Patent Grant
7393603
The present invention is directed to fuel cell systems and operation thereof.
Fuel cells are electrochemical devices which can convert energy stored in fuels to electrical energy with high efficiencies. High temperature fuel cells include solid oxide and molten carbonate fuel cells. These fuel cells may operate using hydrogen and/or hydrocarbon fuels. There are classes of fuel cells, such as the solid oxide regenerative fuel cells, that also allow reversed operation, such that oxidized fuel can be reduced back to unoxidized fuel using electrical energy as an input.
Embodiments of the present invention describe methods of operating a fuel cell system comprising: operating a fuel cell system at one or more operational modes, wherein said fuel cell system is configured to operate at a plurality of operational modes comprising: maximum power output, maximum system efficiency, maximum reliability, maximum lifetime, maximum return on investment or a mode combining any two or more of the preceding. In a specific embodiment, a fuel cell system comprises: a computer system for directing the operation of said fuel cell system, said computer system comprising: a processor; and a memory, coupled to the processor, the memory comprising a plurality of instructions executed by the processor, the plurality of instructions configured to: operate the fuel cell system in a first operational mode; and switch the fuel cell system to a second operational mode; wherein said first and second operational modes are each selected from an array of operational modes comprising: maximum power output, maximum system efficiency, maximum reliability, maximum lifetime, maximum return on investment or a mode combining any two or more of the preceding.
Currently available fuel cell systems are typically optimized for performance based on one or possibly two parameters. The most typical parameters being maximum output power and customer load. Several problems accompany such performance optimizations.
First, when fuel costs are high, operation at a maximum power setting (or operating to meet all customer load demands) may be a poor choice economically, thereby reducing the economic benefits expected of the system.
Second, given the typical shape of the efficiency curve of a fuel cell system, operating at a maximum power setting when the need for reduced CO2 emissions is in effect, is an inappropriate choice, particularly when in violation of the conditions under which the system has been licensed for operation.
Finally, if it is desired to maintain the longest possible economic lifetime or reliability of the equipment (of the fuel cell system), then operating at a maximum output power or following a load profile will not be satisfactory.
The embodiments of the present invention overcome the aforementioned problems by providing a flexible approach to operating a fuel cell system. Namely they provide the ability operate at one or more different operational modes. For instance, all settings are adjusted to optimize to an operational mode of the fuel cell system such as maximum return on investment.
Whereas previous fuel cell generator systems operate strictly to generate power at a specified output level or to generate power following a varying load profile, embodiments of the present invention enable optimization of system output to a number of key variables. For example, this system allows the optimization of the system output to maximum return on investment. This ensures that the fuel cell generator equipment purchased is best utilized for return on investment.
Accordingly, in one aspect of the present invention a fuel cell system is configured to operate at one or more different operational modes.
In another aspect, a fuel cell system is configured to switch between at least two different operational modes.
In another aspect, a fuel cell system is operated at a mode selected from an available list of modes.
In another aspect, a fuel cell system is operated at a mode based on data provided to the system.
In yet aspect, a fuel cell system is configured to automatically switch from one operational mode to another different mode based on data provided thereto.
In yet another aspect, a fuel cell system is configured with a control system for automatically selecting between operational modes.
In still another aspect, a fuel cell system is configured with a computer system for automatically selecting between operational modes.
Embodiments of the present invention describe a fuel cell system control method whereby it is possible to select from multiple criteria for system operation. The controller of the fuel cell system will optimize system operation against these criteria, to achieve the following operational modes: maximum power output, maximum system efficiency, maximum reliability, maximum lifetime, maximum return on investment or a mode combining any two or more of the preceding.
Maximum output power generally describes a state of the fuel cell system wherein the system outputs the maximum possible output power without damage. For instance, system controls are adjusted to make changes, such as increasing the fuel cell temperature and/or increasing the fuel flow rate to the upper end of their allowed range.
In the maximum efficiency mode, the fuel system operates at the maximum possible overall efficiency. For example, the control system constantly monitors stack voltages, inverter power losses and auxiliary component loads and selects both thermal and electric conversion levels to be at the level where system efficiency is optimized. This output power will almost always be less than the maximum output power of the system and it will also be less than the minimum output power of the system because of the shape of the curve of fuel cell efficiency, electric power conversion efficiency curve, and auxiliary component power losses. Typically, fuel cell efficiency decreases with increased power, at the higher limits. Fixed power auxiliary devices have a decreasing negative impact on efficiency the higher the output power of the system is. Losses such as pump, blower, and resistive heating losses will increase continuously as the output power of the system is increased.
In the maximum reliability this mode, the fuel cell system is operated in a mode where age-related and thermal effects are minimized while maintaining and acceptable load for the customer. In this mode, the controller will isolate outputs which, for example, are paralleled to increase load-sharing of 25 KW modules. Thus, an efficiency loss may be incurred. However, by isolating outputs, the reliability of each individual output is increased.
Similar to maximum reliability mode, the maximum lifetime mode optimizes control parameters, such as stack temperature, reformer temperature, power level, humidity, and gas fuel flow in order to achieve the longest lifetime of components, such as the fuel cell stacks, hot box metal components, and auxiliary components such as the inverter or air blowers. In this mode, the temperature parameter in particular would be minimized to the lowest possible value for sustained operation in order to minimize the degradation rate of fuel cell components.
In maximum return on investment mode, the fuel cell system adjusts its output in order to obtain a maximum return on system investment. One or more of several key inputs based on the customer installation are maintained through system lifetime: cost of fuel; opportunity and lost-business costs; grid stability or fraction of capacity; cost or credit of CO2 (or other) system emissions; cost of system hardware; and cost of replacement electricity from the grid (as a function of yearly season and time of day). The system is then configured with upper and lower limits on key system parameters such as output power and stack temperatures. The system is also configured with limits on key external factors such as grid power cost, grid stability, and loss of power risk. The control system optimizes system parameters to minimize the cost of power generation throughout the projected lifetime of the system.
In one embodiment, a combined mode is used wherein two or more of said operational modes coincide via the same system settings. For example, maximum efficiency and maximum lifetime are both optimized with the same settings. This might involve operating at a temperature which maximizes lifetime, but at a power level which maximizes efficiency.
In another embodiment, a method of operating a fuel cell system involves the steps of operating the fuel cell system at a first operational mode and switching from said first operational mode to a second operational mode. Said first and second operational modes are different from one another and each independently selected from a list of modes comprising maximum power output, maximum system efficiency, maximum reliability, maximum lifetime, maximum return on investment or a mode combining any two or more of the preceding.
As previously noted, a benefit of the present invention is a flexible approach to operating a fuel cell system. In sequential or multiple mode operation methods, the fuel cell system is flexibly operated based on the desired benefits to the end user and/or supplier of power. This method will permit automatic, permissive switching among the modes discussed above. If, for example, the fuel cell system is operating in the maximum output power mode, the control system can be so configured as to automatically respond to such events as, but not limited to, time-of-day electric rate changes by changing to maximum return on investment mode. These events, provided as data to said fuel cell system, or controller for the system, may further include other externally supplied market signals such as price of spot-market such as natural gas, for systems which operate on natural gas.
In some cases, user definable control modes might be included. In these modes, the matrix of parameters limits, the matrix of costs, and the matrix of system responses could be manipulated by the customer in order to obtain an optimization which the customer's circumstances dictate.
The user settings could be triggered to change on a time of day basis for use in peak-shaving. This might be particularly appropriate in installations where billing rates change at discrete times and cost of power is unacceptably high.
The control system could be configured to recognize and diagnose situations where a change in system configuration may lead to, for example, an improved return on investment condition. For instance, if three 25 KW hot box modules were installed, but base load exceeds 100 KW and CO2 emissions costs are great, the control system could flag for the user the advantage of installing a fourth 25 KW hot box module.
Operation of the fuel cell system may be carried out manually or automatically. Both types of operation are further described below. For instance, a particular group of settings may be associated with one of the operational modes wherein activation of said settings can be carried out in one step. Preferably, the settings are constantly monitored and adjusted to achieve the optimal state of the system, be it maximum power output, maximum system efficiency, maximum reliability, maximum lifetime, maximum return on investment or a mode combining any two or more of the preceding.
In manual operation, a human operator may change the operational mode of the fuel cell system by using a control system such as a computer or a control panel, based on the desired benefits as previously discussed. As in some embodiments, displayed or printed data pertaining to events such as fuel cost, or electricity cost may be used by the human operator in selecting the most appropriate mode.
In automatic operation, the control system such as a computer or a dedicated logic chip (or circuit) is configured to store operational mode parameters and execute an operational mode from of list of: maximum power output, maximum system efficiency, maximum reliability, maximum lifetime, maximum return on investment or a mode combining any two or more of the preceding. Data pertaining to events previously described would be received by the control system and positively (switch to new mode) or negatively (stay at the same mode) acted upon.
Therefore, another method involves operating a fuel cell system equipped with a control system by activating said control system to switch the operational mode of the fuel cell from a first mode to a second mode.
In embodiments of the present invention wherein operational modes are switched between two or more different ones, any combination can result. That is, the first, second, third, etc. modes are each independently chosen from the list of operational modes previously described. This obviously can result in a very large number of combinations or permutations.
In another embodiment, a fuel cell system includes a fuel cell stack and a computer system for directing the operation of said fuel cell system. Said computer system preferably comprises a processor, and a memory coupled to the processor. The memory stores a plurality of instructions (corresponding to operational modes) executed by the processor, to operate the fuel cell system in a first operational mode. If need be, the computer system can switch the fuel cell system to a second operational mode. Of course the number of times the switching occurs is potentially limitless. Said first and second operational modes are each selected from maximum power output, maximum system efficiency, maximum reliability, maximum lifetime, maximum return on investment or a mode combining any two or more of the preceding.
The computer system may be equipped to receive data pertaining to, but not limited by, time-of-day electric rate changes or fuel cost. Upon receipt of the data, the computer system may select to switch or not switch modes based on how it is programmed. The data may be provided from the internet, entered manually by the operator provided from other data sources.
The foregoing description of the invention has been presented for purposes of illustration and description. It is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise form disclosed, and modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teachings or may be acquired from practice of the invention. The description was chosen in order to explain the principles of the invention and its practical application. It is intended that the scope of the invention be defined by the claims appended hereto, and their equivalents.
| Number | Name | Date | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 3488266 | French | Jan 1970 | A |
| 4041210 | Van Dine | Aug 1977 | A |
| 4532192 | Baker et al. | Jul 1985 | A |
| 4792502 | Trocciola et al. | Dec 1988 | A |
| 4898792 | Singh et al. | Feb 1990 | A |
| 4917971 | Farooque | Apr 1990 | A |
| 4983471 | Reichner et al. | Jan 1991 | A |
| 5034287 | Kunz | Jul 1991 | A |
| 5047299 | Shockling | Sep 1991 | A |
| 5084362 | Farooque | Jan 1992 | A |
| 5143800 | George et al. | Sep 1992 | A |
| 5169730 | Reichner et al. | Dec 1992 | A |
| 5170124 | Blair et al. | Dec 1992 | A |
| 5302470 | Okada et al. | Apr 1994 | A |
| 5441821 | Merritt et al. | Aug 1995 | A |
| 5498487 | Ruka et al. | Mar 1996 | A |
| 5501914 | Satake et al. | Mar 1996 | A |
| 5505824 | McElroy | Apr 1996 | A |
| 5527631 | Singh et al. | Jun 1996 | A |
| 5573867 | Zafred et al. | Nov 1996 | A |
| 5601937 | Isenberg | Feb 1997 | A |
| 5629103 | Wersing et al. | May 1997 | A |
| 5686196 | Singh et al. | Nov 1997 | A |
| 5733675 | Dederer et al. | Mar 1998 | A |
| 5741605 | Gillett et al. | Apr 1998 | A |
| 5955039 | Dowdy | Sep 1999 | A |
| 6013385 | DuBose | Jan 2000 | A |
| 6033794 | George et al. | Mar 2000 | A |
| 6051125 | Pham et al. | Apr 2000 | A |
| 6280865 | Eisman et al. | Aug 2001 | B1 |
| 6329090 | McElroy et al. | Dec 2001 | B1 |
| 6403245 | Hunt | Jun 2002 | B1 |
| 6436562 | DuBose | Aug 2002 | B1 |
| 6451466 | Grasso et al. | Sep 2002 | B1 |
| 6531243 | Thom | Mar 2003 | B2 |
| 6569298 | Merida-Donis | May 2003 | B2 |
| 6569549 | Sawyer | May 2003 | B1 |
| 6623880 | Geisbrecht et al. | Sep 2003 | B1 |
| 6821663 | McElroy et al. | Nov 2004 | B2 |
| 6887608 | Yamada | May 2005 | B2 |
| 7014932 | Halter et al. | Mar 2006 | B2 |
| 7129674 | Ichinose et al. | Oct 2006 | B2 |
| 7201979 | McElroy et al. | Apr 2007 | B2 |
| 20010049035 | Haltiner, Jr. et al. | Dec 2001 | A1 |
| 20020028362 | Prediger et al. | Mar 2002 | A1 |
| 20020051898 | Moulthrop, Jr. et al. | May 2002 | A1 |
| 20020058175 | Ruhl | May 2002 | A1 |
| 20020106544 | Noetzel et al. | Aug 2002 | A1 |
| 20020142208 | Keefer et al. | Oct 2002 | A1 |
| 20030157386 | Gottmann et al. | Aug 2003 | A1 |
| 20030162067 | McElroy | Aug 2003 | A1 |
| 20030167105 | Colborn | Sep 2003 | A1 |
| 20030196893 | McElroy et al. | Oct 2003 | A1 |
| 20030205641 | McElroy et al. | Nov 2003 | A1 |
| 20040013923 | Molter et al. | Jan 2004 | A1 |
| 20040081859 | McElroy et al. | Apr 2004 | A1 |
| 20040115489 | Goel | Jun 2004 | A1 |
| 20040137300 | Gemmen et al. | Jul 2004 | A1 |
| 20040146761 | Cargnelli et al. | Jul 2004 | A1 |
| 20040191595 | McElroy et al. | Sep 2004 | A1 |
| 20040191597 | McElroy | Sep 2004 | A1 |
| 20040191598 | Gottmann et al. | Sep 2004 | A1 |
| 20040202914 | Sridhar et al. | Oct 2004 | A1 |
| 20040219398 | Calhoon | Nov 2004 | A1 |
| 20040224193 | Mitlitsky et al. | Nov 2004 | A1 |
| 20050031922 | Clingerman et al. | Feb 2005 | A1 |
| 20050048334 | Sridhar | Mar 2005 | A1 |
| 20050242588 | Washington | Nov 2005 | A1 |
| 20060102397 | Buck et al. | May 2006 | A1 |
| 20060177711 | Calhoon | Aug 2006 | A1 |
| 20070141416 | Killian et al. | Jun 2007 | A1 |
| 20070199746 | Reid et al. | Aug 2007 | A1 |
| 20080070073 | Petersen et al. | Mar 2008 | A1 |
| Number | Date | Country |
|---|---|---|
| 2002-63924 | Feb 2002 | JP |
| 10-2006-0093539 | Aug 2006 | KR |
| WO 2004093214 | Oct 2004 | WO |
