohm/sq/mil to about 40 ohms/sq/mil, about 0.5 ohm/sq/mil to about 50 ohms/sq/mil, about 0.5 ohm/sq/mil to about 60 ohms/sq/mil, about 1 ohm/sq/mil to about 5 ohms/sq/mil, about 1 ohm/sq/mil to about 10 ohms/sq/mil, about 1 ohm/sq/mil to about 20 ohms/sq/mil, about 1 ohm/sq/mil to about 30 ohms/sq/mil, about 1 ohm/sq/mil to about 40 ohms/sq/mil, about 1 ohm/sq/mil to about 50 ohms/sq/mil, about 1 ohm/sq/mil to about 60 ohms/sq/mil, about 5 ohms/sq/mil to about 10 ohms/sq/mil, about 5 ohms/sq/mil to about 20 ohms/sq/mil, about 5 ohms/sq/mil to about 30 ohms/sq/mil, about 5 ohms/sq/mil to about 40 ohms/sq/mil, about 5 ohms/sq/mil to about 50 ohms/sq/mil, about 5 ohms/sq/mil to about 60 ohms/sq/mil, about 10 ohms/sq/mil to about 20 ohms/sq/mil, about 10 ohms/sq/mil to about 30 ohms/sq/mil, about 10 ohms/sq/mil to about 40 ohms/sq/mil, about 10 ohms/sq/mil to about 50 ohms/sq/mil, about 10 ohms/sq/mil to about 60 ohms/sq/mil, about 20 ohms/sq/mil to about 30 ohms/sq/mil, about 20 ohms/sq/mil to about 40 ohms/sq/mil, about 20 ohms/sq/mil to about 50 ohms/sq/mil, about 20 ohms/sq/mil to about 60 ohms/sq/mil, about 30 ohms/sq/mil to about 40 ohms/sq/mil, about 30 ohms/sq/mil to about 50 ohms/sq/mil, about 30 ohms/sq/mil to about 60 ohms/sq/mil, about 40 ohms/sq/mil to about 50 ohms/sq/mil, about 40 ohms/sq/mil to about 60 ohms/sq/mil, or about 50 ohms/sq/mil to about 60 ohms/sq/mil. In some embodiments, the graphene ink has a resistivity when dry of about 0.01 ohms/sq/mil, about 0.05 ohms/sq/mil, about 0.1 ohm/sq/mil, about 0.5 ohm/sq/mil, about 1 ohm/sq/mil, about 5 ohms/sq/mil, about 10 ohms/sq/mil, about 20 ohms/sq/mil, about 30 ohms/sq/mil, about 40 ohms/sq/mil, about 50 ohms/sq/mil, or about 60 ohms/sq/mil. In some embodiments, the graphene ink has a resistivity when dry of at least about 0.01 ohm/sq/mil, about 0.05 ohm/sq/mil, about 0.1 ohm/sq/mil, about 0.5 ohm/sq/mil, about 1 ohm/sq/mil, about 5 ohm/sq/mil, about 10 ohms/sq/mil, about 20 ohms/sq/mil, about 30 ohms/sq/mil, about 40 ohms/sq/mil, about 50 ohms/sq/mil, or about 60 ohms/sq/mil. In some embodiments, the graphene ink has a resistivity when dry of at most about 0.01 ohm/sq/mil, about 0.05 ohm/sq/mil, about 0.1 ohm/sq/mil, about 0.5 ohm/sq/mil, about 1 ohm/sq/mil, about 5 ohms/sq/mil, about 10 ohms/sq/mil, about 20 ohms/sq/mil, about 30 ohms/sq/mil, about 40 ohms/sq/mil, about 50 ohms/sq/mil, or about 60 ohms/sq/mil.
Those skilled in the art will recognize improvements and modifications to the present disclosure. All such improvements and modifications are considered within the scope of the concepts disclosed herein.
The novel features of the disclosure are set forth with particularity in the appended claims. A better understanding of the features and advantages of the present disclosure will be obtained by reference to the following detailed description that sets forth illustrative embodiments, in which the principles of the disclosure are utilized, and the accompanying drawings of which:
Certain aspects of the present disclosure relate to conductive adhesives and inks comprising carbon-based and silver-based materials, such as graphene and graphene/carbon composites, that exhibit excellent conductivity, thermal properties, durability, low curing temperatures, mechanical flexibility, and reduced environmental impact.
Although lead-based soldering materials are currently used to electrically connect two or more components, such products may be toxic and not environmentally friendly. Alternative conductive materials, (e.g., graphene and silver), however, provide equal or greater efficacy without the dangers and side effects of current solder. Unlike toxic lead solders, conductive adhesives and inks made with graphene are carbon-based and thus non-toxic and are environmentally friendly as curing is performed at room temperature. Such conductive adhesives and inks may employ additives to enable various uses and improved electrical properties.
In some existing methods of electronics manufacturing, a lead-based solder is applied to attach and bond the different electronic components together or to a printed circuit board. However, worldwide regulations have been put in place to limit the use of lead because of its health and environmental impact. Additionally, lead-based soldering has limited patterning resolution that may not satisfy the decreasing scales of the components in modern electronics packaging. Further, lead-based solder may be too brittle and nondurable to be used in flexible electronic devices. Finally, as lead-based solders must be heated to high temperatures during component adhesion to flow into all crevices before hardening, such materials may not be used to adhere heat-sensitive components.
Conductive adhesives are an alternative to lead-based solders and exhibit low curing temperatures and high thermal and mechanical stress resilience. As such, there is a current unmet need for lead-free conductive adhesives to improve the safety, speed, durability, and performance of integrated electrical products and methods of manufacturing for creating such conductive adhesives in an environmentally friendly manner.
Provided herein is a conductive glue comprising a conductive additive and an adhesive agent. The conductive additive may comprise a carbon-based material. The conductive additive may comprise a silver-based material. The conductive additive may comprise a carbon-based material and a silver-based material.
The silver-based additive may comprise a silver nanowire, a silver nanoparticle, or both. The silver-based additive may comprise a silver nanowire, and not a silver nanoparticle. The silver-based additive may comprise a silver nanoparticle, and not a silver nanowire. The silver-based additive may comprise a silver nanowire and a silver nanoparticle. Alternatively, the silver-based material may comprise silver nanorods, silver nanoflowers, silver nanofibers, silver nanoplatelets, silver nanoribbons, silver nanocubes, silver bipyramids, or any combination thereof. The silver nanowires may have a diameter of less than about 1 μm, about 0.9 μm, about 0.8 μm, about 0.7 μm, about 0.6 μm, about 0.5 μm, about 0.4 μm, about 0.3 μm, about 0.2 μm, about 0.1 μm, about 0.09 μm, about 0.08 μm, about 0.07 μm, about 0.06 μm, or about 0.05 μm. At least about 25% of the silver nanowires may have a diameter of less than about 1 μm, about 0.9 μm, about 0.8 μm, about 0.7 μm, about 0.6 μm, about 0.5 μm, about 0.4 μm, about 0.3 μm, about 0.2 μm, about 0.1 μm, about 0.09 μm, about 0.08 μm, about 0.07 μm, about 0.06 μm, or about 0.05 μm. At least about 50% of the silver nanowires may have a diameter of less than about 1 μm, about 0.9 μm, about 0.8 μm, about 0.7 μm, about 0.6 μm, about 0.5 μm, about 0.4 μm, about 0.3 μm, about 0.2 μm, about 0.1 μm, about 0.09 μm, about 0.08 μm, about 0.07 μm, about 0.06 μm, or about 0.05 μm. At least about 75% of the silver nanowires may have a diameter of less than about 1 μm, about 0.9 μm, about 0.8 μm, about 0.7 μm, about 0.6 μm, about 0.5 μm, about 0.4 μm, about 0.3 μm, about 0.2 μm, about 0.1 μm, about 0.09 μm, about 0.08 μm, about 0.07 μm, about 0.06 μm, or about 0.05 μm. The silver nanowires may have a length of greater than about 10 μm, about 15 μm, about 20 μm, about 25 μm, about 30 μm, about 35 μm, about 40 μm, about 45 μm, about 50 μm, about 55 μm, about 60 μm, about 65 μm, about 70 μm, or about 75 μm. At least about 25% of the silver nanowires may have a length of greater than about 10 μm, about 15 μm, about 20 μm, about 25 μm, about 30 μm, about 35 μm, about 40 μm, about 45 μm, about 50 μm, about 55 μm, about 60 μm, about 65 μm, about 70 μm, or about 75 μm. At least about 50% of the silver nanowires may have a length of greater than about 10 μm, about 15 μm, about 20 μm, about 25 μm, about 30 μm, about 35 μm, about 40 μm, about 45 μm, about 50 μm, about 55 μm, about 60 μm, about 65 μm, about 70 μm, or about 75 μm. At least about 75% of the silver nanowires may have a length of greater than about 10 μm, about 15 μm, about 20 μm, about 25 μm, about 30 μm, about 35 μm, about 40 μm, about 45 μm, about 50 μm, about 55 μm, about 60 μm, about 65 μm, about 70 μm, or about 75 μm. The silver nanowire may have an average aspect ratio of about 250:1, 300:1, 350:1, 400:1, 450:1, 500:1, 600:1, 700:1, 800:1, 900:1, or 1000:1. The silver nanowire may have an average aspect ratio of at least about 250:1, 300:1, 350:1, 400:1, 450:1, 500:1, 600:1, 700:1, 800:1, 900:1, or 1000:1.
The carbon-based material may comprise two or more of a graphene nanoparticle, a graphene nanosheet, and a graphene microparticle. The carbon-based material may comprise a graphene nanoparticle and a graphene nanosheet. The carbon-based material may comprise a graphene nanoparticle and a graphene microparticle. The carbon-based material may comprise a graphene nanosheet and a graphene microparticle. The carbon-based material may comprise a graphene nanoparticle, a graphene nanosheet, and a graphene microparticle.
Alternatively, the carbon-based material may comprise graphite powder, natural graphite, synthetic graphite, expanded graphite, carbon black, Timcal carbon super C45, Timcal carbon super C65, cabot carbon, carbon super P, acetylene black, furnace black, carbon nanotubes, vapor-grown carbon fibers, graphene oxide, or any combination thereof.
Alternatively, the silver-based material may comprise silver nanorods, silver nanoflowers, silver nanofibers, silver nanoplatelets, silver nanoribbons, silver nanocubes, silver bipyramids, or any combination thereof.
The adhesive agent may comprise carpenter's glue, wood glue, cyanoacrylate, contact cement, latex, library paste, mucilage, methyl cellulose, resorcinol resin, starch, butanone, dichloromethane acrylic, ethylene-vinyl, phenol formaldehyde resin, polyamide, polyester, polyethylene, polypropylene, polysulfide, polyurethane, polyvinyl acetate, aliphatic, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinyl chloride emulsion, silicone, styrene acrylic, epichlorohydrin, an epoxide, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments the conductive glue further comprises a thinner. In some embodiments, the thinner comprises butyl acetate, lacquer thinner, acetone, petroleum naphtha, mineral spirits, xylene, or any combination thereof.
In some embodiments the conductive glue further comprises a pigment, a colorant, a dye, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the conductive carbon-based adhesive comprises at least one, at least two, at least three, at least four, or at least five colorants, dyes, pigments, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the pigment comprises a metal-based or metallic pigment. In some embodiments, the metallic pigment is a gold, silver, titanium, aluminum, tin, zinc, mercury, manganese, lead, iron, iron oxide, copper, cobalt, cadmium, chromium, arsenic, bismuth, antimony, or barium pigment. In some embodiments, the colorant comprises at least one metallic pigment. In some embodiments, the colorant comprises a silver metallic colorant. In some embodiments, the silver metallic colorant comprises silver nanoparticles, silver nanorods, silver nanowires, silver nanoflowers, silver nanofibers, silver nanoplatelets, silver nanoribbons, silver nanocubes, silver bipyramids, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, a colorant is selected from a pigment and/or dye that is red, yellow, magenta, green, cyan, violet, black, or brown, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, a pigment is blue, brown, cyan, green, violet, magenta, red, yellow, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, a dye is blue, brown, cyan, green, violet, magenta, red, yellow, or a combination thereof. The yellow colorant may include Pigment Yellow 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 23, 65, 74, 83, 93, 110, 128, 151, 155, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, a black colorant includes Color Black SI70, Color Black SI50, Color Black FW1, Color Black FW18, Acid Black 1, 11, 52, 172, 194, 210, 234, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, a red or magenta colorant includes Pigment Red 1-10, 12, 18, 21, 23, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 48, 90, 112, 122, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, a cyan or violet colorant includes Pigment Blue 15, 17, 22, Pigment Violet 1, 2, 3, 5, 19, 23, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, an orange colorant includes Pigment Orange 48 and/or 49. In some embodiments, a violet colorant includes Pigment Violet 19 and/or 42.
Exemplary uses for the conductive glues disclosed herein are shown in
low-conducting material. Likewise per
Further per
Also provided herein is a method of forming a conductive glue comprising forming a conductive additive and adding an adhesive agent to the conductive additive. The conductive additive may comprise a carbon-based material. The conductive additive may comprise a silver-based material. The conductive additive may comprise a carbon-based material and a silver-based material.
In some embodiments, the carbon-based material comprises graphene, graphite powder, natural graphite, synthetic graphite, expanded graphite, carbon black, Timcal carbon super C45, Timcal carbon super C65, cabot carbon, carbon super P, acetylene black, furnace black, carbon nanotubes, vapor-grown carbon fibers, graphene oxide, or any combination thereof. The silver-based material may comprise silver nanoparticles, silver nanorods, silver nanowires, silver nanoflowers, silver nanofibers, silver nanoplatelets, silver nanoribbons, silver nanocubes, silver bipyramids, or any combination thereof.
In some embodiments, the conductive glue comprises a percentage by weight of the adhesive agent of about 60% to about 99.9%. In some embodiments, the conductive glue comprises a percentage by weight of the conductive additive of about 0.1% to about 40%. In some embodiments, the conductive additive comprises graphene, wherein a percentage by weight of the graphene in the conductive glue is about 0.1% to about 10%. In some embodiments, the conductive additive comprises graphite powder and wherein a percentage by weight of the graphite powder in the conductive glue is about 1% to about 40%.
The adhesive agent may comprise carpenter's glue, wood glue, cyanoacrylate, contact cement, latex, library paste, mucilage, methyl cellulose, resorcinol resin, starch, butanone, dichloromethane acrylic, ethylene-vinyl, phenol formaldehyde resin, polyamide, polyester, polyethylene, polypropylene, polysulfide, polyurethane, polyvinyl acetate, aliphatic, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinyl chloride emulsion, silicone, styrene acrylic, epichlorohydrin, an epoxide, or any combination thereof.
Some embodiments further comprise adding a thinner to the carbon-based material and the adhesive agent. In some embodiments, the thinner comprises butyl acetate, lacquer thinner, acetone, petroleum naphtha, mineral spirits, xylene, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the conductive glue comprises a percent by volume of the thinner of about 50% to about 99%.
Some embodiments further comprise adding a pigment, a colorant, a dye, or any combination thereof to the conductive additive and the adhesive. In some embodiments, the conductive adhesive comprises at least one, at least two, at least three, at least four, or at least five colorants, dyes, pigments, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the pigment comprises a metal-based or metallic pigment. In some embodiments, the metallic pigment is a gold, silver, titanium, aluminum, tin, zinc, mercury, manganese, lead, iron, iron oxide, copper, cobalt, cadmium, chromium, arsenic, bismuth, antimony, or barium pigment. In some embodiments, the colorant comprises at least one metallic pigment. In some embodiments, the colorant comprises a silver metallic colorant. In some embodiments, the silver metallic colorant comprises silver nanoparticles, silver nanorods, silver nanowires, silver nanoflowers, silver nanofibers, silver nanoplatelets, silver nanoribbons, silver nanocubes, silver bipyramids, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, a colorant is selected from a pigment and/or dye that is red, yellow, magenta, green, cyan, violet, black, or brown, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, a pigment is blue, brown, cyan, green, violet, magenta, red, yellow, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, a dye is blue, brown, cyan, green, violet, magenta, red, yellow, or a combination thereof. The yellow colorant may include Pigment Yellow 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 23, 65, 74, 83, 93, 110, 128, 151, 155, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, a black colorant includes Color Black SI70, Color Black SI50, Color Black FW1, Color Black FW18, Acid Black 1, 11, 52, 172, 194, 210, 234, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, a red or magenta colorant includes Pigment Red 1-10, 12, 18, 21, 23, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 48, 90, 112, 122, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, a cyan or violet colorant includes Pigment Blue 15, 17, 22, Pigment Violet 1, 2, 3, 5, 19, 23, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, an orange colorant includes Pigment Orange 48 and/or 49. In some embodiments, a violet colorant includes Pigment Violet 19 and/or 42.
The strength of an adhesive may be defined by its tensile strength or bond strength. In some embodiments, the tensile strength of an adhesive is measured by preparing exemplary samples and adhering two blocks together using the adhesive and applying a force to pull apart the blocks at room temperature.
In some embodiments, the strength of an adhesive is defined by its shear strength or bond strength. In some embodiments, the shear strength of an adhesive is measured by preparing exemplary samples, adhering two blocks together using the adhesive and applying a shear force to pull apart the blocks in a direction parallel to the glued face at room temperature.
As such, the conductive glues may be used for a variety of applications, such as for bonding, sauntering, splicing, bridging, short circuiting, printed electronics, flexible electronics, antenna formation, energy harvesting, composites, or any electrical formation or alteration procedure. The conductive glues may dry at room temperature and as such offer an alternative to conventional soldering where the use of high temperatures is not possible.
Currently available conductive epoxies require a conductive additive concentration by weight of about 80%-90% to achieve electrical percolation. This high concentration, however, reduces the bonding efficacy of the adhesive materials, which become brittle and weak when dry. Further, such high concentrations of often costly conductive additives (e.g., silver) are prohibitively expensive. By contrast, the conductive epoxies disclosed herein require lower conductive additive concentrations for electrical percolation and are thus more robust and economical.
Provided herein is a conductive epoxy comprising a conductive additive and an adhesive agent. The conductive epoxy may comprise a two-part epoxy. The conductive epoxy may be configured to bond a wide range of materials including, but not limited to, wood, plastics, metals, ceramics, fabrics, encapsulations, and electronic components. The conductive epoxy may be configured to bond two similar materials, two dissimilar materials, or both. The conductive carbon-based epoxy may be used as a versatile filler for gap bonding, surface repairs, and laminating.
The conductive additive may comprise a carbon-based material. The conductive additive may comprise a silver-based material. The conductive additive may comprise a carbon-based material and a silver-based material. In some embodiments at least a portion of the conductive additive is incorporated into the resin, the hardener, or both. In some embodiments at least a portion of the conductive additive is incorporated into the resin and not the hardener. In some embodiments at least a portion of the conductive additive is incorporated into the hardener and not the resin. In some embodiments, the concentration of the conductive additive within the conductive epoxy is about 0.5% to about 10%. In some embodiments, the concentration of the conductive additive within the conductive epoxy is about 0.5% to about 1%, about 0.5% to about 2%, about 0.5% to about 3%, about 0.5% to about 4%, about 0.5% to about 5%, about 0.5% to about 6%, about 0.5% to about 7%, about 0.5% to about 8%, about 0.5% to about 9%, about 0.5% to about 10%, about 1% to about 2%, about 1% to about 3%, about 1% to about 4%, about 1% to about 5%, about 1% to about 6%, about 1% to about 7%, about 1% to about 8%, about 1% to about 9%, about 1% to about 10%, about 2% to about 3%, about 2% to about 4%, about 2% to about 5%, about 2% to about 6%, about 2% to about 7%, about 2% to about 8%, about 2% to about 9%, about 2% to about 10%, about 3% to about 4%, about 3% to about 5%, about 3% to about 6%, about 3% to about 7%, about 3% to about 8%, about 3% to about 9%, about 3% to about 10%, about 4% to about 5%, about 4% to about 6%, about 4% to about 7%, about 4% to about 8%, about 4% to about 9%, about 4% to about 10%, about 5% to about 6%, about 5% to about 7%, about 5% to about 8%, about 5% to about 9%, about 5% to about 10%, about 6% to about 7%, about 6% to about 8%, about 6% to about 9%, about 6% to about 10%, about 7% to about 8%, about 7% to about 9%, about 7% to about 10%, about 8% to about 9%, about 8% to about 10%, or about 9% to about 10%. In some embodiments, the concentration of the conductive additive within the conductive epoxy is about 0.5%, about 1%, about 2%, about 3%, about 4%, about 5%, about 6%, about 7%, about 8%, about 9%, or about 10%. In some embodiments, the concentration of the conductive additive within the conductive epoxy is at least about 0.5%, about 1%, about 2%, about 3%, about 4%, about 5%, about 6%, about 7%, about 8%, or about 9%. In some embodiments, the concentration of the conductive additive within the conductive epoxy is at most about 1%, about 2%, about 3%, about 4%, about 5%, about 6%, about 7%, about 8%, about 9%, or about 10%.
The silver-based additive may comprise a silver nanowire, a silver nanoparticle, or both. The silver-based additive may comprise a silver nanowire and not a silver nanoparticle. The silver-based additive may comprise a silver nanoparticle and not a silver nanowire. The silver-based additive may comprise a silver nanowire and a silver nanoparticle. Alternatively, the silver-based material may comprise silver nanorods, silver nanoflowers, silver nanofibers, silver nanoplatelets, silver nanoribbons, silver nanocubes, silver bipyramids, or any combination thereof. The silver nanowires may have a diameter of less than about 1 μm, about 0.9 μm, about 0.8 μm, about 0.7 μm, about 0.6 μm, about 0.5 μm, about 0.4 μm, about 0.3 μm, about 0.2 μm, about 0.1 μm, about 0.09 μm, about 0.08 μm, about 0.07 μm, about 0.06 μm, or about 0.05 μm. At least about 25% of the silver nanowires may have a diameter of less than about 1 μm, about 0.9 μm, about 0.8 μm, about 0.7 μm, about 0.6 μm, about 0.5 μm, about 0.4 μm, about 0.3 μm, about 0.2 μm, about 0.1 μm, about 0.09 μm, about 0.08 μm, about 0.07 μm, about 0.06 μm, or about 0.05 μm. At least about 50% of the silver nanowires may have a diameter of less than about 1 μm, about 0.9 μm, about 0.8 μm, about 0.7 μm, about 0.6 μm, about 0.5 μm, about 0.4 μm, about 0.3 μm, about 0.2 μm, about 0.1 μm, about 0.09 μm, about 0.08 μm, about 0.07 μm, about 0.06 μm, or about 0.05 μm. At least about 75% of the silver nanowires may have a diameter of less than about 1 μm, about 0.9 μm, about 0.8 μm, about 0.7 μm, about 0.6 μm, about 0.5 μm, about 0.4 μm, about 0.3 μm, about 0.2 μm, about 0.1 μm, about 0.09 μm, about 0.08 μm, about 0.07 μm, about 0.06 μm, or about 0.05 μm. The silver nanowires may have a length of greater than about 10 μm, about 15 μm, about 20 μm, about 25 μm, about 30 μm, about 35 μm, about 40 μm, about 45 μm, about 50 μm, about 55 μm, about 60 μm, about 65 μm, about 70 μm, or about 75 μm. At least about 25% of the silver nanowires may have a length of greater than about 10 μm, about 15 μm, about 20 μm, about 25 μm, about 30 μm, about 35 μm, about 40 μm, about 45 μm, about 50 μm, about 55 μm, about 60 μm, about 65 μm, about 70 μm, or about 75 μm. At least about 50% of the silver nanowires may have a length of greater than about 10 μm, about 15 μm, about 20 μm, about 25 μm, about 30 μm, about 35 μm, about 40 μm, about 45 μm, about 50 μm, about 55 μm, about 60 μm, about 65 μm, about 70 μm, or about 75 μm. At least about 75% of the silver nanowires may have a length of greater than about 10 μm, about 15 μm, about 20 μm, about 25 μm, about 30 μm, about 35 μm, about 40 μm, about 45 μm, about 50 μm, about 55 μm, about 60 μm, about 65 μm, about 70 μm, or about 75 μm. The silver nanowire may have an average aspect ratio of about 250:1, 300:1, 350:1, 400:1, 450:1, 500:1, 600:1, 700:1, 800:1, 900:1, or 1000:1. The silver nanowire may have an average aspect ratio of at least about 250:1, 300:1, 350:1, 400:1, 450:1, 500:1, 600:1, 700:1, 800:1, 900:1, or 1000:1.
The carbon-based material may comprise two or more of a graphene nanoparticle, a graphene nanosheet, and a graphene microparticle. The carbon-based material may comprise a graphene nanoparticle and a graphene nanosheet. The carbon-based material may comprise a graphene nanoparticle and a graphene microparticle. The carbon-based material may comprise a graphene nanosheet and a graphene microparticle. The carbon-based material may comprise a graphene nanoparticle, a graphene nanosheet, and a graphene microparticle. Alternatively, the carbon-based material may comprise graphite powder, natural graphite, synthetic graphite, expanded graphite, carbon black, Timcal carbon super C45, Timcal carbon super C65, cabot carbon, carbon super P, acetylene black, furnace black, carbon nanotubes, vapor-grown carbon fibers, graphene oxide, or any combination thereof.
The adhesive agent may comprise a resin and a hardener. The hardener may comprise the graphene nanoparticle and the graphene nanosheet. The hardener may comprise the graphene nanoparticle and the graphene microparticle. The hardener may comprise the graphene nanosheet and the graphene microparticle. The hardener may comprise the graphene nanoparticle, the graphene nanosheet, and the graphene microparticle. The hardener may comprise the silver nanowire and the silver nanoparticle. The hardener may comprise the silver nanowire and not the silver microparticle. The hardener may comprise the silver microparticle and not the silver nanowire. The hardener may comprise the silver nanowire, the graphene nanoparticle, and the graphene nanosheet but not the silver nanoparticle. The hardener may comprise the silver nanowire, the graphene nanoparticle, and the graphene microparticle but not the silver nanoparticle. The hardener may comprise the silver nanowire, graphene nanosheet and the graphene microparticle but not the silver nanoparticle. The hardener may comprise the silver nanowire, graphene nanoparticle, the graphene nanosheet, and the graphene microparticle but not the silver nanoparticle. The hardener may comprise the silver nanoparticle, the graphene nanowire, and the graphene nanosheet but not the silver nanowire. The hardener may comprise the silver nanoparticle, the graphene nanowire, the graphene microparticle but not the silver nanowire. The hardener may comprise the silver nanoparticle, graphene nanosheet, and the graphene microparticle but not the silver nanowire. The hardener may comprise the silver nanoparticle, graphene nanowire, the graphene nanosheet, and the graphene microparticle but not the silver nanowire. In some embodiments, the conductive additive comprises a percentage by weight of the hardener of about 60% to about 99.9%. In some embodiments, the conductive additive comprises a percentage by weight of the resin of about 60% to about 99.9%.
The resin may comprise the graphene nanoparticle and the graphene nanosheet. The resin may comprise the graphene nanoparticle and the graphene microparticle. The resin may comprise the graphene nanosheet and the graphene microparticle. The resin may comprise the graphene nanoparticle, the graphene nanosheet, and the graphene microparticle. The resin may comprise the silver nanowire and the silver nanoparticle. The resin may comprise the silver nanowire and not the silver microparticle. The resin may comprise the silver microparticle and not the silver nanowire. The resin may comprise the silver nanowire, the graphene nanoparticle, and the graphene nanosheet but not the silver nanoparticle. The resin may comprise the silver nanowire, the graphene nanoparticle, and the graphene microparticle but not the silver nanoparticle. The resin may comprise the silver nanowire, graphene nanosheet, and the graphene microparticle but not the silver nanoparticle. The resin may comprise the silver nanowire, graphene nanoparticle, the graphene nanosheet, and the graphene microparticle but not the silver nanoparticle. The resin may comprise the silver nanoparticle, the graphene nanowire, and the graphene nanosheet but not the silver nanowire. The resin may comprise the silver nanoparticle, the graphene nanowire, the graphene microparticle but not the silver nanowire. The resin may comprise the silver nanoparticle, graphene nanosheet, and the graphene microparticle but not the silver nanowire. The resin may comprise the silver nanoparticle, graphene nanowire, the graphene nanosheet, and the graphene microparticle but not the silver nanowire.
Some embodiments further comprise a thinner to the resin and the hardener. In some embodiments, the thinner comprises butyl acetate, lacquer thinner, acetone, petroleum naphtha, mineral spirits, xylene, or any combination thereof.
In some embodiments, the conductive carbon-based epoxy further comprises a pigment, a colorant, a dye, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the conductive carbon-based epoxy comprises at least one, at least two, at least three, at least four, or at least five colorants, dyes, pigments, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the pigment comprises a metal-based or metallic pigment. In some embodiments, the metallic pigment is a gold, silver, titanium, aluminum, tin, zinc, mercury, manganese, lead, iron, iron oxide, copper, cobalt, cadmium, chromium, arsenic, bismuth, antimony, or barium pigment. In some embodiments, the colorant comprises at least one metallic pigment. In some embodiments, the colorant comprises a silver metallic colorant. In some embodiments, the silver metallic colorant comprises silver nanoparticles, silver nanorods, silver nanowires, silver nanoflowers, silver nanofibers, silver nanoplatelets, silver nanoribbons, silver nanocubes, silver bipyramids, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, a colorant is selected from a pigment and/or dye that is red, yellow, magenta, green, cyan, violet, black, or brown, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, a pigment is blue, brown, cyan, green, violet, magenta, red, yellow, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, a dye is blue, brown, cyan, green, violet, magenta, red, yellow, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, a yellow colorant includes Pigment Yellow 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 23, 65, 74, 83, 93, 110, 128, 151, 155, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, a black colorant includes Color Black SI70, Color Black SI50, Color Black FW1, Color Black FW18, Acid Black 1, 11, 52, 172, 194, 210, 234, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, a red or magenta colorant includes Pigment Red 1-10, 12, 18, 21, 23, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 48, 90, 112, 122, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, a cyan or violet colorant includes Pigment Blue 15, 17, 22, Pigment Violet 1, 2, 3, 5, 19, 23, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, an orange colorant includes Pigment Orange 48 and/or 49. In some embodiments, a violet colorant includes Pigment Violet 19 and/or 42.
Epoxy currently has a wide range of applications, such as anti-corrosion coatings; within electronics components, biomedical devices, and paint brushes; and for structural support within aerospace components. Epoxy resins are low molecular weight pre-polymers or higher molecular weight polymers that contain at least two epoxide groups. Cross-linking agents, otherwise known as hardeners or curing agents, are necessary to promote cross-linking or curing of epoxy resins during the conversion of epoxy resins to hard, thermoset networks. Curing occurs either by homopolymerization initiated by a catalytic curing agent or by reacting resins with polyfunctional hardeners including amines, acids, acid anhydrides, phenols, alcohols, and thiols. The resulting thermosetting polymers have high mechanical properties and are resistant to acids and other chemical agents. Curing begins by a reaction between epoxy and hardener reactive groups to form larger and larger molecules. Throughout curing the molecular size increases and highly branched molecules are formed and develop. Gelation of the epoxy occurs when the branched structures extend throughout the whole sample, whereas prior to gelation, the sample is soluble, and whereas after the gel point, the network will not dissolve but may swell as it imbibes solvent. The gel initially formed may be weak and easily disrupted. To produce a structural material, cure has to continue until most of the sample is connected into the three-dimensional network so that the sol fraction becomes small, and for many cured products it has to be essentially zero.
Another aspect provided herein is a method of forming a conductive epoxy comprising a conductive additive and an adhesive agent. The conductive epoxy may comprise a two-part epoxy comprising a resin and a hardener. At least one of the resin and the hardener may comprise the conductive additive. The conductive additive may comprise a carbon-based material. The conductive additive may comprise a silver-based material. The conductive additive may comprise a carbon-based material and a silver-based material.
In some embodiments, the carbon-based material comprises a percentage by weight of the resin of about 60% to about 99.9%. In some embodiments, the carbon-based material comprises graphene and wherein a percentage by weight of the graphene in the carbon-based material of about 0.1% to about 10%. In some embodiments, the carbon-based material comprises graphite powder and wherein a percentage by weight of the graphite powder in the carbon-based material of about 1% to about 40%. In some embodiments, the amounts of the hardener and the resin are mixed stoichiometrically.
In some embodiments, the conductive epoxy may be disposed and coated onto a rigid or flexible substrate.
Also provided herein are methods and apparatus for forming a conductive silver-based epoxy. The method for forming a conductive silver-based epoxy may comprise heating an epoxy resin or an epoxy hardener, dispersing silver nanowires in the heated resin or hardener, stirring the silver nanowires in the heated resin or hardener, and heating the silver nanowires and the resin or hardener. The solvent may comprise acetone. The solvent may enable homogeneous dispersion of the silver nanowires into the epoxy insulating matrix. Stirring may comprise magnetic or mechanical stirring. The silver nanowires in the heated resin or hardener may be heated to a temperature of about 40° C. to about 60° C. The silver nanowires in the heated resin or hardener may be heated to a temperature of at least about 40° C. The silver nanowires in the heated resin or hardener may be heated to a temperature of at most about 60° C. The silver nanowires in the heated resin or hardener may be heated to a temperature of about 40° C., 45° C., 50° C., 55° C., 60° C., or any increment therein. The concentration of silver nanowires in the resin or hardener may be about 0.1% to about 10%. The concentration of silver nanowires in the resin or hardener may be at least about 0.1%. The concentration of silver nanowires in the resin or hardener may be at most about 10%. The concentration of silver nanowires in the resin or hardener may be about 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4%, 0.5%, 0.6%, 0.7%, 0.8%, 0.9%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, or any increment therein.
In some embodiments, the conductive carbon-based epoxy has a sheet resistance of about 50 ohm/sq to about 300 ohm/sq. In some embodiments, the conductive carbon-based epoxy has a sheet resistance of about 0.3 ohm/sq/mil to about 2 ohm/sq/mil. In some embodiments, the conductive carbon-based epoxy has a conductivity of about 0.15 S/m to about 60 S/m. In some embodiments, the conductive carbon-based epoxy has a conductivity of 31 S/m.
In some embodiments, the conductive carbon-based epoxy is configured to cure at room temperature. In some embodiments, the conductive carbon-based epoxy starts to set in about 20 minutes and fully cures in about 24 hours. In some embodiments, the conductive carbon-based epoxy has a curing time in room temperature of about 12 hours to about 48 hours. In some embodiments, the conductive carbon-based epoxy has a curing time at a temperature of about 65° C. of about 10 minutes to about 40 minutes. In some embodiments, the conductive carbon-based epoxy has a curing time at a temperature of about 65° C. of about 10 minutes to about 40 minutes. In some embodiments, the conductive carbon-based epoxy is resistant to water and common solvents.
As such, the conductive epoxies may be used for a variety of applications, such as bonding, sauntering, splicing, bridging, short circuiting, printed electronics, flexible electronics, antenna formation, energy harvesting, composites, or any electrical formation or alteration procedure. The conductive epoxies may dry at room temperature and as such offer an alternative to conventional soldering where the use of high temperatures is not possible.
Provided herein are conductive inks comprising a conductive additive and a solvent. The conductive ink may comprise a carbon-based conductive ink or a silver-based conductive ink. The carbon-based conductive ink may comprise a graphene-based conductive ink.
The silver-based additive may comprise a silver nanowire, a silver nanoparticle, or both. The silver-based additive may comprise a silver nanowire and not a silver nanoparticle. The silver-based additive may comprise a silver nanoparticle and not a silver nanowire. The silver-based additive may comprise a silver nanowire and a silver nanoparticle. Alternatively, the silver-based material may comprise silver nanorods, silver nanoflowers, silver nanofibers, silver nanoplatelets, silver nanoribbons, silver nanocubes, silver bipyramids, or any combination thereof. The silver nanowires may have a diameter of less than about 1 μm, about 0.9 μm, about 0.8 μm, about 0.7 μm, about 0.6 μm, about 0.5 μm, about 0.4 μm, about 0.3 μm, about 0.2 μm, about 0.1 μm, about 0.09 μm, about 0.08 μm, about 0.07 μm, about 0.06 μm, or about 0.05 μm. At least about 25% of the silver nanowires may have a diameter of less than about 1 μm, about 0.9 μm, about 0.8 μm, about 0.7 μm, about 0.6 μm, about 0.5 μm, about 0.4 μm, about 0.3 μm, about 0.2 μm, about 0.1 μm, about 0.09 μm, about 0.08 μm, about 0.07 μm, about 0.06 μm, or about 0.05 μm. At least about 50% of the silver nanowires may have a diameter of less than about 1 μm, about 0.9 μm, about 0.8 μm, about 0.7 μm, about 0.6 μm, about 0.5 μm, about 0.4 μm, about 0.3 μm, about 0.2 μm, about 0.1 μm, about 0.09 μm, about 0.08 μm, about 0.07 μm, about 0.06 μm, or about 0.05 μm. At least about 75% of the silver nanowires may have a diameter of less than about 1 μm, about 0.9 μm, about 0.8 μm, about 0.7 μm, about 0.6 μm, about 0.5 μm, about 0.4 μm, about 0.3 μm, about 0.2 μm, about 0.1 μm, about 0.09 μm, about 0.08 μm, about 0.07 μm, about 0.06 μm, or about 0.05 μm. The silver nanowires may have a length of greater than about 10 μm, about 15 μm, about 20 μm, about 25 μm, about 30 μm, about 35 μm, about 40 μm, about 45 μm, about 50 μm, about 55 μm, about 60 μm, about 65 μm, about 70 μm, or about 75 μm. At least about 25% of the silver nanowires may have a length of greater than about 10 μm, about 15 μm, about 20 μm, about 25 μm, about 30 μm, about 35 μm, about 40 μm, about 45 μm, about 50 μm, about 55 μm, about 60 μm, about 65 μm, about 70 μm, or about 75 μm. At least about 50% of the silver nanowires may have a length of greater than about 10 μm, about 15 μm, about 20 μm, about 25 μm, about 30 μm, about 35 μm, about 40 μm, about 45 μm, about 50 μm, about 55 μm, about 60 μm, about 65 μm, about 70 μm, or about 75 μm. At least about 75% of the silver nanowires may have a length of greater than about 10 μm, about 15 μm, about 20 μm, about 25 μm, about 30 μm, about 35 μm, about 40 μm, about 45 μm, about 50 μm, about 55 μm, about 60 μm, about 65 μm, about 70 μm, or about 75 μm. The silver nanowire may have an average aspect ratio of about 250:1, 300:1, 350:1, 400:1, 450:1, 500:1, 600:1, 700:1, 800:1, 900:1, or 1000:1. The silver nanowire may have an average aspect ratio of at least about 250:1, 300:1, 350:1, 400:1, 450:1, 500:1, 600:1, 700:1, 800:1, 900:1, or 1000:1.
In some embodiments, the conductive ink comprises a percentage by weight of the conductive additive of about 0.1% to about 80%. In some embodiments, the conductive ink comprises a percentage by weight of the conductive additive of about 0.1% to about 0.2%, about 0.1% to about 0.5%, about 0.1% to about 1%, about 0.1% to about 1.5%, about 0.1% to about 2%, about 0.1% to about 2.5%, about 0.1% to about 5%, about 0.1% to about 10%, about 0.1% to about 20%, about 0.1% to about 40%, about 0.1% to about 80%, about 0.2% to about 0.5%, about 0.2% to about 1%, about 0.2% to about 1.5%, about 0.2% to about 2%, about 0.2% to about 2.5%, about 0.2% to about 5%, about 0.2% to about 10%, about 0.2% to about 20%, about 0.2% to about 40%, about 0.2% to about 80%, about 0.5% to about 1%, about 0.5% to about 1.5%, about 0.5% to about 2%, about 0.5% to about 2.5%, about 0.5% to about 5%, about 0.5% to about 10%, about 0.5% to about 20%, about 0.5% to about 40%, about 0.5% to about 80%, about 1% to about 1.5%, about 1% to about 2%, about 1% to about 2.5%, about 1% to about 5%, about 1% to about 10%, about 1% to about 20%, about 1% to about 40%, about 1% to about 80%, about 1.5% to about 2%, about 1.5% to about 2.5%, about 1.5% to about 5%, about 1.5% to about 10%, about 1.5% to about 20%, about 1.5% to about 40%, about 1.5% to about 80%, about 2% to about 2.5%, about 2% to about 5%, about 2% to about 10%, about 2% to about 20%, about 2% to about 40%, about 2% to about 80%, about 2.5% to about 5%, about 2.5% to about 10%, about 2.5% to about 20%, about 2.5% to about 40%, about 2.5% to about 80%, about 5% to about 10%, about 5% to about 20%, about 5% to about 40%, about 5% to about 80%, about 10% to about 20%, about 10% to about 40%, about 10% to about 80%, about 20% to about 40%, about 20% to about 80%, or about 40% to about 80%. In some embodiments, the conductive ink comprises a percentage by weight of the conductive additive of about 0.1%, about 0.2%, about 0.5%, about 1%, about 1.5%, about 2%, about 2.5%, about 5%, about 10%, about 20%, about 40%, or about 80%. In some embodiments, the conductive ink comprises a percentage by weight of the conductive additive of at least about 0.1%, about 0.2%, about 0.5%, about 1%, about 1.5%, about 2%, about 2.5%, about 5%, about 10%, about 20%, or about 40%. In some embodiments, the conductive ink comprises a percentage by weight of the conductive additive of at most about 0.2%, about 0.5%, about 1%, about 1.5%, about 2%, about 2.5%, about 5%, about 10%, about 20%, about 40%, or about 80%.
Small-scale silver particles may be greatly beneficial for printing techniques such as screen, gravure, flexographic, slot-dye, spray, and inkjet printing to produce electrical devices with high conductivity and enhanced flexibility.
The carbon-based material may comprise two or more of a graphene nanoparticle, a graphene nanosheet, and a graphene microparticle. The carbon-based material may comprise a graphene nanoparticle and a graphene nanosheet. The carbon-based material may comprise a graphene nanoparticle and a graphene microparticle. The carbon-based material may comprise a graphene nanosheet and a graphene microparticle. The carbon-based material may comprise a graphene nanoparticle, a graphene nanosheet, and a graphene microparticle. In some embodiments, the graphene nanoparticle, nanosheet, or microparticle has a size of about 0.5 μm to about 100 μm. In some embodiments, the graphene nanoparticle, nanosheet, or microparticle has a size of about 0.5 μm to about 1 μm, about 0.5 μm to about 5 μm, about 0.5 μm to about 10 μm, about 0.5 μm to about 20 μm, about 0.5 μm to about 30 μm, about 0.5 μm to about 40 μm, about 0.5 μm to about 50 μm, about 0.5 μm to about 60 μm, about 0.5 μm to about 70 μm, about 0.5 μm to about 80 μm, about 0.5 μm to about 100 μm, about 1 μm to about 5 μm, about 1 μm to about 10 μm, about 1 μm to about 20 μm, about 1 μm to about 30 μm, about 1 μm to about 40 μm, about 1 μm to about 50 μm, about 1 μm to about 60 μm, about 1 μm to about 70 μm, about 1 μm to about 80 μm, about 1 μm to about 100 μm, about 5 μm to about 10 μm, about 5 μm to about 20 μm, about 5 μm to about 30 μm, about 5 μm to about 40 μm, about 5 μm to about 50 μm, about 5 μm to about 60 μm, about 5 μm to about 70 μm, about 5 μm to about 80 μm, about 5 μm to about 100 μm, about 10 μm to about 20 μm, about 10 μm to about 30 μm, about 10 μm to about 40 μm, about 10 μm to about 50 μm, about 10 μm to about 60 μm, about 10 μm to about 70 μm, about 10 μm to about 80 μm, about 10 μm to about 100 μm, about 20 μm to about 30 μm, about 20 μm to about 40 μm, about 20 μm to about 50 μm, about 20 μm to about 60 μm, about 20 μm to about 70 μm, about 20 μm to about 80 μm, about 20 μm to about 100 μm, about 30 μm to about 40 μm, about 30 μm to about 50 μm, about 30 μm to about 60 μm, about 30 μm to about 70 μm, about 30 μm to about 80 μm, about 30 μm to about 100 μm, about 40 μm to about 50 μm, about 40 μm to about 60 μm, about 40 μm to about 70 μm, about 40 μm to about 80 μm, about 40 μm to about 100 μm, about 50 μm to about 60 μm, about 50 μm to about 70 μm, about 50 μm to about 80 μm, about 50 μm to about 100 μm, about 60 μm to about 70 μm, about 60 μm to about 80 μm, about 60 μm to about 100 μm, about 70 μm to about 80 μm, about 70 μm to about 100 μm, or about 80 μm to about 100 μm. In some embodiments, the graphene nanoparticle, nanosheet, or microparticle has a size of about 0.5 μm, about 1 μm, about 5 μm, about 10 μm, about 20 μm, about 30 μm, about 40 μm, about 50 μm, about 60 μm, about 70 μm, about 80 μm, or about 100 μm. In some embodiments, the graphene nanoparticle, nanosheet, or microparticle has a size of at least about 0.5 μm, about 1 μm, about 5 μm, about 10 μm, about 20 μm, about 30 μm, about 40 μm, about 50 μm, about 60 μm, about 70 μm, or about 80 μm. In some embodiments, the graphene nanoparticle, nanosheet, or microparticle has a size of at most about 1 μm, about 5 μm, about 10 μm, about 20 μm, about 30 μm, about 40 μm, about 50 μm, about 60 μm, about 70 μm, about 80 μm, or about 100 μm.
The solvent may comprise an oxygenated solvent, a hydrocarbon solvent, a halogenated solvent, or any combination thereof. The oxygenated solvent may comprise an alcohol, a glycol, an ether, a ketone, an ester, a glycol ether ester, or any combination thereof. The hydrocarbon solvent may comprise an aliphatic hydrocarbon, an aromatic hydrocarbon, or both. The halogenated solvent may comprise a chlorinated hydrocarbon. The solvent may comprise water, alcohol, acetone, ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, a hydrocarbon, or any combination thereof.
The conductive ink may further comprise one or more of a binder, a surfactant, and a defoamer. The binder may comprise a polymer solution. In some embodiments, the polymer solution comprises a polymer comprising polyvinyl pyrrolidone, sodium dodecyl sulfonate, vitamin B2, poly(vinyl alcohol), dextrin, poly(methyl vinyl ether), or any combination thereof. The binder my comprise a glycol comprising ethylene glycol, polyethylene glycol 200, polyethylene glycol 400, propylene glycol, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the binder has a molecular weight of about 10,000 to about 40,000. In some embodiments, a percentage by mass of the binder solution in the conductive ink is about 0.5% to about 99%. In some embodiments, a percentage by mass of the surfactant in the conductive ink is about 0.5% to about 10%. In some embodiments, a percentage by mass of the defoamer in the conductive ink is about 0.5% to about 10%.
In some embodiments, the binder comprises a polymer. In some embodiments, the polymer comprises a synthetic polymer. In some embodiments, the synthetic polymer comprises carboxymethyl cellulose, polyvinylidene fluoride, poly(vinyl alcohol), poly(vinyl pyrrolidone), poly(ethylene oxide), ethyl cellulose, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the binder is a dispersant. In some embodiments, the binder comprises carboxymethyl cellulose, polyvinylidene fluoride, poly(vinyl alcohol), poly(vinyl pyrrolidone), poly(ethylene oxide), ethyl cellulose, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the surfactant comprises an acid, a nonionic surfactant, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the acid comprises perfluorooctanoic acid, perfluorooctane sulfonate, perfluorohexane sulfonic acid, perfluorononanoic acid, perfluorodecanoic acid, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the nonionic surfactant comprises a polyethylene glycol alkyl ether, a octaethylene glycol monododecyl ether, a pentaethylene glycol monododecyl ether, a polypropylene glycol alkyl ether, a glucoside alkyl ether, decyl glucoside, lauryl glucoside, octyl glucoside, a polyethylene glycol octylphenyl ether, dodecyldimethylamine oxide, a polyethylene glycol alkylphenyl ether, a polyethylene glycol octylphenyl ether, Triton X-100, polyethylene glycol alkylphenyl ether, nonoxynol-9, a glycerol alkyl ester polysorbate, sorbitan alkyl ester, polyethoxylated tallow amine, Dynol 604, or any combination thereof. The defoamer comprises an insoluble oil, a silicone, a glycol, a stearate, an organic solvent, Surfynol DF-1100, alkyl polyacrylate, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the insoluble oil comprises mineral oil, vegetable oil, white oil, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the silicone comprises polydimethylsiloxane, silicone glycol, a fluorosilicone, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the glycol comprises polyethylene glycol, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the stearate comprises glycol stearate, stearin, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the organic solvent comprises ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, cyclohexanone, terpineol, 3-methoxy-3-methyl-1-butanol, 4-hydroxyl-4-methyl-pentan-2-one, methyl isobutyl ketone, or any combination thereof.
In some embodiments, the conductive graphene ink further comprises a pigment, a colorant, a dye, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the conductive graphene ink comprises at least one, at least two, at least three, at least four, or at least five colorants, dyes, pigments, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the pigment comprises a metal-based or metallic pigment. In some embodiments, the metallic pigment is a gold, silver, titanium, aluminum, tin, zinc, mercury, manganese, lead, iron, iron oxide, copper, cobalt, cadmium, chromium, arsenic, bismuth, antimony, or barium pigment. In some embodiments, the colorant comprises at least one metallic pigment. In some embodiments, the colorant comprises a silver metallic colorant. In some embodiments, the silver metallic colorant comprises silver nanoparticles, silver nanorods, silver nanowires, silver nanoflowers, silver nanofibers, silver nanoplatelets, silver nanoribbons, silver nanocubes, silver bipyramids, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, a colorant is selected from a pigment and/or dye that is red, yellow, magenta, green, cyan, violet, black, or brown, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, a pigment is blue, brown, cyan, green, violet, magenta, red, yellow, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, a dye is blue, brown, cyan, green, violet, magenta, red, yellow, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, a yellow colorant includes Pigment Yellow 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 23, 65, 74, 83, 93, 110, 128, 151, 155, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, a black colorant includes Color Black SI70, Color Black SI50, Color Black FW1, Color Black FW18, Acid Black 1, 11, 52, 172, 194, 210, 234, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, a red or magenta colorant includes Pigment Red 1-10, 12, 18, 21, 23, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 48, 90, 112, 122, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, a cyan or violet colorant includes Pigment Blue 15, 17, 22, Pigment Violet 1, 2, 3, 5, 19, 23, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, an orange colorant includes Pigment Orange 48 and/or 49. In some embodiments, a violet colorant includes Pigment Violet 19 and/or 42.
Specific fluidic properties of the conductive inks herein may enable its use in various printing applications, such as in inkjet printing, which requires a low controlled surface tension and viscosity to maintain consistent jetting through the printhead nozzles. The surface tension of the ink may be increased by increasing the quantity of the solvent. In some applications, a surfactant may be included within the ink to reduce the surface tension by reducing the relative force of attraction as the surfactant units move to the water/air interface and the non-polar surfactant heads become exposed. A specific ink viscosity is important for many applications. For example, a viscosity of greater than about 1000 mPa·s may be ideal for ink for screen printing, wherein a viscosity lower than 20 mPa·s may be ideal for inkjet printing. In some embodiments, the viscosity of the conductive graphene ink may be controlled by the amount of at least one of the solvent and binder used, wherein lower quantities of the solvent and higher quantities of the binder yield lower viscosities.
In some embodiments, the conductive ink has a viscosity of about 0.5 cps to about 40 cps. In some embodiments, the conductive ink has a viscosity of about 0.5 cps to about 1 cps, about 0.5 cps to about 2 cps, about 0.5 cps to about 4 cps, about 0.5 cps to about 6 cps, about 0.5 cps to about 8 cps, about 0.5 cps to about 10 cps, about 0.5 cps to about 15 cps, about 0.5 cps to about 20 cps, about 0.5 cps to about 25 cps, about 0.5 cps to about 30 cps, about 0.5 cps to about 40 cps, about 1 cps to about 2 cps, about 1 cps to about 4 cps, about 1 cps to about 6 cps, about 1 cps to about 8 cps, about 1 cps to about 10 cps, about 1 cps to about 15 cps, about 1 cps to about 20 cps, about 1 cps to about 25 cps, about 1 cps to about 30 cps, about 1 cps to about 40 cps, about 2 cps to about 4 cps, about 2 cps to about 6 cps, about 2 cps to about 8 cps, about 2 cps to about 10 cps, about 2 cps to about 15 cps, about 2 cps to about 20 cps, about 2 cps to about 25 cps, about 2 cps to about 30 cps, about 2 cps to about 40 cps, about 4 cps to about 6 cps, about 4 cps to about 8 cps, about 4 cps to about 10 cps, about 4 cps to about 15 cps, about 4 cps to about 20 cps, about 4 cps to about 25 cps, about 4 cps to about 30 cps, about 4 cps to about 40 cps, about 6 cps to about 8 cps, about 6 cps to about 10 cps, about 6 cps to about 15 cps, about 6 cps to about 20 cps, about 6 cps to about 25 cps, about 6 cps to about 30 cps, about 6 cps to about 40 cps, about 8 cps to about 10 cps, about 8 cps to about 15 cps, about 8 cps to about 20 cps, about 8 cps to about 25 cps, about 8 cps to about 30 cps, about 8 cps to about 40 cps, about 10 cps to about 15 cps, about 10 cps to about 20 cps, about 10 cps to about 25 cps, about 10 cps to about 30 cps, about 10 cps to about 40 cps, about 15 cps to about 20 cps, about 15 cps to about 25 cps, about 15 cps to about 30 cps, about 15 cps to about 40 cps, about 20 cps to about 25 cps, about 20 cps to about 30 cps, about 20 cps to about 40 cps, about 25 cps to about 30 cps, about 25 cps to about 40 cps, or about 30 cps to about 40 cps. In some embodiments, the conductive ink has a viscosity of about 0.5 cps, about 1 cps, about 2 cps, about 4 cps, about 6 cps, about 8 cps, about 10 cps, about 15 cps, about 20 cps, about 25 cps, about 30 cps, or about 40 cps. In some embodiments, the conductive ink has a viscosity of at least about 0.5 cps, about 1 cps, about 2 cps, about 4 cps, about 6 cps, about 8 cps, about 10 cps, about 15 cps, about 20 cps, about 25 cps, or about 30 cps. In some embodiments, the conductive ink has a viscosity of at most about 1 cps, about 2 cps, about 4 cps, about 6 cps, about 8 cps, about 10 cps, about 15 cps, about 20 cps, about 25 cps, about 30 cps, or about 40 cps.
Another aspect provided herein is a method of forming silver nanowires comprising: heating a solvent; adding a catalyst solution and a binder to the solvent to form a first solution; injecting a silver-based solution into the first solution to form a second solution; centrifuging the second solution; and washing the second solution with a washing solution to extract the silver nanowires. The silver nanowires formed by the methods herein may be implemented into any of the disclosed silver-based glues, epoxies, and inks, the disclosed carbon-based glues, epoxies, and inks, or both. The methods herein are capable of producing a conductive graphene ink that, when coated on a substrate, forms a thin consistent layer with a low lateral thickness.
In some embodiments, the volume of the solvent is greater than the volume of the silver-based solution by a factor of about 1.5 to about 6.5. In some embodiments, the solvent is heated to a temperature of about 75° C. to about 300° C. In some embodiments, the solvent is heated for a period of time of about 30 minutes to about 120 minutes. In some embodiments, the solvent is stirred while being heated. In some embodiments, the stirring is performed by a magnetic stir bar. In some embodiments, the stirring is performed at a rate of about 100 rpm to about 400 rpm.
In some embodiments, the catalyst solution comprises a catalyst comprising (a chloride) CuCl2, CuCl, NaCl, PtCl2, AgCl, FeCl2, FeCl13, tetrapropylammonium chloride, tetrapropylammonium bromide, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the catalyst solution has a concentration of about 2 mM to about 8 mM. In some embodiments, the volume of the solvent is greater than the volume of the catalyst solution by a factor of about 75 to about 250.
In some embodiments, the silver-based solution comprises a silver-based material comprising AgNO3. In some embodiments, the silver-based solution has a concentration of about 0.05 M to about 0.2 M. In some embodiments, the volume of the solvent is greater than the volume of the silver-based solution by a factor of about 1.5 to about 6.5. In some embodiments, the silver-based solution is injected into the first solution over a period of time of about 1 second to about 900 seconds.
Some embodiments further comprise heating the second solution before the process of centrifuging the second solution. In some embodiments, the heating of the second solution occurs over a period of time of about 30 minutes to about 120 minutes. In some embodiments, the centrifuging occurs at a speed of about 1,500 rpm to about 6,000 rpm. In some embodiments, the centrifuging occurs over a period of time of about 10 minutes to about 40 minutes.
Some embodiments further comprise cooling the second solution before the process of centrifuging the second solution. In some embodiments, the second solution is cooled to room temperature. In some embodiments, the washing solution comprises ethanol, acetone, water, or any combination thereof.
In some embodiments, washing the second solution comprises a plurality of washing cycles comprising about two cycles to about six cycles. Some embodiments further comprise dispersing the silver nanowires in a dispersing solution. In some embodiments, the dispersing solution comprises ethanol, acetone, and water, or any combination thereof.
As seen in
In some embodiments, the method is performed in open air. In some embodiments, the method is performed in a solvothermal chamber (e.g., an autoclave). In some embodiments, the method is performed under high pressure. Use of a solvothermal chamber may allow for precise control over the size, shape distribution, and crystallinity of the nanoparticles or nanostructures.
The binder may dictate the viscosity of the first solution and thus the mechanical and electrical performance characteristics of the conductive graphene ink and the graphene films formed thereby. The increased viscosity may slow and/or reduce the growth rate of silver particles to nanostructures. In some embodiments, the binder comprises a polymer solution. In some embodiments, the polymer solution comprises a glycol. In some embodiments, the glycol comprises ethylene glycol, polyethylene glycol 200, polyethylene glycol 400, propylene glycol, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the polymer solution comprises a polymer comprising polyvinyl pyrrolidone, sodium dodecyl sulfonate, vitamin B2, poly(vinyl alcohol), dextrin, poly(methyl vinyl ether), or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the polymer of the polymer solution has a molecular weight of about 10,000 to about 40,000. In some embodiments, the polymer solution has a concentration of about 0.075 M to about 0.25 M.
As seen in
As such, the conductive inks may be used for a variety of applications, such as the applications shown in
The conductive ink may dry or cure at room temperature and as such offers an alternative to conventional soldering where the use of high temperatures is not possible. Alternatively, the conductive ink may dry or cure at a temperature of about 60° C. to about 300° C. Alternatively, the conductive ink may dry or cure at a temperature of about 60° C. to about 70° C., about 60° C. to about 80° C., about 60° C. to about 100° C., about 60° C. to about 125° C., about 60° C. to about 150° C., about 60° C. to about 175° C., about 60° C. to about 200° C., about 60° C. to about 225° C., about 60° C. to about 250° C., about 60° C. to about 275° C., about 60° C. to about 300° C., about 70° C. to about 80° C., about 70° C. to about 100° C., about 70° C. to about 125° C., about 70° C. to about 150° C., about 70° C. to about 175° C., about 70° C. to about 200° C., about 70° C. to about 225° C., about 70° C. to about 250° C., about 70° C. to about 275° C., about 70° C. to about 300° C., about 80° C. to about 100° C., about 80° C. to about 125° C., about 80° C. to about 150° C., about 80° C. to about 175° C., about 80° C. to about 200° C., about 80° C. to about 225° C., about 80° C. to about 250° C., about 80° C. to about 275° C., about 80° C. to about 300° C., about 100° C. to about 125° C., about 100° C. to about 150° C., about 100° C. to about 175° C., about 100° C. to about 200° C., about 100° C. to about 225° C., about 100° C. to about 250° C., about 100° C. to about 275° C., about 100° C. to about 300° C., about 125° C. to about 150° C., about 125° C. to about 175° C., about 125° C. to about 200° C., about 125° C. to about 225° C., about 125° C. to about 250° C., about 125° C. to about 275° C., about 125° C. to about 300° C., about 150° C. to about 175° C., about 150° C. to about 200° C., about 150° C. to about 225° C., about 150° C. to about 250° C., about 150° C. to about 275° C., about 150° C. to about 300° C., about 175° C. to about 200° C., about 175° C. to about 225° C., about 175° C. to about 250° C., about 175° C. to about 275° C., about 175° C. to about 300° C., about 200° C. to about 225° C., about 200° C. to about 250° C., about 200° C. to about 275° C., about 200° C. to about 300° C., about 225° C. to about 250° C., about 225° C. to about 275° C., about 225° C. to about 300° C., about 250° C. to about 275° C., about 250° C. to about 300° C., or about 275° C. to about 300° C. Alternatively, the conductive ink may dry or cure at a temperature of about 60° C., about 70° C., about 80° C., about 100° C., about 125° C., about 150° C., about 175° C., about 200° C., about 225° C., about 250° C., about 275° C., or about 300° C. Alternatively, the conductive ink may dry or cure at a temperature of at least about 60° C., about 70° C., about 80° C., about 100° C., about 125° C., about 150° C., about 175° C., about 200° C., about 225° C., about 250° C., or about 275° C. Alternatively, the conductive ink may dry or cure at a temperature of at most about 70° C., about 80° C., about 100° C., about 125° C., about 150° C., about 175° C., about 200° C., about 225° C., about 250° C., about 275° C., or about 300° C.
The conductive ink may cure in about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, or more minutes, including increments therein.
In some embodiments, the conductive ink has a sheet resistance when dried of about 0.002 ohms/sq/mil to about 40 ohms/sq/mil. In some embodiments, the conductive ink has a sheet resistance when dried of about 0.002 ohms/sq/mil to about 0.004 ohms/sq/mil, about 0.002 ohms/sq/mil to about 0.01 ohms/sq/mil, about 0.002 ohms/sq/mil to about 0.05 ohms/sq/mil, about 0.002 ohms/sq/mil to about 0.1 ohms/sq/mil, about 0.002 ohms/sq/mil to about 0.5 ohms/sq/mil, about 0.002 ohms/sq/mil to about 1 ohm/sq/mil, about 0.002 ohms/sq/mil to about 5 ohms/sq/mil, about 0.002 ohms/sq/mil to about 10 ohms/sq/mil, about 0.002 ohms/sq/mil to about 20 ohms/sq/mil, about 0.002 ohms/sq/mil to about 30 ohms/sq/mil, about 0.002 ohms/sq/mil to about 40 ohms/sq/mil, about 0.004 ohms/sq/mil to about 0.01 ohms/sq/mil, about 0.004 ohms/sq/mil to about 0.05 ohms/sq/mil, about 0.004 ohms/sq/mil to about 0.1 ohms/sq/mil, about 0.004 ohms/sq/mil to about 0.5 ohms/sq/mil, about 0.004 ohms/sq/mil to about 1 ohm/sq/mil, about 0.004 ohms/sq/mil to about 5 ohms/sq/mil, about 0.004 ohms/sq/mil to about 10 ohms/sq/mil, about 0.004 ohms/sq/mil to about 20 ohms/sq/mil, about 0.004 ohms/sq/mil to about 30 ohms/sq/mil, about 0.004 ohms/sq/mil to about 40 ohms/sq/mil, about 0.01 ohms/sq/mil to about 0.05 ohms/sq/mil, about 0.01 ohms/sq/mil to about 0.1 ohms/sq/mil, about 0.01 ohms/sq/mil to about 0.5 ohms/sq/mil, about 0.01 ohms/sq/mil to about 1 ohm/sq/mil, about 0.01 ohms/sq/mil to about 5 ohms/sq/mil, about 0.01 ohms/sq/mil to about 10 ohms/sq/mil, about 0.01 ohms/sq/mil to about 20 ohms/sq/mil, about 0.01 ohms/sq/mil to about 30 ohms/sq/mil, about 0.01 ohms/sq/mil to about 40 ohms/sq/mil, about 0.05 ohms/sq/mil to about 0.1 ohms/sq/mil, about 0.05 ohms/sq/mil to about 0.5 ohms/sq/mil, about 0.05 ohms/sq/mil to about 1 ohm/sq/mil, about 0.05 ohms/sq/mil to about 5 ohms/sq/mil, about 0.05 ohms/sq/mil to about 10 ohms/sq/mil, about 0.05 ohms/sq/mil to about 20 ohms/sq/mil, about 0.05 ohms/sq/mil to about 30 ohms/sq/mil, about 0.05 ohms/sq/mil to about 40 ohms/sq/mil, about 0.1 ohms/sq/mil to about 0.5 ohms/sq/mil, about 0.1 ohms/sq/mil to about 1 ohm/sq/mil, about 0.1 ohms/sq/mil to about 5 ohms/sq/mil, about 0.1 ohms/sq/mil to about 10 ohms/sq/mil, about 0.1 ohms/sq/mil to about 20 ohms/sq/mil, about 0.1 ohms/sq/mil to about 30 ohms/sq/mil, about 0.1 ohms/sq/mil to about 40 ohms/sq/mil, about 0.5 ohms/sq/mil to about 1 ohm/sq/mil, about 0.5 ohms/sq/mil to about 5 ohms/sq/mil, about 0.5 ohms/sq/mil to about 10 ohms/sq/mil, about 0.5 ohms/sq/mil to about 20 ohms/sq/mil, about 0.5 ohms/sq/mil to about 30 ohms/sq/mil, about 0.5 ohms/sq/mil to about 40 ohms/sq/mil, about 1 ohm/sq/mil to about 5 ohms/sq/mil, about 1 ohm/sq/mil to about 10 ohms/sq/mil, about 1 ohm/sq/mil to about 20 ohms/sq/mil, about 1 ohm/sq/mil to about 30 ohms/sq/mil, about 1 ohm/sq/mil to about 40 ohms/sq/mil, about 5 ohms/sq/mil to about 10 ohms/sq/mil, about 5 ohms/sq/mil to about 20 ohms/sq/mil, about 5 ohms/sq/mil to about 30 ohms/sq/mil, about 5 ohms/sq/mil to about 40 ohms/sq/mil, about 10 ohms/sq/mil to about 20 ohms/sq/mil, about 10 ohms/sq/mil to about 30 ohms/sq/mil, about 10 ohms/sq/mil to about 40 ohms/sq/mil, about 20 ohms/sq/mil to about 30 ohms/sq/mil, about 20 ohms/sq/mil to about 40 ohms/sq/mil, or about 30 ohms/sq/mil to about 40 ohms/sq/mil. In some embodiments, the conductive ink has a sheet resistance when dried of about 0.002 ohms/sq/mil, about 0.004 ohms/sq/mil, about 0.01 ohms/sq/mil, about 0.05 ohms/sq/mil, about 0.1 ohms/sq/mil, about 0.5 ohms/sq/mil, about 1 ohm/sq/mil, about 5 ohms/sq/mil, about 10 ohms/sq/mil, about 20 ohms/sq/mil, about 30 ohms/sq/mil, or about 40 ohms/sq/mil. In some embodiments, the conductive ink has a sheet resistance when dried of at least about 0.002 ohms/sq/mil, about 0.004 ohms/sq/mil, about 0.01 ohms/sq/mil, about 0.05 ohms/sq/mil, about 0.1 ohms/sq/mil, about 0.5 ohms/sq/mil, about 1 ohm/sq/mil, about 5 ohms/sq/mil, about 10 ohms/sq/mil, about 20 ohms/sq/mil, or about 30 ohms/sq/mil. In some embodiments, the conductive ink has a sheet resistance when dried of at most about 0.004 ohms/sq/mil, about 0.01 ohms/sq/mil, about 0.05 ohms/sq/mil, about 0.1 ohms/sq/mil, about 0.5 ohms/sq/mil, about 1 ohm/sq/mil, about 5 ohms/sq/mil, about 10 ohms/sq/mil, about 20 ohms/sq/mil, about 30 ohms/sq/mil, or about 40 ohms/sq/mil.
In some embodiments, the conductive ink has a conductivity when dried of about 5 S/m to about 500,000 S/m. In some embodiments, the conductive ink has a conductivity when dried of about 5 S/m to about 10 S/m, about 5 S/m to about 50 S/m, about 5 S/m to about 100 S/m, about 5 S/m to about 500 S/m, about 5 S/m to about 1,000 S/m, about 5 S/m to about 5,000 S/m, about 5 S/m to about 10,000 S/m, about 5 S/m to about 50,000 S/m, about 5 S/m to about 100,000 S/m, about 5 S/m to about 500,000 S/m, about 10 S/m to about 50 S/m, about 10 S/m to about 100 S/m, about 10 S/m to about 500 S/m, about 10 S/m to about 1,000 S/m, about 10 S/m to about 5,000 S/m, about 10 S/m to about 10,000 S/m, about 10 S/m to about 50,000 S/m, about 10 S/m to about 100,000 S/m, about 10 S/m to about 500,000 S/m, about 50 S/m to about 100 S/m, about 50 S/m to about 500 S/m, about 50 S/m to about 1,000 S/m, about 50 S/m to about 5,000 S/m, about 50 S/m to about 10,000 S/m, about 50 S/m to about 50,000 S/m, about 50 S/m to about 100,000 S/m, about 50 S/m to about 500,000 S/m, about 100 S/m to about 500 S/m, about 100 S/m to about 1,000 S/m, about 100 S/m to about 5,000 S/m, about 100 S/m to about 10,000 S/m, about 100 S/m to about 50,000 S/m, about 100 S/m to about 100,000 S/m, about 100 S/m to about 500,000 S/m, about 500 S/m to about 1,000 S/m, about 500 S/m to about 5,000 S/m, about 500 S/m to about 10,000 S/m, about 500 S/m to about 50,000 S/m, about 500 S/m to about 100,000 S/m, about 500 S/m to about 500,000 S/m, about 1,000 S/m to about 5,000 S/m, about 1,000 S/m to about 10,000 S/m, about 1,000 S/m to about 50,000 S/m, about 1,000 S/m to about 100,000 S/m, about 1,000 S/m to about 500,000 S/m, about 5,000 S/m to about 10,000 S/m, about 5,000 S/m to about 50,000 S/m, about 5,000 S/m to about 100,000 S/m, about 5,000 S/m to about 500,000 S/m, about 10,000 S/m to about 50,000 S/m, about 10,000 S/m to about 100,000 S/m, about 10,000 S/m to about 500,000 S/m, about 50,000 S/m to about 100,000 S/m, about 50,000 S/m to about 500,000 S/m, or about 100,000 S/m to about 500,000 S/m. In some embodiments, the conductive ink has a conductivity when dried of about 5 S/m, about 10 S/m, about 50 S/m, about 100 S/m, about 500 S/m, about 1,000 S/m, about 5,000 S/m, about 10,000 S/m, about 50,000 S/m, about 100,000 S/m, or about 500,000 S/m. In some embodiments, the conductive ink has a conductivity when dried of at least about 5 S/m, about 10 S/m, about 50 S/m, about 100 S/m, about 500 S/m, about 1,000 S/m, about 5,000 S/m, about 10,000 S/m, about 50,000 S/m, or about 100,000 S/m. In some embodiments, the conductive ink has a conductivity when dried of at most about 10 S/m, about 50 S/m, about 100 S/m, about 500 S/m, about 1,000 S/m, about 5,000 S/m, about 10,000 S/m, about 50,000 S/m, about 100,000 S/m, or about 500,000 S/m.
In some embodiments, one of the conductivity, the surface area, and the C:O ratio of the conductive ink is measured by methylene blue absorption
Unless otherwise defined, all technical terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this disclosure belongs.
All values herein may be measured by any standard technique and may comprise a single value, a mean value, a median value, or a mode value.
As used herein, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural references unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Any reference to “or” herein is intended to encompass “and/or” unless otherwise stated.
As used herein, the term “about” refers to an amount that is near the stated amount by about 10%, 5%, or 1%, including increments therein. As used herein, the term “about” in reference to a percentage refers to an amount that is near the stated amount by about plus or minus 10%, 5%, or 1%, or increments therein.
As used herein, the term “glue” refers to an adhesive comprising a single compound.
As used herein, the term “epoxy” refers to an adhesive comprising two or more compounds. The two or more compounds may comprise a resin and a hardener, whereas the epoxy solidifies upon mixing of the resin and the hardener.
As used herein, the term “pigment” refers to a material that changes the color of reflected or transmitted light as the result of wavelength-selective absorption. A pigment may be soluble or insoluble.
As used herein, the term “dye” refers to a colored substance that has an affinity to the substrate to which it is being applied.
As used herein, the term “colorant” refers to a pigment, a dye, a nanoparticle, or any combination thereof. The nanoparticle may comprise a dispersion of nanoparticles in water, an alcohol, a solvent, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the nanoparticles are in an aqueous dispersion. In some embodiments, the nanoparticles are in a non-aqueous dispersion (e.g., no more than about 5%, about 4%, about 3%, about 2%, about 1%, about 0.5%, or about 0.1% water). In some embodiments, the nanoparticles are in an alcohol dispersion (e.g., ethanol or isopropanol).
As used herein, the term “percolation threshold” refers to a mathematical concept representing the formation of long-range connectivity in random systems. Below the threshold a giant connected component does not exist; while above it, there exists a giant component of the order of system size.
In one non-limiting example of silver nanowire synthesis, 50 mL of ethylene glycol (EG) is added to the reaction vessel with a stir bar. The vessel is then suspended in an oil bath and heated at 155° C. for 1 hour under magnetic stirring at 200 rpm. An amount of 400 μL of 4 mM CuCl2/EG solution is then added, and the solution is heated and stirred continuously for an additional 15 minutes to ensure a homogenous solution. An amount of 15 mL of 0.147 M polyvinyl pyrrolidone, sodium dodecyl sulfonate, vitamin B2, poly(vinyl alcohol), dextrin, and poly(methyl vinyl ether) with a molecular weight of 20,000 is then dissolved in an EG solution and is then injected into the reaction vessel. Finally, 15 mL of 0.094 M AgNO3/EG solution is injected to the solution immediately or over the course of 15 minutes. The solution is allowed to react for 1 hour before it is cooled to room temperature. The silver nanoparticles are collected by centrifuging the solution at 3,000 rpm for 20 minutes and washing with ethanol. This washing process is repeated 3 times to remove excess EG and poly(vinyl alcohol). The final silver product is re-dispersed and stored in ethanol.
This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/203,694, filed Nov. 29, 2018, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/593,506, filed Dec. 1, 2017, and of U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/680,615, filed Jun. 5, 2018, which are incorporated herein by reference.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 62593506 | Dec 2017 | US | |
| 62680615 | Jun 2018 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 16203694 | Nov 2018 | US |
| Child | 17189457 | US |
