Patent Application
20120225090
The instant application contains a Sequence Listing which has been submitted in ASCII format via EFS-Web and is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Said ASCII copy, created on Feb. 14, 2012, is named P1079703.txt and is 419,867 bytes in size.
Cervical cancer is the second most common cause of cancer deaths in women worldwide. The primary factor in the development of cervical cancer is infection by human papilloma virus (HPV). HPV is one of the most common sexually transmitted diseases in the world. It is now known that cervical cancer is a consequence of persistent infection with high-risk type HPV. While most HPV-induced lesions are benign, lesions arising from certain papillomavirus types, e.g., HPV-16 and HPV-18, can undergo malignant progression. HPV infection is a necessary factor for the development and maintenance of cervical cancer and thus, effective vaccination against HPV to prevent infection by generating neutralizing antibodies represents an opportunity to prevent cervical cancer. While live viral vectors are capable of inducing potent cytotoxic T-cell immune responses, they raise significant concerns related to safety (e.g., malignancy). By contrast, current subunit vaccines and killed vaccines are safe and effective in inducing neutralizing antibodies and in preventing many new infections, but they have generally not proven effective in generating T-cell responses capable of clearing chronic viral infections (Roden et al., Expert Rev. Vaccines, 2:495-516 (2003)). Accordingly, naked nucleic acid (e.g., DNA) vaccines have been pursued in genetic vaccination strategies since they are stable, simple, inexpensive to manufacture, and safe. However, naked nucleic acid vaccines generally display lower immunogenicity in patients (Trimble et al., Clin. Cancer Res, 15:361-367 (2009) and Donnelly et al., J. Immunol., 175:633-639 (2005)). Thus, it is important to develop efficient mechanisms to deliver nucleic acid (e.g., DNA) vaccines in vivo without safety concerns and to increase antigen-specific immune responses.
The present invention is based, at least in part, on methods of enhancing an antigen-specific immune response in a mammal, comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of a papillomavirus pseudovirion, wherein the papillomavirus pseudovirion comprises at least one papillomavirus capsid protein encapsidating a naked DNA vaccine, wherein the naked DNA vaccine comprises a first nucleic acid encoding at least one antigen, thereby enhancing the antigen specific immune response relative to administration of the naked DNA vaccine.
In one aspect, the papillomavirus pseudovirion comprises at least one furin-cleaved papillomavirus capsid protein.
In another aspect, the at least one papillomavirus capsid protein is a papillomavirus L1 protein and a papillomavirus L2 protein. In one embodiment, the papillomavirus L1 and L2 proteins are derived from HPV-2, HPV-16 or HPV-18. In another embodiment, the papillomavirus L1 protein comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:97, 99, and 101, and the papillomavirus L2 protein comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:103, 105 and 107.
In still another aspect, the antigen is a tumor-associated antigen (TAA).
In yet another aspect, the antigen is foreign to the mammal.
In another aspect, the antigen is selected from the group consisting of ovalbumin, HPV E6, and HPV E7. In one embodiment, the antigen comprises an ovalbumin protein comprising an amino acid sequence at least 90% identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:9. In another embodiment, the antigen comprises an HPV E6 protein comprising an amino acid sequence at least 90% identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:5 or a non-oncogenic mutant thereof. In still another embodiment, the antigen comprises an HPV E7 protein comprising an amino acid sequence at least 90% identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2 or a non-oncogenic mutant thereof.
In still another aspect, the DNA vaccine further comprises a second nucleic acid encoding a fusion protein comprising an Ii protein, wherein the class II-associated Ii peptide (CLIP) region is replaced with the Pan HLA-DR reactive epitope (PADRE).
In yet another aspect, the DNA vaccine further comprises a second nucleic acid encoding a fusion protein comprising an Ii protein, wherein the class II-associated Ii peptide (CLIP) region is replaced with the Pan HLA-DR reactive epitope (PADRE).
In another aspect, the DNA vaccine further comprises a second nucleic acid that is (i) a siNA or (ii) DNA that encodes said siNA, wherein said siNA has a sequence that is sufficiently complementary to target the sequence of mRNA that encodes a pro-apoptotic protein expressed in a dendritic cell (DC) and results in inhibition of or loss of expression of said mRNA, thereby inhibiting apoptosis and increasing survival of DCs. In one embodiment, the pro-apoptotic protein is selected from the group consisting of one or more of (a) Bak, (b) Bax, (c) caspase-8, (d) caspase-9 and (e) caspase-3.
In still another aspect, the DNA vaccine further comprises a second nucleic acid encoding an anti-apoptotic polypeptide. In one embodiment, the anti-apoptotic polypeptide is selected from the group consisting of (a) BCL-xL (b) BCL2, (c) XIAP, (d) FLICEc-s, (e) dominant-negative easpase-8, (f) dominant negative caspase-9, (g) SPI-6 and (h) functional homologue or derivative of any of (a)-(g).
In yet another aspect, the DNA vaccine further comprises a second nucleic acid encoding an immunogenicity potentiating peptide (IPP), wherein the IPP acts in potentiating an immune response by promoting: (a) processing of the linked antigenic polypeptide via the MHC class I pathway or targeting of a cellular compartment that increases said processing; (b) development, accumulation or activity of antigen presenting cells or targeting of antigen to compartments of said antigen presenting cells leading to enhanced antigen presentation; c) intercellular transport and spreading of the antigen; or (d) any combination of (a)-(c). In one embodiment, the IPP is: (a) the sorting signal of the lysosome-associated membrane protein type 1 (Sig/LAMP-1); (b) mycoobacterial HSP70 polypeptide, the C-terminal domain thereof, or a functional homologue or derivative of said polypeptide or domain; (c) a viral intercellular spreading protein selected from the group of herpes simplex virus-1 VP22 protein, Marek's disease virus UL49 protein or a functional homologue or derivative thereof; (d) an endoplasmic reticulum chaperone polypeptide selected from the group of calreticulin or a domain thereof, ER60, GRP94, gp96, or a functional homologue or derivative thereof (e) domain II of Pseudomonas exotoxin ETA or a functional homologue or derivative thereof; (f) a polypeptide that targets the centrosome compartment of a cell selected from γ-tubulin or a functional homologue or derivative thereof; or (g) a polypeptide that stimulates DC precursors or activates DC activity selected from the group consisting of GM-CSF, Flt3-ligand extracellular domain, or a functional homologue or derivative thereof.
In one embodiment of any aspect of the present invention, the first and second nucleic acid sequences are comprised within at least one expression vector and are operatively linked to (a) a promoter; and (b) optionally, additional regulatory sequences that regulate expression of said nucleic acids in a eukaryotic cell. In another such embodiment, the first and second nucleic acid are operably linked either directly or via a linker.
In another aspect, the nucleic acid composition is papillomavirus pseudovirion is administered intradermally, intraperitoneally, or intravenously.
In still another aspect, the papillomavirus pseudovirion is administered to the subject by: (a) priming the mammal by administering to the mammal an effective amount of the papillomavirus pseudovirion; and (b) boosting the mammal by administering to the mammal an effective amount of the papillomavirus pseudovirion, thereby inducing or enhancing the antigen-specific immune response. In one embodiment, the papillomavirus pseudovirions administered in steps (a) and (b) comprise the same type of capsid protein composition to thereby produce homologous vaccination. In another embodiment, the papillomavirus pseudovirions administered in steps (a) and (b) comprise different types of capsid protein compositions to thereby produce heterologous vaccination. In still another embodiment, the step (a) and/or step (b) is repeated at least once.
In yet another aspect, the antigen-specific immune response is mediated at least in part by CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL).
In another aspect, the pseudovirions infect bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs). In one embodiment, the BMDCs are selected from the group consisting of B220+ cells and CD11c+ cells.
In still another aspect, the methods of the present invention further comprise administering an effective amount of a chemotherapeutic agent.
In yet another aspect, the methods of the present invention further comprise screening the mammal for the presence of antibodies against the antigen.
In another aspect, the methods of the present invention are applied to a mammal wherein the mammal is a human and/or wherein the mammal is afflicted with cancer.
The inventors of the present invention have determined that papillomavirus pseudovirions represents a novel approach for the delivery of naked DNA vaccines to improve transfection efficiency without safety concerns associated with live viral vectors. Accordingly, the present invention is drawn to methods for enhancing an antigen-specific immune response in a mammal using recombinant papillomavirus pseudovirions comprising an antigen.
ANOVA, analysis of variance; APC, antigen presenting cell; CRT, calreticulin; CTL, cytotoxic T lymphocyte; DC, dendritic cell; E6, HPV oncoprotein E6; E7, HPV oncoprotein E7; ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; HPV, human papillomavirus; IFN γ, interferon-γ; i.m., intramuscular(ly); i.t., intratumoral(ly); i.v., intravenous(ly); luc, luciferase; mAB, monoclonal antibody; MOI, multiplicity of infection; OVA, ovalbumin; p-, plasmid-; PBS, phosphate-buffered saline; PCR, polymerase chain reaction; SD, standard deviation; TAA, tumor-associate antigen; WT, wild-type.
Papillomaviruses are non-enveloped double-stranded DNA viruses about 55 nm in diameter harboring an approximately 8 kb genome in their nucleohistone core (Baker et al., Biophys. J. 60:1445 (1991)). The capsids are composed of two virally-encoded proteins, L1 and L2, that migrate on SDS-PAGE gels at approximately 55 kDa and 75 kDa, respectively (Larson et al., J. Virol. 61:3596 (1987)). L1, which is the major capsid protein, is arranged in 72 pentameters which associate with T=7 icosahedral symmetry. The L1 protein has the capacity to self-assemble so that large amounts of virus-like particles (VLPs) may be generated by expression of the L1 protein from a number of species of papillomavirus in a variety of recombinant expression systems (Hagensee et al., J. Virol. 67:315 (1993); Kirnbauer et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:12180 (1992); Kirnbauer et al., J. Virol. 67:6929 (1993); Rose et al., J. Virol. 67:1936 (1993)). Although not required for assembly, L2 is incorporated into VLPs when co-expressed with L1 (L1/L2 VLPs) in cells. Indeed, purified L1 protein can be used to generate papillomavirus vectors in the absence of L2 using cell-free production systems, including intracellular encapsidation of nucleic acids (Kawana et al., J. Virol. 72:10298-10300; Muller et al., J. Virol. 69:948-954; Touze and Coursaget, Nuc. Acids Res. 26:1317-1323; Unckell et al., J. Virol. 71:2934-2945; Yeager et al., Virol. 278:570-577).
The inventors of the present invention have determined that pseudovirions (i.e., non-replicative viral particles; also referred to as pseudo viruses) can be engineered to facilitate the delivery of naked nucleic acid (e.g., DNA) vaccines based upon encapsidation of such vaccines within papillomavirus capsid proteins. Such enhanced nucleic acid (e.g., DNA) vaccine delivery is quite different from known delivery systems using VLPs since VLPs carry no genetic information (i.e., no nucleic acids). Thus, delivery of DNA using VLPs require either the binding of DNA to VLPs or the in vitro assembly of DNA within the VLPs (Malboeuf et al., Vaccine, 25:3270-3276 (2007); E1 Mehdaoui et al., J. Virol., 74:10332-10340 (2000); Zhang et al., J. Virol., 78:10249-10257 (2004); Bousarghin et al., J. Clin. Microbiol., 40:926-932 (2002); Combita et al., FEMS Microbiol. Lett., 204:183-188 (2001); and U.S. Patent Publication No. 2006/0269954). Such processes do not appreciate the importance of the minor capsid protein L2 or need for infection by papillomavirus particles for gene delivery in order to generate antigen specific immune responses in vivo. By contrast, the pseudovirions used in the methods of the present invention employ packaging of nucleic acid vaccines by papillomavirus capsid proteins within cells used for papillomavirus pseudovirion production purposes, as well as the inclusion of L2 protein for efficient infection of target cells.
Accordingly, the methods of the present invention use papillomaviral pseudovirions. Such pseudovirions can comprise either L1 capsid protein alone, or both L1 and L2 capsid proteins together. Pseudovirions comprising both L1 and L2 (i.e., L1/L2) capsid proteins are more closely related to the composition of native papillomavirus virions, but it is believed in the art that L2 does not appear to be as significant as L1 in conferring immunity, probably because most of L2 is internal to L1 in the capsid structure. However, the inventors of the present invention have unexpectedly determined that the L2 minor capsid protein is important for the generation of antigen-specific CD8+ T-cell responses in vaccinated animal models because it is important for in vivo pseudovirion infectivity, as opposed to anti-papillomavirus vaccination purposes focused upon in the field.
The methods of the present invention are not particularly limited by the use of capsid protein(s) from specific papillomaviruses. For example, many human subjects in need of enhancing antigen-specific immune responses may have previously been infected or vaccinated with human papillomaviruses (e.g., HPV-2, HPV-16 or HPV-18), which could preclude repeated vaccination with pseudovirions comprising capsid proteins from the same papillomaviral type. Accordingly, many other types of HPVs and papillomaviruses from different species can be used for the preparation of pseudovirions for the delivery of nucleic acid (e.g., DNA) vaccines according to the methods of the present invention. In some embodiments, the source of the capsid protein encoding genes may be any papillomavirus, human or non-human. In other embodiments, the source of such genes can include human papillomavirus serotypes, including one or more of HPV-1, HPV-2, HPV-6a, HPV-6b, HPV-11, HPV-13, HPV-16, HPV-18, HPV-30, HPV-31, HPV-33, HPV-35, HPV-39, HPV-40, HPV-41, HPV-42, HPV-44, HPV-45, HPV-47, HPV-51, HPV-52, HPV-53, HPV-56, HPV-57, HPV-58, HPV-59, HPV-61, HPV-64, and/or HPV-68. In still other embodiments, the source of such genes can include animal papillomaviruses, especially those from papillomaviruses used in animal disease models, such as monkey (e.g., macaca fascicularis MfPV or macaca mulatta MmPV), cottontail rabbit papillomavirus (CRPV), bovine papillomavirus (BPV such as BPV1) and canine oral papillomavirus (COPV). The sequences of numerous human and animal papillomavirus capsid encoding genes are well known in the art. In one embodiment, pseudovirions of the present invention comprise L1 and L2 capsid protein expressed by a wild type HPV genome (e.g., HPV-2, HPV-16 or HPV-18), either as L1 alone or L1/L2 together.
In another aspect of the present invention, the pseudovirions can comprise papillomaviral capsid protein(s) engineered for yielding high-titers in expression systems useful to generate large quantities of pseudovirions for vaccination. It is well known in the art that papillomavirus L1 and L2 capsid genes are generally expressed at low levels in in vitro expression systems. Accordingly, codons encoding amino acids for which corresponding tRNAs are rare in the specific expression system can be replaced with codons using more common tRNAs. Alternatively, cis-acting elements that inhibit RNA production, processing, and translation can be engineered to disinhibit such processes. The sequences of numerous such engineered human and animal papillomavirus capsid encoding genes are well known in the art (Buck et al., J. Virol. 78, 751-757 (2004); Bambhira et al. Virol. J. 6:176 (2009); U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,599,739, 7,205,126, and 6,416,945; and Buck and Thomspon, Curr. Prot. Cell Biol. 26.1.1-26.1.19 (2007); herein incorporated in their entirety by this reference). Chimeric proteins containing conservative amino acid substitutions that do not affect the conformation of correctly folded proteins are further included. Such substitutions can be generated in the course of constructing the chimeric molecules, such as through site-specific mutagenesis, conserved restriction endonuclease sites, and the like. In one embodiment, pseudovirions of the present invention comprise L1 and L2 capsid protein expressed by a wild type HPV genome (e.g., HPV-2, HPV-16 or HPV-18), either as L1 alone or L1/L2 together, but have been further engineered to increase titer in expression systems. Representative L1 nucleic acid and polypeptide sequences are provided herein as SEQ ID NOs: 96 (HPV-16) and 97 (HPV-16); SEQ ID NOs: 98 (HPV-18) and 99; and 100 (HPV-2) and 101 (HPV-2), respectively. L1 nucleic acid and polypeptide sequences from other papillomaviruses are well known in the art and include, for example, MfPV-9 (YP—002860301.1); MmPV-1 (NP—043338.1); MfPV-10 (YP—002860309.1); MfPV-7 (YP—002854757.1); HPV-34 (NP—041812.1); HPV-32 (NP—041806.1); HPV-10 (NP—041746.1 and NP—041747.1); HPV-54 (NP—043294.1); HPV-7 (NP—041859.1); HPV-6b (NP—040304.1); HPV-26 (NP—041787.1); HPV-114 (YP—003495077.1); HPV-53 (NP—041848.1); HPV-61 (NP—043450.1); HPV-71 (NP—597938.1); Ursus maritimus PV-1 (YP—001931973.1); Sus scrofa PV-1 (YP—002235542.1); rattus norvegicus PV-1 (YP—003169705.1); HPV-96 (NP—932325.1); HPV-63 (NP—040902.1); procyon lotor PV-1 (YP—249604.1); HPV-9 (NP—041866.1); HPV-1 (NP—040309.1); rabbit oral PV (NP—057848.1); HPV-104 (YP—002922928.1); HPV-98 (YP—002922755.1); HPV-49 (NP—041837.1); HPV-113 (YP—002922781.1); cottontail rabbit PV (NP—077113.1); canine PV-5 (YP—003204674.1); HPV-99 (YP—002922761.1); HPV-109 (YP—002756544.1); HPV-4 (NP—040895.1); HPV-115 (YP—003331603.1); HPV-24 (NP—043373.1); HPV-92 (NP—775311.1); HPV-5 (NP—041372.1); HPV-112 (YP—002756551.1); HPV-105 (YP—002922774.1); HPV-60 (NP—043443.1); HPV-103 (YP—656498.1); BPV-9 (YP—001648349.1); BPV-10 (YP—001648356.1); HPV-108 (YP—002647038.1); BPV-3 (NP—694451.1); HPV-101 (YP—656504.1); equine PV-2 (YP—002635574.1); HPV-121 (YP—003668031.1); HPV-48 (NP—043422.1); HPV-88 (YP—001672014.1); HPV-116 (YP—003084352.1); and HPV-50 (NP—043429.1). Nucleic acid sequences encoding such L1 polypeptides are well known in the art and can be made and used according to methods further described herein and knowledge readily available in the art.
Representative L2 nucleic acid and polypeptide sequences are provided herein as SEQ ID NOs: 102 (HPV-16) and 103 (HPV-16); 104 (HPV-18) and 105 (HPV-18); and 106 (HPV-2) and 107 (HPV-2), respectively. L2 nucleic acid and polypeptide sequences from other papillomaviruses are well known in the art and include, for example, MfPV-10 (YP—002860308.1); MfPV-9 (YP—002860300.1); MfPV-7 (YP—002854756.1); HPV-6b (NP—040303.1); HPV-114 (YP—003495076.1); HPV-61 (NP—043449.1); HPV-10 (NP—041745.1); HPV18 (NP—040316.1); HPV-71 (NP—597937.1); ursus maritimus PV-1 (YP—001931972.1); sus scrofa PV-1 (YP—002235541.1); HPV-115 (YP—003331602.1); rabbit oral PV (NP—057847.1); HPV-104 (YP—002922927.1); HPV-5 (NP—041371.1); HPV-99 (YP—002922760.1); HPV-98 (YP—002922754.1); canine PV-4 (YP—001648804.1); HPV-100 (YP—002922767.1); HPV-113 (YP—002922780.1); HPV-101 (YP—656503.1); HPV-109 (YP—002756543.1); HPV-1 (NP—040308.1); HPV-105 (YP—002922773.1); canine PV-6 (YP—003204680.1); HPV-92 (NP—775310.1); HPV-108 (YP—002647037.1); HPV-50 (NP—043428.1); HPV-96 (NP—932324.1); cottontail rabbit PV (NP—077112.1); bovine PV-3 (NP—694450.1); HPV-121 (YP—003668030.1); canine PV-5 (YP—003204673.1); canine PV-2 (YP—164634.1); HPV-103 (YP—656497.1); bovine PV-9 (YP—001648348.1); HPV-48 (NP—043421.1); bovine PV-10 (YP—001648355.1); HPV-60 (NP—043442.1); HPV-88 (YP—001672013.1); HPV-112 (YP—002756550.1); equine PV-2 (YP—002635573.1); bovine PV-8 (YP—001429550.1); and HPV-116 (YP—003084351.1). Nucleic acid sequences encoding such L1 polypeptides are well known in the art and can be made and used according to methods further described herein and knowledge readily available in the art.
In still another aspect of the present invention, the present inventors have unexpectedly determined that treatment of papillomavirus pseudovirions with furin leads to enhanced pseudovirion infection, both in vitro and in vivo, and that such treatment improves antigen presentation in infected cells. Accordingly, in one embodiment, the methods of the present invention can use papillomaviral capsid proteins described above that have been further treated with furin. Furin proteins are well known in the art as proteases that recognize and cleave polypeptides at specific amino acid recognition motifs (e.g., Arg-X-X-Arg). In another embodiment, the furin treatment occurs within the pseudovirion expression extract before the maturation process. The sequences of numerous furin encoding genes suitable for use in the present invention, as well as methods for treating papillomavirus capsid proteins with such furins, are well known in the art (Day et al., J. Virol. 82:12565-12568 (2008); herein incorporated in its entirety by this reference). Representative furing nucleic acid and polypeptide sequences are provided herein as SEQ ID NOs: 108 and 109, respectively. Furin nucleic acid and polypeptide sequences from species other than humans are well known in the art and include, for example, from canis familiaris (XM—545864.2 and XP—545864.2); pan troglodytes (XM—510596.2 and XP—510596.2); bos taurus (NM—174136.2 and NP—776561.1); rattus norvegicus (NM—019331.1 and NP—062204.1); and mus musculus (NM—011046.2 and NP—035176.1).
Production of the recombinant L1, or L1/L2 pseudovirions, as well as furin, can be carried out by cloning the L1 (or L1 and L2 or furin) gene(s) into a suitable vector and expressing the corresponding conformational coding sequences for these proteins in a eukaryotic cell transformed by the vector according to well known methods in the art (especially as those taught in the Examples and references cited therein). The gene(s) is preferably expressed in a eukaryotic cell system. In one embodiment, human cells, such as human embryonic kidney 293 cells, are used. However, insect and yeast-cell based expression systems are also suitable. Other mammalian cells similarly transfected using appropriate mammalian expression vectors can also be used to produce assembled pseudovirions. Suitable vectors for cloning of expression of the recited DNA sequences are well known in the art and commercially available. Further, suitable regulatory sequences for achieving cloning and expression, e.g., promoters, polyadenylation sequences, enhancers and selectable markers are also well known. The selection of appropriate sequences for obtaining recoverable protein yields is routine to one skilled in the art.
Vaccines that may be administered to a mammal include any vaccine, e.g., a nucleic acid vaccine (e.g., a DNA vaccine). In an embodiment of the invention, a nucleic acid vaccine will encode an antigen, e.g., an antigen against which an immune response is desired. Other nucleic acids that may be used are those that increase or enhance an immune reaction, but which do not encode an antigen against which an immune reaction is desired. These vaccines are further described below.
Exemplary antigens include proteins or fragments thereof from a pathogenic organism, e.g., a bacterium or virus or other microorganism, as well as proteins or fragments thereof from a cell, e.g., a cancer cell. In one embodiment, the antigen is from a virus, such as class human papillomavirus (HPV), e.g., E7 or E6. These proteins are also oncogenic proteins, which are important in the induction and maintenance of cellular transformation and co-expressed in most HPV-containing cervical cancers and their precursor lesions. Therefore, cancer vaccines that target E7 or E6 can be used to control of HPV-associated neoplasms (Wu, T-C, Curr Opin Immunol. 6:746-54, 1994).
However, as noted, the present invention is not limited to the exemplified antigen(s). Rather, one of skill in the art will appreciate that the same results are expected for any antigen (and epitopes thereof) for which a T cell-mediated response is desired. The response so generated will be effective in providing protective or therapeutic immunity, or both, directed to an organism or disease in which the epitope or antigenic determinant is involved—for example as a cell surface antigen of a pathogenic cell or an envelope or other antigen of a pathogenic virus, or a bacterial antigen, or an antigen expressed as or as part of a pathogenic molecule.
Exemplary antigens and their sequences are set forth below.
E7 Protein from HPV-16
The E7 nucleic acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:1) and amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:2) from HPV-16 are shown herein (see GenBank Accession No. NC—001526). The single letter code, the wild type E7 amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:2) is shown herein.
In another embodiment (See GenBank Accession No. AF125673, nucleotides 562-858 and the E7 amino acid sequence), the C-terminal four amino acids QDKL (residues 96-99 of SEQ ID NO: 2) (and their codons) above are replaced with the three amino acids QKP (and the codons cag aaa cca), yielding a protein of 98 residues.
When an oncoprotein or an epitope thereof is the immunizing moiety, it is preferable to reduce the tumorigenic risk of the vaccine itself. Because of the potential oncogenicity of the HPV E7 protein, the E7 protein may be used in a “detoxified” form.
To reduce oncogenic potential of E7 in a construct of the present invention, one or more of the following positions of E7 is mutated:
In one embodiment, the E7 (detox) mutant sequence has the following two mutations:
a TGT→GGT mutation resulting in a Cys→Gly substitution at position 24 of SEQ ID NO: 9 and GAG→GGG mutation resulting in a Glu→Gly substitution at position 26 of the wild type E7. This mutated amino acid sequence is shown herein as SEQ ID NO:3.
These substitutions completely eliminate the capacity of the E7 to bind to Rb, and thereby nullify its transforming activity. Any nucleotide sequence that encodes the above E7 or E7(detox) polypeptide, or an antigenic fragment or epitope thereof, can be used in the present compositions and methods, including the E7 and E7(detox) sequences which are shown herein.
E6 Protein from HPV-16
The wild type E6 nucleotide (SEQ ID NO:4) and amino acid sequences (SEQ ID NO:5) are shown herein (see GenBank accession Nos. K02718 and NC—001526). This polypeptide has 158 amino acids and is shown herein in single letter code as SEQ ID NO:5.
E6 proteins from cervical cancer-associated HPV types such as HPV-16 induce proteolysis of the p53 tumor suppressor protein through interaction with E6-AP. Human mammary epithelial cells (MECs) immortalized by E6 display low levels of p53. HPV-16 E6, as well as other cancer-related papillomavirus E6 proteins, also binds the cellular protein E6BP (ERC-55). As with E7, described below a non-oncogenic mutated form of E6 may be used, referred to as “E6(detox).” Several different E6 mutations and publications describing them are discussed below.
The amino acid residues to be mutated are underscored in the E6 amino acid sequence provided herein. Some studies of E6 mutants are based upon a shorter E6 protein of 151 nucleic acids, wherein the N-terminal residue was considered to be the Met at position 8 in the wild type E6. That shorter version of E6 is shown herein as SEQ ID NO:6.
To reduce oncogenic potential of E6 in a construct, one or more of the following positions of E6 is mutated:
Nguyen et al., J. Virol. 6:13039-48, 2002, described a mutant of HPV-16 E6 deficient in binding α-helix partners which displays reduced oncogenic potential in vivo. This mutant, which includes a replacement of Ile with Thr as position 128 (of SEQ ID NO: 6), may be used in accordance with the present invention to make an E6 DNA vaccine that has a lower risk of being oncogenic. This E6(I128T) mutant is defective in its ability to bind at least a subset of α-helix partners, including E6AP, the ubiquitin ligase that mediates E6-dependent degradation of the p53 protein.
Cassetti M C et al., Vaccine 22:520-52, 2004, examined the effects of mutations four or five amino acid positions in E6 and E7 to inactivate their oncogenic potential. The following mutations were examined: E6-C63G and E6 C106G (positions based on the wild type E6); E7-C24G, E7-E26G, and E7 C91G (positions based on the wild type E7). Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus replicon particle (VRP) vaccines encoding mutant or wild type E6 and E7 proteins elicited comparable CTL responses and generated comparable antitumor responses in several HPV16 E6(+)E7(+) tumor challenge models: protection from either C3 or TC-1 tumor challenge was observed in 100% of vaccinated mice. Eradication of C3 tumors was observed in approximately 90% of the mice. The predicted inactivation of E6 and E7 oncogenic potential was confirmed by demonstrating normal levels of both p53 and Rb proteins in human mammary epithelial cells infected with VRPs expressing mutant E6 and E7 genes.
The HPV16 E6 protein contains two zinc fingers important for structure and function; one cysteine (C) amino acid position in each pair of C—X—X—C (where X is any amino acid) zinc finger motifs may be mutated at E6 positions 63 and 106 (based on the wild type E6). Mutants are created, for example, using the Quick Change Site-Directed Mutagenesis Kit (Stratagene, La Jolla, Calif.). HPV16 E6 containing a single point mutation in the codon for Cys106 in the wild type E6 (=Cys 113 in the wild type E6). Cys106 neither binds nor facilitates degradation of p53 and is incapable of immortalizing human mammary epithelial cells (MEC), a phenotype dependent upon p53 degradation. A single amino acid substitution at position Cys63 of the wild type E6 (=Cys7° in the wild type E6) destroys several HPV16 E6 functions: p53 degradation, E6TP-1 degradation, activation of telomerase, and, consequently, immortalization of primary epithelial cells.
Any nucleotide sequence that encodes these E6 polypeptides, one of the mutants thereof, or an antigenic fragment or epitope thereof, can be used in the present invention.
Other mutations can be tested and used in accordance with the methods described herein including those described in Cassetti et al., supra. These mutations can be produced from any appropriate starting sequences by mutation of the coding DNA.
The present invention also includes the use of a tandem E6-E7 vaccine, using one or more of the mutations described herein to render the oncoproteins inactive with respect to their oncogenic potential in vivo. VRP vaccines (described in Cassetti et al., supra) comprised fused E6 and E7 genes in one open reading frame which were mutated at four or five amino acid positions. Thus, the present constructs may include one or more epitopes of E6 and E7, which may be arranged in their native order or shuffled in any way that permits the expressed protein to bear the E6 and E7 antigenic epitopes in an immunogenic form. DNA encoding amino acid spacers between E6 and E7 or between individual epitopes of these proteins may be introduced into the vector, provided again, that the spacers permit the expression or presentation of the epitopes in an immunogenic manner after they have been expressed by transduced host cells.
A nucleic acid sequence encoding HA is shown herein as SEQ ID NO: 7. The amino acid sequence of HA is shown herein as SEQ ID NO: 8, with the immunodominant epitope underscored.
An amino acid sequence encoding a representative OVA is shown herein as SEQ ID NO:9.
Exemplary antigens are epitopes of pathogenic microorganisms against which the host is defended by effector T cells responses, including CTL and delayed type hypersensitivity. These typically include viruses, intracellular parasites such as malaria, and bacteria that grow intracellularly such as Mycobacterium and Listeria species. Thus, the types of antigens included in the vaccine compositions used in the present invention may be any of those associated with such pathogens as well as tumor-specific antigens. It is noteworthy that some viral antigens are also tumor antigens in the case where the virus is a causative factor in the tumor.
In fact, the two most common cancers worldwide, hepatoma and cervical cancer, are associated with viral infection. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) (Beasley, R. P. et al., Lancet 2:1129-1133 (1981) has been implicated as etiologic agent of hepatomas. About 80-90% of cervical cancers express the E6 and E7 antigens (discussed above and exemplified herein) from one of four “high risk” human papillomavirus types: HPV-16, HPV-18, HPV-31 and HPV-45 (Gissmann, L. et al., Ciba Found Symp. 120:190-207, 1986; Beaudenon, S., et al. Nature 321:246-9, 1986, incorporated by reference herein). The HPV E6 and E7 antigens are the most promising targets for virus associated cancers in immunocompetent individuals because of their ubiquitous expression in cervical cancer. In addition to their importance as targets for therapeutic cancer vaccines, virus-associated tumor antigens are also ideal candidates for prophylactic vaccines. Indeed, introduction of prophylactic HBV vaccines in Asia have decreased the incidence of hepatoma (Chang, M H et al. New Engl. J. Med. 336, 1855-1859 (1997), representing a great impact on cancer prevention.
Among the most important viruses in chronic human viral infections are HPV, HBV, hepatitis C Virus (HCV), retroviruses such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1 and HIV-2), herpes viruses such as Epstein Barr Virus (EBV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), HSV-1 and HSV-2, and influenza virus. Useful antigens include HBV surface antigen or HBV core antigen; ppUL83 or pp 89 of CMV; antigens of gp120, gp41 or p24 proteins of HIV-1; ICP27, gD2, gB of HSV; or influenza hemagglutinin or nucleoprotein (Anthony, L S et al., Vaccine 1999; 17:373-83). Other antigens associated with pathogens that can be utilized as described herein are antigens of various parasites, including malaria, e.g., malaria peptide based on repeats of NANP.
In certain embodiments, the invention includes methods using foreign antigens in which individuals may have existing T cell immunity (such as influenza, tetanus toxin, herpes etc). In other embodiments, the skilled artisan would readily be able to determine whether a subject has existing T cell immunity to a specific antigen according to well known methods available in the art and use a foreign antigen to which the subject does not already have an existing T cell immunity.
In alternative embodiments, the antigen is from a pathogen that is a bacterium, such as Bordetella pertussis; Ehrlichia chaffeensis; Staphylococcus aureus; Toxoplasma gondii; Legionella pneumophila; Brucella suis; Salmonella enterica; Mycobacterium avium; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Listeria monocytogenes; Chlamydia trachomatis; Chlamydia pneumoniae; Rickettsia rickettsii; or, a fungus, such as, e.g., Paracoccidioides brasiliensis; or other pathogen, e.g., Plasmodium falciparum.
As used herein, the term “cancer” includes, but is not limited to, solid tumors and blood borne tumors. The term cancer includes diseases of the skin, tissues, organs, bone, cartilage, blood and vessels. A term used to describe cancer that is far along in its growth, also referred to as “late stage cancer” or “advanced stage cancer,” is cancer that is metastatic, e.g., cancer that has spread from its primary origin to another part of the body. In certain embodiments, advanced stage cancer includes stages 3 and 4 cancers. Cancers are ranked into stages depending on the extent of their growth and spread through the body; stages correspond with severity. Determining the stage of a given cancer helps doctors to make treatment recommendations, to form a likely outcome scenario for what will happen to the patient (prognosis), and to communicate effectively with other doctors.
There are multiple staging scales in use. One of the most common ranks cancers into five progressively more severe stages: 0, I, II, III, and IV. Stage 0 cancer is cancer that is just beginning, involving just a few cells. Stages I, II, III, and IV represent progressively more advanced cancers, characterized by larger tumor sizes, more tumors, the aggressiveness with which the cancer grows and spreads, and the extent to which the cancer has spread to infect adjacent tissues and body organs.
Another popular staging system is known as the TNM system, a three dimensional rating of cancer extensiveness. Using the TNM system, doctors rate the cancers they find on each of three scales, where T stands for tumor size, N stands for lymph node involvement, and M stands for metastasis (the degree to which cancer has spread beyond its original locations). Larger scores on each of the three scales indicate more advanced cancer. For example, a large tumor that has not spread to other body parts might be rated T3, N0, M0, while a smaller but more aggressive cancer might be rated T2, N2, M1 suggesting a medium sized tumor that has spread to local lymph nodes and has just gotten started in a new organ location.
Cancers that may be treated by the methods of the present invention include, but are not limited to, cancer cells from the bladder, blood, bone, bone marrow, brain, breast, colon, esophagus, gastrointestine, gum, head, kidney, liver, lung, nasopharynx, neck, ovary, prostate, skin, stomach, testis, tongue, or uterus. In addition, the cancer may specifically be of the following histological type, though it is not limited to these: neoplasm, malignant; carcinoma; carcinoma, undifferentiated; giant and spindle cell carcinoma; small cell carcinoma; papillary carcinoma; squamous cell carcinoma; lymphoepithelial carcinoma; basal cell carcinoma; pilomatrix carcinoma; transitional cell carcinoma; papillary transitional cell carcinoma; adenocarcinoma; gastrinoma, malignant; cholangiocarcinoma; hepatocellular carcinoma; combined hepatocellular carcinoma and cholangiocarcinoma; trabecular adenocarcinoma; adenoid cystic carcinoma; adenocarcinoma in adenomatous polyp; adenocarcinoma, familial polyposis coli; solid carcinoma; carcinoid tumor, malignant; branchiolo-alveolar adenocarcinoma; papillary adenocarcinoma; chromophobe carcinoma; acidophil carcinoma; oxyphilic adenocarcinoma; basophil carcinoma; clear cell adenocarcinoma; granular cell carcinoma; follicular adenocarcinoma; papillary and follicular adenocarcinoma; nonencapsulating sclerosing carcinoma; adrenal cortical carcinoma; endometroid carcinoma; skin appendage carcinoma; apocrine adenocarcinoma; sebaceous adenocarcinoma; ceruminous adenocarcinoma; mucoepidermoid carcinoma; cystadenocarcinoma; papillary cystadenocarcinoma; papillary serous cystadenocarcinoma; mucinous cystadenocarcinoma; mucinous adenocarcinoma; signet ring cell carcinoma; infiltrating duct carcinoma; medullary carcinoma; lobular carcinoma; inflammatory carcinoma; paget's disease, mammary; acinar cell carcinoma; adenosquamous carcinoma; adenocarcinoma w/squamous metaplasia; thymoma, malignant; ovarian stromal tumor, malignant; thecoma, malignant; granulosa cell tumor, malignant; and roblastoma, malignant; sertoli cell carcinoma; leydig cell tumor, malignant; lipid cell tumor, malignant; paraganglioma, malignant; extra-mammary paraganglioma, malignant; pheochromocytoma; glomangiosarcoma; malignant melanoma; amelanotic melanoma; superficial spreading melanoma; malig melanoma in giant pigmented nevus; epithelioid cell melanoma; blue nevus, malignant; sarcoma; fibrosarcoma; fibrous histiocytoma, malignant; myxosarcoma; liposarcoma; leiomyosarcoma; rhabdomyosarcoma; embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma; alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma; stromal sarcoma; mixed tumor, malignant; mullerian mixed tumor; nephroblastoma; hepatoblastoma; carcinosarcoma; mesenchymoma, malignant; brenner tumor, malignant; phyllodes tumor, malignant; synovial sarcoma; mesothelioma, malignant; dysgerminoma; embryonal carcinoma; teratoma, malignant; struma ovarii, malignant; choriocarcinoma; mesonephroma, malignant; hemangiosarcoma; hemangioendothelioma, malignant; kaposi's sarcoma; hemangiopericytoma, malignant; lymphangiosarcoma; osteosarcoma; juxtacortical osteosarcoma; chondrosarcoma; chondroblastoma, malignant; mesenchymal chondrosarcoma; giant cell tumor of bone; ewing's sarcoma; odontogenic tumor, malignant; ameloblastic odontosarcoma; ameloblastoma, malignant; ameloblastic fibrosarcoma; pinealoma, malignant; chordoma; glioma, malignant; ependymoma; astrocytoma; protoplasmic astrocytoma; fibrillary astrocytoma; astroblastoma; glioblastoma; oligodendroglioma; oligodendroblastoma; primitive neuroectodermal; cerebellar sarcoma; ganglioneuroblastoma; neuroblastoma; retinoblastoma; olfactory neurogenic tumor; meningioma, malignant; neurofibrosarcoma; neurilemmoma, malignant; granular cell tumor, malignant; malignant lymphoma; Hodgkin's disease; Hodgkin's lymphoma; paragranuloma; malignant lymphoma, small lymphocytic; malignant lymphoma, large cell, diffuse; malignant lymphoma, follicular; mycosis fungoides; other specified non-Hodgkin's lymphomas; malignant histiocytosis; multiple myeloma; mast cell sarcoma; immunoproliferative small intestinal disease; leukemia; lymphoid leukemia; plasma cell leukemia; erythroleukemia; lymphosarcoma cell leukemia; myeloid leukemia; basophilic leukemia; eosinophilic leukemia; monocytic leukemia; mast cell leukemia; megakaryoblastic leukemia; myeloid sarcoma; and hairy cell leukemia.
In addition to its applicability to human cancer and infectious diseases, the present invention is also intended for use in treating animal diseases in the veterinary medicine context. Thus, the approaches described herein may be readily applied by one skilled in the art for treatment of veterinary herpes virus infections including equine herpes viruses, bovine viruses such as bovine viral diarrhea virus (for example, the E2 antigen), bovine herpes viruses, Marek's disease virus in chickens and other fowl; animal retroviral and lentiviral diseases (e.g., feline leukemia, feline immunodeficiency, simian immunodeficiency viruses, etc.); pseudorabies and rabies; and the like.
As for tumor antigens, any tumor-associated or tumor-specific antigen (or tumor cell derived epitope) (collectively, TAA) that can be recognized by T cells, including CTL, can be used. These include, without limitation, mutant p53, HER2/neu or a peptide thereof, or any of a number of melanoma-associated antigens such as MAGE-1, MAGE-3, MART-1/Melan-A, tyrosinase, gp75, gp100, BAGE, GAGE-1, GAGE-2, GnT-V, and p15 (see, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 6,187,306, incorporated herein by reference).
In one embodiment, it is not necessary to include a full length antigen in a nucleic acid vaccine; it suffices to include a fragment that will be presented by MHC class I and/or II. A nucleic acid may include 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or more antigens, which may be the same or different ones.
Approaches for Mutagenesis of E6, E7, and other Antigens
Mutants of the antigens described here may be created, for example, using the Quick Change Site-Directed Mutagenesis Kit (Stratagene, La Jolla, Calif.). Generally, antigens that may be used herein may be proteins or peptides that differ from the naturally-occurring proteins or peptides but yet retain the necessary epitopes for functional activity. In certain embodiments, an antigen may comprise, consist essentially of, or consist of an amino acid sequence that is at least about 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to that of the naturally-occurring antigen or a fragment thereof. In certain embodiments, an antigen may also comprise, consist essentially of, or consist of an amino acid sequence that is encoded by a nucleotide sequence that is at least about 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to a nucleotide sequence encoding the naturally-occurring antigen or a fragment thereof. In certain embodiments, an antigen may also comprise, consist essentially of, or consist of an amino acid sequence that is encoded by a nucleic acid that hybridizes under high stringency conditions to a nucleic acid encoding the naturally-occurring antigen or a fragment thereof. Hybridization conditions are further described herein.
In one embodiment, an exemplary protein may comprise, consist essentially of, or consist of, an amino acid sequence that is at least about 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to that of a viral protein, including for example E6 or E7, such as an E6 or E7 sequence provided herein. Where the E6 or E7 protein is a detox E6 or E7 protein, the amino acid sequence of the protein may comprise, consist essentially of, or consist of an amino acid sequence that is at least about 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to that of an E6 or E7 protein, wherein the amino acids that render the protein a “detox” protein are present.
In one embodiment, a nucleic acid vaccine encodes a fusion protein comprising an antigen and a second protein, e.g., an IPP. An IPP may act in potentiating an immune response by promoting: processing of the linked antigenic polypeptide via the MHC class I pathway or targeting of a cellular compartment that increases the processing. This basic strategy may be combined with an additional strategy pioneered by the present inventors and colleagues, that involve linking DNA encoding another protein, generically termed a “targeting polypeptide,” to the antigen-encoding DNA. Again, for the sake of simplicity, the DNA encoding such a targeting polypeptide will be referred to herein as a “targeting DNA.” That strategy has been shown to be effective in enhancing the potency of the vectors carrying only antigen-encoding DNA. See for example, the following PCT publications by Wu et al: WO 01/29233; WO 02/009645; WO 02/061113; WO 02/074920; and WO 02/12281, all of which are incorporated by reference in their entirety. The other strategies include the use of DNA encoding polypeptides that promote or enhance:
The strategy includes use of:
The following publications, all of which are incorporated by reference in their entirety, describe IPPs: Kim T W et al., J Clin Invest 112: 109-117, 2003; Cheng W F et al., J Clin Invest 108: 669-678, 2001; Hung C F et al., Cancer Res 61:3698-3703, 2001; Chen CH et al., 2000, supra; U.S. Pat. No. 6,734,173; published patent applications WO05/081716, WO05/047501, WO03/085085, WO02/12281, WO02/074920, WO02/061113, WO02/09645, and WO01/29233. Comparative studies of these IPPs using HPV E6 as the antigen are described in Peng, S. et al., J Biomed Sci. 12:689-700 2005.
An antigen may be linked N-terminally or C-terminally to an IPP. Exemplary IPPs and fusion constructs encoding such are described below.
The DNA sequence encoding the E7 protein fused to the translocation signal sequence and LAMP-1 domain (Sig-E7-LAMP-1) is shown herein as SEQ ID NO:10. The amino acid sequence of Sig-E7-LAMP-1 is shown herein as SEQ ID NO:11.
The nucleotide sequence of the immunogenic vector pcDNA3-Sig/E7/LAMP-1 is shown herein as SEQ ID NO:13, with the SigE7-LAMP-1 coding sequence in lower case and underscored.
HSP70 from M. tuberculosis
The nucleotide sequence encoding HSP70 is shown herein as SEQ ID NO:13) (i.e., nucleotides 10633-12510 of the M. tuberculosis genome in GenBank NC—000962). The amino acid sequence of HSP70 is shown herein as SEQ ID NO:14.
The nucleic acid sequences encoding the E7-Hsp70 chimera/fusion polypeptides are shown herein as SEQ ID NO:15 and the corresponding amino acid sequence is shown herein as SEQ ID NO:16. The E7 coding sequence is shown in upper case and underscored.
ETA(dII) from Pseudomonas aeruginosa
The complete coding sequence for Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin type A (ETA) is shown herein as SEQ ID NO:17 (GenBank Accession No. K01397). The amino acid sequence of ETA is shown herein as SEQ ID NO:18 (GenBank Accession No. K01397).
Residues 1-25 (italicized) represent the signal peptide. The first residue of the mature polypeptide, Ala, is bolded/underscored. The mature polypeptide is residues 26-638 of SEQ ID NO:18.
Domain II (ETA(II)), translocation domain (underscored above) spans residues 247-417 of the mature polypeptide (corresponding to residues 272-442 of SEQ ID NO:18) and is presented below separately herein as SEQ ID NO:19.
The nucleotide construct in which ETA(dII) is fused to HPV-16 E7 is shown herein as SEQ ID NO:20. The corresponding amino acid sequence is shown herein as SEQ ID NO:21. The ETA(dII) sequence appears in plain font, extra codons from plasmid pcDNA3 are italicized. Nucleotides between ETA(dII) and E7 are also bolded (and result in the interposition of two amino acids between ETA(dII) and E7). The E7 amino acid sequence is underscored (ends with Gln at position 269).
The nucleotide sequence of the pcDNA3 vector encoding E7 and HSP70 (pcDNA3-E7-Hsp70 is shown herein as SEQ ID NO:22.
Calreticulin (CRT), a well-characterized ˜46 kDa protein was described briefly above, as were a number of its biological and biochemical activities. As used herein, “calreticulin” or “CRT” refers to polypeptides and nucleic acids molecules having substantial identity to the exemplary human CRT sequences as described herein or homologues thereof, such as rabbit and rat CRT—well-known in the art. A CRT polypeptide is a polypeptide comprising a sequence identical to or substantially identical to the amino acid sequence of CRT. An exemplary nucleotide and amino acid sequence for a CRT used in the present compositions and methods are presented below. The terms “calreticulin” or “CRT” encompass native proteins as well as recombinantly produced modified proteins that, when fused with an antigen (at the DNA or protein level) promote the induction of immune responses and promote angiogenesis, including a CTL response. Thus, the terms “calreticulin” or “CRT” encompass homologues and allelic variants of human CRT, including variants of native proteins constructed by in vitro techniques, and proteins isolated from natural sources. The CRT polypeptides used in the present invention, and sequences encoding them, also include fusion proteins comprising non-CRT sequences, particularly MHC class I-binding peptides; and also further comprising other domains, e.g., epitope tags, enzyme cleavage recognition sequences, signal sequences, secretion signals and the like.
A human CRT coding sequence is shown herein as SEQ ID NO: 23. The amino acid sequence of the human CRT protein encoded by SEQ ID NO:23 is set forth herein as SEQ ID NO:24. This amino acid sequence is highly homologous to GenBank Accession No. NM 004343.
The amino acid sequence of the rabbit and rat CRT proteins are set forth in GenBank Accession Nos. P1553 and NM 022399, respectively. An alignment of human, rabbit and rat CRT shows that these proteins are highly conserved, and most of the amino acid differences between species are conservative in nature. Most of the variation is found in the alignment of the approximately 36 C-terminal residues. Thus, for the present invention, human CRT may be used as well as, DNA encoding any homologue of CRT from any species that has the requisite biological activity (as an IPP) or any active domain or fragment thereof, may be used in place of human CRT or a domain thereof.
Cheng et al., supra, incorporated by reference in its entirety, previously determined that nucleic acid (e.g., DNA) vaccines encoding each of the N, P, and C domains of CRT chimerically linked to HPV-16 E7 elicited potent antigen-specific CD8+ T cell responses and antitumor immunity in mice vaccinated i.d., by gene gun administration. N-CRT/E7, P-CRT/E7 or C-CRT/E7 DNA each exhibited significantly increased numbers of E7-specific CD8+ T cell precursors and impressive antitumor effects against E7-expressing tumors when compared with mice vaccinated with E7 DNA (antigen only). N-CRT DNA administration also resulted in anti-angiogenic antitumor effects. Thus, cancer therapy using DNA encoding N-CRT linked to a tumor antigen may be used for treating tumors through a combination of antigen-specific immunotherapy and inhibition of angiogenesis.
The constructs comprising CRT or one of its domains linked to E7 is illustrated schematically below.
The amino acid sequences of the 3 human CRT domains are shown herein as annotations of the full length protein, SEQ ID NO:24. The N domain comprises residues 1-170 (normal text); the P domain comprises residues 171-269 (underscored); and the C domain comprises residues 270-417 (bold/italic).
The sequences of the three domains are further shown as separate polypeptides herein as human N-CRT (SEQ ID NO:25), as human P-CRT (SEQ ID NO:26), and as human C-CRT (SEQ ID NO:27).
The present vectors may comprises DNA encoding one or more of these domain sequences, which are shown by annotation of SEQ ID NO:28 herein, wherein the N-domain sequence is upper case, the P-domain sequence is lower case/italic/underscored, and the C domain sequence is lower case. The stop codon is also shown but not counted.
The coding sequence for each separate domain is provided herein as human N-CRT DNA (SEQ ID NO:29), as human P-CRT DNA (SEQ ID NO:30), and as human C-CRT DNA (SEQ ID NO:31). Alternatively, any nucleotide sequences that encodes these domains may be used in the present constructs. Thus, for use in humans, the sequences may be further codon-optimized.
Constructs used in the present invention may employ combinations of one or more CRT domains, in any of a number of orientations. Using the designations NCRT, PCRT and CCRT to designate the domains, the following are but a few examples of the combinations that may be used in the nucleic acid (e.g., DNA) vaccine vectors used in the present invention (where it is understood that Ag can be any antigen, including E7(detox) or E6 (detox).
The present invention may employ shorter polypeptide fragments of CRT or CRT domains provided such fragments can enhance the immune response to an antigen with which they are paired. Shorter peptides from the CRT or domain sequences shown above that have the ability to promote protein processing via the MHC-1 class I pathway are also included, and may be defined by routine experimentation.
The present invention may also employ shorter nucleic acid fragments that encode CRT or CRT domains provided such fragments are functional, e.g., encode polypeptides that can enhance the immune response to an antigen with which they are paired (e.g., linked). Nucleic acids that encode shorter peptides from the CRT or domain sequences shown above and are functional, e.g., have the ability to promote protein processing via the MHC-1 class I pathway, are also included, and may be defined by routine experimentation.
A polypeptide fragment of CRT may include at least or about 50, 100, 200, 300, or 400 amino acids. A polypeptide fragment of CRT may also include at least or about 25, 50, 75, 100, 25-50, 50-100, or 75-125 amino acids from a CRT domain selected from the group N-CRT, P-CRT, and C-CRT. A polypeptide fragment of CRT may include residues 1-50, 50-75, 75-100, 100-125, 125-150, 150-170 of the N-domain (e.g., of SEQ ID NO:25). A polypeptide fragment of CRT may include residues 1-50, 50-75, 75-100, 100-109 of the P-domain (e.g., of SEQ ID NO:26). A polypeptide fragment of CRT may include residues 1-50, 50-75, 75-100, 100-125, 125-138 of the C-domain (e.g., of SEQ ID NO:27).
A nucleic acid fragment of CRT may encode at least or about 50, 100, 200, 300, or 400 amino acids. A nucleic acid fragment of CRT may also encode at least or about 25, 50, 75, 100, 25-50, 50-100, or 75-125 amino acids from a CRT domain selected from the group N-CRT, P-CRT, and C-CRT. A nucleic acid fragment of CRT may encode residues 1-50, 50-75, 75-100, 100-125, 125-150, 150-170 of the N-domain (e.g., of SEQ ID NO:25). A nucleic acid fragment of CRT may encode residues 1-50, 50-75, 75-100, 100-109 of the P-domain (e.g., of SEQ ID NO:26). A nucleic acid fragment of CRT may encode residues 1-50, 50-75, 75-100, 100-125, 125-138 of the C-domain (e.g., of SEQ ID NO:27).
Polypeptide “fragments” of CRT, as provided herein, do not include full-length CRT. Likewise, nucleic acid “fragments” of CRT, as provided herein, do not include a full-length CRT nucleic acid sequence and do not encode a full-length CRT polypeptide.
In one embodiment, a vector construct of a complete chimeric nucleic acid that can be used in the present invention, is shown herein as SEQ ID NO:32. The sequence is annotated to show plasmid-derived nucleotides (lower case letters), CRT-derived nucleotides (upper case bold letters), and HPV-E7-derived nucleotides (upper case, italicized/underlined letters). Five plasmid nucleotides are found between the CRT and E7 coding sequences and that the stop codon for the E7 sequence is double underscored. This plasmid is also referred to as pNGVL4a-CRT/E7(detox). The Table below describes the structure of the above plasmid.
E. coli ORI (ColEl)
4015-5265
Calreticulin (CRT)
Human Calreticulin
5272-5568
dE7 gene (detoxified
HPV-16 (E7 gene) incl. stop
partial)
In some embodiments, an alternative to CRT is another ER chaperone polypeptide exemplified by ER60, GRP94 or gp96, well-characterized ER chaperone polypeptide that representatives of the HSP90 family of stress-induced proteins (see WO 02/012281, incorporated herein by reference). The term “endoplasmic reticulum chaperone polypeptide” as used herein means any polypeptide having substantially the same ER chaperone function as the exemplary chaperone proteins CRT, tapasin, ER60 or calnexin. Thus, the term includes all functional fragments or variants or mimics thereof. A polypeptide or peptide can be routinely screened for its activity as an ER chaperone using assays known in the art. While the present invention is not limited by any particular mechanism of action, in vivo chaperones promote the correct folding and oligomerization of many glycoproteins in the ER, including the assembly of the MHC class I heterotrimeric molecule (heavy (H) chain, β2m, and peptide). They also retain incompletely assembled MHC class I heterotrimeric complexes in the ER (Hauri FEBS Lett. 476:32-37, 2000).
The potency of naked nucleic acid (e.g., DNA) vaccines may be enhanced by their ability to amplify and spread in vivo. VP22, a herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) protein and its “homologues” in other herpes viruses, such as the avian Marek's Disease Virus (MDV) have the property of intercellular transport that provide an approach for enhancing vaccine potency. The present inventors have previously created novel fusions of VP22 with a model antigen, human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV-16) E7, in a nucleic acid (e.g., DNA) vaccine which generated enhanced spreading and MHC class I presentation of antigen. These properties led to a dramatic increase in the number of E7-specific CD8+ T cell precursors in vaccinated mice (at least 50-fold) and converted a less effective nucleic acid (e.g., DNA) vaccine into one with significant potency against E7-expressing tumors. In comparison, a non-spreading mutant, VP22(1-267), failed to enhance vaccine potency. Results presented in U.S. Patent Application publication No. 20040028693 (U.S. Pat. No. 7,318,928), hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety, show that the potency of DNA vaccines is dramatically improved through enhanced intercellular spreading and MHC class I presentation of the antigen.
A similar study linking MDV-1 UL49 to E7 also led to a dramatic increase in the number of E7-specific CD8+ T cell precursors and potency response against E7-expressing tumors in vaccinated mice. Mice vaccinated with a MDV-1 UL49 DNA vaccine stimulated E7-specific CD8+ T cell precursor at a level comparable to that induced by HSV-1 VP22/E7. Thus, fusion of MDV-1UL49 DNA to DNA encoding a target antigen gene significantly enhances the DNA vaccine potency.
In one embodiment, the spreading protein may be a viral spreading protein, including a herpes virus VP22 protein. Exemplified herein are fusion constructs that comprise herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) VP22 (abbreviated HVP22) and its homologue from Marek's disease virus (MDV) termed MDV-VP22 or MVP-22. Also included in the invention are the use of homologues of VP22 from other members of the herpesviridae or polypeptides from nonviral sources that are considered to be homologous and share the functional characteristic of promoting intercellular spreading of a polypeptide or peptide that is fused or chemically conjugated thereto.
DNA encoding HVP22 has the sequence SEQ ID NO:33 of the longer sequence SEQ ID NO:34 (which is the full length nucleotide sequence of a vector that comprises HVP22). DNA encoding MDV-VP22 is shown herein as SEQ ID NO:35.
The amino acid sequence of HVP22 polypeptide is SEQ ID NO:36 as amino acid residues 1-301 of SEQ ID NO:37 (i.e., the full length amino acid encoded by the vector).
The amino acid sequence of the MDV-VP22 is shown herein as SEQ ID NO:38.
A DNA clone pcDNA3 VP22/E7, that includes the coding sequence for HVP22 and the HPV-16 protein, E7 (plus some additional vector sequence) is SEQ ID NO:34.
The amino acid sequence of E7 (SEQ ID NO:39) is residues 308-403 of SEQ ID NO:37. This particular clone has only 96 of the 98 residues present in E7. The C-terminal residues of wild-type E7, Lys and Pro, are absent from this construct. This is an example of a deletion variant as the term is described below. Such deletion variants (e.g., terminal truncation of two or a small number of amino acids) of other antigenic polypeptides are examples of the embodiments intended within the scope of the fusion polypeptides that can be used in the present invention.
Homologues or variants of IPPs described herein, may also be used, provided that they have the requisite biological activity. These include various substitutions, deletions, or additions of the amino acid or nucleic acid sequences. Due to code degeneracy, for example, there may be considerable variation in nucleotide sequences encoding the same amino acid sequence.
A functional derivative of an IPP retains measurable IPP-like activity, including that of promoting immunogenicity of one or more antigenic epitopes fused thereto by promoting presentation by class I pathways. “Functional derivatives” encompass “variants” and “fragments” regardless of whether the terms are used in the conjunctive or the alternative herein.
The term “chimeric” or “fusion” polypeptide or protein refers to a composition comprising at least one polypeptide or peptide sequence or domain that is chemically bound in a linear fashion with a second polypeptide or peptide domain. One embodiment of compositions useful for the present invention is an isolated or recombinant nucleic acid molecule encoding a fusion protein comprising at least two domains, wherein the first domain comprises an IPP and the second domain comprises an antigenic epitope, e.g., an MHC class I-binding peptide epitope. The “fusion” can be an association generated by a peptide bond, a chemical linking, a charge interaction (e.g., electrostatic attractions, such as salt bridges, H-bonding, etc.) or the like. If the polypeptides are recombinant, the “fusion protein” can be translated from a common mRNA. Alternatively, the compositions of the domains can be linked by any chemical or electrostatic means. The chimeric molecules that can be used in the present invention (e.g., targeting polypeptide fusion proteins) can also include additional sequences, e.g., linkers, epitope tags, enzyme cleavage recognition sequences, signal sequences, secretion signals, and the like. Alternatively, a peptide can be linked to a carrier simply to facilitate manipulation or identification/location of the peptide.
Also included is a “functional derivative” of an IPP, which refers to an amino acid substitution variant, a “fragment” of the protein. A functional derivative of an IPP retains measurable activity that may be manifested as promoting immunogenicity of one or more antigenic epitopes fused thereto or co-administered therewith. “Functional derivatives” encompass “variants” and “fragments” regardless of whether the terms are used in the conjunctive or the alternative herein.
A functional homologue must possess the above biochemical and biological activity. In view of this functional characterization, use of homologous proteins including proteins not yet discovered, fall within the scope of the invention if these proteins have sequence similarity and the recited biochemical and biological activity.
To determine the percent identity of two amino acid sequences or of two nucleic acid sequences, the sequences are aligned for optimal comparison purposes (e.g., gaps can be introduced in one or both of a first and a second amino acid or nucleic acid sequence for optimal alignment and non-homologous sequences can be disregarded for comparison purposes). In one embodiment, the method of alignment includes alignment of Cys residues.
In one embodiment, the length of a sequence being compared is at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, and at least 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% of the length of the reference sequence (e.g., an IPP). The amino acid residues (or nucleotides) at corresponding amino acid (or nucleotide) positions are then compared. When a position in the first sequence is occupied by the same amino acid residue (or nucleotide) as the corresponding position in the second sequence, then the molecules are identical at that position (as used herein amino acid or nucleic acid “identity” is equivalent to amino acid or nucleic acid “homology”). The percent identity between the two sequences is a function of the number of identical positions shared by the sequences, taking into account the number of gaps, and the length of each gap, which need to be introduced for optimal alignment of the two sequences.
The comparison of sequences and determination of percent identity between two sequences can be accomplished using a mathematical algorithm. In one embodiment, the percent identity between two amino acid sequences is determined using the Needleman and Wunsch (J. Mol. Biol. 48:444-453 (1970) algorithm which has been incorporated into the GAP program in the GCG software package (available at http://www.gcg.com), using either a Blossom 62 matrix or a PAM250 matrix, and a gap weight of 16, 14, 12, 10, 8, 6, or 4 and a length weight of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6. In yet another embodiment, the percent identity between two nucleotide sequences is determined using the GAP program in the GCG software package (available at http://www.gcg.com), using a NWSgapdna.CMP matrix and a gap weight of 40, 50, 60, 70, or 80 and a length weight of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6. In another embodiment, the percent identity between two amino acid or nucleotide sequences is determined using the algorithm of E. Meyers and W. Miller (CABIOS, 4:11-17 (1989)) which has been incorporated into the ALIGN program (version 2.0), using a PAM120 weight residue table, a gap length penalty of 12 and a gap penalty of 4.
The nucleic acid and protein sequences of the present invention can further be used as a “query sequence” to perform a search against public databases, for example, to identify other family members or related sequences. Such searches can be performed using the NBLAST and XBLAST programs (version 2.0) of Altschul et al. (1990) J. Mol. Biol. 215:403-10. BLAST nucleotide searches can be performed with the NBLAST program, score=100, wordlength=12 to obtain nucleotide sequences homologous to IPP nucleic acid molecules. BLAST protein searches can be performed with the XBLAST program, score=50, wordlength=3 to obtain amino acid sequences homologous to IPP protein molecules. To obtain gapped alignments for comparison purposes, Gapped BLAST can be utilized as described in Altschul et al. (1997) Nucleic Acids Res. 25:3389-3402. When utilizing BLAST and Gapped BLAST programs, the default parameters of the respective programs (e.g., XBLAST and NBLAST) can be used. See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.
Thus, a homologue of an IPP or of an IPP domain described above is characterized as having (a) functional activity of native IPP or domain thereof and (b) amino acid sequence similarity to a native IPP protein or domain thereof when determined as above, of at least about 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%.
It is within the skill in the art to obtain and express such a protein using DNA probes based on the disclosed sequences of an IPP. Then, the fusion protein's biochemical and biological activity can be tested readily using art-recognized methods such as those described herein, for example, a T cell proliferation, cytokine secretion or a cytolytic assay, or an in vivo assay of tumor protection or tumor therapy. A biological assay of the stimulation of antigen-specific T cell reactivity will indicate whether the homologue has the requisite activity to qualify as a “functional” homologue.
A “variant” refers to a molecule substantially identical to either the full protein or to a fragment thereof in which one or more amino acid residues have been replaced (substitution variant) or which has one or several residues deleted (deletion variant) or added (addition variant). A “fragment” of an IPP refers to any subset of the molecule, that is, a shorter polypeptide of the full-length protein.
A number of processes can be used to generate fragments, mutants and variants of the isolated DNA sequence. Small subregions or fragments of the nucleic acid encoding the spreading protein, for example 1-30 bases in length, can be prepared by standard, chemical synthesis. Antisense oligonucleotides and primers for use in the generation of larger synthetic fragment.
A one group of variants are those in which at least one amino acid residue and in certain embodiments only one, has been substituted by different residue. For a detailed description of protein chemistry and structure, see Schulz, G E et al., Principles of Protein Structure, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1978, and Creighton, T. E., Proteins: Structure and Molecular Properties, W.H. Freeman & Co., San Francisco, 1983, which are hereby incorporated by reference. The types of substitutions that may be made in the protein molecule may be based on analysis of the frequencies of amino acid changes between a homologous protein of different species, such as those presented in Table 1-2 of Schulz et al. (supra) and
The three amino acid residues in parentheses above have special roles in protein architecture. Gly is the only residue lacking a side chain and thus imparts flexibility to the chain. Pro, because of its unusual geometry, tightly constrains the chain. Cys can participate in disulfide bond formation, which is important in protein folding.
More substantial changes in biochemical, functional (or immunological) properties are made by selecting substitutions that are less conservative, such as between, rather than within, the above five groups. Such changes will differ more significantly in their effect on maintaining (a) the structure of the peptide backbone in the area of the substitution, for example, as a sheet or helical conformation, (b) the charge or hydrophobicity of the molecule at the target site, or (c) the bulk of the side chain. Examples of such substitutions are (i) substitution of Gly and/or Pro by another amino acid or deletion or insertion of Gly or Pro; (ii) substitution of a hydrophilic residue, e.g., Ser or Thr, for (or by) a hydrophobic residue, e.g., Leu, Ile, Phe, Val or Ala; (iii) substitution of a Cys residue for (or by) any other residue; (iv) substitution of a residue having an electropositive side chain, e.g., Lys, Arg or H is, for (or by) a residue having an electronegative charge, e.g., Glu or Asp; or (v) substitution of a residue having a bulky side chain, e.g., Phe, for (or by) a residue not having such a side chain, e.g., Gly.
Most acceptable deletions, insertions and substitutions according to the present invention are those that do not produce radical changes in the characteristics of the wild-type or native protein in terms of its relevant biological activity, e.g., its ability to stimulate antigen specific T cell reactivity to an antigenic epitope or epitopes that are fused to the protein. However, when it is difficult to predict the exact effect of the substitution, deletion or insertion in advance of doing so, one skilled in the art will appreciate that the effect can be evaluated by routine screening assays such as those described here, without requiring undue experimentation.
Exemplary fusion proteins provided herein comprise an IPP protein or homolog thereof and an antigen. For example, a fusion protein may comprise, consist essentially of, or consist of an IPP or an IPP fragment, e.g., N-CRT, P-CRT and/or C-CRT, or an amino acid sequence that is at least about 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to the amino acid sequence of the IPP or IPP fragment, wherein the IPP fragment is functionally active as further described herein, linked to an antigen. A fusion protein may also comprise an IPP or an IPP fragment and at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 or more amino acids, or about 1-5,1-10, 1-15, 1-20, 1-25, 1-30, 1-50 amino acids, at the N- and/or C-terminus of the IPP fragment. These additional amino acids may have an amino acid sequence that is unrelated to the amino acid sequence at the corresponding position in the IPP protein.
Homologs of an IPP or an IPP fragments may also comprise, consist essentially of, or consist of an amino acid sequence that differs from that of an IPP or IPP fragment by the addition, deletion, or substitution, e.g., conservative substitution, of at least about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 amino acids, or from about 1-5, 1-10, 1-15 or 1-20 amino acids. Homologs of an IPP or IPP fragments may be encoded by nucleotide sequences that are at least about 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to the nucleotide sequence encoding an IPP or IPP fragment, such as those described herein.
Yet other homologs of an IPP or IPP fragments are encoded by nucleic acids that hybridize under stringent hybridization conditions to a nucleic acid that encodes an IPP or IPP fragment. For example, homologs may be encoded by nucleic acids that hybridize under high stringency conditions of 0.2 to 1×SSC at 65° C. followed by a wash at 0.2×SSC at 65° C. to a nucleic acid consisting of a sequence described herein. Nucleic acids that hybridize under low stringency conditions of 6×SSC at room temperature followed by a wash at 2×SSC at room temperature to nucleic acid consisting of a sequence described herein or a portion thereof can be used. Other hybridization conditions include 3×SSC at 40 or 50° C., followed by a wash in 1 or 2×SSC at 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, or 65° C. Hybridizations can be conducted in the presence of formaldehyde, e.g., 10%, 20%, 30% 40% or 50%, which further increases the stringency of hybridization. Theory and practice of nucleic acid hybridization is described, e.g., in S. Agrawal (ed.) Methods in Molecular Biology, volume 20; and Tijssen (1993) Laboratory Techniques in biochemistry and molecular biology-hybridization with nucleic acid probes, e.g., part I chapter 2 “Overview of principles of hybridization and the strategy of nucleic acid probe assays,” Elsevier, New York provide a basic guide to nucleic acid hybridization.
A fragment of a nucleic acid sequence is defined as a nucleotide sequence having fewer nucleotides than the nucleotide sequence encoding the full length CRT polypeptide, antigenic polypeptide, or the fusion thereof. This invention includes the use of such nucleic acid fragments that encode polypeptides which retain the ability of the fusion polypeptide to induce increases in frequency or reactivity of T cells, including CD8+ T cells, that are specific for the antigen part of the fusion polypeptide.
Nucleic acid sequences that can be used in the present invention may also include linker sequences, natural or modified restriction endonuclease sites and other sequences that are useful for manipulations related to cloning, expression or purification of encoded protein or fragments. For example, a fusion protein may comprise a linker between the antigen and the IPP protein.
Other nucleic acid vaccines that may be used include single chain trimers (SCT), as further described in the Examples and in references cited therein, all of which are specifically incorporated by reference herein.
A nucleic acid, e.g., DNA vaccine may comprise an “expression vector” or “expression cassette,” i.e., a nucleotide sequence which is capable of affecting expression of a protein coding sequence in a host compatible with such sequences. Expression cassettes include at least a promoter operably linked with the polypeptide coding sequence; and, optionally, with other sequences, e.g., transcription termination signals. Additional factors necessary or helpful in effecting expression may also be included, e.g., enhancers.
“Operably linked” means that the coding sequence is linked to a regulatory sequence in a manner that allows expression of the coding sequence. Known regulatory sequences are selected to direct expression of the desired protein in an appropriate host cell. Accordingly, the term “regulatory sequence” includes promoters, enhancers and other expression control elements. Such regulatory sequences are described in, for example, Goeddel, Gene Expression Technology. Methods in Enzymology, vol. 185, Academic Press, San Diego, Calif. (1990)).
A promoter region of a DNA or RNA molecule binds RNA polymerase and promotes the transcription of an “operably linked” nucleic acid sequence. As used herein, a “promoter sequence” is the nucleotide sequence of the promoter which is found on that strand of the DNA or RNA which is transcribed by the RNA polymerase. Two sequences of a nucleic acid molecule, such as a promoter and a coding sequence, are “operably linked” when they are linked to each other in a manner which permits both sequences to be transcribed onto the same RNA transcript or permits an RNA transcript begun in one sequence to be extended into the second sequence. Thus, two sequences, such as a promoter sequence and a coding sequence of DNA or RNA are operably linked if transcription commencing in the promoter sequence will produce an RNA transcript of the operably linked coding sequence. In order to be “operably linked” it is not necessary that two sequences be immediately adjacent to one another in the linear sequence.
In one embodiment, certain promoter sequences useful for the present invention must be operable in mammalian cells and may be either eukaryotic or viral promoters. Certain promoters are also described in the Examples, and other useful promoters and regulatory elements are discussed below. Suitable promoters may be inducible, repressible or constitutive. A “constitutive” promoter is one which is active under most conditions encountered in the cell's environmental and throughout development. An “inducible” promoter is one which is under environmental or developmental regulation. A “tissue specific” promoter is active in certain tissue types of an organism. An example of a constitutive promoter is the viral promoter MSV-LTR, which is efficient and active in a variety of cell types, and, in contrast to most other promoters, has the same enhancing activity in arrested and growing cells. Other viral promoters include that present in the CMV-LTR (from cytomegalovirus) (Bashart, M. et al., Cell 41:521, 1985) or in the RSV-LTR (from Rous sarcoma virus) (Gorman, C. M., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 79:6777, 1982). Also useful are the promoter of the mouse metallothionein I gene (Hamer, D, et al., J. Mol. Appl. Gen. 1:273-88, 1982; the TK promoter of Herpes virus (McKnight, S, Cell 31:355-65, 1982); the SV40 early promoter (Benoist, C., et al., Nature 290:304-10, 1981); and the yeast gal4 gene promoter (Johnston, S A et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 79:6971-5, 1982); Silver, Pa., et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (USA) 81:5951-5, 1984)). Other illustrative descriptions of transcriptional factor association with promoter regions and the separate activation and DNA binding of transcription factors include: Keegan et al., Nature 231:699, 1986; Fields et al., Nature 340:245, 1989; Jones, Cell 61:9, 1990; Lewin, Cell 61:1161, 1990; Ptashne et al., Nature 346:329, 1990; Adams et al., Cell 72:306, 1993.
The promoter region may further include an octamer region which may also function as a tissue specific enhancer, by interacting with certain proteins found in the specific tissue. The enhancer domain of the DNA construct useful for the present invention is one which is specific for the target cells to be transfected, or is highly activated by cellular factors of such target cells. Examples of vectors (plasmid or retrovirus) are disclosed, e.g., in Roy-Burman et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,112,767, incorporated by reference. For a general discussion of enhancers and their actions in transcription, see, Lewin, B M, Genes IV, Oxford University Press pp. 552-576, 1990 (or later edition). Particularly useful are retroviral enhancers (e.g., viral LTR) that is placed upstream from the promoter with which it interacts to stimulate gene expression. For use with retroviral vectors, the endogenous viral LTR may be rendered enhancer-less and substituted with other desired enhancer sequences which confer tissue specificity or other desirable properties such as transcriptional efficiency.
Thus, expression cassettes include plasmids, recombinant viruses, any form of a recombinant “naked DNA” vector, and the like. A “vector” comprises a nucleic acid which can infect, transfect, transiently or permanently transduce a cell. It will be recognized that a vector can be a naked nucleic acid, or a nucleic acid complexed with protein or lipid. The vector optionally comprises viral or bacterial nucleic acids and/or proteins, and/or membranes (e.g., a cell membrane, a viral lipid envelope, etc.). Vectors include replicons (e.g., RNA replicons), bacteriophages) to which fragments of DNA may be attached and become replicated. Vectors thus include, but are not limited to RNA, autonomous self-replicating circular or linear DNA or RNA, e.g., plasmids, viruses, and the like (U.S. Pat. No. 5,217,879, incorporated by reference), and includes both the expression and nonexpression plasmids. Where a recombinant cell or culture is described as hosting an “expression vector” this includes both extrachromosomal circular and linear DNA and DNA that has been incorporated into the host chromosome(s). Where a vector is being maintained by a host cell, the vector may either be stably replicated by the cells during mitosis as an autonomous structure, or is incorporated within the host's genome.
Exemplary virus vectors that may be used include recombinant adenoviruses (Horowitz, M S, In: Virology, Fields, B N et al., eds, Raven Press, NY, 1990, p. 1679; Berkner, K L, Biotechniques 6:616-29, 1988; Strauss, S E, In: The Adenoviruses, Ginsberg, H S, ed., Plenum Press, NY, 1984, chapter 11) and herpes simplex virus (HSV). Advantages of adenovirus vectors for human gene delivery include the fact that recombination is rare, no human malignancies are known to be associated with such viruses, the adenovirus genome is double stranded DNA which can be manipulated to accept foreign genes of up to 7.5 kb in size, and live adenovirus is a safe human vaccine organisms. Adeno-associated virus is also useful for human therapy (Samulski, R J et al., EMBO J. 10:3941, 1991) according to the present invention.
A nucleic acid (e.g., DNA) vaccine may also use a replicon, e.g., an RNA replicon, a self-replicating RNA vector. In one embodiment, a replicon is one based on a Sindbis virus RNA replicon, e.g., SINrepS. The present inventors tested E7 in the context of such a vaccine and showed (see Wu et al, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/343,719) that a Sindbis virus RNA vaccine encoding HSV-1 VP22 linked to E7 significantly increased activation of E7-specific CD8 T cells, resulting in potent antitumor immunity against E7-expressing tumors. The Sindbis virus RNA replicon vector used in these studies, SINrepS, has been described (Bredenbeek, P J et al., 1993, J. Virol. 67:6439-6446).
Generally, RNA replicon vaccines may be derived from alphavirus vectors, such as Sindbis virus (Hariharan, M J et al., 1998. J Virol 72:950-8.), Semliki Forest virus (Berglund, P M et al., 1997. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 13:1487-95; Ying, H T et al., 1999. Nat Med 5:823-7) or Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (Pushko, P M et al., 1997. Virology 239:389-401). These self-replicating and self-limiting vaccines may be administered as either (1) RNA or (2) DNA which is then transcribed into RNA replicons in cells transfected in vitro or in vivo (Berglund, P C et al., 1998. Nat Biotechnol 16:562-5; Leitner, W W et al., 2000. Cancer Res 60:51-5). An exemplary Semliki Forest virus is pSCA1 (DiCiommo, D P et al., J Biol Chem 1998; 273:18060-6).
The plasmid vector pcDNA3 or a functional homolog thereof (SEQ ID NO:40) may be used in a nucleic acid (e.g., DNA) vaccine. In other embodiments, pNGVL4a (SEQ ID NO:41) can be used.
pNGVL4a, one plasmid backbone for use in the present invention, was originally derived from the pNGVL3 vector, which has been approved for human vaccine trials. The pNGVL4a vector includes two immunostimulatory sequences (tandem repeats of CpG dinucleotides) in the noncoding region. Whereas any other plasmid DNA that can transform either APCs, including DC's or other cells which, via cross-priming, transfer the antigenic moiety to DCs, is useful in the present invention, pNGFVLA4a may be used because of the fact that it has already been approved for human therapeutic use.
The following references set forth principles and current information in the field of basic, medical and veterinary virology and are incorporated by reference: Fields Virology, Fields, B N et al., eds., Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, N.Y., 1996; Principles of Virology: Molecular Biology, Pathogenesis, and Control, Flint, S. J. et al., eds., Amer Soc Microbiol, Washington D.C., 1999; Principles and Practice of Clinical Virology, 4th Edition, Zuckerman. A. J. et al., eds, John Wiley & Sons, NY, 1999; The Hepatitis C Viruses, by Hagedorn, C H et al., eds., Springer Verlag, 1999; Hepatitis B Virus: Molecular Mechanisms in Disease and Novel Strategies for Therapy, Koshy, R. et al., eds, World Scientific Pub Co, 1998; Veterinary Virology, Murphy, F. A. et al., eds., Academic Press, NY, 1999; Avian Viruses: Function and Control, Ritchie, B. W., Iowa State University Press, Ames, 2000; Virus Taxonomy: Classification and Nomenclature of Viruses: Seventh Report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses, by M. H. V. Van Regenmortel, M H V et al., eds., Academic Press; NY, 2000.
Plasmid DNA used for transfection or microinjection may be prepared using methods well-known in the art, for example using the Qiagen procedure (Qiagen), followed by DNA purification using known methods, such as the methods exemplified herein.
Such expression vectors may be used to transfect host cells (in vitro, ex vivo or in vivo) for expression of the DNA and production of the encoded proteins which include fusion proteins or peptides. In one embodiment, a nucleic acid (e.g., DNA) vaccine is administered to or contacted with a cell, e.g., a cell obtained from a subject (e.g., an antigen presenting cell), and administered to a subject, wherein the subject is treated before, after or at the same time as the cells are administered to the subject.
The term “isolated” as used herein, when referring to a molecule or composition, such as a translocation polypeptide or a nucleic acid coding therefor, means that the molecule or composition is separated from at least one other compound (protein, other nucleic acid, etc.) or from other contaminants with which it is natively associated or becomes associated during processing. An isolated composition can also be substantially pure. An isolated composition can be in a homogeneous state and can be dry or in aqueous solution. Purity and homogeneity can be determined, for example, using analytical chemical techniques such as polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) or high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Even where a protein has been isolated so as to appear as a homogenous or dominant band in a gel pattern, there are trace contaminants which co-purify with it.
Host cells transformed or transfected to express the fusion polypeptide or a homologue or functional derivative thereof are useful for the present invention. For example, the fusion polypeptide may be expressed in yeast, or mammalian cells such as Chinese hamster ovary cells (CHO) or human cells. In one embodiment, cells for expression according to the present invention are APCs or DCs. Other suitable host cells are known to those skilled in the art.
Methods of administrating a chemotherapeutic drug and a vaccine may further comprise administration of one or more other constructs, e.g., to prolong the life of antigen presenting cells. Exemplary constructs are described in the following two sections. Such constructs may be administered simultaneously or at the same time as a nucleic acid (e.g., DNA) vaccine. Alternatively, they may be administered before or after administration of the DNA vaccine or chemotherapeutic drug.
Potentiation of Immune Responses Using siRNA Directed at Apoptotic Pathways
Administration to a subject of a DNA vaccine and a chemotherapeutic drug may be accompanied by administration of one or more other agents, e.g., constructs. In one embodiment, a method comprises further administering to a subject an siRNA directed at an apoptotic pathway, such as described in WO 2006/073970, which is incorporated herein in its entirety.
The present inventors have designed siRNA sequences that hybridize to, and block expression of the activation of Bak and Bax proteins that are central players in the apoptosis signaling pathway. Methods of treating tumors or hyperproliferative diseases involving the administration of siRNA molecules (sequences), vectors containing or encoding the siRNA, expression vectors with a promoter operably linked to the siRNA coding sequence that drives transcription of siRNA sequences that are “specific” for sequences Bak and Bax nucleic acid are also encompassed within the present invention. siRNAs may include single stranded “hairpin” sequences because of their stability and binding to the target mRNA.
Since Bak and Bax are involved, among other death proteins, in apoptosis of APCs, particularly DCs, the present siRNA sequences may be used in conjunction with a broad range of DNA vaccine constructs encoding antigens to enhance and promote the immune response induced by such DNA vaccine constructs, particularly CD8+ T cell mediated immune responses typified by CTL activation and action. This is believed to occur as a result of the effect of the siRNA in prolonging the life of antigen-presenting DCs which may otherwise be killed in the course of a developing immune response by the very same CTLs that the DCs are responsible for inducing.
In addition to Bak and Bax, additional targets for siRNAs designed in an analogous manner include caspase 8, caspase 9 and caspase 3. The present invention includes compositions and methods in which siRNAs targeting any two or more of Bak, Bax, caspase 8, caspase 9 and caspase 3 are used in combination, optionally simultaneously (along with a DNA immunogen that encodes an antigen), to administer to a subject. Such combinations of siRNAs may also be used to transfect DCs (along with antigen loading) to improve the immunogenicity of the DCs as cellular vaccines by rendering them resistant to apoptosis.
siRNAs suppress gene expression through a highly regulated enzyme-mediated process called RNA interference (RNAi) (Sharp, P. A., Genes Dev. 15:485-90, 2001; Bernstein, E et al., Nature 409:363-66, 2001; Nykanen, A et al., Cell 107:309-21, 2001; Elbashir et al., Genes Dev. 15:188-200, 2001). RNA interference is the sequence-specific degradation of homologues in an mRNA of a targeting sequence in an siNA. As used herein, the term siNA (small, or short, interfering nucleic acid) is meant to be equivalent to other terms used to describe nucleic acid molecules that are capable of mediating sequence specific RNAi (RNA interference), for example short (or small) interfering RNA (siRNA), double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), micro-RNA (miRNA), short hairpin RNA (shRNA), short interfering oligonucleotide, short interfering nucleic acid, short interfering modified oligonucleotide, chemically-modified siRNA, post-transcriptional gene silencing RNA (ptgsRNA), translational silencing, and others. RNAi involves multiple RNA-protein interactions characterized by four major steps: assembly of siRNA with the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC), activation of the RISC, target recognition and target cleavage. These interactions may bias strand selection during siRNA-RISC assembly and activation, and contribute to the overall efficiency of RNAi (Khvorova, A et al., Cell 115:209-216 (2003); Schwarz, D S et al. 115:199-208 (2003)))
Considerations to be taken into account when designing an RNAi molecule include, among others, the sequence to be targeted, secondary structure of the RNA target and binding of RNA binding proteins. Methods of optimizing siRNA sequences will be evident to the skilled worker. Typical algorithms and methods are described in Vickers et al. (2003) J Biol Chem 278:7108-7118; Yang et al. (2003) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99:9942-9947; Far et al. (2003) Nuc. Acids Res. 31:4417-4424; and Reynolds et al. (2004) Nature Biotechnology 22:326-330, all of which are incorporated by reference in their entirety.
The methods described in Far et al., supra, and Reynolds et al., supra, may be used by those of ordinary skill in the art to select targeted sequences and design siRNA sequences that are effective at silencing the transcription of the relevant mRNA. Far et al. suggests options for assessing target accessibility for siRNA and supports the design of active siRNA constructs. This approach can be automated, adapted to high throughput and is open to include additional parameters relevant to the biological activity of siRNA. To identify siRNA-specific features likely to contribute to efficient processing at each of the steps of RNAi noted above. Reynolds et al., supra, present a systematic analysis of 180 siRNAs targeting the mRNA of two genes. Eight characteristics associated with siRNA functionality were identified: low G/C content, a bias towards low internal stability at the sense strand 3′-terminus, lack of inverted repeats, and sense strand base preferences (positions 3, 10, 13 and 19). Application of an algorithm incorporating all eight criteria significantly improves potent siRNA selection. This highlights the utility of rational design for selecting potent siRNAs that facilitate functional gene knockdown.
Candidate siRNA sequences against mouse and human Bax and Bak are selected using a process that involves running a BLAST search against the sequence of Bax or Bak (or any other target) and selecting sequences that “survive” to ensure that these sequences will not be cross matched with any other genes.
siRNA sequences selected according to such a process and algorithm may be cloned into an expression plasmid and tested for their activity in abrogating Bak/Bax function cells of the appropriate animal species. Those sequences that show RNAi activity may be used by direct administration bound to particles, or recloned into a viral vector such as a replication-defective human adenovirus serotype 5 (Ad5).
One advantage of this viral vector is the high titer obtainable (in the range of 1010) and therefore the high multiplicities-of infection that can be attained. For example, infection with 100 infectious units/cell ensures all cells are infected. Another advantage of this virus is the high susceptibility and infectivity and the host range (with respect to cell types). Even if expression is transient, cells would survive, possibly replicate, and continue to function before Bak/Bax activity would recover and lead to cell death. In one embodiment, constructs include the following:
The nucleotide sequence encoding the Bak protein (including the stop codon) (GenBank accession No. NM—007523 is shown herein as SEQ ID NO:44 with the targeted sequence in upper case, underscored. The targeted sequence of Bak, TGCCTACGAACTCTTCACC is shown herein as SEQ ID NO:45.
The nucleotide sequence encoding Bax (including the stop codon) (GenBank accession No. L22472 is shown below (SEQ ID NO:48) with the targeted sequence shown in upper case and underscored
The targeted sequence of Bax, TATGGAGCTGCAGAGGATG is shown herein as SEQ ID NO:49
In a one embodiment, the inhibitory molecule is a double stranded nucleic acid (i.e., an RNA), used in a method of RNA interference. The following show the “paired” 19 nucleotide structures of the siRNA sequences shown above, where the symbol :
1. Caspase 8: The nucleotide sequence of human caspase-8 is shown herein as SEQ ID NO:50 (GenBank Access. # NM—001228). One target sequence for RNAi is underscored. Others may be identified using methods such as those described herein (and in reference cited herein, primarily Far et al., supra and Reynolds et al., supra).
The sequences of sense and antisense siRNA strands for targeting this sequence including dTdT 3′ overhangs, are:
2. Caspase 9: The nucleotide sequence of human caspase-9 is shown herein as SEQ ID NO:53 (see GenBank Access. # NM—001229). The sequence below is of “variant α” which is longer than a second alternatively spliced variant β, which lacks the underscored part of the sequence shown below (and which is anti-apoptotic). Target sequences for RNAi, expected to fall in the underscored segment, are identified using known methods such as those described herein and in Far et al., supra and Reynolds et al., supra) and siNAs, such as siRNAs, are designed accordingly.
3. Caspase 3: The nucleotide sequence of human caspase-3 is shown herein as SEQ ID NO: 54 (see GenBank Access. # NM—004346). The sequence below is of “variant α” which is the longer of two alternatively spliced variants, all of which encode the full protein. Target sequences for RNAi are identified using known methods such as those described herein and in Far et al., supra and Reynolds et al., supra) and siNAs, such as siRNAs, are designed accordingly.
Long double stranded interfering RNAs, such a miRNAs, appear to tolerate mismatches more readily than do short double stranded RNAs. In addition, as used herein, the term RNAi is meant to be equivalent to other terms used to describe sequence specific RNA interference, such as post transcriptional gene silencing, or an epigenetic phenomenon. For example, siNA molecules useful for the invention can be used to epigenetically silence genes at both the post-transcriptional level or the pre-transcriptional level. In a non-limiting example, epigenetic regulation of gene expression by siNA molecules useful for the present invention can result from siNA mediated modification of chromatin structure and thereby alter gene expression (see, for example, Allshire Science 297:1818-19, 2002; Volpe et al., Science 297:1833-37, 2002; Jenuwein, Science 297:2215-18, 2002; and Hall et al., Science 297, 2232-2237, 2002.)
An siNA can be designed to target any region of the coding or non-coding sequence of an mRNA. An siNA is a double-stranded polynucleotide molecule comprising self-complementary sense and antisense regions, wherein the antisense region comprises nucleotide sequence that is complementary to nucleotide sequence in a target nucleic acid molecule or a portion thereof and the sense region has a nucleotide sequence corresponding to the target nucleic acid sequence or a portion thereof. The siNA can be assembled from two separate oligonucleotides, where one strand is the sense strand and the other is the antisense strand, wherein the antisense and sense strands are self-complementary. The siNA can be assembled from a single oligonucleotide, where the self-complementary sense and antisense regions of the siNA are linked by means of a nucleic acid based or non-nucleic acid-based linker(s). The siNA can be a polynucleotide with a hairpin secondary structure, having self-complementary sense and antisense regions. The siNA can be a circular single-stranded polynucleotide having two or more loop structures and a stem comprising self-complementary sense and antisense regions, wherein the circular polynucleotide can be processed either in vivo or in vitro to generate an active siNA molecule capable of mediating RNAi. The siNA can also comprise a single stranded polynucleotide having nucleotide sequence complementary to nucleotide sequence in a target nucleic acid molecule or a portion thereof (or can be an siNA molecule that does not require the presence within the siNA molecule of nucleotide sequence corresponding to the target nucleic acid sequence or a portion thereof), wherein the single stranded polynucleotide can further comprise a terminal phosphate group, such as a 5′-phosphate (see for example Martinez et al. (2002) Cell 110, 563-574 and Schwarz et al. (2002) Molecular Cell 10, 537-568), or 5′,3′-diphosphate.
In certain embodiments, the siNA molecule useful for the present invention comprises separate sense and antisense sequences or regions, wherein the sense and antisense regions are covalently linked by nucleotide or non-nucleotide linkers molecules as is known in the art, or are alternately non-covalently linked by ionic interactions, hydrogen bonding, Van der Waal's interactions, hydrophobic interactions, and/or stacking interactions.
As used herein, siNA molecules need not be limited to those molecules containing only ribonucleotides but may also further encompass deoxyribonucleotides (as in the siRNAs which each include a dTdT dinucleotide) chemically-modified nucleotides, and non-nucleotides. In certain embodiments, the siNA molecules useful for the present invention lack 2′-hydroxy (2′-OH) containing nucleotides. In certain embodiments, siNAs do not require the presence of nucleotides having a 2′-hydroxy group for mediating RNAi and as such, siNAs useful for the present invention optionally do not include any ribonucleotides (e.g., nucleotides having a 2′-OH group). Such siNA molecules that do not require the presence of ribonucleotides within the siNA molecule to support RNAi can however have an attached linker or linkers or other attached or associated groups, moieties, or chains containing one or more nucleotides with 2′-OH groups. Optionally, siNA molecules can comprise ribonucleotides at about 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, or 50% of the nucleotide positions. If modified, the siNAs useful for the present invention can also be referred to as “short interfering modified oligonucleotides” or “siMON.” Other chemical modifications, e.g., as described in Int'l Patent Publications WO 03/070918 and WO 03/074654, both of which are incorporated by reference, can be applied to any siNA sequence useful for the present invention.
In one embodiment a molecule mediating RNAi has a 2 nucleotide 3′ overhang (dTdT in the sequences disclosed herein). If the RNAi molecule is expressed in a cell from a construct, for example from a hairpin molecule or from an inverted repeat of the desired sequence, then the endogenous cellular machinery will create the overhangs.
Methods of making siRNAs are conventional. In vitro methods include processing the polyribonucleotide sequence in a cell-free system (e.g., digesting long dsRNAs with RNAse III or Dicer), transcribing recombinant double stranded DNA in vitro, and chemical synthesis of nucleotide sequences homologous to Bak or Bax sequences. See, e.g., Tuschl et al., Genes & Dev. 13:3191-3197, 1999. In vivo methods include
When synthesized in vitro, a typical micromolar scale RNA synthesis provides about 1 mg of siRNA, which is sufficient for about 1000 transfection experiments using a 24-well tissue culture plate format. In general, to inhibit Bak or Bax expression in cells in culture, one or more siRNAs can be added to cells in culture media, typically at about 1 ng/ml to about 10 μg siRNA/ml.
For reviews and more general description of inhibitory RNAs, see Lau et al., Sci Amer August 2003: 34-41; McManus et al., Nature Rev Genetics 3, 737-47, 2002; and Dykxhoorn et al., Nature Rev Mol Cell Bio 4:457-467, 2003. For further guidance regarding methods of designing and preparing siRNAs, testing them for efficacy, and using them in methods of RNA interference (both in vitro and in vivo), see, e.g., Allshire, Science 297:1818-19, 2002; Volpe et al., Science 297:1833-37, 2002; Jenuwein, Science 297:2215-18, 2002; Hall et al., Science 297 2232-37, 2002; Hutvagner et al., Science 297:2056-60, 2002; McManus et al. RNA 8:842-850, 2002; Reinhart et al., Genes Dev. 16:1616-26, 2002; Reinhart et al., Science 297:1831, 2002; Fire et al. (1998) Nature 391:806-11, 2002; Moss, Curr Biol 11:R772-5, 2002:Brummelkamp et al., supra; Bass, Nature 411 428-9, 2001; Elbashir et al., Nature 411:494-8; U.S. Pat. No. 6,506,559; Published US Pat App. 20030206887; and PCT applications WO99/07409, WO99/32619, WO 00/01846, WO 00/44914, WO00/44895, WO01/29058, WO01/36646, WO01/75164, WO01/92513, WO 01/29058, WO01/89304, WO01/90401, WO02/16620, and WO02/29858, all of which are incorporated by reference.
Ribozymes and siNAs can take any of the forms, including modified versions, described for antisense nucleic acid molecules; and they can be introduced into cells as oligonucleotides (single or double stranded), or in the form of an expression vector.
In one embodiment, an antisense nucleic acid, siNA (e.g., siRNA) or ribozyme comprises a single stranded polynucleotide comprising a sequence that is at least about 90% (e.g., at least about 93%, 95%, 97%, 98% or 99%) identical to a target segment (such as those indicted for Bak and Bax above) or a complement thereof. As used herein, a DNA and an RNA encoded by it are said to contain the same “sequence,” taking into account that the thymine bases in DNA are replaced by uracil bases in RNA.
Active variants (e.g., length variants, including fragments; and sequence variants) of the nucleic acid-based inhibitors discussed herein are also within the scope of the present invention. An “active” variant is one that retains an activity of the inhibitor from which it is derived (i.e., the ability to inhibit expression). It is to test a variant to determine for its activity using conventional procedures.
As for length variants, an antisense nucleic acid or siRNA may be of any length that is effective for inhibition of a gene of interest. Typically, an antisense nucleic acid is between about 6 and about 50 nucleotides (e.g., at least about 12, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45 or 50 nt), and may be as long as about 100 to about 200 nucleotides or more. Antisense nucleic acids having about the same length as the gene or coding sequence to be inhibited may be used. When referring to length, the terms bases and base pairs (bp) are used interchangeably, and will be understood to correspond to single stranded (ss) and double stranded (ds) nucleic acids. The length of an effective siNA is generally between about 15 bp and about 29 bp in length, between about 19 and about 29 bp (e.g., about 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27 or 29 bp), with shorter and longer sequences being acceptable. Generally, siNAs are shorter than about 30 bases to prevent eliciting interferon effects. For example, an active variant of an siRNA having, for one of its strands, the 19 nucleotide sequence of any of SEQ ID NOs:42, 43, 46, and 47 herein can lack base pairs from either, or both, of ends of the dsRNA; or can comprise additional base pairs at either, or both, ends of the ds RNA, provided that the total of length of the siRNA is between about 19 and about 29 bp, inclusive. One embodiment useful for the present invention is an siRNA that “consists essentially of” sequences represented by SEQ ID NOs:42, 43, 46, and 47 or complements of these sequence. An siRNA useful for the present invention may consist essentially of between about 19 and about 29 bp in length.
As for sequence variants, in one embodiment, an inhibitory nucleic acid, whether an antisense molecule, a ribozyme (the recognition sequences), or an siNA, comprises a strand that is complementary (100% identical in sequence) to a sequence of a gene that it is designed to inhibit. However, 100% sequence identity is not required to practice the present invention. Thus, the invention has the advantage of being able to tolerate naturally occurring sequence variations, for example, in human c-met, that might be expected due to genetic mutation, polymorphism, or evolutionary divergence. Alternatively, the variant sequences may be artificially generated. Nucleic acid sequences with small insertions, deletions, or single point mutations relative to the target sequence can be effective inhibitors.
The degree of sequence identity may be optimized by sequence comparison and alignment algorithms well-known in the art (see Gribskov and Devereux, Sequence Analysis Primer, Stockton Press, 1991, and references cited therein) and calculating the percent difference between the nucleotide sequences by, for example, the Smith-Waterman algorithm as implemented in the BESTFIT software program using default parameters (e.g., University of Wisconsin Genetic Computing Group). In one embodiment, at least about 90% sequence identity may be used (e.g., at least about 92%, 95%, 98% or 99%), or even 100% sequence identity, between the inhibitory nucleic acid and the targeted sequence of targeted gene.
Alternatively, an active variant of an inhibitory nucleic acid useful for the present invention is one that hybridizes to the sequence it is intended to inhibit under conditions of high stringency. For example, the duplex region of an siRNA may be defined functionally as a nucleotide sequence that is capable of hybridizing with a portion of the target gene transcript under high stringency conditions (e.g., 400 mM NaCl, 40 mM PIPES pH 6.4, 1 mM EDTA, 50° C. or 70° C., hybridization for 12-16 hours), followed generally by washing.
DC-1 cells or BM-DCs presenting a given antigen X, when not treated with the siRNAs useful for the present invention, respond to sufficient numbers X-specific CD8+ CTL by apoptotic cell death. In contrast, the same cells transfected with the siRNA or infected with a viral vector encoding the present siRNA sequences survive better despite the delivery of killing signals.
Delivery and expression of the siRNA compositions useful for the present invention inhibit the death of DCs in vivo in the process of a developing T cell response, and thereby promote and stimulate the generation of an immune response induced by immunization with an antigen-encoding DNA vaccine vector. These capabilities have been exemplified by showing that:
Thus, siRNA constructs are useful as a part of the nucleic acid vaccination and chemotherapy regimen described in this application.
Administration to a subject of a DNA vaccine and a chemotherapeutic drug may also be accompanied by administration of a nucleic acid encoding an anti-apoptotic protein, as described in WO2005/047501 and in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 20070026076, both of which are incorporated by reference.
The present inventors have designed and disclosed an immunotherapeutic strategy that combines antigen-encoding DNA vaccine compositions with additional DNA vectors comprising anti-apoptotic genes including bc1-2, bc-1xL, XIAP, dominant negative mutants of caspase-8 and caspase-9, the products of which are known to inhibit apoptosis (Wu, et al. U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 20070026076, incorporated herein by reference). Serine protease inhibitor 6 (SPI-6) which inhibits granzyme B, may also be employed in compositions and methods to delay apoptotic cell death of DCs. The present inventors have shown that the harnessing of an additional biological mechanism, that of inhibiting apoptosis, significantly enhances T cell responses to DNA vaccines comprising antigen-coding sequences, as well as linked sequences encoding such IPPs.
Intradermal vaccination by gene gun efficiently delivers a DNA vaccine into DCs of the skin, resulting in the activation and priming of antigen-specific T cells in vivo. DCs, however, have a limited life span, hindering their long-term ability to prime antigen-specific T cells. According to the present invention, a strategy that combines combination therapy with methods to prolong the survival of DNA-transduced DCs enhances priming of antigen-specific T cells and thereby, increase DNA vaccine potency. Co-delivery of DNA encoding inhibitors of apoptosis (BCL-xL, BCL-2, XIAP, dominant negative caspase-9, or dominant negative caspase-8) with DNA encoding an antigen (exemplified as HPV-16 E7 protein) prolongs the survival of transduced DCs. More importantly, vaccinated subjects exhibited significant enhancement in antigen-specific CD8+ T cell immune responses, resulting in a potent antitumor effect against antigen-expressing tumors. Among these anti-apoptotic factors, BCL-XL demonstrated the greatest enhancement of both antigen-specific immune responses and antitumor effects. Thus, co-administration of a combination therapy including a DNA vaccine with one or more DNA constructs encoding anti-apoptotic proteins provides a way to enhance DNA vaccine potency.
Serine protease inhibitor 6 (SPI-6), also called Serpinb9, inhibits granzyme B, and may thereby delay apoptotic cell death in DCs. Intradermal co-administration of DNA encoding SPI-6 with DNA constructs encoding E7 linked to various IPPs significantly increased E7-specific CD8+ T cell and CD4+ Th1 cell responses and enhanced anti-tumor effects when compared to vaccination without SPI-6. Thus, in certain embodiments, combined methods are used that enhance MHC class I and II antigen processing with delivery of SPI-6 to potentiate immunity.
A similar approach employs DNA-based alphaviral RNA replicon vectors, also called suicidal DNA vectors. To enhance the immune response to an antigen, e.g., HPV E7, a DNA-based Semliki Forest virus vector, pSCA1, the antigen DNA is fused with DNA encoding an anti-apoptotic polypeptide such BCL-xL, a member of the BCL-2 family. pSCA1 encoding a fusion protein of an antigen polypeptide and/BCL-xL delays cell death in transfected DCs and generates significantly higher antigen-specific CD8+ T-cell-mediated immunity. The antiapoptotic function of BCL-xL is important for the enhancement of antigen-specific CD8+ T-cell responses. Thus, in one embodiment, delaying cell death induced by an otherwise desirable suicidal DNA vaccine enhances its potency.
Thus, the present invention is also directed to combination therapies including administering a chemotherapeutic drug with a nucleic acid composition useful as an immunogen, comprising a combination of: (a) first nucleic acid vector comprising a first sequence encoding an antigenic polypeptide or peptide, which first vector optionally comprises a second sequence linked to the first sequence, which second sequence encodes an immunogenicity-potentiating polypeptide (IPP); b) a second nucleic acid vector encoding an anti-apoptotic polypeptide, wherein, when the second vector is administered with the first vector to a subject, a T cell-mediated immune response to the antigenic polypeptide or peptide is induced that is greater in magnitude and/or duration than an immune response induced by administration of the first vector alone. The first vector above may comprise a promoter operatively linked to the first and/or the second sequence.
In the above compositions the anti-apoptotic polypeptide may be selected from the group consisting of (a) BCL-xL, (b) BCL2, (c) XIAP, (d) FLICEc-s, (e) dominant-negative caspase-8, (f) dominant negative caspase-9, (g) SPI-6, and (h) a functional homologue or a derivative of any of (a)-(g). The anti-apoptotic DNA may be physically linked to the antigen-encoding DNA. Examples of this are provided in U.S. Patent Application publication No. 20070026076, incorporated by reference, primarily in the form of suicidal DNA vaccine vectors. Alternatively, the anti-apoptotic DNA may be administered separately from, but in combination with the antigen-encoding DNA molecule. Even more examples of the co-administration of these two types of vectors are provided in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/546,810 (publication number US 2007-0026076).
Exemplary nucleotide and amino acid sequences of anti-apoptotic and other proteins are provided in the sequence listing. Biologically active homologs of these proteins and constructs may also be used. Biologically active homologs is to be understood as described herein in the context of other proteins, e.g., IPPs.
The coding sequence for BCL-xL as present in the pcDNA3 vector useful for the present invention is SEQ ID NO:55; the amino acid sequence of BCL-xL is SEQ ID NO:56; the sequence pcDNA3-BCL-xL is SEQ ID NO:57 (the BCL-xL coding sequence corresponds to nucleotides 983 to 1732); a pcDNA3 vector combining E7 and BCL-xL, designated pcDNA3-E7/BCL-xL is SEQ ID NO:58 (the E7 and BCL-xL sequences correspond to nucleotides 960 to 2009); the amino acid sequence of the E7-BCL-xL chimeric or fusion polypeptide is SEQ ID NO:59; a mutant BCL-xL (“mtBCL-xL”) DNA sequence is SEQ ID NO:60; the amino acid sequence of mtBCL-xL is SEQ ID NO:61; the amino acid sequence of the E7-mtBCL-xL chimeric or fusion polypeptide is SEQ ID NO:62; in the pcDNA-mtBCL-xL [SEQ ID NO:63] vector, this mutant sequence is inserted in the same position that BCL-xL is inserted in SEQ ID NO:57 and in the pcDNA-E7/mtBCL-XL [SEQ ID NO:64], this sequence is inserted in the same position as the BCL-xL sequence is in SEQ ID NO:58; the sequence of the suicidal DNA vector pSCA1-BCL-xL is SEQ ID NO:65 (the BCL-xL sequence corresponds to nucleotides 7483 to 8232); the sequence of the “combined” vector, pSCA1-E7/BCL-xL is SEQ ID NO:66 (the sequence of E7 and BCL-xL corresponds to nucleotides 7461 to 8510); the sequence of pSCA1-mtBCL-xL [SEQ ID NO:67] is the same as that for the wild type BCL-xL except that the mtBCL-xL sequence is inserted in the same position as the wild type sequence in the pSCA1-mtBCL-xL vector; the sequence pSCA1-E7/mtBCL-xL [SEQ ID NO:68] is the same as that for the wild type pSCA1-E7/BCL-xL above, except that the mtBCL-xL sequence is inserted in the same position as the wild type sequence; the sequence of the vector pSGS-BCL-xL is SEQ ID NO:69 (the BCL-xL coding sequence corresponds to nucleotides 1061 to 1810); the sequenced of the vector pSGS-mtBCL-xL is SEQ ID NO:70 with the mutant BCL-xL sequence has the mtBCL-xL, shown above, inserted in the same location as for the wild type vector immediately above; the nucleotide sequence of the DNA encoding the XIAP anti-apoptotic protein is SEQ ID NO:71; the amino acid of the vector comprising the XIAP anti-apoptotic protein coding sequence is SEQ ID NO:72; the nucleotide sequence of the vector comprising the XIAP anti-apoptotic protein coding sequence, designated PSGS-XIAP is shown in SEQ ID NO:73 (with the XIAP corresponding to nucleotides 1055 to 2553); the sequence of DNA encoding the anti-apoptotic protein FLICEc-s is SEQ ID NO:74; the amino acid sequence of the anti-apoptotic protein FLICEc-s is SEQ ID NO:75; the PSGS vector encoding the anti-apoptotic protein FLICEc-s, designated PSGS-FLICEc-s, has the sequence SEQ ID NO:76 (with the FLICEc-s sequence corresponding to nucleotides 1049 to 2443); the sequence of DNA encoding the anti-apoptotic protein Bc12 is SEQ ID NO:77; the amino acid sequence of Bc12 is SEQ ID NO:78; the PSGS vector encoding Bc12, designated PSGS-BCL2, has the sequence SEQ ID NO:79 (with the Bc12 sequence corresponding to nucleotides 1061 to 1678); the pSGS-dn-caspase-8 vector is SEQ ID NO:80 (encoding the dominant-negative caspase-8 corresponding to nucleotides 1055 to 2449); the amino acid sequence of dn-caspase-8 is SEQ ID NO:81; the pSGS-dn-caspase-9 vector is SEQ ID NO:82 (encoding the dominant-negative caspase-9 as nucleotides 1055 to 2305); the amino acid sequence of dn-caspase-9 is SEQ ID NO:83; the nucleotide sequence of murine serine protease inhibitor 6 (SPI-6, deposited in GENEBANK as NM 009256) is SEQ ID NO:84; the amino acid sequence of the SPI-6 protein is SEQ ID NO:85; the nucleic acid sequence of the mutant SPI-6 (mtSPI6) is SEQ ID NO:86; the amino acid sequence of the mutant SPI-6 protein (mtSPI-6) is SEQ ID NO:87; the sequence of the pcDNA3-Spi6 vector is SEQ ID NO:88 (the SPI-6 sequence corresponds to nucleotides 960 to 2081); and the sequence of the mutant vector pcDNA3-mtSpi6 vector [SEQ ID NO:89] is the same as that above, except that the mtSPI-6 sequence is inserted in the same location in place of the wild type SPI-6.
Biologically active homologs of these nucleic acids and proteins may be used. Biologically active homologs are to be understood as described in the context of other proteins, e.g., IPPs, herein. For example, a vector may encode an anti-apoptotic protein that is at least about 90%, 95%, 98% or 99% identical to that of a sequence set forth herein.
“MHC class I/II activators” refers to molecules or complexes thereof that increase immune responses by increasing MHC class I or II (“I/II”) antigen presentation, such as by increasing MHC class I, class II or class I and class II activity or gene expression. In one embodiment, an MHC class I/II activator is a nucleic acid encoding a protein that enhances MHC class I/II antigen presentation. Exemplary MHC class I/II activators include nucleic acids encoding an MHC class II associated invariant chain (Ii), in which the CLIP region is replaced with a T cell epitope, e.g., a promiscuous T cell epitope, such as the Pan HLA-DR reactive epitope (PADRE), or a variant thereof. Other MHC class I/II activators are nucleic acids encoding the MHC class II transactivator CIITA or a variant thereof.
In one embodiment, an MHC class I/II activator is a nucleic acid, e.g., an isolated nucleic acid, encoding a protein comprising, consisting or consisting essentially of an invariant (Ii) chain, wherein the CLIP region is replaced with a promiscuous CD4+ T cell epitope. A “promiscuous CD4+ T cell epitope” is used interchangeably with “universal CD4+ T cell epitope” and refers to peptides that bind to numerous histocompatibility alleles, e.g., human MHC class II molecules. In one embodiment, the promiscuous CD4+ T cell epitope is a Pan HLA-DR reactive epitope (PADRE), thereby forming an Ii-PADRE protein that is encoded by an Ii-PADRE nucleic acid. In one embodiment, a nucleic acid encodes an Ii chain, wherein amino acids 81-102 (KPVSQMRMATPLLMRPM (SEQ ID NO:92) are replaced with the PADRE sequence AKFVAAWTLKAAA (SEQ ID NO:93). An exemplary human Ii-PADRE amino acid sequence is set forth as SEQ ID NO:91, and is encoded by nucleotide sequence SEQ ID NO:90.
Also provided herein are variants of a protein consisting of SEQ ID NO:91. A protein may comprise, consist essentially of, or consist of an amino acid sequence that is at least about 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% identical to SEQ ID NO:91. A protein may comprise a PADRE that is identical to the PADRE of SEQ ID NO:91, i.e., consisting of SEQ ID NO:93. A protein may comprise a PADRE sequence that is at least about 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% identical to SEQ ID NO:93; and/or an Ii sequence that is at least about 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% identical to the Ii sequence of SEQ ID NO:91.
An amino acid sequence may differ from that of SEQ ID NO:91 or the Ii or PADRE sequences thereof by the addition, deletion or substitution of at least about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 25, 30 or more amino acids. In certain embodiments, a protein lacks one or more, e.g., 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 or more amino acids at the C- and/or N-terminus and/or internal relative to that of SEQ ID NO:91 or the Ii or PADRE region thereof. In certain embodiments, an amino acid sequence differs from that of SEQ ID NO:93 or from that of the Ii sequence by the addition, deletion or substitution of at least about 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 amino acids.
Variants of SEQ ID NO:91 or the PADRE or Ii regions thereof preferably have a biological activity. Such variants are referred to as “functional homologs” or “functional variants.” Functional homologs include variants of SEQ ID NO:91 that increase an immune response, e.g., an antigen specific immune response, in a subject to whom it is administered, or has any of the biological activities set forth in the Examples pertaining to Ii-PADRE. Variants of the PADRE sequence or the Ii sequence may have a biological activity that is associated with that of the wild type PADRE or Ii sequences, respectively. Biological activities can be determined as know in the art or as set forth in the Examples. In addition, comparison (or alignment) of the Ii and PADRE sequences from different species is expected to be helpful in determining which amino acids may be varied and which ones should preferably not be varied.
Other proteins provided herein comprise a PADRE amino acid sequence that replaces a larger portion of Ii, e.g., wherein Ii is lacking about amino acids 81-103, 81-104, 81-105, 81-106, 81-107, 81-108, 81-109, 81-110 or more; is lacking about amino acids 70-102, 71-102, 72-102, 73-102, 74-102, 75-102, 76-102, 77-102, 78-102, 79-102, 80-102 or more.
Other promiscuous CD4+ T cell epitopes that may be used instead of PADRE are listed in Table 1.
P. falciparum CSP380-398 EKKIAKMEKASSVFNVVN (SEQ ID NO:
The CLIP region in an Ii molecule, e.g., having the amino acid sequence of the Ii portion set forth in SEQ ID NO:91, may be replaced with any of the peptides in Table 2 or other promiscuous epitopes set forth in the references of Table 2, or functional variants thereof. Preferred epitopes include those from tetanus toxin and influenza. Any other promiscuous CD4+ T cell epitopes may be used, e.g., those described in the following references:
In certain embodiments, the CLIP region of Ii is replaced with a T cell epitope, e.g., a CD4+ T cell epitope, such as a promiscuous CD4+ T cell epitope, with the proviso that the resulting construct is not one that has been publicly disclosed previously, e.g., one year prior to the filing of the priority application of the instant application. For example, in certain embodiments, the epitope that replaces the CLIP region is not a promiscuous CD4+ T cell epitope from an HCV antigen, Listeria LLO antigen, ovalbumin antigen, Japanese cedar pollen allergen, MuLV env/gp70-derived helper epitope, and Heat Shock Protein 60 (described in references 16-21 above), or epitopes replacing CLIP regions that are described in publications that are referenced to in the Examples.
In certain embodiments, a nucleic acid comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:90, or comprises a nucleotide sequence sequence encoding the PADRE or Ii portion thereof A nucleic acid may also comprise a nucleotide sequence that is at least about 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% identical to SEQ ID NO:90 and/or to the PADRE and/or to the Ii portion thereof. Nucleic acids may differ by the addition, deletion or substitution of one or more, e.g., 1, 3, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 or more nucleotides, which may be located at the 5′ end, 3′ end, and/or internally to the sequence.
In certain embodiments, a nucleic acid encodes a protein that is a functional homolog of an Ii-PADRE protein, with the proviso that the Ii sequence and/or PADRE sequence is (or are) not the wild-type or a naturally-occurring sequence, e.g., the wild-type or naturally-occurring human sequence.
In another embodiment, an MHC class I/II activator is a protein that enhances MHC class II expression, e.g., an MHC class II transactivator (CIITA). The nucleotide and amino acid sequences of human CIITA are set forth as GenBank Accession Nos. P33076, NM—000246.3 and NP—000237.2 and set forth as SEQ ID NOs:94 and 95, respectively (GeneID: 4261)).
Variants of the protein may also be used. Exemplary variants comprise, consist essentially of, or consist of an amino acid sequence that is at least about 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% identical to SEQ ID NO:95. An amino acid sequence may differ from that of SEQ ID NO:95 by the addition, deletion or substitution of at least about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 25, 30 or more amino acids. In certain embodiments, a protein lacks one or more, e.g., 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 or more amino acids at the C- and/or N-terminus and/or internally relative to that of SEQ ID NO:95. The locations at which mino acid changes (i.e., deletions, additions or substitutions) may be made may be determined by comparing, i.e., aligning, the amino acid sequences of CIITA homologues, e.g., those from various animal species.
Exemplary amino acids that may be changed include 5286, 5288 and 5293. Indeed, as described in Greer et al., mutation of these amino acids results in a stronger transactivation function relative to the wild-type protein. Changes are preferably not made in the guanine-nucleotide binding motifs within residues 420-561, as these appear to be necessary for CIITA activity (see Chin et al. (1997) PNAS 94:2501). Amino acids 59-94 have also been shown to be necessary for CIITA activity, as further described herein. Additional structure/function data are provided, e.g., in Chin et al., supra.
In certain embodiments, a nucleic acid comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:94. A nucleic acid may also comprise a nucleotide sequence that is at least about 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% identical to SEQ ID NO:94. Nucleic acids may differ by the addition, deletion or substitution of one or more, e.g., 1, 3, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 or more nucleotides, which may be located at the 5′ end, 3′ end, and/or internally to the sequence.
In certain embodiments, a nucleic acid encodes a protein that is a functional homolog of a CIITA protein, with the proviso that the sequence is not the wild-type or a naturally-occurring sequence, e.g., the wild-type or naturally-occurring human sequence.
Other nucleic acids encoding MHC class I/II activators that may be used include those that hybridize, e.g., under stringent hybridization conditions to a nucleic acid encoding an MHC class I/II activator described herein, e.g., consisting of SEQ ID NO:90 or 94 or portions thereof. Hybridization conditions are further described herein.
Nucleic acids encoding an MHC class I/II activator may be included in plasmids or expression vectors, such as those further described herein in the context of DNA vaccines.
In one embodiment, a nucleic acid encoding an Ii-PADRE protein or functional homolog thereof is administered to a subject who is also receiving a nucleic acid encoding a CIITA protein or functional homolog thereof. The nucleic acids may be administered simultaneously or consecutively. The nucleic acids may also be linked, i.e., forming one nucleic acid molecule. For example, one or more nucleotide sequences encoding an Ii-PADRE protein or a functional variant thereof; one or more nucleotide sequences encoding an antigen or a fusion protein comprising an antigen; one or more nucleotide sequences encoding a CITTA protein of a functional variant thereof may be linked to each other, i.e., present on one nucleic acid molecule.
Drugs may also further be administered to a mammal in accordance with the methods and compositions taught herein. Generally, any drug that reduces the growth of cells without significantly affecting the immune system may be used, or at least not suppressing the immune system to the extent of eliminating the positive effects of a DNA vaccine that is administered to the subject. In one embodiment, the drugs are chemotherapeutic drugs.
A wide variety of chemotherapeutic drugs may be used, provided that the drug stimulates the effect of a vaccine, e.g., DNA vaccine. In certain embodiments, a chemotherapeutic drug may be a drug that (a) induces apoptosis of cells, in particular, cancer cells, when contacted therewith; (b) reduces tumor burden; and/or (c) enhances CD8+ T cell-mediated antitumor immunity. In certain embodiments, the drug must also be one that does not inhibit the immune system, or at least not at certain concentrations.
In one embodiment, the chemotherapeutic drug is epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) or a chemical derivative or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) is the major polyphenol component found in green tea. EGCG has demonstrated antitumor effects in various human and animal models, including cancers of the breast, prostate, stomach, esophagus, colon, pancreas, skin, lung, and other sites. EGCG has been shown to act on different pathways to regulate cancer cell growth, survival, angiogenesis and metastasis. For example, some studies suggest that EGCG protects against cancer by causing cell cycle arrest and inducing apoptosis. It is also reported that telomerase inhibition might be one of the major mechanisms underlying the anticancer effects of EGCG. In comparison with commonly-used antitumor agents, including retinoids and doxorubicin, EGCG has a relatively low toxicity and is convenient to administer due to its oral bioavailability. Thus, EGCG has been used in clinical trials and appears to be a potentially ideal antitumor agent.
Exemplary analogs or derivatives of EGCG include (−)-EGCG, (+)-EGCG, (−)-EGCG-amide, (−)-GCG, (+)-GCG, (+)-EGCG-amide, (−)-ECG, (−)-CG, genistein, GTP-1, GTP-2, GTP-3, GTP-4, GTP-5, Bn-(+)-epigallocatechin gallate (US 2004/0186167, incorporated by reference), and dideoxy-epigallocatechin gallate (Furuta, et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem. Letters, 2007, 11: 3095-3098), For additional examples, see US 2004/0186167 (incorporated by reference in its entirety); Waleh, et al., Anticancer Res., 2005, 25: 397-402; Wai, et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem., 2004, 12: 5587-5593; Smith, et al., Proteins: Struc. Func. & Bioinform., 2003, 54: 58-70; U.S. Pat. No. 7,109,236 (incorporated by reference in its entirety); Landis-Piwowar, et al., Int. J. Mol. Med., 2005, 15: 735-742; Landis-Piwowar, et al., J. Cell. Phys., 2007, 213: 252-260; Daniel, et al., Int. J. Mol. Med., 2006, 18: 625-632; Tanaka, et al., Ang. Chemie Int., 2007, 46: 5934-5937.
Another chemotherapeutic drug that may be used is (a) 5,6 di-methylxanthenone-4-acetic acid (DMXAA), or a chemical derivative or analog thereof or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. Exemplary analogs or derivatives include xanthenone-4-acetic acid, flavone-8-acetic acid, xanthen-9-one-4-acetic acid, methyl (2,2-dimethyl-6-oxo-1,2-dihydro-6H-3,11-dioxacyclopenta[α]anthracen-10-yl)acetate, methyl (2-methyl-6-oxo-1,2-dihydro-6H-3,11-dioxacyclopenta[α]anthracen-10-yl)acetate, methyl (3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-3H,7H-4,12-dioxabenzo[α]anthracen-10-yl)acetate, methyl-6-alkyloxyxanthen-9-one-4-acetates (Gobbi, et al., 2002, J. Med. Chem., 45: 4931) or a. For additional examples, see WO 2007/023302 A1, WO 2007/023307 A1, US 2006/9505, WO 2004/39363 A1, WO 2003/80044 A1, AU 2003/217035 A1, and AU 2003/282215 A1, each incorporated by reference in their entirety.
A chemotherapeutic drug may also be cisplatin, or a chemical derivative or analog thereof or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. Exemplary analogs or derivatives include dichloro[4,4′-bis(4,4,4-trifluorobutyl)-2,2′-bipyridine]platinum (Kyler et al., Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry, 2006, 14: 8692-8700), cis-[Rh2(—O2CCH3)2(CH3CN)6]2+ (Lutterman et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2006, 128: 738-739), (+)-cis-(1,1-Cyclobutanedicarboxylato)((2R)-2-methyl-1,4-butanediamine-N,N′)platinum (O'Brien et al., Cancer Res., 1992, 52: 4130-4134), cis-bisneodecanoato-trans-R,R-1,2-diaminocyclohexane platinum(II) (Lu et al., J. of Clin. Oncol., 2005, 23: 3495-3501), carboplatin (Woloschuk, Drug Intell. Clin. Pharm., 1988, 22: 843-849), sebriplatin (Kanazawa et al., Head & Neck, 2006, 14: 38-43), satraplatin (Amorino et al., Cancer Chemother. and Pharmacol., 2000, 46: 423-426), azane (dichloroplatinum) (CID: 11961987), azanide (CID: 6712951), platinol (CID: 5702198), lopac-P-4394 (CID: 5460033), MOLI001226 (CID: 450696), trichloroplatinum (CID: 420479), platinate(1-), amminetrichloro-, ammonium (CID: 160995), triammineplatinum (CID: 119232), biocisplatinum (CID: 84691), platiblastin (CID: 2767) and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. For additional examples, see U.S. Pat. No. 5,922,689, U.S. Pat. No. 4,996,337, U.S. Pat. No. 4,937,358, U.S. Pat. No. 4,808,730, U.S. Pat. No. 6,130,245, U.S. Pat. No. 7,232,919, and U.S. Pat. No. 7,038,071, each incorporated by reference in their entirety.
Another chemotherapeutic drug that may be used is apigenin, or a chemical derivative or analog thereof or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. Exemplary analogs or derivatives include acacetin, chrysin, kampherol, luteolin, myricetin, naringenin, quercetin (Wang et al., Nutrition and Cancer, 2004, 48: 106-114), puerarin (US 2006/0276458, incorporated by reference in its entirety) and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. For additional examples, see US 2006/189680 A1, incorporated by reference in its entirety).
Another chemotherapeutic drug that may be used is doxorubicin, or a chemical derivative or analog thereof or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. Exemplary analogs or derivatives include anthracyclines, 3′-deamino-3′-(3-cyano-4-morpholinyl)doxorubicin, WP744 (Faderl, et al., Cancer Res., 2001, 21: 3777-3784), annamycin (Zou, et al., Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol., 1993, 32:190-196), 5-imino-daunorubicin, 2-pyrrolinodoxorubicin, DA-125 (Lim, et al., Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol., 1997, 40: 23-30), 4-demethoxy-4′-O-methyldoxorubicin, PNU 152243 and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof (Yuan, et al., Anti-Cancer Drugs, 2004, 15: 641-646). For additional examples, see EP 1242438 B1, U.S. Pat. No. 6,630,579, AU 2001/29066 B2, U.S. Pat. No. 4,826,964, U.S. Pat. No. 4,672,057, U.S. Pat. No. 4,314,054, AU 2002/358298 A1, and U.S. Pat. No. 4,301,277, each incorporated by reference in their entirety);
Other chemotherapeutic drugs that may be used are anti-death receptor 5 antibodies and binding proteins, and their derivatives, including antibody fragments, single-chain antibodies (scFvs), Avimers, chimeric antibodies, humanized antibodies, human antibodies and peptides binding death receptor 5. For examples, see US 2007/31414 and US 2006/269554, each incorporated by reference in their entirety.
Another chemotherapeutic drug that may be used is bortezomib, or a chemical derivative or analog thereof or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. Exemplary analogs or derivatives include MLN-273 and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof (Witola, et al., Eukaryotic Cell, 2007, doi:10.1128/EC.00229-07). For additional possibilities, see Groll, et al., Structure, 14:451.
Another chemotherapeutic drug that may be used is 5-aza-2-deoxycytidine, or a chemical derivative or analog thereof or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. Exemplary analogs or derivatives include other deoxycytidine derivatives and other nucleotide derivatives, such as deoxyadenine derivatives, deoxyguanine derivatives, deoxythymidine derivatives and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
Another chemotherapeutic drug that may be used is genistein, or a chemical derivative or analog thereof or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. Exemplary analogs or derivatives include 7-O-modified genistein derivatives (Zhang, et al., Chem. & Biodiv., 2007, 4: 248-255), 4′,5,7-tri[3-(2-hydroxyethylthio)propoxy]isoflavone, genistein glycosides (Polkowski, Cancer Letters, 2004, 203: 59-69), other genistein derivatives (L1, et al., Chem & Biodiv., 2006, 4: 463-472; Sarkar, et al., Mini. Rev. Med. Chem., 2006, 6: 401-407) or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. For additional examples, see U.S. Pat. No. 6,541,613, U.S. Pat. No. 6,958,156, and WO/2002/081491, each incorporated by reference in their entirety.
Another chemotherapeutic drug that may be used is celecoxib, or a chemical derivative or analog thereof or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. Exemplary analogs or derivatives include N-(2-aminoethyl)-4-[5-(4-tolyl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]benzenesulfonamide, 4-[5-(4-aminophenyl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]benzenesulfonamide, OSU03012 (Johnson, et al., Blood, 2005, 105: 2504-2509), OSU03013 (Tong, et. al, Lung Cancer, 2006, 52: 117-124), dimethyl celecoxib (Backhus, et al., J. Thorac. and Cardiovasc. Surg., 2005, 130: 1406-1412), and other derivatives or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof (Ding, et al., Int. J. Cancer, 2005, 113: 803-810; Zhu, et al., Cancer Res., 2004, 64: 4309-4318; Song, et al., J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 2002, 94: 585-591). For additional examples, see U.S. Pat. No. 7,026,346, incorporated by reference in its entirety.
One of skill in the art will readily recognize that other chemotherapeutics can be used with the methods disclosed in the present invention, including proteasome inhibitors (in addition to bortezomib) and inhibitors of DNA methylation. Other drugs that may be used include Paclitaxel; selenium compounds; SN38, etoposide, 5-Fluorouracil; VP-16, cox-2 inhibitors, Vioxx, cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors, curcumin, MPC-6827, tamoxifen or flutamide, etoposide, PG490, 2-methoxyestradiol, AEE-788, aglycon protopanaxadiol, aplidine, ARQ-501, arsenic trioxide, BMS-387032, canertinib dihydrochloride, canfosfamide hydrochloride, combretastatin A-4 prodrug, idronoxil, indisulam, INGN-201, mapatumumab, motexafin gadolinium, oblimersen sodium, OGX-011, patupilone, PXD-101, rubitecan, tipifarnib, trabectedin PXD-101, methotrexate, Zerumbone, camptothecin, MG-98, VX-680, Ceflatonin, Oblimersen sodium, motexafin gadolinium, 1D09C3, PCK-3145, ME-2 and apoptosis-inducing-ligand (TRAIL/Apo-2 ligand). Others are provided in a report entitled “competitive outlook on apoptosis in oncology, December 2006, published by Bioseeker, and available, e.g., at http://bizwiz.bioseeker.com/bw/Archives/Files/TOC_BSG0612193.pdf.
Generally, any drug that affects an apoptosis target may also be used. Apoptosis targets include the tumour-necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) receptors, the BCL2 family of anti-apoptotic proteins (such as Bc1-2), inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) proteins, MDM2, p53, TRAIL and caspases. Exemplary targets include B-cell CLL/lymphoma 2, Caspase 3, CD4 molecule, Cytosolic ovarian carcinoma antigen 1, Eukaryotic translation elongation factor 2, Farnesyltransferase, CAAX box, alpha; Fc fragment of IgE; Histone deacetylase 1; Histone deacetylase 2; Interleukin 13 receptor, alpha 1; Phosphodiesterase 2A, cGMP-stimulatedPhosphodiesterase 5A, cGMP-specific; Protein kinase C, beta 1; Steroid 5-alpha-reductase, alpha polypeptide 1; 8.1.15 Topoisomerase (DNA) I; Topoisomerase (DNA) II alpha; Tubulin, beta polypeptide; and p53 protein.
In certain embodiments, the compounds described herein, e.g., EGCG, are naturally-occurring and may, e.g., be isolated from nature. Accordingly, in certain embodiments, a compound is used in an isolated or purified form, i.e., it is not in a form in which it is naturally occurring. For example, an isolated compound may contain less than about 50%, 30%, 10%, 1%, 0.1% or 0.01% of a molecule that is associated with the compound in nature. A purified preparation of a compound may comprise at least about 50%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 98% or 99% of the compound, by molecule number or by weight. Compositions may comprise, consist essentially of consist of one or more compounds described herein. Some compounds that are naturally occurring may also be synthesized in a laboratory and may be referred to as “synthetic.” Yet other compounds described herein are non-naturally occurring.
In certain embodiments, the chemotherapeutic drug is in a preparation from a natural source, e.g., a preparation from green tea.
Pharmaceutical compositions comprising 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or more chemotherapeutic drugs or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof are also provided herein. A pharmaceutical composition may comprise a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. A composition, e.g., a pharmaceutical composition, may also comprise a vaccine, e.g., a DNA vaccine, and optionally 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or more vectors, e.g., other DNA vaccines or other constructs, e.g., described herein.
Compounds may be provided with a pharmaceutically acceptable salt. The term “pharmaceutically acceptable salts” is art-recognized, and includes relatively non-toxic, inorganic and organic acid addition salts of compositions, including without limitation, therapeutic agents, excipients, other materials and the like. Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable salts include those derived from mineral acids, such as hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid, and those derived from organic acids, such as ethanesulfonic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, and the like. Examples of suitable inorganic bases for the formation of salts include the hydroxides, carbonates, and bicarbonates of ammonia, sodium, lithium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, aluminum, zinc and the like. Salts may also be formed with suitable organic bases, including those that are non-toxic and strong enough to form such salts. For purposes of illustration, the class of such organic bases may include mono-, di-, and trialkylamines, such as methylamine, dimethylamine, and triethylamine; mono-, di- or trihydroxyalkylamines such as mono-, di-, and triethanolamine; amino acids, such as arginine and lysine; guanidine; N-methylglucosamine; N-methylglucamine; L-glutamine; N-methylpiperazine; morpholine; ethylenediamine; N-benzylphenethylamine; (trihydroxymethyl)aminoethane; and the like. See, for example, J. Pharm. Sci., 66:1-19 (1977).
Also provided herein are compositions and kits comprising one or more DNA vaccines and one or more chemotherapeutic drugs, and optionally one or more other constructs described herein.
Therapeutic Compositions and their Administration
The methods of the present invention can be practiced by administering papillomavirus pseudovirions described herein in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier in a biologically-effective and/or a therapeutically-effective amount.
Certain conditions as described herein are disclosed in the Examples. The composition may be given alone or in combination with another protein or peptide such as an immunostimulatory molecule. Treatment may include administration of an adjuvant, used in its broadest sense to include any nonspecific immune stimulating compound such as an interferon. Adjuvants contemplated herein include resorcinols, non-ionic surfactants such as polyoxyethylene oleyl ether and n-hexadecyl polyethylene ether.
A therapeutically effective amount is a dosage that, when given for an effective period of time, achieves the desired immunological or clinical effect.
A therapeutically active amount of a nucleic acid encoding the fusion polypeptide may vary according to factors such as the disease state, age, sex, and weight of the individual, and the ability of the peptide to elicit a desired response in the individual. Dosage regimes may be adjusted to provide the optimum therapeutic response. For example, several divided doses may be administered daily or the dose may be proportionally reduced as indicated by the exigencies of the therapeutic situation. A therapeutically effective amount of the protein, in cell associated form may be stated in terms of the protein or cell equivalents.
Thus an effective amount of the papillomavirus pseudovirions may be between about 1 nanogram and about 1 gram per kilogram of body weight of the recipient, between about 0.1 μg/kg and about 10 mg/kg, between about 1 μg/kg and about 1 mg/kg. Dosage forms suitable for internal administration may contain (for the latter dose range) from about 0.1 μg to 100 μg of active ingredient per unit. The active ingredient may vary from 0.5 to 95% by weight based on the total weight of the composition. Alternatively, an effective dose of cells transfected with the DNA vaccine constructs of the present invention is between about 104 and 108 cells. Those skilled in the art of immunotherapy will be able to adjust these doses without undue experimentation.
Embodiments disclosed herein also relate to methods of administering papillomavirus pseudovirions described herein to a subject in order to contact in vivo cells with such compositions. The routes of administration can vary with the location and nature of the cells to be contacted, and include, e.g., intravascular, intradermal, transdermal, parenteral, intravenous, intramuscular, intranasal, subcutaneous, regional, percutaneous, intratracheal, intraperitoneal, intraarterial, intravesical, intratumoral, inhalation, perfusion, lavage, direct injection, and oral administration and formulation. In other embodiments, the routes of administration of the DNA may include (a) intratumoral, peritumoral, and/or intradermal delivery, (b) intramuscularly (i.m.) injection using a conventional syringe needle; and (c) use of a needle-free biojector such as the Biojector 2000 (Bioject Inc., Portland, Oreg.) which is an injection device consisting of an injector and a disposable syringe. The orifice size controls the depth of penetration. For example, 50 μg of DNA may be delivered using the Biojector with no. 2 syringe nozzle.
The term “systemic administration” refers to administration of a composition or agent such as a DNA vaccine as described herein, in a manner that results in the introduction of the composition into the subject's circulatory system or otherwise permits its spread throughout the body. “Regional” administration refers to administration into a specific, and somewhat more limited, anatomical space, such as intraperitoneal, intrathecal, subdural, or to a specific organ. “Local administration” refers to administration of a composition or drug into a limited, or circumscribed, anatomic space, such as intratumoral injection into a tumor mass, subcutaneous injections, intradermal or intramuscular injections. Those of skill in the art will understand that local administration or regional administration may also result in entry of a composition into the circulatory system i.e., rendering it systemic to one degree or another. For example, the term “intravascular” is understood to refer to delivery into the vasculature of a patient, meaning into, within, or in a vessel or vessels of the patient, whether for systemic, regional, and/or local administration. In certain embodiments, the administration can be into a vessel considered to be a vein (intravenous), while in others administration can be into a vessel considered to be an artery. Veins include, but are not limited to, the internal jugular vein, a peripheral vein, a coronary vein, a hepatic vein, the portal vein, great saphenous vein, the pulmonary vein, superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, a gastric vein, a splenic vein, inferior mesenteric vein, superior mesenteric vein, cephalic vein, and/or femoral vein. Arteries include, but are not limited to, coronary artery, pulmonary artery, brachial artery, internal carotid artery, aortic arch, femoral artery, peripheral artery, and/or ciliary artery. It is contemplated that delivery may be through or to an arteriole or capillary.
Injection into the tumor vasculature is specifically contemplated for discrete, solid, accessible tumors. Local, regional or systemic administration also may be appropriate. For tumors of greater than about 4 cm, the volume to be administered can be about 4-10 ml (preferably 10 ml), while for tumors of less than about 4 cm, a volume of about 1-3 ml can be used (preferably 3 ml). Multiple injections delivered as single dose comprise about 0.1 to about 0.5 ml volumes. The pseudoviruses may advantageously be contacted by administering multiple injections to the tumor, spaced at approximately 1 cm intervals.
Continuous administration also may be applied where appropriate, for example, where a tumor is excised and the tumor bed is treated to eliminate residual, microscopic disease. Such continuous perfusion may take place for a period from about 1-2 hours, to about 2-6 hours, to about 6-12 hours, to about 12-24 hours, to about 1-2 days, to about 1-2 wk or longer following the initiation of treatment. Generally, the dose of the therapeutic composition via continuous perfusion will be equivalent to that given by a single or multiple injections, adjusted over a period of time during which the perfusion occurs. Other routes of administration include oral, intranasal or rectal or any other route known in the art.
Depending on the route of administration, the composition may be coated in a material to protect the compound from the action of enzymes, acids and other natural conditions which may inactivate the compound. Thus it may be necessary to coat the composition with, or co-administer the composition with, a material to prevent its inactivation. For example, an enzyme inhibitors of nucleases or proteases (e.g., pancreatic trypsin inhibitor, diisopropylfluorophosphate and trasylol) or in an appropriate carrier such as liposomes (including water-in-oil-in-water emulsions as well as conventional liposomes (Strejan et al., J. Neuroimmunol 7:27, 1984).
A chemotherapeutic drug may be administered in doses that are similar to the doses that the chemotherapeutic drug is used to be administered for cancer therapy. Alternatively, it may be possible to use lower doses, e.g., doses that are lower by 10%, 30%, 50%, or 2, 5, or 10 fold lower. Generally, the dose of chemotherapeutic agent is a dose that is effective to increase the effectiveness of a DNA vaccine, but less than a dose that results in significant immunosuppression or immunosuppression that essentially cancels out the effect of the DNA vaccine.
The route of administration of chemotherapeutic drugs may depend on the drug. For use in the methods described herein, a chemotherapeutic drug may be used as it is commonly used in known methods. Generally, the drugs will be administered orally or they may be injected. The regimen of administration of the drugs may be the same as it is commonly used in known methods. For example, certain drugs are administered one time, other drugs are administered every third day for a set period of time, yet other drugs are administered every other day or every third, fourth, fifth, sixth day or weekly. The Examples provide exemplary regimens for administrating the drugs, as well as DNA vaccines.
The compositions of the present invention, may be administered simultaneously or subsequently. When administered simultaneously, the different components may be administered as one composition. Accordingly, also provided herein are compositions, e.g., pharmaceutical compositions comprising one or more agents.
In one embodiment, a subject first receives one or more doses of chemotherapeutic drug and then one or more doses of DNA vaccine. In the case of DMXAA, it may be preferable to administer to the subject a dose of DNA vaccine first and then a dose of chemotherapeutic drug. One may administer 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or more doses of DNA vaccine and 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or more doses of chemotherapeutic agent.
A method may further comprise subjecting a subject to another cancer treatment, e.g., radiotherapy, an anti-angiogenesis agent and/or a hydrogel-based system.
As used herein “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” includes any and all solvents, dispersion media, coatings, antibacterial and antifungal agents, isotonic and absorption delaying agents, and the like. The use of such media and agents for pharmaceutically active substances is well known in the art. Except insofar as any conventional media or agent is incompatible with the active compound, use thereof in the therapeutic compositions is contemplated. Supplementary active compounds can also be incorporated into the compositions.
Pharmaceutically acceptable diluents include saline and aqueous buffer solutions. Pharmaceutical compositions suitable for injection include sterile aqueous solutions (where water soluble) or dispersions and sterile powders for the extemporaneous preparation of sterile injectable solutions or dispersion. Isotonic agents, for example, sugars, polyalcohols such as mannitol, sorbitol, sodium chloride may be included in the pharmaceutical composition. In all cases, the composition should be sterile and should be fluid. It should be stable under the conditions of manufacture and storage and must include preservatives that prevent contamination with microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi. Dispersions can also be prepared in glycerol, liquid polyethylene glycols, and mixtures thereof and in oils. Under ordinary conditions of storage and use, these preparations may contain a preservative to prevent the growth of microorganisms.
The carrier can be a solvent or dispersion medium containing, for example, water, ethanol, polyol (for example, glycerol, propylene glycol, and liquid polyethylene glycol, and the like), and suitable mixtures thereof. The proper fluidity can be maintained, for example, by the use of a coating such as lecithin, by the maintenance of the required particle size in the case of dispersion and by the use of surfactants.
Prevention of the action of microorganisms in the pharmaceutical composition can be achieved by various antibacterial and antifungal agents, for example, parabens, chlorobutanol, phenol, ascorbic acid, thimerosal, and the like.
Compositions may be formulated in dosage unit form for ease of administration and uniformity of dosage. Dosage unit form refers to physically discrete units suited as unitary dosages for a mammalian subject; each unit contains a predetermined quantity of active material (e.g., the nucleic acid vaccine) calculated to produce the desired therapeutic effect, in association with the required pharmaceutical carrier. The specification for the dosage unit forms of the invention are dictated by and directly dependent on (a) the unique characteristics of the active material and the particular therapeutic effect to be achieved, and (b) the limitations inherent in the art of compounding such an active compound for the treatment of, and sensitivity of, individual subjects. Unit dose of the present invention may conveniently be described in terms of plaque forming units (pfu) for a viral construct. Unit doses range from 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 1010, 1011, 1012, and 1013 pfu and higher. Alternatively, depending on the type of papillomavirus pseudovirion and the titer attainable, one will deliver 1 to 100, 10 to 50, 100-1000, or up to about 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 1010, 1011, 1012, 1013, 1014, and 1015 pfu or higher infectious papillomavirus pseudovirions to the subject or to the patient's cells.
For lung instillation, aerosolized solutions are used. In a sprayable aerosol preparations, the active protein may be in combination with a solid or liquid inert carrier material. This may also be packaged in a squeeze bottle or in admixture with a pressurized volatile, normally gaseous propellant. The aerosol preparations can contain solvents, buffers, surfactants, and antioxidants in addition to the protein of the invention.
Diseases that may be treated as described herein include hyper proliferative diseases, e.g., cancer, whether localized or having metastasized. Exemplary cancers include head and neck cancers and cervical cancer. Any cancer can be treated provided that there is a tumor associated antigen that is associated with the particular cancer. Other cancers include skin cancer, lung cancer, colon cancer, kidney cancer, breast cancer, prostate cancer, pancreatic cancer, bone cancer, brain cancer, as well as blood cancers, e.g., myeloma, leukemia and lymphoma. Generally, any cell growth can be treated provided that there is an antigen associated with the cell growth, which antigen or homolog thereof can be encoded by a DNA vaccine.
Treating a subject includes curing a subject or improving at least one symptom of the disease or preventing or reducing the likelihood of the disease to return. For example, treating a subject having cancer could be reducing the tumor mass of a subject, e.g., by about 10%, 30%, 50%, 75%, 90% or more, eliminating the tumor, preventing or reducing the likelihood of the tumor to return, or partial or complete remission.
All references cited herein are all incorporated by reference herein, in their entirety, whether specifically incorporated or not. All publications, patents, patent applications, GenBank sequences and ATCC deposits, cited herein are hereby expressly incorporated by reference for all purposes. In particular, all nucleotide sequences, amino acid sequences, nucleic constructs, DNA vaccines, methods of administration, particular orders of administration of DNA vaccines and agents that are described in the patents, patent applications and other publications referred to herein or authored by one or more of the inventors of this application are specifically incorporated by reference herein. In case of conflict, the definitions within the instant application govern.
Having now fully described this invention, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the same can be performed within a wide range of equivalent parameters, concentrations, and conditions without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention and without undue experimentation.
The present description is further illustrated by the following examples, which should not be construed as limiting in any way.
C57BL/6 mice (5- to 8-week-old) were purchased from the National Cancer Institute (Frederick, Md.). OT-1 transgenic mice on C57BL/6 background were purchased from Taconic. All animals were maintained under specific-pathogen free conditions, and all procedures were performed according to approved protocols and in accordance with recommendations for the proper use and care of laboratory animals.
The H-2Kb-restricted Ovalbumin (OVA) peptide, SIINFEKL (SEQ ID NO: 118) was synthesized by Macromolecular Resources (Denver, Colo.) at a purity of ≧80%. FITC-conjugated rat anti-mouse IFN-γ, PE-conjugated anti-mouse CD8, PE-Cy5 conjugated anti-mouse B220 and APC-conjugated anti-mouse CD11c antibodies were purchased from BD Pharmingen (BD Pharmingen, San Diego, Calif.). A horse radish peroxidase-conjugated rabbit anti-mouse immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody was purchased from Zymed (San Francisco, Calif.). OVA protein was purchased from Sigma.
293TT cells were kindly provided by J. Schiller (NCI, NIH) (Buck et al., J. Virol., 78:751-757 (2004)). These cells were generated by transfecting 293T cells with an additional copy of the SV40 large T antigen. Murine melanoma cell line, B 16 expressing OVA was described in Chuang et al., Clin. Cancer Res., 15:4581-4588 (2009). Both cell lines were grown in complete Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium (DMEM) (Invitrogen) containing 10% heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum (Gemini Bio-Products). The immortalized DC line was provided by Dr. K. Rock (University of Massachusetts, Worcester, Mass.) (Shen et al., J. Immunol., 158:2723-2730 (1997)). With continued passage, subclones of the DC line, DC-1, were generated that are easily transfected using Lipofectamine 2000 (Invitrogen) (Kim et al., Cancer Res., 64:400-405 (2004)). The EG.7 cell line, derived from murine EL4 lymphoma cell transfected with OVA-expressing vector was purchased from ATCC. Both DC-1 and EG.7 cells were cultured in complete RPMI-1640 medium containing 10% heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum. The OVA peptide, SIINFEKL (SEQ ID NO: 118)-specific CD8 T cell line was generated by stimulating splenocytes from OT-1 transgenic mice with irradiated EG.7 cells in the presence of IL-2 (20 IU/ml, Pepro-Tech).
The plasmids encoding HPV16 and 18 L1 and L2 (pShe1116, pShe1118, p16L1 and p16L2) were kindly provided by Dr. John Schiller (NCI). The point mutation HPV16L1mtL2-OVA construct was described in Gambhira et al. Virol. J, 6:176 (2009). The generation of ovalbumin-expressing plasmid (pcDNA3-OVA) and GFP-expressing plasmid (pcDNA3-GFP) was described in Kim et al., J. Clin. Invest., 112:109-117 (2003) and Hung et al., Cancer Res., 61:3698-3703 (2001).
HPV16 and HPV18 pseudovirions were made as described in Buck et al., J. Virol., 78:751-757 (2004). Briefly, 293TT cells were co-transfected with HPV L1 and L2 expression plasmids and the targeted antigen-expressing plasmids using Lipofectamine 2000 (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.). After 48 hours, the cells were harvested and washed with Dulbecco's PBS (Invitrogen) supplemented with 9.5 mM MgCl2 and antibiotic-antimycotic mixture (DPBS-Mg) (Invitrogen). The cells were suspended in DPBS-Mg supplemented with 0.5% Briji58, 0.2% Benzonase (Novagen), 0.2% Plasmid Safe (Epicentre) at >100×106 cells/ml and incubated at 37° C. for 24 hours for capsid maturation. After maturation, the cell lysate was chilled on ice for 10 minutes. The salt concentration of the cell lysate was adjusted to 850 mM and incubated on ice for 10 minutes. The lysate was then clarified by centrifugation, and the supernatant was then layered onto an Optiprep gradient. The gradient was spun for 4.5 hours at 16° C. at 40,000 rpm in a SW40 rotor (Beckman). Furin-precleaved pseudovirion (FPC) was produced as described in Day et al., J. Virol., 82:12565-12568 (2008). Briefly, 20 U/ml of furin was added to the pseudovirion extract prior to the maturation process. After maturation, the FPC virions were purified as described above. The purity of HPV pseudovirions was evaluated by running the fractions on 4-15% gradient SDS-PAGE gel. The encapsulated DNA plasmid was quantified by extracting encapsidated DNA from Optiprep factions followed by quantitative real time PCR compared to serial dilutions of naked DNA.
The extraction of plasmid DNA from pseudovirions for the quantitative real-time PCR was performed using methods from John Schiller's Group (Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, NCI). Briefly, 100 μl of Optiprep fraction material adding 10 μl of 0.5M EDTA and 2.5 μl of proteinase K (Qiagen) was incubated at 56° C. for 30 minutes followed adding 5 μl of 10% SDS and another incubation 30 min. After incubation, the solution was massed up 200 μl and 200 μl of equilibrated phenol-chloroform-isoamylalcohol (Roche) and 200 μl of chloroform-isoamylalcohol (Sigma) was used serially for the preparation of extracted lysate. 2.6 volumes of 95% ethanol were added to about 200 μl of extracted lysate and precipitate DNA 4° C. overnight. After spin down for 60 min at 15,000×g room temperature, supernatant was removed carefully. Pellet was washed with 800 μl of 70% ethanol and dissolved in 50 μl of dH2O. For quantifying plasmid DNA, quantitative real-time PCR reactions were performed in triplicates using Bio-Rad iCycler. OVA or No insert plasmid DNA from pseudovirus and naked OVA or No insert were used as a template for amplification using primers for OVA or No insert (OVA: 5′-AATGGACCAGTTCTAATGT-3′ (SEQ ID NO:110), 5′-GTCAGCCCTAAATTCTTC-3′ (SEQ ID NO:111) or No insert: 5′-TAATACGACTCACTATAGGG-3′ (SEQ ID NO:112), 5′-TAGAAGGCACAGTCGAGG-3′ (SEQ ID NO:113)) and amplified products were quantified by fluorescence intensity of SYBR Green I (Molecular Probes). A standard curve method was used to calculate the quantity of pseudovirus plasmid DNA relative to the naked plasmid DNA. Five serial dilutions of naked plasmid (OVA or No insert) were made for the calibration curve and trend lines were drawn using Ct values versus log of dilutions for each plasmid. The quantity of pseudovirus plasmid DNA was calculated using line equations derived from calibration curves. The concentration of pcDNA3 plasmid DNA and pcDNA3-OVA DNA in the pseudovirions was determined to be approx. 6.2 ng of DNA per 1 μg of L1 protein.
HPV 16-OVA pseudovirions were labeled with FITC using the FluoReporter FITC protein labeling kit (F6434) (Invitrogen). After extensive washing, FITC labeled or unlabeled pseudovirions were injected into the hind footpads of mouse. 48 hours later, inguinal and popliteal lymph nodes were collected, minced and digested with 0.05 mg/ml Collagenase I, 0.05 mg/ml collagenase IV, 0.025 mg/ml Hyaluronidase IV (Sigma) and 0.25 mg/ml DNase I (Roche) at 37° C. for 1 hour. After washing, the cells were stained with anti-mouse B220 and CD11c antibody, labeled with FITC and analyzed with flow cytometry.
Bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) were generated from bone marrow progenitor cells as described in Peng et al., Hum. Gene Ther., 16:584-593 (2005). Briefly, bone marrow cells were flushed from the femurs and tibiae of 5- to 8-week-old C57BL/6 mice. Cells were washed twice with RPMI-1640 after lysis of red blood cells and resuspended at a density of 1×106/ml in RPMI-1640 medium supplemented with 2 mM glutamine, 1 mM sodium pyruvate, 100 mM nonessential amino acids, 55 μM β-mercaptoethanol, 100 IU/ml penicillin, 100 g/ml streptomycin, 5% fetal bovine serum, and 20 ng/ml recombinant murine GM-CSF (PeproTech, Rock Hill, N.J.). The cells were then cultured in a 24-well plate (1 ml/well) at 37° C. in 5% humidified CO2. The wells were replenished with fresh medium supplemented with 20 ng/ml recombinant murine GM-CSF on days 2 and 4. The cells were harvested as indicated.
I. In Vitro Infection with HPV Pseudovirions
DC-1 cells were seeded into 24-well plate at the density of 1×105/well, and infected with 5 (HPV L1 protein amount) of HPV16-GFP or HPV 16-OVA pseudovirions. For furin cleavage experiment, 5 units/ml of furin (Alexis Biochemical, San Diego) were added to the cell culture medium. BMDCs were also infected with 5 (HPV L1 protein amount) of HPV16-GFP or HPV 16-OVA pseudovirions. 72 hours later, the cells were analyzed for GFP expression by flow cytometry or used in T cell activation assay.
OT-1 T cells were co-incubated with HPV16-GFP or HPV16-OVA pseudovirions infected DC-1 cells (E:T ratio 2:1) at the presence of GolgiPlug (BD Pharmingen) at 37° C. for 20 hours. T cell activation was analyzed by detecting intracellular IFN-γ production with flow cytometry analysis.
K. Vaccination with HPV Pseudovirions
C57BL/6 mice were vaccinated with indicated HPV pseudovirions (adjusted to 5 μg L1 protein amount) at both hind footpads. 7 days later, the mice were boosted with indicated HPV pseudovirions with the same regimen. For antibody detection experiment, sera were collected before and after vaccination at indicated time point. For antigen-specific T cell detection, mouse splenocytes were harvested 1 week after last vaccination.
Gene gun particle-mediated DNA vaccination was performed as described in Peng et al., J. Virol., 78:8468-8476 (2004). Gold particles coated with pcDNA3-OVA, or pcDNA3 were delivered to the shaved abdominal regions of mice by using a helium-driven gene gun (Bio-Rad Laboratories Inc., Hercules, Calif.) with a discharge pressure of 400 lb/in2. Mice were immunized with 2 μg of the DNA vaccine and boosted with the same regimen 1 week later. Splenocytes were harvested 1 week after the last vaccination.
The HPV pseudovirion in vitro neutralization assay was performed as described in Pastrana et al., Virology, 321:205-216 (2004), and the secreted alkaline phosphatase activity in the cell-free supernatant was determined using p-nitrophenyl phosphate (Sigma Aldrich, St Louis, Mo.) dissolved in diethanolamine, with absorbance measured at 405 nm. Neutralizing antibody titers were defined as the reciprocal of the highest dilution that caused a greater than 50% reduction in A405, as described in Pastrana et al., Virology, 321:205-216 (2004). Pre-immune sera were used as a negative control and mouse monoclonal antibody RG-1 or rabbit antiserum to L1 VLP as positive controls (Jagu et al., J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 101:782-792 (2009)).
To detect OVA-specific antibody in vaccinated mouse sera, an ELISA assay was performed. Briefly, maximum absorption 96-well ELISA plate was coated with OVA protein (Sigma) at 1 μg/ml, and incubated at 4° C. overnight. After blocking with PBS containing 1% BSA for 1 h at 37° C., the wells were then washed with PBS containing 0.05% Tween-20. The plate was incubated with serially diluted sera for 2 h at 37° C. Serum from mouse vaccinated with OVA protein via intramuscular injection plus electroporation (Kang T H, et al. manuscript in preparation) was used as the positive control. After washing with PBS containing 0.05% Tween-20, the plate was further incubated with 1:2,000 dilution of a HRP-conjugated rabbit anti-mouse IgG antibody (Zymed, San Francisco, Calif.) at room temperature for 1 h. The plate was washed, developed with 1-Step Turbo TMB-ELISA (Pierce, Rockford, Ill.), and stopped with 1 M H2SO4. The ELISA plate was read with a standard ELISA reader at 450 nm.
Before intracellular cytokine staining, pooled splenocytes from each vaccination group were incubated for 20 hours with 1 μg/ml of OVA SIINFEKL (SEQ ID NO: 118) peptide at the presence of GolgiPlug (BD Pharmingen, San Diego, Calif.). The stimulated splenocytes were then washed once with FACScan buffer and stained with PE-conjugated monoclonal rat antimouse CD8a (clone 53.6.7). Cells were subjected to intracellular cytokine staining using the Cytofix/Cytoperm kit according to the manufacturer's instruction (BD Pharmingen, San Diego, Calif.). Intracellular IFN-γ was stained with FITC-conjugated rat anti-mouse IFN-γ (clone XMG1.2). Flow cytometry analysis was performed using FACSCalibur with CELLQuest software (BD biosciences, Mountain View, Calif.).
To detect GFP expression in the draining lymph nodes after pseudovirion infection, total RNA was extracted from draining lymph nodes 48 hours after subcutaneous HPV 16-GFP or HPV16-OVA pseudovirions infection. RT-PCR was performed as described in Kim et al., J. Biomed. Sci., 11:493-499 (2004). Briefly, the RNA was extracted from the cells by TRIZOL (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.). RT-PCR was performed using the Superscript One-Step RT-PCR Kit (Invitrogen). One microgram of total RNA was used. Sequences of primers for GFP and GAPDH were as follows: GFP-F (5′-ATGGTGAGCAAGGGCGAGGAG-3′ (SEQ ID NO:114)), GFP-R (5′-CTTGTACAGCTCGTCCATGCC-3′ (SEQ ID NO:115)), GAPDH-F (5′-CCGGATCCTGGGAAGCTTGTCATCAACGG-3′ (SEQ ID NO:116)), and GAPDH-R (5′-GGCTCGAGGCAGTGATGGCATGGACTG-3′ (SEQ ID NO:117)). The reaction condition for GFP was 1 cycle (94° C., 30 sec), 35 cycle (94° C., 30 sec; 55° C., 30 sec; 72° C., 30 sec), and 1 cycle (72° C., 10 min). The reaction condition for GAPDH was similar except that amplification was repeated for 20 cycles. The products were analysed by electrophoresis on a 1.5% agarose gel containing ethidium bromide. GAPDH expression was used as positive control and no RT was used as a negative control.
C57BL/6 mice (five per group) were vaccinated with the indicated HPV pseudovirions (adjusted with 5 μg L1 protein amount) at both hind footpads. 7 days later, the mice were boosted with indicated HPV pseudovirions with the same regimen. 1 week after last vaccination, mice were injected with 1×105 B16-OVA tumor cells subcutaneously at the flank site in 100 μL PBS. In vivo antibody depletions have been described previously (Lin et al., Cancer Res., 56:21-26 (1996)). Briefly, monoclonal antibody (MAb) GK1.5 was used for CD4 depletion, MAb 2.43 was used for CD8 depletion and MAb PK136 was used for NK1.1 depletion. Depletion started 1 week before tumor cell challenge. Growth of tumors was monitored twice a week by inspection and palpation.
Data expressed as mean±standard deviations (SD) are representative of at least two different experiments. Comparisons between individual data points were made by 2-tailed Student's t test. A P value of less than 0.05 was considered significant.
In order to determine whether OVA-specific CD8+ T cell immune responses are generated by vaccination with HPV-16 pseudovirions containing OVA DNA (HPV16-OVA pseudovirions), C57BL/6 mice (5 per group) were vaccinated with HPV 16-OVA pseudovirions or HPV16-pcDNA3 pseudovirions at a dose of 5 μg L1 protein/mouse via subcutaneous injection. All mice were boosted 7 days later with the same regimen. One week after last vaccination, splenocytes were prepared and stimulated with OVA peptide and then analyzed for OVA-specific CD8+ T cells by intracellular cytokine staining followed by flow cytometry analysis. As shown in
It was hypothesized that the induction of HPV-specific neutralizing antibodies by the priming dose of pseudovirions could limit the potency of the subsequent booster dose. It was further hypothesized that one way to eliminate this concern would be by boosting with pseudovirion derived from a different HPV type, since HPV neutralizing antibodies are primarily type-restricted. Therefore, the OVA-specific CD8+ T cell immune responses generated by prime-boost vaccination with the same type of pseudovirions (homologous vaccination) was compared against such responses with prime-boost vaccination with different types of pseudovirions (heterologous vaccination). C57BL/6 mice (5 per group) were vaccinated with HPV16-OVA pseudovirions via subcutaneous (footpad) injection. 7 days later, one group was boosted with HPV 16-OVA pseudovirions (homologous vaccination), and another group was boosted with HPV 18-OVA pseudovirions (heterologous vaccination). One week after last vaccination, splenocytes from vaccinated mice were isolated and analyzed for OVA-specific CD8+ T cells by intracellular cytokine staining followed by flow cytometry analysis. As shown in
In order to determine the dose response of OVA-specific CD8+ T cell immune responses induced by vaccination with HPV 16-OVA pseudovirions, C57BL/6 mice (5 per group) were vaccinated with increasing doses of HPV 16-OVA pseudovirions (0.1, 0.5, 1, 2.5, 5 μg) via subcutaneous injection. All mice were boosted 7 days later with the same regimen. One week after last vaccination, splenocytes from vaccinated mice were isolated and analyzed for OVA-specific CD8+ T cells by intracellular cytokine staining followed by flow cytometry analysis. As shown in
L2 minor capsid protein has been shown to be crucial for the infection of cells by papillomavirus pseudovirions (Campos et al., PLoS ONE, 4:e4463 (2009); Gambhira et al. Virol. J, 6:176 (2009)). In order to determine if infection mediated by L2 plays an essential role in the generation of antigen-specific CD8+ T cell immune responses in mice vaccinated with HPV16 pseudovirions, HPV 16-OVA pseudovirions were generated having a single amino acid mutation (amino acid 28 from Cysteine to Serine) in the L2 protein of the pseudovirion (HPV16L1mtL2-OVA pseudovirion), which abolishes the infectivity of pseudovirions (Gambhira et al. Virol. J, 6:176 (2009)). 293-Kb cells were infected with HPV16L1L2-OVA or the mutant HPV16L1mtL2-OVA pseudovirus, incubated with OVA-specific CD8+ T cells and then analyzed by intracellular IFN-γ staining. As shown in
In order to determine whether the intact L2 in the pseudovirions is essential for the generation of antigen-specific CD8+ T cell immune responses in vaccinated mice, C57BL/6 mice (5 per group) were vaccinated with HPV 16-OVA pseudovirions or the mutant HPV16L1mtL2-OVA pseudovirions via footpad injection. All mice were boosted 7 days later with the same regimen. One week after last vaccination, splenocytes were prepared and stimulated with OVA peptide and analyzed for OVA-specific CD8+ T cells by intracellular cytokine staining followed by flow cytometry analysis. As shown in
In order to assess the cytotoxic activity of OVA-specific CD8+ T cell immune responses generated by vaccination with HPV 16-OVA pseudovirions, C57BL/6 mice (5 per group) were vaccinated with HPV 16-OVA or HPV16-pcDNA3 via footpad injection. The mice were boosted twice with the same regimen at day 7 and day 14. One week after last vaccination, the mice were injected with B16-OVA cells subcutaneously. Tumor growth was monitored twice a week. As shown in
Intradermal vaccination with naked DNA via needles or gene gun routes of administration are used to generate potent antigen-specific immune responses by naked DNA vaccines in preclinical and clinical studies (Trimble et al., Vaccine, 21:4036-4042 (2003); Gurunathan et al., Annu. Rev. Immunol., 18:927-974 (2000)). In order to compare the OVA-specific immune responses generated by HPV16-OVA pseudovirion vaccination with intradermal vaccination with naked OVA DNA, C57BL/6 mice (5 per group) were vaccinated with HPV16-OVA pseudovirions via subcutaneous injection or with pcDNA3-OVA DNA via gene gun. All mice were boosted 7 days later with the same dose and regimen. One week after last vaccination, splenocytes from vaccinated mice were isolated and analyzed for OVA-specific CD8+ T cells by intracellular cytokine staining followed by flow cytometry analysis. As shown in
In order to determine whether HPV pseudovirions can infect bone marrow derived dendritic cells (BMDC), BMDCs were cultured in the presence of GM-CSF for 4 days and HPV16 pseudovirions containing DNA encoding GFP or OVA were added to the culture. After 72 hours, BMDCs were harvested and GFP expression was examined by flow cytometry analysis. As shown in
In order to determine whether mice vaccinated with HPV16 pseudovirions containing GFP leads to the expression of GFP in the draining lymph nodes, C57BL/6 mice (5 per group) were vaccinated with HPV16 pseudovirions carrying GFP or OVA DNA via footpad injection. After 72 hours, draining lymph nodes were harvested, total RNA was isolated and RT-PCR was performed to detect GFP mRNA expression. As shown in
In order to further determine the type of cells that can carry HPV 16-OVA pseudovirions into draining lymph nodes, HPV16-OVA pseudovirions were conjugated with FITC and the labeled pseudovirions were injected into C57BL/6 mice via subcutaneous injection. The draining lymph nodes of the injected mice were harvested after 48 hours and the presence of FITC-labeled pseudovirions within the cells in the draining lymph nodes was analyzed by flow cytometry. As shown in
Taken together, the data indicate that HPV pseudovirions can efficiently infect bone marrow derived dendritic cells in vitro. Furthermore, administration of HPV pseudovirions in vivo can lead to the uptake of pseudovirions by CD11c+ cells and B220+ cells in draining lymph nodes, resulting in the expression of the encoded protein.
Several previous studies have implicated furin in the process of papillomavirus infection (Gambhira et al. Virol. J, 6:176 (2009); Kines et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 106:20458-20463 (2009); Day et al., J. Virol., 82:4638-4646 (2008); Day et al., J. Virol., 82:12565-12568 (2008)). It was recently found that infectious entry of papillomaviruses is dependent upon the cleavage of the L2 protein by furin (Day et al., Future Microbiol., 4:1255-1262 (2009)). Thus, in order to determine whether HPV16 pseudovirion infection can be enhanced by pretreatment with furin, DC-1 cells were infected with HPV16-GFP pseudovirions with or without pretreatment with furin. The infection of DC-1 cells by HPV16-GFP pseudovirions was analyzed by characterization of GFP expression in DC-1 cells using flow cytometry. As shown in
In order to determine whether the enhanced pseudovirion infection translated into improved antigen presentation in the infected cells, DC-1 cells were infected with HPV16-OVA pseudovirions with or without the treatment with furin. The infected cells were collected 72 hours after infection, and co-cultured with OVA-specific CD8+OT-1 T cells (E:T ratio at 1:1) overnight. Activation of OT-1 T cells was analyzed by IFN-γ intracellular staining followed by flow cytometry analysis. As shown in
In order to determine whether furin pretreatment enhances antigen presentation, producing a stronger immune response, C57BL/6 mice were vaccinated with HPV16-OVA pseudovirions with or without furin treatment. All mice were boosted 7 days later with the same dose and regimen. One week after last vaccination, splenocytes were prepared and stimulated with OVA peptide and analyzed for OVA-specific CD8+ T cells by intracellular cytokine staining followed by flow cytometry analysis. As shown in
Taken together, although treatment of HPV16 pseudovirions with furin led to enhanced pseudovirion infection and improved antigen presentation in DC-1 cells, it does not significantly increase the OVA-specific CD8+ T cell immune responses in vaccinated mice.
Skin of mice were infected in vivo with skin-tropic HPV-2 pseudovirions expressing luciferase (HPV-2/luc psV). The expression of luciferase was characterized using non-invasive luminescence imaging. As shown in
tgcacatggcgcctcagcactctttgaggatctaatcatgcatggagatacacctacattgcatgaatatatgttagatttgcaaccagaga
caactgatctctactgttatgagcaattaaatgacagctcagaggaggaggatgaaatagatggtccagctggacaagcagaaccggacaga
gcccattacaatattgttaccttttgttgcaagtgtgactctacgcttcggttgtgcgtacaaagcacacacgtagacattcgtactttgga
agacctgttaatgggcacactaggaattgtgtgccccatctgttctcaggatcttaacaacatgttgatccccattgctgtgggcggtgccc
tggcagggctggtcctcatcgtcctcattgcctacctcattggcaggaagaggagtcacgccggctatcagaccatctagGGATCCGAGCTC
ATG CAT GGA GAT ACA CCT ACA TTG CAT GAA TAT ATG TTA GAT TTG CAA CCA GAG ACA ACT
GAT CTC TAC TGT TAT GAG CAA TTA AAT GAC AGC TCA GAG GAG GAG GAT GAA ATA GAT GGT
CCA GCT GGA CAA GCA GAA CCG GAC AGA GCC CAT TAC AAT ATT GTA ACC TTT TGT TGC AAG
TGT GAC TCT ACG CTT CGG TTG TGC GTA CAA AGC ACA CAC GTA GAC ATT CGT ACT TTG GAA
GAC CTG TTA ATG GGC ACA CTA GGA ATT GTG TGC CCC ATC TGT TCT CAA GGA TCC atg gct
MHLIPHWIPL VASLGLLAGG SSASA
A
EEAF DLWNECAKAC VLDLKDGVRS SRMSVDPAIA DTNGQGVLHY SMVLEGGNDA
ALYLAARLSW NQVDQVIRNA LASPGSGGDL GEAIREQPEQ ARLALTLAAA ESERFVRQGT GNDEAGAANA DVVSLTCPVA
AGECAGPADS GDALLERNYP TGAEFLGDGG DVSFSTRGTQ NWTVERLLQA HRQLEERGYV FVGYHGTFLE AAQSIVFGGV
atg cat gga gat aca cct aca
Met His Gly Asp Thr Pro Thr
Leu His Glu Tyr Met Leu Asp Leu Gln Pro Glu Thr Thr Asp Leu Tyr Cys Tyr Glu Gln
Leu Asn Asp Ser Ser Glu Glu Glu Asp Glu Ile Asp Gly Pro Ala Gly Gln Ala Glu Pro
Asp Arg Ala His Tyr Asn Ile Val Thr Phe Cys Cys Lys Cys Asp Ser Thr Leu Arg Leu
Cys Val Gln Ser Thr His Val Asp Ile Arg Thr Leu Glu Asp Leu Leu Met Gly Thr Leu
Gly Ile Val Cys Pro Ile Cys Ser Gln Gly Ser Glu Leu Gly Thr Lys Leu Lys Phe Lys
atgctgctat ccgtgccgct gctgctcggc ctcctcggcc tggccgtcgc cgagcccgcc
TYEVKIDNSQ VESGSLEDDW DFLPPKKIKD PDASKPEDWD ERAKIDDPTD SKPEDWDKPE
HIPDPDAKKP EDWDEEMDGE WEPPVIQNPE YKGEWKPRQ
ATGCTGCTAT CCGTGCCGCT GCTGCTCGGC CTCCTCGGCC TGGCCGTCGC CGAGCCCGCC
4021 CTATCCGTGC CGCTGCTGCT CGGCCTCCTC GGCCTGGCCG TCGCCGAGCC TGCCGTCTAC
4081 TTCAAGGAGC AGTTTCTGGA CGGGGACGGG TGGACTTCCC GCTGGATCGA ATCCAAACAC
4141 AAGTCAGATT TTGGCAAATT CGTTCTCAGT TCCGGCAAGT TCTACGGTGA CGAGGAGAAA
4201 GATAAAGGTT TGCAGACAAG CCAGGATGCA CGCTTTTATG CTCTGTCGGC CAGTTTCGAG
4261 CCTTTCAGCA ACAAAGGCCA GACGCTGGTG GTGCAGTTCA CGGTGAAACA TGAGCAGAAC
4321 ATCGACTGTG GGGGCGGCTA TGTGAAGCTG TTTCCTAATA GTTTGGACCA GACAGACATG
4381 CACGGAGACT CAGAATACAA CATCATGTTT GGTCCCGACA TCTGTGGCCC TGGCACCAAG
4441 AAGGTTCATG TCATCTTCAA CTACAAGGGC AAGAACGTGC TGATCAACAA GGACATCCGT
4501 TGCAAGGATG ATGAGTTTAC ACACCTGTAC ACACTGATTG TGCGGCCAGA CAACACCTAT
4561 GAGGTGAAGA TTGACAACAG CCAGGTGGAG TCCGGCTCCT TGGAAGACGA TTGGGACTTC
4621 CTGCCACCCA AGAAGATAAA GGATCCTGAT GCTTCAAAAC CGGAAGACTG GGATGAGCGG
4681 GCCAAGATCG ATGATCCCAC AGACTCCAAG CCTGAGGACT GGGACAAGCC CGAGCATATC
4741 CCTGACCCTG ATGCTAAGAA GCCCGAGGAC TGGGATGAAG AGATGGACGG AGAGTGGGAA
4801 CCCCCAGTGA TTCAGAACCC TGAGTACAAG GGTGAGTGGA AGCCCCGGCA GATCGACAAC
4861 CCAGATTACA AGGGCACTTG GATCCACCCA GAAATTGACA ACCCCGAGTA TTCTCCCGAT
4921 CCCAGTATCT ATGCCTATGA TAACTTTGGC GTGCTGGGCC TGGACCTCTG GCAGGTCAAG
4981 TCTGGCACCA TCTTTGACAA CTTCCTCATC ACCAACGATG AGGCATACGC TGAGGAGTTT
5041 GGCAACGAGA CGTGGGGCGT AACAAAGGCA GCAGAGAAAC AAATGAAGGA CAAACAGGAC
5101 GAGGAGCAGA GGCTTAAGGA GGAGGAAGAA GACAAGAAAC GCAAAGAGGA GGAGGAGGCA
5161 GAGGACAAGG AGGATGATGA GGACAAAGAT GAGGATGAGG AGGATGAGGA GGACAAGGAG
5221 GAAGATGAGG AGGAAGATGT CCCCGGCCAG GCCAAGGACG AGCTG
TAAgg atccagatct
CC
aagatcgcctccagcctatttaagagtggcatcagctggggccgcgtggtggctctcctgggc
ttg agg gga aat gca gat ttg gct tac atc ctg agc atg gag ccc tgt
ggc cac tgc ctc att atc aac aat gtg aac ttc tgc cgt gag tcc ggg
ctc cgc acc cgc act ggc tcc aac atc gac tgt gag aag ttg cgg cgt
cgc ttc tcc tcg ctg cat ttc atg gtg gag gtg aag ggc gac ctg act
gcc aag aaa atg gtg ctg gct ttg ctg gag ctg gcg cag cag gac cac
ggt gct ctg gac tgc tgc gtg gtg gtc att ctc tct cac ggc tgt cag
gcc agc cac ctg cag ttc cca ggg gct gtc tac ggc aca gat gga tgc
cct gtg tcg gtc gag aag att gtg aac atc ttc aat ggg acc agc tgc
ccc agc ctg gga ggg aag ccc aag ctc ttt ttc atc cag gcc tgt ggt
ggg gag cag aaa gac cat ggg ttt gag gtg gcc tcc act tcc cct gaa
This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/230,848, filed on Aug. 3, 2009, the entire contents of which are specifically incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
This invention was made with government support under grant numbers 1 RO1 CA114425-01 and P50 CA 098252, awarded by the U.S. National Cancer Institute. The government has certain rights in this invention.
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind | 371c Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/US10/43544 | 7/28/2010 | WO | 00 | 5/15/2012 |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 61230848 | Aug 2009 | US |
