Methods for generating databases and databases for identifying polymorphic genetic markers

Abstract

Processes and methods for creating a database of genomic samples from healthy human donors, methods that use the database to identify and correlate polymorphic genetic markers and other markers with diseases and conditions are provided.

Description

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

[0004] Process and methods for creating a database of genomic samples from healthy human donors. Methods that use the database to identify and correlate with polymorphic genetic markers and other markers with diseases and conditions are provided.

BACKGROUND

[0005] Diseases in all organisms have a genetic component, whether inherited or resulting from the body's response to environmental stresses, such as viruses and toxins. The ultimate goal of ongoing genomic research is to use this information to develop new ways to identify, treat and potentially cure these diseases. The first step has been to screen disease tissue and identify genomic changes at the level of individual samples. The identification of these “disease” markers has then fueled the development and commercialization of diagnostic tests that detect these errant genes or polymorphisms. With the increasing numbers of genetic markers, including single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), microsatellites, tandem repeats, newly mapped introns and exons, the challenge to the medical and pharmaceutical communities is to identify genotypes which not only identify the disease but also follow the progression of the disease and are predictive of an organism's response to treatment.

[0006] Currently the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries find a disease and then attempt to determine the genomic basis for the disease. This approach is time consuming and expensive and in many cases involves the investigator guessing as to what pathways might be involved in the disease.

[0007] Genomics

[0008] Presently the two main strategies employed in analyzing the available genomic information are the technology driven reverse genetics brute force strategy and the knowledge-based pathway oriented forward genetics strategy. The brute force approach yields large databases of sequence information but little information about the medical or other uses of the sequence information. Hence this strategy yields intangible products of questionable value. The knowledge-based strategy yields small databases that contain a lot of information about medical uses of particular DNA sequences and other products in the pathway and yield tangible products with a high value.

[0009] Polymorphisms

[0010] Polymorphisms have been known since 1901 with the identification of blood types. In the 1950's they were identified on the level of proteins using large population genetic studies. In the 1980's and 1990's many of the known protein polymorphisms were correlated with genetic loci on genomic DNA. For example, the gene dose of the apolipoprotein E type 4 allele was correlated with the risk of Alzheimer's disease in late onset families (see, e.g., Corder et al. (1993) Science 261: 921-923; mutation in blood coagulation factor V was associated with resistance to activated protein C (see, e.g., Bertina et al. (1994) Nature 369:64-67); resistance to HIV-1 infection has been shown in Caucasian individuals bearing mutant alleles of the CCR-5 chemokine receptor gene (see, e.g., Samson et al. (1996) Nature 382:722-725); and a hypermutable tract in antigen presenting cells (APC, such as macrophages), has been identified in familial colorectal cancer in individuals of Ashkenzi jewish background (see, e.g., Laken et al. (1997) Nature Genet. 17:79-83). There can be more than three million polymorphic sites in the human genome. Many have been identified, but not yet characterized or mapped or associated with a marker.

[0011] Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs)

[0012] Much of the focus of genomics has been in the identification of SNPs, which are important for a variety of reasons. They allow indirect testing (association of haplotypes) and direct testing (functional variants). They are the most abundant and stable genetic markers. Common diseases are best explained by common genetic alterations, and the natural variation in the human population aids in understanding disease, therapy and environmental interactions.

[0013] Currently, the only available method to identify SNPs in DNA is by sequencing, which is expensive, difficult and laborious. Furthermore, once a SNP is discovered it must be validated to determine if it is a real polymorphism and not a sequencing error. Also, discovered SNPs must then be evaluated to determine if they are associated with a particular phenotype. Thus, there is a need to develop new paradigms for identifying the genomic basis for disease and markers thereof. Therefore, it is an object herein to provide methods for identifying the genomic basis of disease and markers thereof.

SUMMARY

[0014] Databases and methods using the databases are provided herein. The databases comprise sets of parameters associated with subjects in populations selected only on the basis of being healthy (i.e., where the subjects are mammals, such as humans, they are selected based upon apparent health and no detectable infections). The databases can be sorted based upon one or more of the selected parameters.

[0015] The databases, for example, can be relational databases, in which an index that represents each subject serves to relate parameters, which are the data, such as age, ethnicity, sex, medical history, etc. and ultimately genotypic information, that was inputted into and stored in the database. The database can then be sorted according to these parameters. Initially, the parameter information is obtained from a questionnaire answered by each subject from whom a body tissue or body fluid sample is obtained. As additional information about each sample is obtained, this information can be entered into the database and can serve as a sorting parameter.

[0016] The databases obtained from healthy individuals have numerous uses, such as correlating known polymorphisms with a phenotype or disease. The databases can be used to identify alleles that are deleterious, that are beneficial, and that are correlated with diseases.

[0017] For purposes herein, genotypic information can be obtained by any method known to those of skill in the art, but is generally obtained using mass spectrometry.

[0018] Also provided herein, is a new use for existing databases of subjects and genotypic and other parameters, such as age, ethnicity, race, and gender. Any database can be sorted according to the methods herein, and alleles that exhibit statistically significant correlations with any of the sorting parameters can be identified. It is noted, however, is noted, that the databases provided herein and randomly selected databases will perform better in these methods, since disease-based databases suffer numerous limitations, including their relatively small size, the homogeneity of the selected disease population, and the masking effect of the polymorphism associated with the markers for which the database was selected. Hence, the healthy database provided herein, provides advantages not heretofore recognized or exploited. The methods provided herein can be used with a selected database, including disease-based databases, with or without sorting for the discovery and correlation of polymorphisms. In addition, the databases provided herein represent a greater genetic diversity than the unselected databases typically utilized for the discovery of polymorphisms and thus allow for the enhanced discovery and correlation of polymorphisms.

[0019] The databases provided herein can be used for taking an identified polymorphism and ascertaining whether it changes in frequency when the data are sorted according to a selected parameter.

[0020] One use of these methods is correlating a selected marker with a particular parameter by following the occurrence of known genetic markers and then, having made this correlation, determining or identifying correlations with diseases. Examples of this use are p53 and Lipoprotein Lipase polymorphism. As exemplified herein, known markers are shown to have particular correlation with certain groups, such as a particular ethnicity or race or one sex. Such correlations will then permit development of better diagnostic tests and treatment regimens.

[0021] These methods are valuable for identifying one or more genetic markers whose frequency changes within the population as a function of age, ethnic group, sex or some other criteria. This can allow the identification of previously unknown polymorphisms and ultimately a gene or pathway involved in the onset and progression of disease.

[0022] The databases and methods provided herein permit, among other things, identification of components, particularly key components, of a disease process by understanding its genetic underpinnings and also permit an understanding of processes, such as individual drug responses. The databases and methods provided herein also can be used in methods involving elucidation of pathological pathways, in developing new diagnostic assays, identifying new potential drug targets, and in identifying new drug candidates.

[0023] The methods and databases can be used with experimental procedures, including, but are not limited to, in silico SNP identification, in vitro SNP identification/verification, genetic profiling of large populations, and in biostatistical analyses and interpretations.

[0024] Also provided herein, are combinations that contain a database provided herein and a biological sample from a subject in the database, and typically biological samples from all subjects or a plurality of subjects in the database. Collections of the tissue and body fluid samples are also provided.

[0025] Also, provided herein, are methods for determining a genetic marker that correlates with age, comprising identifying a polymorphism and determining the frequency of the polymorphism with increasing age in a healthy population.

[0026] Further provided herein are methods for determining whether a genetic marker correlates with susceptibility to morbidity, early mortality, or morbidity and early mortality, comprising identifying a polymorphism and determining the frequency of the polymorphism with increasing age in a healthy population.

[0027] Any of the methods herein described can be used out in a multiplex format.

[0028] Also provided are an apparatus and process for accurately identifying genetic information. It is another object herein that genetic information be extracted from genetic data in a highly automated manner. Therefore, to overcome the deficiencies in the known conventional systems, methods and apparatus for identifying a biological sample are provided.

[0029] Briefly, the method and system for identifying a biological sample generates a data set indicative of the composition of the biological sample. In a particular example, the data set is DNA spectrometry data received from a mass spectrometer. The data set is denoised, and a baseline is deleted. Since possible compositions of the biological sample can be known, expected peak areas can be determined. Using the expected peak areas, a residual baseline is generated to further correct the data set. Probable peaks are then identifiable in the corrected data set, which are used to identify the composition of the biological sample. In a disclosed example, statistical methods are employed to determine the probability that a probable peak is an actual peak, not an actual peak, or that the data too inconclusive to call.

[0030] Advantageously, the method and system for identifying a biological sample accurately makes composition calls in a highly automated manner. In such a manner, complete SNP profile information, for example, can be collected efficiently. More importantly, the collected data are analyzed with highly accurate results. For example, when a particular composition is called, the result can be relied upon with great confidence. Such confidence is provided by the robust computational process employed.

DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0031] FIG. 1 depicts an exemplary sample bank. Panel 1 shows the samples as a function of sex and ethnicity. Panel 2 shows the Caucasians as a function of age. Panel 3 shows the Hispanics as a function of age.

[0032] FIGS. 2A and 2C show an age- and sex-distribution of the 291S allele of the lipoprotein lipase gene in which a total of 436 males and 589 females were investigated. FIG. 2B shows an age distribution for the 436 males.

[0033] FIG. 3 is an exemplary questionnaire for population-based sample banking.

[0034] FIG. 4 depicts processing and tracking of blood sample components.

[0035] FIG. 5 depicts the allelic frequency of “sick” alleles and “healthy” alleles as a function of age. It is noted that the relative frequency of healthy alleles increases in a population with increasing age.

[0036] FIG. 6 depicts the age-dependent distribution of ApoE genotypes (see, Schächter et al. (1994) Nature Genetics 6:29-32).

[0037] FIGS. 7A-D depicts age-related and genotype frequency of the p53 (tumor suppressor) codon 72 among the Caucasian population in the database. *R72 and *P72 represent the frequency of the allele in the database population. R72, R72P, and P72 represent the genotypes of the individuals in the population. The frequency of the homozygous P72 allele drops from 6.7% to 3.7% with age.

[0038] FIG. 8 depicts the allele and genotype frequencies of the p21 S31R allele as a function of age.

[0039] FIG. 9 depicts the frequency of the FVII Allele 353Q in pooled versus individual samples.

[0040] FIG. 10 depicts the frequency of the CETP (cholesterol ester transfer protein) allele in pooled versus individual samples.

[0041] FIG. 11 depicts the frequency of the plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) 5G in pooled versus individual samples.

[0042] FIG. 12 shows mass spectra of the samples and the ethnic diversity of the PAI-1 alleles.

[0043] FIG. 13 shows mass spectra of the samples and the ethnic diversity of the CETP 405 alleles.

[0044] FIG. 14 shows mass spectra of the samples and the ethnic diversity of the Factor VII 353 alleles.

[0045] FIG. 15 shows ethnic diversity of PAI-1, CETP and Factor VII using the pooled DNA samples.

[0046] FIG. 16 shows the p53-Rb pathway and the relationships among the various factors in the pathway.

[0047] FIG. 17, which is a block diagram of a computer constructed to provide and process the databases described herein, depicts a typical computer system for storing and sorting the databases provided herein and practicing the methods provided herein.

[0048] FIG. 18 is a flow diagram that illustrates the processing steps performed using the computer illustrated in FIG. 17, to maintain and provide access to the databases for identifying polymorphic genetic markers.

[0049] FIG. 19 is a histogram showing the allele and genotype distribution in the age and sex stratified Caucasian population for the AKAP10-1 locus. Bright green bars show frequencies in individuals younger than 40 years. Dark green bars show frequencies in individuals older than 60 years.

[0050] FIG. 20 is a histogram showing the allele and genotype distribution in the age and sex stratified Caucasian population for the AKAP10-5 locus. Bright green bars show frequencies in individuals younger than 40 years; dark green bars show frequencies in individuals older than 60 years.

[0051] FIG. 21 is a histogram showing the allele and genotype distribution in the age and sex stratified Caucasian population for the h-msrA locus. Genotype difference between male age groups is significant. Bright green bars show frequencies in individuals younger than 40 years. Dark green bars show frequencies in individuals older than 60 years.

[0052] FIGS. 22A-D is a sample data collection questionnaire used for the healthy database.

[0053] FIG. 23 is a flowchart showing processing performed by the computing device of FIG. 24 when performing genotyping of sense strands and antisense strands from assay fragments.

[0054] FIG. 24 is a block diagram showing a system provided herein;

[0055] FIG. 25 is a flowchart of a method of identifying a biological sample provided herein;

[0056] FIG. 26 is a graphical representation of data from a mass spectrometer;

[0057] FIG. 27 is a diagram of wavelet transformation of mass spectrometry data;

[0058] FIG. 28 is a graphical representation of wavelet stage 0 hi data;

[0059] FIG. 29 is a graphical representation of stage 0 noise profile;

[0060] FIG. 30 is a graphical representation of generating stage noise standard deviations;

[0061] FIG. 31 is a graphical representation of applying a threshold to data stages;

[0062] FIG. 32 is a graphical representation of a sparse data set;

[0063] FIG. 33 is a formula for signal shifting;

[0064] FIG. 34 is a graphical representation of a wavelet transformation of a denoised and shifted signal;

[0065] FIG. 35 is a graphical representation of a denoised and shifted signal;

[0066] FIG. 36 is a graphical representation of removing peak sections;

[0067] FIG. 37 is a graphical representation of generating a peak free signal;

[0068] FIG. 38 is a block diagram of a method of generating a baseline correction;

[0069] FIG. 39 is a graphical representation of a baseline and signal;

[0070] FIG. 40 is a graphical representation of a signal with baseline removed;

[0071] FIG. 41 is a table showing compressed data;

[0072] FIG. 42 is a flowchart of method for compressing data;

[0073] FIG. 43 is a graphical representation of mass shifting;

[0074] FIG. 44 is a graphical representation of determining peak width;

[0075] FIG. 45 is a graphical representation of removing peaks;

[0076] FIG. 46 is a graphical representation of a signal with peaks removed;

[0077] FIG. 47 is a graphical representation of a residual baseline;

[0078] FIG. 48 is a graphical representation of a signal with residual baseline removed;

[0079] FIG. 49 is a graphical representation of determining peak height;

[0080] FIG. 50 is a graphical representation of determining signal-to-noise for each peak;

[0081] FIG. 51 is a graphical representation of determining a residual error for each peak;

[0082] FIG. 52 is a graphical representation of peak probabilities;

[0083] FIG. 53 is a graphical representation of applying an allelic ratio to peak probability;

[0084] FIG. 54 is a graphical representation of determining peak probability;

[0085] FIG. 55 is a graphical representation of calling a genotype;

[0086] FIG. 56 is a flowchart showing a statistical procedure for calling a genotype;

[0087] FIG. 57 is a flowchart showing processing performed by the computing device of FIG. 1 when performing standardless genotyping; and

[0088] FIG. 58 is graphical representation of applying an allelic ratio to peak probability for standardless genotype processing.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0089] Definitions

[0090] Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as is commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. All patents, applications, published applications and other publications and sequences from GenBank and other databases referred to herein throughout the disclosure are incorporated by reference in their entirety.

[0091] As used herein, a biopolymer includes, but is not limited to, nucleic acid, proteins, polysaccharides, lipids and other macromolecules. Nucleic acids include DNA, RNA, and fragments thereof. Nucleic acids can be derived from genomic DNA, RNA, mitochondrial nucleic acid, chloroplast nucleic acid and other organelles with separate genetic material.

[0092] As used herein, morbidity refers to conditions, such as diseases or disorders, that compromise the health and well-being of an organism, such as an animal. Morbidity susceptibility or morbidity-associated genes are genes that, when altered, for example, by a variation in nucleotide sequence, facilitate the expression of a specific disease clinical phenotype. Thus, morbidity susceptibility genes have the potential, upon alteration, of increasing the likelihood or general risk that an organism will develop a specific disease.

[0093] As used herein, mortality refers to the statistical likelihood that an organism, particularly an animal, will not survive a full predicted lifespan. Hence, a trait or a marker, such as a polymorphism, associated with increased mortality is observed at a lower frequency in older than younger segments of a population.

[0094] As used herein, a polymorphism, e.g. genetic variation, refers to a variation in the sequence of a gene in the genome amongst a population, such as allelic variations and other variations that arise or are observed. Thus, a polymorphism refers to the occurrence of two or more genetically determined alternative sequences or alleles in a population. These differences can occur in coding and non-coding portions of the genome, and can be manifested or detected as differences in nucleic acid sequences, gene expression, including, for example transcription, processing, translation, transport, protein processing, trafficking, DNA synthesis, expressed proteins, other gene products or products of biochemical pathways or in post-translational modifications and any other differences manifested amongst members of a population. A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) refers to a polymorphism that arises as the result of a single base change, such as an insertion, deletion or change in a base.

[0095] A polymorphic marker or site is the locus at which divergence occurs. Such site can be as small as one base pair (an SNP). Polymorphic markers include, but are not limited to, restriction fragment length polymorphisms, variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR's), hypervariable regions, minisatellites, dinucleotide repeats, trinucleotide repeats, tetranucleotide repeats and other repeating patterns, simple sequence repeats and insertional elements, such as Alu. Polymorphic forms also are manifested as different mendelian alleles for a gene. Polymorphisms can be observed by differences in proteins, protein modifications, RNA expression modification, DNA and RNA methylation, regulatory factors that alter gene expression and DNA replication, and any other manifestation of alterations in genomic nucleic acid or organelle nucleic acids.

[0096] As used herein, a healthy population refers to a population of organisms, including but are not limited to, animals, bacteria, viruses, parasites, plants, eubacteria, and others, that are disease free. The concept of disease-free is a function of the selected organism. For example, for mammals it refers to a subject not manifesting any disease state. Practically a healthy subject, when human, is defined as human donor who passes blood bank criteria to donate blood for eventual use in the general population. These criteria are as follows: free of detectable viral, bacterial, mycoplasma, and parasitic infections; not anemic; and then further selected based upon a questionnaire regarding history (see FIG. 3). Thus, a healthy population represents an unbiased population of sufficient health to donate blood according to blood bank criteria, and not further selected for any disease state. Typically such individuals are not taking any medications. For plants, for example, it is a plant population that does not manifest diseases pathology associated with plants. For bacteria it is a bacterial population replicating without environmental stress, such as selective agents, heat and other pathogens.

[0097] As used herein, a healthy database (or healthy patient database) refers to a database of profiles of subjects that have not been pre-selected for any particular disease. Hence, the subjects that serve as the source of data for the database are selected, according to predetermined criteria, to be healthy. In contrast to other such databases that have been pre-selected for subjects with a particular disease or other characteristic, the subjects for the database provided herein are not so-selected. Also, if the subjects do manifest a disease or other condition, any polymorphism discovered or characterized should be related to an independent disease or condition. In a one embodiment, where the subjects are human, a healthy subject manifests no disease symptoms and meets criteria, such as those set by blood banks for blood donors.

[0098] Thus, the subjects for the database are a population of any organism, including, but are not limited to, animals, plants, bacteria, viruses, parasites and any other organism or entity that has nucleic acid. Among subjects are mammals, such as, although not necessarily, humans. Such a database can capture the diversity of a population, thus providing for discovery of rare polymorphisms.

[0099] As used herein, a profile refers to information relating to, but not limited to and not necessarily including all of, age, sex, ethnicity, disease history, family history, phenotypic characteristics, such as height and weight and other relevant parameters. A sample collect information form is shown in FIG. 22, which illustrates profile intent.

[0100] As used herein, a disease state is a condition or abnormality or disorder that can be inherited or result from environmental stresses, such as toxins, bacterial, fungal and viral infections.

[0101] As used herein, set of non-selected subjects means that the subjects have not been pre-selected to share a common disease or other characteristic. They can be selected to be healthy as defined herein.

[0102] As used herein, a phenotype refers to a set of parameters that includes any distinguishable trait of an organism. A phenotype can be physical traits and can be, in instances in which the subject is an animal, a mental trait, such as emotional traits. Some phenotypes can be determined by observation elicited by questionnaires (see, e.g., FIGS. 3 and 22) or by referring to prior medical and other records. For purposes herein, a phenotype is a parameter around which the database can be sorted.

[0103] As used herein, a parameter is any input data that will serve as a basis for sorting the database. These parameters will include phenotypic traits, medical histories, family histories and any other such information elicited from a subject or observed about the subject. A parameter can describe the subject, some historical or current environmental or social influence experienced by the subject, or a condition or environmental influence on someone related to the subject. Paramaters include, but are not limited to, any of those described herein, and known to those of skill in the art.

[0104] As used herein, haplotype refers to two or polymorphism located on a single DNA strand. Hence, haplotyping refers to identification of two or more polymorphisms on a single DNA strand. Haplotypes can be indicative of a phenotype. For some disorders a single polymorphism can suffice to indicate a trait; for others a plurality (i.e., a haplotype) can be needed. Haplotyping can be performed by isolating nucleic acid and separating the strands. In addition, when using enzymes such a certain nucleases, that produce, different size fragments from each strand, strand separation is not needed for haplotyping.

[0105] As used herein, pattern with reference to a mass spectrum or mass spectrometric analyses, refers to a characteristic distribution and number of signals (such peaks or digital representations thereof).

[0106] As used herein, signal in the context of a mass spectrum and analysis thereof refers to the output data, which the number or relative number of moleucles having a particular mass. Signals include “peaks” and digital representations thereof.

[0107] As used herein, adaptor, when used with reference to haplotyping using Fen ligase, refers to a nucleic acid that specifically hybridizes to a polymorphism of interest. An adaptor can be partially double-stranded. An adaptor complex is formed when an adaptor hybridizes to its target.

[0108] As used herein, a target nucleic acid refers to any nucleic acid of interest in a sample. It can contain one or more nucleotides.

[0109] As used herein, standardless analysis refers to a determination based upon an internal standard. For example, the frequency of a polymorphism can be determined herein by comparing signals within a single mass spectrum.

[0110] As used herein, amplifying refers to methods for increasing the amount of a bipolymer, especially nucleic acids. Based on the 5′ and 3′ primers that are chosen, amplication also serves to restrict and define the region of the genome which is subject to analysis. Amplification can be performed by any method known to those skilled in the art, including use of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) etc. Amplification, e.g., PCR must be done quantitatively when the frequency of polymorphism is required to be determined.

[0111] As used herein, cleaving refers to non-specific and specific fragmentation of a biopolymer.

[0112] As used herein, multiplexing refers to the simultaneous detection of more than one polymorphism. Methods for performing multiplexed reactions, particularly in conjunction with mass spectrometry are known (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,043,031, 5,547,835 and International PCT application No. WO 97/37041).

[0113] As used herein, reference to mass spectrometry encompasss any suitable mass spectrometric format known to those of skill in the art. Such formats inlude, but are not limited to, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization, Time-of-Flight (MALDI-TOF), Electrospray (ES), IR-MALDI (see, e.g., published International PCT application No.99/57318 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,118,937), Ion Cyclotron Resonance (ICR), Fourier Transform and combinations thereof. MALDI, particular UV and IR, are among the formats contemplated.

[0114] As used herein, mass spectrum refers to the presentation of data obtained from analyzing a biopolymer or fragment thereof by mass spectrometry either graphically or encoded numerically.

[0115] As used herein, a blood component is a component that is separated from blood and includes, but is not limited to red blood cells and platelets, blood clotting factors, plasma, enzymes, plasminogen, immunoglobulins. A cellular blood component is a component of blood, such as a red blood cell, that is a cell. A blood protein is a protein that is normally found in blood. Examples of such proteins are blood factors VII and VIII. Such proteins and components are well-known to those of skill in the art.

[0116] As used herein, plasma can be prepared by any method known to those of skill in the art. For example, it can be prepared by centrifuging blood at a force that pellets the red cells and forms an interface between the red cells and the buffy coat, which contains leukocytes, above which is the plasma. For example, typical platelet concentrates contain at least about 10% plasma.

[0117] Blood can be separated into its components, including, but not limited to, plasma, platelets and red blood cells by any method known to those of skill in the art. For example, blood can be centrifuged for a sufficient time and at a sufficient acceleration to form a pellet containing the red blood cells. Leukocytes collect primarily at the interface of the pellet and supernatant in the buffy coat region. The supernatant, which contains plasma, platelets, and other blood components, can then be removed and centrifuged at a higher acceleration, whereby the platelets pellet.

[0118] As used herein, p53 is a cell cycle control protein that assesses DNA damage and acts as a transcription factor regulation gene which control cell growth, DNA repair and apoptosis. The p53 mutations have been found in a wide variety of different cancers, including all of the different types of leukemia, with varying frequency. The loss of normal p53 functions results in genomic instability and uncontrolled growth of the host cell.

[0119] As used herein, p21 is a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, associated with G1 phase arrest of normal cells. Expression triggers apoptosis or programmed cell death and has been associated with Wilms' tumor, a pediatric kidney cancer.

[0120] As used herein, Factor VII is a serine protease involved the extrinsic blood coagulation cascade. This factor is activated by thrombin and works with tissue factor (Factor III) in the processing of Factor X to Factor Xa. Evidence has supported an association between polymorphisms in the gene and increase Factor VII activity which can result in an elevated risk of ischemic cardiovascular disease including myocardial infarction.

[0121] As used herein, a relational database stores information in a form representative of matrices, such as two-dimensional tables, including rows and columns of data, or higher dimensional matrices. For example, in one embodiment, the relational database has separate tables each with a parameter. The tables are linked with a record number, which also acts as an index. The database can be searched or sorted by using data in the tables and is stored in any suitable storage medium, such as floppy disk, CD rom disk, hard drive or other suitable medium.

[0122] As used herein, a bar codes refers any array of optically readable marks of any desired size and shape that are arranged in a reference context or frame of, typically, although not necessarily, one or more columns and one or more rows. For purposes herein, the bar code refers to any symbology, not necessary “bar” but can include dots, characters or any symbol or symbols.

[0123] As used herein, symbology refers to an identifier code or symbol, such as a bar code, that is linked to a sample. The index will reference each such symbology. The symbology is any code known or designed by the user. The symbols are associated with information stored in the database. For example, each sample can be uniquely identified with an encoded symbology. The parameters, such as the answers to the questions and subsequent genotypic and other information obtained upon analysis of the samples is included in the database and associated with the symbology. The database is stored on any suitable recording medium, such as a hard drive, a floppy disk, a tape, a CD ROM, a DVD disk and any other suitable medium.

[0124] DATABASES

[0125] Human genotyping is currently dependent on collaborations with hospitals, tissues banks and research institutions that provide samples of disease tissue. This approach is based on the concept that the onset and/or progression of diseases can be correlated with the presence of a polymorphisms or other genetic markers. This approach does not consider that disease correlated with the presence of specific markers and the absence of specific markers. It is shown herein that identification and scoring of the appearance and disappearance of markers is possible only if these markers are measured in the background of healthy subjects where the onset of disease does not mask the change in polymorphism occurrence. Databases of information from disease populations suffer from small sample size, selection bias and heterogeneity. The databases provided herein from healthy populations solve these problems by permitting large sample bands, simple selection methods and diluted heterogeneity.

[0126] Provided herein are first databases of parameters, associated with non-selected, particularly healthy, subjects. Also provided are combinations of the databases with indexed samples obtained from each of the subjects. Further provided are databases produced from the first databases. These contain, in addition to the original parameters, information, such as genotypic information, including, but are not limited to, genomic sequence information, derived from the samples.

[0127] The databases, which are herein designated healthy databases, are so-designated because they are not obtained from subjects pre-selected for a particular disease. Hence, although individual members can have a disease, the collection of individuals is not selected to have a particular disease.

[0128] The subjects from whom the parameters are obtained comprise either a set of subjects who are randomly selected across, typically, all populations, or are pre-selected to be disease-free or healthy. As a result, the database is not selected to be representative of any pre-selected phenotype, genotype, disease or other characteristic. Typically the number of subjects from which the database is prepared is selected to produce statistically significant results when used in the methods provided herein. Generally, the number of subjects will be greater than 100, 200, and typically than 1000. The precise number can be empirically determined based upon the frequency of the parameter(s) that can be used to sort the database. Generally the population can have at least 50, at least 100, at least 200, at least 500, at least 1000, at least 5000 or at least 10,000 or more subjects.

[0129] Upon identification of a collection of subjects, information about each subject is recorded and associated with each subject as a database. The information associated with each of the subjects, includes, but is not limited to, information related to historical characteristics of the subjects, phenotypic characteristics and also genotypic characteristics, medical characteristics and any other traits and characteristics about the subject that can be determined. This information will serve as the basis for sorting the database.

[0130] In an exemplary embodiment, the subjects are mammals, such as humans, and the information relates to one or more of parameters, such as age, sex, medical history, ethnicity and any other factor. Such information, when the animals are humans, for example, can be obtained by a questionnaire and by observations about the individual, such as hair color, eye color and other characteristics. Genotypic information can be obtained from tissue or other body and body fluid samples from the subject.

[0131] The healthy genomic database can include profiles and polymorphisms from healthy individuals from a library of blood samples where each sample in the library is an individual and separate blood or other tissue sample. Each sample in the database is profiled as to the sex, age, ethnic group, and disease history of the donor.

[0132] The databases are generated by first identifying healthy populations of subjects and obtaining information about each subject that will serve as the sorting parameters for the database. This information can be entered into a storage medium, such as the memory of a computer.

[0133] The information obtained about each subject in a population used for generating the database is stored in a computer memory or other suitable storage medium. The information is linked to an identifier associated with each subject. Hence the database will identify a subject, for example by a datapoint representative of a bar code, and then all information, such as the information from a questionnaire, regarding the individual is associated with the datapoint. As the information is collected the database is generated.

[0134] Thus, for example, profile information, such as subject histories obtained from questionnaires, is collected in the database. The resulting database can be sorted as desired, using standard software, such as by age, sex and/or ethnicity. An exemplary questionnaire for subjects from whom samples are to be obtained is shown in FIGS. 22A-D. Each questionnaire, for example, can be identified by a bar code, particularly a machine readable bar code for entry into the database. After a subject provides data and is deemed to be healthy (i.e., meets standards for blood donation), the data in the questionnaire is entered into the database and is associated with the bar code. A tissue, cell or blood sample is obtained from the subject.

[0135] FIG. 4 exemplifies processing and tracking of blood sample components. Each component is tracked with a bar code, dated, is entered into the database and associated with the subject and the profile of the subject. Typically, the whole blood is centrifuged to produce plasma, red blood cells (which pellet) and leukocytes found in the buffy coat which layers in between. Various samples are obtained and coded with a bar code and stored for use as needed.

[0136] Samples are collected from the subjects. The samples include, but are not limited to, tissues, cells, and fluids, such as nucleic acid, blood, plasma, amniotic fluid, synovial fluid, urine, saliva, aqueous humor, sweat, sperm samples and cerebral spinal fluid. It is understood that the particular set of samples depends upon the organisms in the population.

[0137] Once samples are obtained the collection can be stored and, in some embodiments, each sample is indexed with an identifier, particularly a machine readable code, such as a bar code. For analyses, the samples or components of the samples, particularly biopolymers and small molecules, such as nucleic acids and/or proteins and metabolites, are isolated.

[0138] After samples are analyzed, this information is entered into the database in the memory of the storage medium and associated with each subject. This information includes, but is not limited to, genotypic information. Particularly, nucleic acid sequence information and other information indicative of polymorphisms, such as masses of PCR fragments, peptide fragment sequences or masses, spectra of biopolymers and small molecules and other indicia of the structure or function of a gene, gene product or other marker from which the existence of a polymorphism within the population can be inferred.

[0139] In an exemplary embodiment, a database can be derived from a collection of blood samples. For example, FIG. 1 (see, also FIG. 10) shows the status of a collection of over 5000 individual samples. The samples were processed in the laboratory following SOP (standard operating procedure) guidelines. Any standard blood processing protocol can be used.

[0140] For the exemplary database described herein, the following criteria were used to select subjects:

[0141] No testing is done for infectious agents.

[0142] Age: At least 17 years old

[0143] Weight: Minimum of 110 pounds

[0144] Permanently Disqualified:

[0145] History of hepatitis (after age 11)

[0146] Leukemia Lymphoma

[0147] Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV),AIDS

[0148] Chronic kidney disease

[0149] Temporarily Disqualified:

[0150] Pregnancy—until six weeks after delivery, miscarriage or abortion

[0151] Major surgery or transfusions—for one year

[0152] Mononucleosis—until complete recovery

[0153] Prior whole blood donation—for eight weeks

[0154] Antibiotics by injection for one week; by mouth, for forty-eight hours, except antibiotics for skin complexion;

[0155] 5 year Deferment:

[0156] Internal cancer and skin cancer if it has been removed, is healed and there is no recurrence

[0157] These correspond to blood bank criteria for donating blood and represent a healthy population as defined herein for a human healthy database.

[0158] Structure of the Database

[0159] Any suitable database structure and format known to those of skill in the art can be employed. For example, a relational database is a an exemplary format in which data are stored as matrices or tables of the parameters linked by an indexer that identifies each subject. Software for preparing and manipulating, including sorting the database, can be readily developed or adapted from commercially available software, such as Microsoft Access.

[0160] Quality Control

[0161] Quality control procedures can be implemented. For example, after collection of samples, the quality of the collection in the bank can be assessed. For example, mix-up of samples can be checked by testing for known markers, such as sex. After samples are separated by ethnicity, samples are randomly tested for a marker associated with a particular ethnicity, such as HLA DQA1 group specific component, to assess whether the samples have been properly sorted by ethnic group. An exemplary sample bank is depicted in FIG. 4.

[0162] Obtaining Genotypic Data and Other Parameters for the Database

[0163] After informational and historical parameters are entered into the database, material from samples obtained from each subject, is analyzed. Analyzed material include proteins, metabolites, nucleic acids, lipids and any other desired constituent of the material. For example, nucleic acids, such as genomic DNA, can be analyzed by sequencing.

[0164] Sequencing can be performed using any method known to those of skill in the art. For example, if a polymorphism is identified or known, and it is desired to assess its frequency or presence among the subjects in the database, the region of interest from each sample can be isolated, such as by PCR or restriction fragments, hybridization or other suitable method known to those of skill in the art and sequenced. For purposes herein, sequencing analysis can be effected using mass spectrometry (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,547,835, 5,622,824, 5,851,765, and 5,928,906). Nucleic acids also can be sequenced by hybridization (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,503,980, 5,631,134, 5,795,714) and including analysis by mass spectrometry (see, U.S. application Ser. Nos. 08/419,994 and 09/395,409).

[0165] In other detection methods, it is necessary to first amplify prior to identifying the allelic variant. Amplification can be performed, e.g., by PCR and/or LCR, according to methods known in the art. In one embodiment, genomic DNA of a cell is exposed to two PCR primers and amplification for a number of cycles sufficient to produce the required amount of amplified DNA. In some embodiments, the primers are located between 150 and 350 base pairs apart.

[0166] Alternative amplification methods include: self sustained sequence replication (Guatelli, J. C. et al., 1990, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 87:1874-1878), transcriptional amplification system (Kwoh, D. Y. et al., 1989, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 86:1173-1177), Q-Beta Replicase (Lizardi, P. M. et al., 1988, Bio/Technology 6:1197), or any other nucleic acid amplification method, followed by the detection of the amplified molecules using techniques well known to those of skill in the art. These detection schemes are especially useful for the detection of nucleic acid molecules if such molecules are present in very low numbers.

[0167] Nucleic acids also can be analyzed by detection methods and protocols, particularly those that rely on mass spectrometry (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,605,798, 6,043,031, allowed copending U.S. application Ser. No. 08/744,481, U.S. application Ser. No. 08/990,851 and International PCT application No. WO 99/31278, International PCT application No. WO 98/2001 9). These methods can be automated (see, e.g., copending U.S. application Ser. No. 09/285,481 and published International PCT application No. PCT/US00/08111, which describes an automated process line). Among the methods of analysis herein are those involving the primer oligo base extension (PROBE) reaction with mass spectrometry for detection (described herein and elsewhere, see e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 6,043,031; see, also U.S. application Ser. Nos. 09/287,681, 09/287,682, 09/287,141 and 09/287,679, allowed copending U.S. application Ser. No. 08/744,481, International PCT application No. PCT/US97/20444, published as International PCT application No. WO 98/20019, and based upon U.S. application Ser. Nos. 08/744,481, 08/744,590, 08/746,036, 08/746,055, 08/786,988, 08/787,639, 08/933,792, 08/746,055, 08/786,988 and 08/787,639; see, also U.S. application Ser. No. 09/074,936, U.S. Pat. No. 6,024,925, and U.S. application Ser. Nos. 08/746,055 and 08/786,988, and published International PCT application No. WO 98/20020)

[0168] A chip based format in which the biopolymer is linked to a solid support, such as a silicon or silicon-coated substrate, such as in the form of an array, is among the formats for performing the analyses is. Generally, when analyses are performed using mass spectrometry, particularly MALDI, small nanoliter volumes of sample are loaded on, such that the resulting spot is about, or smaller than, the size of the laser spot. It has been found that when this is achieved, the results from the mass spectrometric analysis are quantitative. The area under the signals in the resulting mass spectra are proportional to concentration (when normalized and corrected for background). Methods for preparing and using such chips are described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,024,925, co-pending U.S. application Ser. Nos. 08/786,988, 09/364,774, 09/371,150 and 09/297,575; see, also U.S. application Ser. No. PCT/US97/20195, which published as WO 98/20020. Chips and kits for performing these analyses are commercially available from SEQUENOM under the trademark MassARRAY. MassArray relies on the fidelity of the enzymatic primer extension reactions combined with the miniaturized array and MALDI-TOF (Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization-Time of Flight) mass spectrometry to deliver results rapidly. It accurately distinguishes single base changes in the size of DNA fragments associated with genetic variants without tags.

[0169] The methods provided herein permit quantitative determination of alleles. The areas under the signals in the mass spectra can be used for quantitative determinations. The frequency is determined from the ratio of the signal to the total area of all of the spectrum and corrected for background. This is possible because of the PROBE technology as described in the above applications incorporated by reference herein.

[0170] Additional methods of analyzing nucleic acids include amplification-based methods including polymerase chain reaction (PCR), ligase chain reaction (LCR), mini-PCR, rolling circle amplification, autocatalytic methods, such as those using Qβ replicase, TAS, 3SR, and any other suitable method known to those of skill in the art.

[0171] Other methods for analysis and identification and detection of polymorphisms, include but are not limited to, allele specific probes, Southern analyses, and other such analyses.

[0172] The methods described below provide ways to fragment given amplified or non-amplified nucleotide sequences thereby producing a set of mass signals when mass spectrometry is used to analyze the fragment mixtures.

[0173] Amplified fragments are yielded by standard polymerase chain methods (U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,683,195 and 4,683,202). The fragmentation method involves the use of enzymes that cleave single or double strands of DNA and enzymes that ligate DNA. The cleavage enzymes can be glycosylases, nickases, and site-specific and non site-specific nucleases, such as, but are not limited to, glycosylases, nickases and site-specific nucleases.

[0174] Glycosylase Fragmentation Method

[0175] DNA glycosylases specifically remove a certain type of nucleobase from a given DNA fragment. These enzymes can thereby produce abasic sites, which can be recognized either by another cleavage enzyme, cleaving the exposed phosphate backbone specifically at the abasic site and producing a set of nucleobase specific fragments indicative of the sequence, or by chemical means, such as alkaline solutions and or heat. The use of one combination of a DNA glycosylase and its targeted nucleotide would be sufficient to generate a base specific signature pattern of any given target region.

[0176] Numerous DNA glcosylases are known, For example, a DNA glycosylase can be uracil-DNA glycolsylase (UDG), 3-methyladenine DNA glycosylase, 3-methyladenine DNA glycosylase II, pyrimidine hydrate-DNA glycosylase, FaPy-DNA glycosylase, thymine mismatch-DNA glycosylase, hypoxanthine-DNA glycosylase, 5-Hydroxymethyluracil DNA glycosylase (HmUDG), 5-Hydroxymethylcytosine DNA glycosylase, or 1,N6-etheno-adenine DNA glycosylase (see, e.g.,, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,536,649, 5,888,795, 5,952,176 and 6,099,553, International PCT application Nos. WO 97/03210, WO 99/54501; see, also, Eftedal et al. (1993) Nucleic Acids Res 21:2095-2101, Bjelland and Seeberg (1987) Nucleic Acids Res. 15:2787-2801, Saparbaev et al. (1995) Nucleic Acids Res. 23:3750-3755, Bessho (1999) Nucleic Acids Res. 27:979-983) corresponding to the enzyme's modified nucleotide or nucleotide analog target. uracil-DNA glycolsylase (UDG) is an exemplary glycosylase.

[0177] Uracil, for example, can be incorporated into an amplified DNA molecule by amplifying the DNA in the presence of normal DNA precursor nucleotides (e.g. dCTP, dATP, and dGTP) and dUTP. When the amplified product is treated with UDG, uracil residues are cleaved. Subsequent chemical treatment of the products from the UDG reaction results in the cleavage of the phosphate backbone and the generation of nucleobase specific fragments. Moreover, the separation of the complementary strands of the amplified product prior to glycosylase treatment allows complementary patterns of fragmentation to be generated. Thus, the use of dUTP and Uracil DNA glycosylase allows the generation of T specific fragments for the complementary strands, thus providing information on the T as well as the A positions within a given sequence. Similar to this, a C-specific reaction on both (complementary) strands (i.e. with a C-specific glycosylase) yields information on C as well as G positions within a given sequence if the fragmentation patterns of both amplification strands are analyzed separately. Thus, with the glycosylase method and mass spectrometry, a full series of A, C, G and T specific fragmentation patterns can be analyzed.

[0178] Nickase Fragmentation Method

[0179] A DNA nickase, or DNase, can be used to recognize and cleave one strand of a DNA duplex. Numerous nickases are known. Among these, for example, are nickase NY2A nickase and NYS1 nickase (Megabase) with the following cleavage sites:

[0180] NY2A:

[0181] 5′ . . . R AG . . . 3′

[0182] 3′ . . . Y TC . . . 5′ where R=A or G and Y=C or T

[0183] NYS1:

[0184] 5′ . . . CC[A/G/T] . . . 3′

[0185] 3′ . . . GG[T/C/A] . . . 5′.

[0186] Fen-Ligase Fragmentation Method

[0187] The Fen-ligase method involves two enzymes: Fen-1 enzyme and a ligase. The Fen-1 enzyme is a site-specific nuclease known as a “flap” endonuclease (U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,843,669, 5,874,283, and 6,090,606). This enzyme recognizes and cleaves DNA “flaps” created by the overlap of two oligonucleotides hybridized to a target DNA strand. This cleavage is highly specific and can recognize single base pair mutations, permitting detection of a single homologue from an individual heterozygous at one SNP of interest and then genotyping that homologue at other SNPs occurring within the fragment. Fen-1 enzymes can be Fen-1 like nucleases e.g. human, murine, and Xenopus XPG enzymes and yeast RAD2 nucleases or Fen-1 endonucleases from, for example, M. jannaschii, P. furiosus, and P. woesei. Among such enzymes are the Fen-1 enzymes.

[0188] The ligase enzyme forms a phosphodiester bond between two double stranded nucleic acid fragments. The ligase can be DNA Ligase I or DNA Ligase III (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. U.S. 5,506,137, 5,700,672, 5,858,705 and 5,976,806; see, also, Waga, et al. (1994) J. Biol. Chem. 269:10923-10934, Li et al. (1994) Nucleic Acids Res. 22:632-638, Arrand et al. (1986) J. Biol. Chem. 261:9079-9082, Lehman (1974) Science 186:790-797, Higgins and Cozzarelli (1979) Methods Enzymol. 68:50-71, Lasko et al. (1990) Mutation Res. 236:277-287, and Lindahl and Barnes (1992) Ann. Rev. Biochem. 61:251-281). Thermostable ligase (Epicenter Technologies), where “thermostable” denotes that the ligase retains activity even after exposure to temperatures necessary to separate two strands of DNA, are among the ligases for use herein.

[0189] Type IIS Enzyme Fragmentation Method

[0190] Restriction enzymes bind specifically to and cleave double-stranded DNA at specific sites within or adjacent to a particular recognition sequence. These enzymes have been classified into three groups (e.g. Types I, II, and III) as known to those of skill in the art. Because of the properties of type I and type III enzymes, they have not been widely used in molecular biological applications. Thus, for purposes herein type II enzymes are among those contemplated. Of the thousands of restriction enzymes known in the art, there are 179 different type II specificities. Of the 179 unique type II restriction endonucleases, 31 have a 4-base recognition sequence, 11 have a 5-base recognition sequence, 127 have a 6-base recognition sequence, and 10 have recognition sequences of greater than six bases (U.S. Pat. No. 5,604,098). Of category type II enzymes, type IIS is exemplified herein.

[0191] Type IIS enzymes can be Alw XI, Bbv I, Bce 83, Bpm I, Bsg I, Bsm AI, Bsm FI, Bsa I, Bcc I, Bcg I, Ear I, Eco 57I, Esp 3I, Fau I, Fok I, Gsu I, Hga I, Mme I, Mbo II, Sap I, and the otheres.

[0192] The Fok I enzyme endonuclease is an exemplary well characterized member of the Type IIS class (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,714,330, 5,604,098, 5,436,150, 6,054,276 and 5,871,911; see, also, Szybalski et al. (1991) Gene 100:13-26, Wilson and Murray (1991) Ann. Rev. Genet. 25:585-627, Sugisaki et al. (1981) Gene 16:73-78, Podhajska and Szalski (1985) Gene 40:175-182. Fok I recognizes the sequence 5′GGATG-3′ and cleaves DNA accordingly. Type IIS restriction sites can be introduced into DNA targets by incorporating the sites into primers used to amplify such targets. Fragments produced by digestion with Fok I are site specific and can be analyzed by mass spectrometry methods such as MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, ESI-TOF mass spectrometry, and any other type of mass spectrometry well known to those of skill in the art.

[0193] Once a polymorphism has been found to correlate with a parameter such as age, age groups can be screened for polymorphisms. The possibility of false results due to allelic dropout is examined by doing comparative PCR in an adjacent region of the genome.

[0194] Analyses

[0195] In using the database, allelic frequencies can be determined across the population by analyzing each sample in the population individually, determining the presence or absence of allele or marker of interest in each individual sample, and then determining the frequency of the marker in the population. The database can then be sorted (stratified) to identify any correlations between the allele and a selected parameter using standard statistical analysis. If a correlation is observed, such as a decrease in a particular marker with age or correlation with sex or other parameter, then the marker is a candidate for further study, such as genetic mapping to identify a gene or pathway in which it is involved. The marker can then be correlated, for example, with a disease. Haplotying also can be carried out. Genetic mapping can be effected using standard methods and can also require use of databases of others, such as databases previously determined to be associated with a disorder.

[0196] Exemplary analyses have been performed and these are shown in the figures, and discussed herein.

[0197] Sample Pooling

[0198] It has been found that using the databases provided herein, or any other database of such information, substantially the same frequencies that were obtained by examining each sample separately can be obtained by pooling samples, such as in batches of 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, 500, 1000 or any other number. A precise number can be determined empirically if necessary, and can be as low as 3.

[0199] In one embodiment, the frequency of genotypic and other markers can be obtained by pooling samples. To do this a target population and a genetic variation to be assessed is selected, a plurality of samples of biopolymers are obtained from members of the population, and the biopolymer from which the marker or genotype can be inferred is determined or detected. A comparison of samples tested in pools and individually and the sorted results therefrom are shown in FIG. 9, which shows frequency of the factor VII Allele 353Q. FIG. 10 depicts the frequency of the CETP Allele in pooled versus individual samples. FIG. 15 shows ethnic diversity among various ethnic groups in the database using pooled DNA samples to obtain the data. FIGS. 12-14 show mass spectra for these samples.

[0200] Pooling of test samples has application not only to the healthy databases provided herein, but also to use in gathering data for entry into any database of subjects and genotypic information, including typical databases derived from diseased populations. What is demonstrated herein, is the finding that the results achieved are statistically the same as the results that would be achieved if each sample is analyzed separately. Analysis of pooled samples by a method, such as the mass spectrometric methods provided herein, permits resolution of such data and quantitation of the results.

[0201] For factor VII the R53Q acid polymorphism was assessed. In FIG. 9, the “individual” data represent allelic frequency observed in 92 individuals reactions. The pooled data represent the allelic frequency of the same 92 individuals pooled into a single probe reaction. The concentration of DNA in the samples of individual donors is 250 nanograms. The total concentration of DNA in the pooled samples is also 250 nanograms, where the concentration of any individual DNA is 2.7 nanograms.

[0202] It also was shown that it is possible to reduce the DNA concentration of individuals in a pooled samples from 2.7 nanograms to 0.27 nanograms without any change in the quality of the spectrum or the ability to quantitate the amount of sample detected. Hence low concentrations of sample can be used in the pooling methods.

[0203] Use of the Databases and Markers Identified Thereby

[0204] The successful use of genomics requires a scientific hypothesis (i.e., common genetic variation, such as a SNP), a study design (i.e., complex disorders), samples and technology, such as the chip-based mass spectrometric analyses (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,605,798, U.S. Pat. No. 5,777,324, U.S. Pat. No. 6,043,031, allowed copending U.S. application Ser. No. 08/744,481, U.S. application Ser. No. 08/990,851, International PCT application No. WO 98/20019, copending U.S. application Ser. No. 09/285,481, which describes an automated process line for analyses; see, also, U.S. application Ser. Nos. 08/617,256, 09/287,681, 09/287,682, 09/287,141 and 09/287,679, allowed copending U.S. application Ser. No. 08/744,481, International PCT application No. PCT/US97/20444, published as International PCT application No. WO 98/20019, and based upon U.S. application Ser. Nos. 08/744,481, 08/744,590, 08/746,036, 08/746,055, 08/786,988, 08/787,639, 08/933,792, 08/746,055, 09/266,409, 08/786,988 and 08/787,639; see, also U.S. application Ser. No. 09/074,936). All of these aspects can be used in conjunction with the databases provided herein and samples in the collection.

[0205] The databases and markers identified thereby can be used, for example, for identification of previously unidentified or unknown genetic markers and to identify new uses for known markers. As markers are identified, these can be entered into the database to use as sorting parameters from which additional correlations can be determined.

[0206] Previously Unidentified or Unknown Genetic Markers

[0207] The samples in the healthy databases can be used to identify new polymorphisms and genetic markers, using any mapping, sequencing, amplification and other methodologies, and in looking for polymorphisms among the population in the database. The thus-identified polymorphism can then be entered into the database for each sample, and the database sorted (stratified) using that polymorphism as a sorting parameter to identify any patterns and correlations that emerge, such as age correlated changes in the frequency of the identified marker. If a correlation is identified, the locus of the marker can be mapped and its function or effect assessed or deduced.

[0208] Thus, the databases here provide means for:

[0209] identification of significantly different allelic frequencies of genetic factors by comparing the occurrence or disappearance of the markers with increasing age in population and then associating the markers with a disease or a biochemical pathway;

[0210] identification of significantly different allelic frequencies of disease causing genetic factors by comparing the male with the female population or comparing other selected stratified populations and associating the markers with a disease or a biochemical pathway;

[0211] identification of significantly different allelic frequencies of disease causing genetic factors by comparing different ethnic groups and associating the markers with a disease or a biochemical pathway that is known to occur in high frequency in the ethnic group;

[0212] profiling potentially functional variants of genes through the general panmixed population stratified according to age, sex, and ethnic origin and thereby demonstrating the contribution of the variant genes to the physical condition of the investigated population;

[0213] identification of functionally relevant gene variants by gene disequilibrium analysis performed within the general panmixed population stratified according to age, sex, and ethnic origin and thereby demonstrating their contribution to the physical condition of investigated population;

[0214] identification of potentially functional variants of chromosomes or parts of chromosomes by linkage disequilibrium analysis performed within the general panmixed population stratified according to age, sex, and ethnic origin and thereby demonstrating their contribution to the physical condition of investigated population.

[0215] Uses of the Identified Markers and Known Markers

[0216] The databases can also be used in conjunction with known markers and sorted to identify any correlations. For example, the databases can be used for:

[0217] determination and evaluation of the penetrance of medically relevant polymorphic markers;

[0218] determination and evaluation of the diagnostic specificity of medically relevant genetic factors;

[0219] determination and evaluation of the positive predictive value of medically relevant genetic factors;

[0220] determination and evaluation of the onset of complex diseases, such as, but are not limited to, diabetes, hypertension, autoimmune diseases, arteriosclerosis, cancer and other diseases within the general population with respect to their causative genetic factors;

[0221] delineation of the appropriate strategies for preventive disease treatment;

[0222] delineation of appropriate timelines for primary disease intervention;

[0223] validation of medically relevant genetic factors identified in isolated populations regarding their general applicability;

[0224] validation of disease pathways including all potential target structures identified in isolated populations regarding their general applicability; and

[0225] validation of appropriate drug targets identified in isolated populations regarding their general applicability.

[0226] Among the diseases and disorders for which polymorphisms can be linked include, those linked to inborn errors of metabolism, acquired metabolic disorders, intermediary metabolism, oncogenesis pathways, blood clotting pathways, and DNA synthetic and repair pathways, DNA repair/replication/transcription factors and activities, e.g., such as genes related to oncogenesis, aging and genes involved in blood clotting and the related biochemical pathways that are related to thrombosis, embolism, stroke, myocardial infarction, angiogenesis and oncogenesis.

[0227] For example, a number of diseases are caused by or involve deficient or defective enzymes in intermediary metabolism (see, e.g., Tables 1 and 2, below) that result, upon ingestion of the enzyme substrates, in accumulation of harmful metabolites that damage organs and tissues, particularly an infant's developing brain and other organs, resulting in mental retardation and other developmental disorders.

[0228] Identification of Markers and Genes for such Disorders is of Great Interest.

[0229] Model Systems

[0230] Several gene systems, p21, p53 and Lipoprotein Lipase polymorphism (N291S), were selected. The p53 gene is a tumor suppressor gene that is mutated in diverse tumor types. One common allelic variant occurs at codon 72. A polymorphism that has been identified in the p53 gene, i.e., the R72P allele, results in an amino acid exchange, arginine to proline, at codon 72 of the gene.

[0231] Using diseased populations, it has been shown that there are ethnic differences in the allelic distribution of these alleles among African-Americans and Caucasians in the U.S. The results here support this finding and also demonstrate that the results obtained with a healthy database are meaningful (see, FIG. 7B).

[0232] The 291S allele leads to reduced levels of high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) that is associated with an increased risk of males for arteriosclerosis and in particular myocardial infarction (see, Reymer et al. (1995) Nature Genetics 10:28-34).

[0233] Both genetic polymorphisms were profiled within a part of the Caucasian population-based sample bank. For the polymorphism located in the lipoprotein lipase gene a total of 1025 unselected individuals (436 males and 589 females) were tested. Genomic DNA was isolated from blood samples obtained from the individuals.

[0234] As shown in the Examples and figures, an exemplary database containing about 5000 subjects, answers to the questionnaire (see FIG. 3), and genotypic information has been stratified. A particular known allele has been selected, and the samples tested for the marker using mass spectrometric analyses, particularly PROBE (see the EXAMPLES) to identify polymorphisms in each sample. The population in the database has been sorted according to various parameters and correlations have been observed. For example, FIGS. 2A-C, show sorting of the data by age and sex for the Lipoprotein Lipase gene in the Caucasian population in the database. The results show a decrease in the frequency of the allele with age in males but no such decrease in females. Other alleles that have been tested against the database, include, alleles of p53, p21 and factor VII. Results when sorted by age are shown in the figures.

[0235] These examples demonstrate an effect of altered frequency of disease causing genetic factors within the general population. The scientific interpretation of those results allows prediction of medical relevance of polymorphic genetic alterations. In addition, conclusions can be drawn with regard to their penetrance, diagnostic specificity, positive predictive value, onset of disease, most appropriate onset of preventive strategies, and the general applicability of genetic alterations identified in isolated populations to panmixed populations.

[0236] Therefore, an age- and sex-stratified population-based sample bank that is ethnically homogenous is a suitable tool for rapid identification and validation of genetic factors regarding their potential medical utility.

[0237] Exemplary Computer System for Creating, Storing and Processing the Databases

[0238] Systems

[0239] Systems, including computers, containing the databases are provided herein. The computers and databases can be used in conjunction, for example, with the APL system (see, copending U.S. application Ser. No. 09/285,481), which is an automated system for analyzing biopolymers, particularly nucleic acids. Results from the APL system can be entered into the database.

[0240] Any suitable computer system can be used. The computer system can be integrated into systems for sample analysis, such as the automated process line described herein (see, e.g., copending U.S. application Ser. No. 09/285,481).

[0241] FIG. 17 is a block diagram of a computer constructed to provide and process the databases described herein. The processing that maintains the database and performs the methods and procedures can be performed on multiple computers all having a similar construction, or can be performed by a single, integrated computer. For example, the computer through which data are added to the database can be separate from the computer through which the database is sorted, or can be integrated with it. In either arrangement, the computers performing the processing can have a construction as illustrated in FIG. 17.

[0242] FIG. 17 is a block diagram of an exemplary computer 1700 that maintains the database described above and performs the methods and procedures. Each computer 1700 operates under control of a central processor unit (CPU) 1702, such as a “Pentium” microprocessor and associated integrated circuit chips, available from Intel Corporation of Santa Clara, Calif., USA. A computer user can input commands and data from a keyboard and display mouse 1704 and can view inputs and computer output at a display 1706. The display is typically a video monitor or flat panel display device. The computer 1700 also includes a direct access storage device (DASD) 1707, such as a fixed hard disk drive. The memory 1708 typically comprises volatile semiconductor random access memory (RAM). Each computer can include a program product reader 1710 that accepts a program product storage device 1712, from which the program product reader can read data (and to which it can optionally write data). The program product reader can comprise, for example, a disk drive, and the program product storage device can comprise removable storage media such as a magnetic floppy disk, an optical CD-ROM disc, a CD-R disc, a CD-RW disc, or a DVD data disc. If desired, the computers can be connected so they can communicate with each other, and with other connected computers, over a network 1713. Each computer 1700 can communicate with the other connected computers over the network 1713 through a network interface 1714 that enables communication over a connection 1716 between the network and the computer.

[0243] The computer 1700 operates under control of programming steps that are temporarily stored in the memory 1708 in accordance with conventional computer construction. When the programming steps are executed by the CPU 1702, the pertinent system components perform their respective functions. Thus, the programming steps implement the functionality of the system as described above. The programming steps can be received from the DASD 1707, through the program product reader 1712, or through the network connection 1716. The storage drive 1710 can receive a program product, read programming steps recorded thereon and transfer the programming steps into the memory 1708 for execution by the CPU 1702. As noted above, the program product storage device 1710 can comprise any one of multiple removable media having recorded computer-readable instructions, including magnetic floppy disks and CD-ROM storage discs. Other suitable program product storage devices can include magnetic tape and semiconductor memory chips. In this way, the processing steps necessary for operation can be embodied on a program product.

[0244] Alternatively, the program steps can be received into the operating memory 1708 over the network 1713. In the network method, the computer receives data including program steps into the memory 1708 through the network interface 1714 after network communication has been established over the network connection 1716 by well-known methods that will be understood by those skilled in the art without further explanation. The program steps are then executed by the CPU 1702 to implement the processing of the Garment Database system.

[0245] It should be understood that all of the computers of the system and can have a construction similar to that shown in FIG. 17. Details described with respect to the FIG. 17 computer 1700 will be understood to apply to all computers of the system 1700. This is indicated by multiple computers 1700 shown connected to the network 1713. Any one of the computers 1700 can have an alternative construction, so long as they can communicate with the other computers and support the functionality described herein.

[0246] FIG. 18 is a flow diagram that illustrates the processing steps performed using the computer illustrated in FIG. 17, to maintain and provide access to the databases, such as for identifying polymorphic genetic markers. In particular, the information contained in the database is stored in computers having a construction similar to that illustrated in FIG. 17. The first step for maintaining the database, as indicated in FIG. 18, is to identify healthy members of a population. As noted above, the population members are subjects that are selected only on the basis of being healthy, and where the subjects are mammals, such as humans, they can be selected based upon apparent health and the absence of detectable infections. The step of identifying is represented by the flow diagram box numbered 1802.

[0247] The next step, represented by the flow diagram box numbered 1804, is to obtain identifying and historical information and data relating to the identified members of the population. The information and data comprise parameters for each of the population members, such as member age, ethnicity, sex, medical history, and ultimately genotypic information. Initially, the parameter information is obtained from a questionnaire answered by each member, from whom a body tissue or body fluid sample also is obtained. The step of entering and storing these parameters into the database of the computer is represented by the flow diagram box numbered 1806. As additional information about each population member and corresponding sample is obtained, this information can be inputted into the database and can serve as a sorting parameter.

[0248] In the next step, represented by the flow diagram box numbered 1808, the parameters of the members are associated with an indexer. This step can be executed as part of the database storage operation, such as when a new data record is stored according to the relational database structure and is automatically linked with other records according to that structure. The step 1806 also can be executed as part of a conventional data sorting or retrieval process, in which the database entries are searched according to an input search or indexing key value to determine attributes of the data. For example, such search and sort techniques can be used to follow the occurrence of known genetic markers and then determine if there is a correlation with diseases for which they have been implicated. Examples of this use are for assessing the frequencies of the p53 and Lipoprotein Lipase polymorphisms.

[0249] Such searching of the database also can be valuable for identifying one or more genetic markers whose frequency changes within the population as a function of age, ethnic group, sex, or some other criteria. This can allow the identification of previously unknown polymorphisms and, ultimately, identification of a gene or pathway involved in the onset and progression of disease.

[0250] In addition, the database can be used for taking an identified polymorphism and ascertaining whether it changes in frequency when the data are sorted according to a selected parameter.

[0251] In this way, the databases and methods provided herein permit, among other things, identification of components, particularly key components, of a disease process by understanding its genetic underpinnings, and also an understanding of processes, such as individual drug responses. The databases and methods provided herein also can be used in methods involving elucidation of pathological pathways, in developing new diagnostic assays, identifying new potential drug targets, and in identifying new drug candidates.

[0252] Morbidity and/or Early Mortality Associated Polymorphisms

[0253] A database containing information provided by a population of healthy blood donors who were not selected for any particular disease to can be used to identify polymorphisms and the alleles in which they are present, whose frequency decreases with age. These can represent morbidity susceptibility markers and genes.

[0254] Polymorphisms of the genome can lead to altered gene function, protein function or genome instability. To identify those polymorphisms which have a clinical relevance/utility is the goal of a world-wide scientific effort. It can be expected that the discovery of such polymorphisms will have a fundamental impact on the identification and development of novel drug compounds to cure diseases. The strategy to identify valuable polymorphisms is cumbersome and dependent upon the availability of many large patient and control cohorts to show disease association. In particular, genes that cause a general risk of the population to suffer from any disease (morbidity susceptibility genes) will escape these case/control studies entirely.

[0255] Here described is a screening strategy to identify morbidity susceptibility genes underlying a variety of different diseases. The definition of a morbidity susceptibility gene is a gene that is expressed in many different cell types or tissues (housekeeping gene) and its altered function can facilitate the expression of a clinical phenotype caused by disease-specific susceptibility genes that are involved in a pathway specific for this disorder. In other words, these morbidity susceptibility genes predispose people to develop a distinct disease according to their genetic make-up for this disease.

[0256] Candidates for morbidity susceptibility genes can be found at the bottom level of pathways involving transcription, translation, heat-shock proteins, protein trafficking, DNA repair, assembly systems for subcellular structures (e.g. mitochondria, peroxysomes and other cellular microbodies), receptor signaling cascades, immunology, etc. Those pathways control the quality of life at the cellular level as well as for the entire organism. Mutations/polymorphisms located in genes encoding proteins for those pathways can reduce the fitness of cells and make the organism more susceptible to express the clinical phenotype caused by the action of a disease-specific susceptibility gene. Therefore, these morbidity susceptibility genes can be potentially involved in a whole variety of different complex diseases if not in all. Disease-specific susceptibility genes are involved in pathways that can be considered as disease-specific pathways like glucose-, lipid, hormone metabolism, etc.

[0257] The exemplified method permit, among other things, identification of genes and/or gene products involved in a man's general susceptibility to morbidity and/or mortality; use of these genes and/or gene products in studies to elucidate the genetic underpinnings of human diseases; use of these genes and/or gene products in combinatorial statistical analyses without or together with disease-specific susceptibility genes; use of these genes and/or gene products to predict penetrance of disease susceptibility genes; use of these genes and/or gene products in predisposition and/or acute medical diagnostics and use of these genes and/or gene products to develop drugs to cure diseases and/or to extend the life span of humans.

[0258] SCREENING PROCESS

[0259] The healthy population stratified by age, gender and ethnicity, etc. is a very efficient and a universal screening tool for morbidity associated genes. Changes of allelic frequencies in the young compared to the old population are expected to indicate putative morbidity susceptibility genes. Individual samples of this healthy population base can be pooled to further increase the throughput. In an experiment, pools of young and old Caucasian females and males were applied to screen more than 400 randomly chosen single nucleotide polymorphisms located in many different genes. Candidate polymorphisms were identified if the allelic difference was greater than 8% between young and old for both or only one of the genders. The initial results were assayed again in at least one independent subsequent experiments. Repeated experiments are necessary to recognize unstable biochemical reactions, which occur with a frequency of about 2-3% and can mimic age-related allelic frequency differences. Average frequency differences and standard deviations are calculated after successful reproducibility of initial results. The final allelic frequency is then compared to a reference population of Caucasian CEPH sample pool. The result should show similar allelic frequencies in the young Caucasian population. Subsequently, the exact allele frequencies of candidates including genotype information were obtained by analyzing all individual samples. This procedure is straight forward with regard to time and cost. It enables the screening of an enormous number of SNPs. So far, several markers with a highly significant association to age were identified and described below.

[0260] In general at least 5 individuals in a stratified population should to be screened to produce statistically significant results. The frequency of the allele is determined for an age stratified population. Chi square analysis is then performed on the allelic frequencies to determine if the difference between age groups is statistically significant. A p value less than of 0.1 is considered to represent a statistically significant difference. Typically the p value should be less than 0.05.

[0261] Clinical Trials

[0262] The identification of markers whose frequency in a population decreases with age also allows for better designed and balanced clinical trials. Currently, if a clinical trial utilizes a marker as a significant endpoint in a study and the marker disappears with age, then the results of the study can be inaccurate. By using methods provided herein, it can be ascertained that if a marker decreases in frequency with age. This information can be considered and controlled when designing the study. For, example, an age independent marker could be substituted in its place.

[0263] The following examples are included for illustrative purposes only and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention.

EXAMPLE 1

[0264] This example describes the use of a database containing information provided by a population of healthy blood donors who were not selected for any particular disease to determine the distribution of allelic frequencies of known genetic markers with age and by sex in a Caucasian subpopulation of the database. The results described in this example demonstrate that a disease-related genetic marker or polymorphism can be identified by sorting a healthy database by a parameter or parameters, such as age, sex and ethnicity.

[0265] Generating a Database

[0266] Blood was obtained by venous puncture from human subjects who met blood bank criteria for donating blood. The blood samples were preserved with EDTA at pH 8.0 and labeled. Each donor provided information such as age, sex, ethnicity, medical history and family medical history. Each sample was labeled with a barcode representing identifying information. A database was generated by entering, for each donor, the subject identifier and information corresponding to that subject into the memory of a computer storage medium using commercially available software, e.g., Microsoft Access.

[0267] Model Genetic Markers

[0268] The frequencies of polymorphisms known to be associated at some level with disease were determined in a subpopulation of the subjects represented in the database. These known polymporphisms occur in the p21, p53 and Lipoprotein Lipase genes. Specifically, the N291S polymorphism (N291S) of the Lipoprotein Lipase gene, which results in a substitution of a serine for an asparagine at amino acid codon 291, leads to reduced levels of high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) that is associated with an increased risk of males for arteriosclerosis and in particular myocardial infarction (see, Reymer et al. (1995) Nature Genetics 10:28-34).

[0269] The p53 gene encodes a cell cycle control protein that assesses DNA damage and acts as a transcription factor regulating genes that control cell growth, DNA repair and apoptosis (programmed cell death). Mutations in the p53 gene have been found in a wide variety of different cancers, including different types of leukemia, with varying frequency. The loss of normal p53 function results in genomic instability an uncontrolled cell growth. A polymorphism that has been identified in the p53 gene, i.e., the R72P allele, results in the substitution of a proline for an arginine at amino acid codon 72 of the gene.

[0270] The p21 gene encodes a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor associated with G1 phase arrest of normal cells. Expression of the p21 gene triggers apoptosis. Polymorphisms of the p21 gene have been associated with Wilms' tumor, a pediatric kidney cancer. One polymorphism of the p21 gene, the S31R polymorphism, results in a substitution of an arginine for a serine at amino acid codon 31.

[0271] Database Analysis

Sorting of Subjects According to Specific Parameters

[0272] The genetic polymorphisms were profiled within segments of the Caucasian subpopulation of the sample bank. For p53 profiling, the genomic DNA isolated from blood from a total of 1277 Caucasian subjects age 18-59 years and 457 Caucasian subjects age 60-79 years was analyzed. For p21 profiling, the genomic DNA isolated from blood from a total of 910 Caucasian subjects age 18-49 years and 824 Caucasian subjects age 50-79 years was analyzed. For lipoprotein lipase gene profiling, the genomic DNA from a total of 1464 Caucasian females and 1470 Caucasian males under 60 years of age and a total of 478 Caucasian females and 560 Caucasian males over 60 years of age was analyzed.

Isolation and Analysis of Genomic DNA

[0273] Genomic DNA was isolated from blood samples obtained from the individuals. Ten milliliters of whole blood from each individual was centrifuged at 2000×g. One milliliter of the buffy coat was added to 9 ml of 155 mM NH4Cl, 10 mM KHCO3, and 0.1 mM Na2EDTA, incubated 10 min at room temperature and centrifuged for 10 min at 2000×g. The supernatant was removed, and the white cell pellet was washed in 155 mM NH4Cl, 10 mM KHCO3 and 0.1 mM Na2EDTA and resuspended in 4.5 ml of 50 mM Tris, 5 mM EDTA and 1% SDS. Proteins were precipitated from the cell lysate by 6 mM ammonium acetate, pH 7.3, and then separated from the nucleic acids by centrifugation at 3000×g. The nucleic acid was recovered from the supernatant by the addition of an equal volume of 100% isopropanol and centrifugation at 2000×g. The dried nucleic acid pellet was hydrated in 10 mM Tris, pH 7.6, and 1 mM Na2EDTA and stored at 4° C.

[0274] Assays of the genomic DNA to determine the presence or absence of the known genetic markers were developed using the BiomassPROBE™ detection method (primer oligo base extension) reaction. This method uses a single detection primer followed by an oligonucleotide extension step to give products, which can be readily resolved by mass spectrometry, and, in particular, MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. The products differ in length depending on the presence or absence of a polymorphism. In this method, a detection primer anneals adjacent to the site of a variable nucleotide or sequence of nucleotides, and the primer is extended using a DNA polymerase in the presence of one or more dideoxyNTPs and, optionally, one or more deoxyNTPs. The resulting products are resolved by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. The mass of the products as measured by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry makes possible the determination of the nucleotide(s) present at the variable site.

[0275] First, each of the Caucasian genomic DNA samples was subjected to nucleic acid amplification using primers corresponding to sites 5′ and 3′ of the polymorphic sites of the p21 (S31R allele), p53 (R72P allele) and Lipoprotein Lipase (N291S allele) genes. One primer in each primer pair was biotinylated to permit immobilization of the amplification product to a solid support. Specifically, the polymerase chain reaction primers used for amplification of the relevant segments of the p21, p53 and lipoprotein lipase genes are shown below: US4p21c31-2F (SEQ ID NO: 9) and US5p21-2R (SEQ ID NO: 10) for p21 gene amplification; US4-p53-ex4-F (also shown as p53-ex4US4 (SEQ ID NO: 2)) and US5-p53/2-4R (also shown as US5P53/4R (SEQ ID NO: 3)) for p53 gene amplification; and US4-LPL-F2 (SEQ ID NO: 16) and US5-LPL-R2 (SEQ ID NO: 17) for lipoprotein lipase gene amplification.

[0276] Amplification of the respective DNA sequences was conducted according to standard protocols. For example, primers can be used in a concentration of 8 pmol. The reaction mixture (e.g., total volume 50 μl) can contain Taq-polymerase including 10×buffer and dTNPs. Cycling conditions for polymerase chain reaction amplification can typically be initially 5 min. at 95° C., followed by 1 min. at 94° C., 45 sec at 53° C., and 30 sec at 72° C. for 40 cycles with a final extension time of 5 min at 72° C. Amplification products can be purified by using Qiagen's PCR purification kit (No. 28106) according to manufacturer's instructions. The elution of the purified products from the column can be done in 50 μl TE-buffer (10 mM Tris, 1 mM EDTA, pH 7.5).

[0277] The purified amplification products were immobilized via a biotin-avidin linkage to streptavidin-coated beads and the double-stranded DNA was denatured. A detection primer was then annealed to the immobilized DNA using conditions such as, for example, the following: 50 μl annealing buffer (20 mM Tris, 10 mM KCl, 10 mM (NH4)2SO4, 2 mM MgSO2, 1% Triton X-100, pH 8) at 50° C. for 10 min, followed by washing of the beads three times with 200 μl washing buffer (40 mM Tris, 1 mM EDTA, 50 mM NaCl, 0.1% Tween 20, pH 8.8) and once in 200 μl TE buffer.

[0278] The PROBE extension reaction was performed, for example, by, using some components of the DNA sequencing kit from USB (No. 70770) and dNTPs or ddNTPs from Pharmacia. An exemplary protocol could include a total reaction volume of 45 μl, containing of 21 μl water, 6 μl Sequenase-buffer, 3 μl 10 mM DTT solution, 4.5 μl, 0.5 mM of three dNTPs, 4.5 μl, 2 mM the missing one ddNTP, 5.5 μl glycerol enzyme dilution buffer, 0.25 μl Sequenase 2.0, and 0.25 pyrophosphatase. The reaction can then by pipetted on ice and incubated for 15 min at room temperature and for 5 min at 37° C. The beads can be washed three times with 200 μl washing buffer and once with 60 μl of a 70 mM NH4-Citrate solution.

[0279] The DNA was denatured to release the extended primers from the immobilized template. Each of the resulting extension products was separately analyzed by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry using 3-hydroxypicolinic acid (3-HPA) as matrix and a UV laser.

[0280] Specifically, the primers used in the PROBE reactions are as shown below: P21/31-3 (SEQ ID NO: 12) for PROBE analysis of the p21 polymorphic site; P53/72 (SEQ ID NO: 4) for PROBE analysis of the p53 polymorphic site; and LPL-2 for PROBE analysis of the lipoprotein lipase gene polymorphic site. In the PROBE analysis of the p21 polymorphic site, the extension reaction was performed using dideoxy-C. The products resulting from the reaction conducted on a “wild-type” allele template (wherein codon 31 encodes a serine) and from the reaction conducted on a polymorphic S31R allele template (wherein codon 31 encodes an arginine) are shown below and designated as P21/31-3 Ser (wt) (SEQ ID NO: 13) and P21/31-3 Arg (SEQ ID NO: 14), respectively. The masses for each product as can be measured by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry are also provided (i.e., 4900.2 Da for the wild-type product and 5213.4 Da for the polymorphic product).

[0281] In the PROBE analysis of the p53 polymorphic site, the extension reaction was performed using dideoxy-C. The products resulting from the reaction conducted on a “wild-type” allele template (wherein codon 72 encodes an arginine) and from the reaction conducted on a polymorphic R72P allele template (wherein codon 72 encodes a proline) are shown below and designated as Cod72 G Arg (wt) and Cod72 C Pro, respectively. The masses for each product as can be measured by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry are also provided (i.e., 5734.8 Da for the wild-type product and 5405.6 Da for the polymorphic product).

[0282] In the PROBE analysis of the lipoprotein lipase gene polymorphic site, the extension reaction was performed using a mixture of ddA and ddT. The products resulting from the reaction conducted on a “wild-type” allele template (wherein codon 291 encodes an asparagine) and from the reaction conducted on a polymorphic N291S allele template (wherein codon 291 encodes a serine) are shown below and designated as 291Asn and 291Ser, respectively. The masses for each product as can be measured by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry are also provided (i.e., 6438.2 Da for the wild-type product and 6758.4 Da for the polymorphic product).

P53-1 (R72P)
PCR Product length: 407 bp
US4-p53-ex4-F (SEQ ID NO: 1)
ctg aggacctggt cctctgactg
ctcttttcac ccatctacag tcccccttgc cgtcccaagc aatggatgat ttgatgctgt
ccccggacga tattgaacaa tggttcactg aagacccagg tccagatgaa gctcccagaa
P53/72              72R
tgccagaggc tgctccccgc gtggcccctg caccagcagc tcctacaccg gcggcccctg
c 72P
caccagcccc ctcctggccc ctgtcatctt ctgtcccttc ccagaaaacc taccagggca
gctacggttt ccgtctgggc ttcttgcatt ctgggacagc caagtctgtg acttgcacgg
tcagttgccc tgaggggctg gcttccatga gacttcaa
US5-p53/2-4R

[0283]

Primers (SEQ ID NOs: 2-4)
p53-ex4FUS4 ccc agt cac gac gtt gta aaa cg                  c tga gga cct ggt cct ctg ac
US5P53/4R   agc gga taa caa ttt cac aca gg                  t tga agt ctc atg gaa gcc
P53/72      gcc aga ggc tgc tcc cc

[0284]

Masses
	Product
	Termination:	SEQ	Len-
Allele	ddC	#	gth	Mass
P53/72	gccagaggctgctcccc	5	17	5132.4
Cod72 G Arg (wt)	gccagaggctgctccccgc	6	19	5734.8
Cod72 C Pro	gccagaggctgctccccc	7	18	5405.6

[0285] Biotinylated US5 primer is used in the PCR amplification.

[0286] LPL-1 (N291S)

[0287] Amino acid exchange asparagine to serine at codon 291 of the lipoprotein lipase gene.

PCR Product length: 251 bp (SEQ ID NO: 15)
US4-LPL-F2 (SEQ ID NO: 16)
gcgctccatt catctcttca tcgactctct gttgaatgaa gaaaatccaa gtaaggccta
caggtgcagt tccaaggaag cctttgagaa agggctctgc ttgagttgta gaaagaaccg
LPL-2             291N
ctgcaacaat ctgggctatg agatcaataa agtcagagcc aaaagaagca gcaaaatgta
g 291S
cctgaagact cgttctcaga tgccc
US4-LPL-R2

[0288]

Primers (SEQ ID NOs: 16-18):
US4-LPL-F2 ccc agt cac gac gtt gta aaa cg                  g cgc tcc att cat ctc ttc
US5-LPL-R2 agc gga taa caa ttt cac aca gg                  g ggc atc tga gaa cga gtc
LPL-2      caa tct ggg cta tga gat ca

[0289]

Claims

1. A method for determining whether a polymorphism correlates with suceptibility to morbidity, early mortality, or morbidity and early mortality, comprising; identifying a polymorphism; and determining the frequency of the polymorphism with increasing age in a healthy population.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein the polymorphism is identified by detecting the presence of target nucleic acids in a sample by a method, comprising the steps of: a) hybridizing a first oligonucleotide to the target nucleic acid; b) hybridizing a second oligonucleotide to an adjacent region of the target nucleic acid; c) ligating the hybridized oligonucleotides; and d) detecting hybridized first oligonucleotide by mass spectrometry as an indication of the presence of the target nucleic acid.

3. The method of claim 1, wherein the polymorphism is identified by detecting target nucleic acids in a sample by a method, comprising the steps of: a) hybridizing a first oligonucleotide to the target nucleic acid and hybridizing a second oligonucleotide to an adjacent region of the target nucleic acid; b) contacting the hybridized first and second oligonucleotides with a cleavage enzyme to form a cleavage product; and c) detecting the cleavage product by mass spectrometry as an indication of the presence of the target nucleic acid.

4. The method of claim 3 wherein the samples are from subjects in a healthy database.

5. The method of claim 1, wherein the polymorphism is identified by identifying target nucleic acids in a sample by primer oligo base extension (probe).

6. The method of 5, wherein primer oligo base extension, comprises: a) obtaining a nucleic acid molecule that contains a target nucleotide; b) optionally immobilizing the nucleic acid molecule onto a solid support, to produce an immobilized nucleic acid molecule; c) hybridizing the nucleic acid molecule with a primer oligonucleotide that is complementary to the nucleic acid molecule at a site adjacent to the target nucleotide; d) contacting the product of step c) with a composition comprising a dideoxynucleoside triphosphate or a 3′-deoxynucleoside triphosphate and a polymerase, so that only a dideoxynucleoside or 3′-deoxynucleoside triphosphate that is complementary to the target nucleotide is extended onto the primer; and e) detecting the extended primer, thereby identifying the target nucleotide.

7. The method of claim 6, wherein detection of the extended primer is effected by mass spectrometry, comprising: ionizing and volatizing the product of step d) ; and detecting the extended primer by mass spectrometry, thereby identifying the target nucleotide.

8. The method of claim 7, wherein; samples are presented to the mass spectrometer as arrays on chips; and each sample occupies a volume that is about the size of the laser spot projected by the laser in a mass spectrometer used in matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) spectrometry.

9. A method for determining a polymorphism that correlates with age, ethnicity or gender, comprising: identifying a polymorphism; and determining the frequency of the polymorphism with increasing age, with ethnicity or with gender in a healthy population.

10. The method of claim 1, wherein the polymorphism is identified by a method, comprising: sorting the database according to a selected parameter to identify samples that match the selected parameter, wherein the database comprises: datapoints representative of a plurality of healthy organisms from whom biological samples are obtained, wherein each datapoint is associated with data representative of the organism type and other identifying information.; isolating a biopolymer from each identified sample; optionally pooling each isolated biopolymer; optionally amplifying the amount of biopolymer; cleaving the pooled biopolymers to produce fragments thereof; obtaining a mass spectrum of the resulting fragments and comparing the mass spectrum with a control mass spectrum to identify differences between the spectra and thereby identifing any polymorphisms; wherein: the control mass spectrum is obtained from unsorted samples in the collection or samples sorted according to a different parameter.

11. The method of claim 10, wherein cleaving is effected by contacting the biopolymer with an enzyme.

12. The method of claim 11, wherein the enzyme is selected from the group consisting of nucleotide glycosylase, a nickase and a type IIS restriction enzyme.

13. The method of claim 10, wherein the biopolymer is a nucleic acid or a protein.

14. The method of claim 10, wherein the the mass spectrometric format is selected from among Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization, Time-of-Flight (MALDI-TOF), Electrospray (ES), IR-MALDI, Ion Cyclotron Resonance (ICR), Fourier Transform and combinations thereof.

15. The method of claim 1, wherein the polymorphism is identified by a method, comprising: obtaining samples of body tissue or fluid from a plurality of organisms; isolating a biopolymer from each sample; pooling each isolated biopolymer; optionally amplifying the amount of biopolymer; cleaving the pooled biopolymers to produce fragments thereof; obtaining a mass spectrum of the resulting fragments; comparing the frequency of each fragment to identify fragments present in amounts lower than the average frequency, thereby identifying any polymorphisms.

16. The method of claim 15, wherein cleaving is effected by contacting the biopolymer with an enzyme.

17. The method of claim 16, wherein the enzyme is selected from the group consisting of nucleotide glycosylase, a nickase and a type IIS restriction enzyme.

18. The method of claim 15, wherein the biopolymer is a nucleic acid or a protein.

19. The method of claim 15, wherein the the mass spectrometric format is selected from among Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization, Time-of-Flight (MALDI-TOF), Electrospray (ES), IR-MALDI, Ion Cyclotron Resonance (ICR), Fourier Transform and combinations thereof.

20. The method of claim 15, wherein the samples are obtained from healthy subjects.