Patent Grant
10081775
The invention generally concerns the treatment of gaseous streams to remove C3+ hydrocarbons. In particular, the invention relates to contacting a gaseous stream with organosilica particles to remove C3+ hydrocarbons.
Natural gas produced from oil and gas wells normally includes a mixture of hydrocarbon components having varying boiling points. That is, a gas stream produced from a well contains a mixture of hydrocarbon components which exist in the vapor phase at the particular pressure and temperature levels at which the well is produced. If the gas stream pressure is changed or the temperature is decreased, or both, some of the hydrocarbon components contained in the gas stream are liquefied or condensed. The temperature at which some of the components of a gas stream comprised of hydrocarbons will condense at a particular pressure level is known as the hydrocarbon dew point (HCDP) of the gas stream.
Transporting gas streams with a high HCDP from remote natural gas wells can create a risk of condensate formation in the pipelines. As the gas passes through the transmission pipeline, the pressure of the gas drops due to friction, and particularly during the winter months, the temperature of the gas is lowered due to atmospheric conditions. Thus, condensable components contained within the gas stream passing through the pipeline are condensed. Additionally, if the gas contains large quantities of heavy hydrocarbons, then the HCDP of the gas will be high and small changes in the temperature or the pressure of the gas are more likely to cause liquids to condense out of the gas. Formation of condensate is detrimental in that the flow of gas through the system is impaired and can cause severe problems for downstream equipment, or may result in explosions or fires.
Various methods and apparatus have been developed for removing condensable components from gas streams prior to the gas entering the transmission pipe line. Most liquid hydrocarbon droplets entrained in the gas stream can be removed using conventional separation technologies. One of the first steps in processing gas involves putting it though a 2-phase or 3-phase separator, which allows liquid hydrocarbons to fall out of the gas by gravity separation. Additional separation is often achieved with a coalescing filter which uses physical barriers to impede the flow of liquid droplets while allowing the vapor to pass through. Although these technologies are efficient at bulk removal of liquid droplets, they suffer from the inability to remove extremely small droplets let alone heavy hydrocarbons that are still in the vapor phase; thus, they cannot significantly reduce the HCDP of the stream.
Technologies for reduction of HCDP may require manipulation of the thermodynamic properties of the gas stream. In mechanical refrigeration, the stream is cooled to a temperature at which all of the heavy hydrocarbons condense out of the vapor phase and can be removed from the stream in a controlled manner. Joule-Thomson (J-T) throttling involves rapid depressurization of the gas stream which cools the gas and forces the heavy hydrocarbons to condense. Although highly effective at reducing the HCDP of a natural gas stream, mechanical refrigeration and J-T throttling suffer from the requirement of a large energy input or an expenditure of the energy stored in the gas, respectively; thus these processes are not always economically viable to implement when limited utilities are available.
Some adsorbent media can also reduce the HCDP of natural gas streams by capturing the heaviest hydrocarbons in the vapor phase; silica (SiO2) gel, granular activated carbon (GAC), and some proprietary materials can be used in this way. These technologies suffer from large footprints depending on the volume of material needed, and they generate large quantities of waste if the material cannot be reused. The technologies also suffer in that they require medium to high pressures to lower the hydrocarbon dew point value of the natural gas stream.
A solution to the disadvantages of the currently available technologies to remove heavy hydrocarbons from a gaseous stream (for example, a natural gas stream) has been discovered. The solution is based on the surprising discovery that organosilica particles have the ability to remove propane and heavier (C3+) hydrocarbons or butanes and heavier (C4+) hydrocarbons from natural gas at pressures lower than those used in conventional absorption technologies. Removal of these heavy hydrocarbons can reduce the HCDP of the produced gas, lower the Wobbe Index of the gas, lower the heating value of the gas, and increase the methane number of the gas. Lowering the hydrocarbon dew point value of the gaseous stream can enable production at more wells. As an additional benefit, the effluent stream can be used as instrument gas, which eliminates the need for the utilities and equipment needed to create instrument air. Without wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that the organosilica particles capture each individual hydrocarbon in proportion to the partial pressure divided by the saturated vapor pressure of that species.
In one aspect of the present invention, a method of treating a gaseous stream that includes a mixture of hydrocarbons is described. The method can include contacting a gaseous stream that includes a mixture of hydrocarbons with organosilica particles under conditions sufficient to capture at least a portion of the hydrocarbons from the gaseous stream and to obtain a treated gaseous stream. The conditions can include a temperature of 60° C. or less and at a pressure of 0.10 MPa(g) or more. The treated gaseous stream has a lower hydrocarbon dew point value than the hydrocarbon dew point value of the gaseous stream prior to contacting. The pressure can be 5.5 MPa(g), 4, MPa(g), 2.5 MPa(g) or less, or from 0.1 to 10 MPa(g), 0.5 to 8 MPa(g), from 0.6 to 4.5 MPa(g), or from 2.8 to 4.1 MPa(g). In some instances, the pressure is greater than 10 MPa(g). A temperature of the gaseous stream (untreated stream) can range from 5 to 50° C., 15 to 35° C., or 20 to 25° C. at these pressures. In some instances, the temperature is less than 5° C. The treatment can be monitored using a hydrocarbon dew point analyzer or a gas chromatograph. The treatment can be discontinued when the hydrocarbon dew point value goes above a desired value and/or when C3 hydrocarbons or C4+ hydrocarbons are detected in the treated gaseous stream. In some instances, the gaseous stream is a natural gas stream obtained from wellhead coupled to a producing well in a hydrocarbonaceous formation (for example, a shale oil formation). In some instances the gaseous stream is obtained from gas processing equipment and/or a wellhead. The gaseous stream can include non-hydrocarbon compounds. The gaseous stream can include inert gases (for example, helium, argon, nitrogen or mixtures thereof), oxygen, hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, water, carbon oxides (for example, carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide) and mixtures thereof. In some embodiments, the water content of the gaseous stream may be deemed high and the gaseous stream can be dried prior to and/or after contacting the gaseous stream with the organosilica particles. The HCDP of the gaseous stream can be greater than 15° C., 20° C. or more, or 25° C. or more. The gaseous stream can include C1, C2, C3+ hydrocarbons and mixtures thereof and the treated gaseous stream can include C1, C2, and C3 hydrocarbons. The HCDP of the treated gaseous stream can be −50° C. or less, −5° C. or less, 0° C. or less, or range from −150 to 15° C., from −90 to 10° C., or from −5 to 0° C. The treated gas stream can have less C3+ hydrocarbons and/or C4+ hydrocarbons than the gaseous stream prior to contacting. In some instances, the treated gaseous stream also includes C4 hydrocarbons. The treated gaseous stream can have a total hydrocarbon content of 50 mol % or more, 90 mol % or more, 95 mol % or more, or 99 mol % or more of C1 to C3 hydrocarbons. In a particular instance, the treated hydrocarbonaceous stream includes 0.1 mol % or less of C4+ hydrocarbons. The treated gaseous stream can meet pipeline specifications for natural gas. In some instances, the treated gaseous stream can be used as instrument gas.
The organosilica particles can have an average particle size of less than 500 μm, or from 250 to 500 μm and a surface area of 18 to 800 m2/g, or from 300 to 500 m2/g. The organosilica particles can absorb C4+ hydrocarbons and, in some instances, C3+ hydrocarbons. In some instances, the organosilica particles are provided to a vessel that is coupled to the gas processing equipment and/or the wellhead. In other embodiments, the organosilica particles are in a vessel that is then coupled to the gas processing equipment and/or wellhead. The organosilica particles can include an alkylsiloxy substituent. The organosilica particles capture hydrocarbons in proportion to the partial pressure divided by the saturated vapor pressure of the specific hydrocarbon species. Said another way, the organosilica particles have a higher affinity for higher molecular weight hydrocarbons than lower molecular weight hydrocarbons. The affinity can be shown as C6+>C5>C4>C3>C2>C1. In a preferred aspect, the organosilica particles capture a minimal amount of or no C1-2 hydrocarbons. After a period of time, the organosilica particles become saturated with C3 hydrocarbons, C4 hydrocarbons or both, but continue to capture C4+ hydrocarbons, and, in some instances, C5+ hydrocarbons. In such cases, the resulting treated gaseous streams can include C1-3 hydrocarbons or C1-4 hydrocarbons with the balance being non-hydrocarbon compounds.
The method can also include contacting a portion of the treated gaseous stream with additional organosilica particles to remove additional hydrocarbons from the treated gaseous stream to produce an additional treated gaseous stream. The additional treated gaseous stream has a lower hydrocarbon dew point than the treated gaseous stream and/or the gaseous stream prior to contacting. The additional treated gaseous stream and the treated gaseous stream can be combined. The additional treated gaseous stream can have fewer C3+ hydrocarbons than the treated gaseous stream. In some embodiments, the method can include providing a portion of the gaseous stream that includes C3+ hydrocarbons to a first vessel; providing another portion of the gaseous stream that includes a C3+ hydrocarbons to a second vessel; and contacting each gaseous stream that includes a C3+ hydrocarbons with organosilica particles at a temperature of 60° C. or less and pressure of 0.1 MPa(g) or more to capture at least a portion of the hydrocarbons from the gaseous stream to obtain two treated gaseous stream. The hydrocarbon dew point of each treated gaseous stream is lower than the hydrocarbon dew point value of the gaseous stream prior to contacting. The two treated gaseous streams can be combined to form a combined treated gaseous stream. The treated gaseous stream, additional treated gaseous streams and/or combined treated gaseous streams can meet natural gas pipeline specifications. In some instances, the treated gaseous stream, additional treated gaseous streams and/or combined treated gaseous streams can be used as instrument gas.
The treated gaseous stream, additional treated gaseous stream and/or combined gaseous stream can be provided to another bed of organosilica particles and a portion of the treated gaseous stream can be contacted with additional organosilica particles to remove additional hydrocarbons from the treated gaseous stream to produce an additional treated gaseous stream. The resulting treated gaseous stream has a lower hydrocarbon dew point than the treated gaseous stream.
In another aspect of the present invention, a method for treating a gaseous stream includes contacting a gaseous stream comprising a mixture of C1, C2, and C3+ hydrocarbons with organosilica particles at a temperature of 60° C. or less and pressure of 0.1 MPa(g) or more to capture at least a portion of the hydrocarbons from the gaseous stream and to obtain a treated gaseous stream. The treated gaseous stream can include a mixture of hydrocarbons having fewer C3+ hydrocarbons than the gaseous stream prior to contacting. In some instances, the treated gaseous stream has a lower Wobbe Index, for example, at least 5% lower, than the Wobbe Index of the gaseous stream prior to contacting. In another aspect, the higher heating value of the treated gaseous stream is lower, for example, at least 5% lower, than the higher heating value of the gaseous stream prior to contacting. In another aspect, the treated gaseous stream has a higher methane number, for example, at least 5% higher, than the methane number of the gaseous stream prior to contacting. The treated gaseous stream of the present invention can be provided to purification system that includes a membrane unit and/or an amine system to remove non-hydrocarbon contaminants and/or separate the hydrocarbon gases.
In the context of the present invention 44 embodiments are described. Embodiment 1 describes a method for treating a gaseous stream, which includes contacting a gaseous stream comprising a mixture of hydrocarbons with organosilica particles at a temperature of 60° C. or less and a pressure of 0.1 MPa(g) or more to capture at least a portion of the hydrocarbons from the gaseous stream and to obtain a treated gaseous stream; and wherein a hydrocarbon dew point value of the treated gaseous stream is lower than a hydrocarbon dew point value of the gaseous stream prior to being contacted with the organosilica particles. Embodiment 2 is the method of embodiment 1, wherein the temperature is from 5 to 50° C., 15 to 35° C., or 20 to 25° C., and the pressure is from 0.2 to 7.9 MPa, from 0.6 to 4.5 MPa, or from 2.8 to 4.1 MPa. Embodiment 3 is the method of any one of embodiments 1 to 2 that further includes obtaining the hydrocarbonaceous gas mixture from a hydrocarbon wellhead, gas processing equipment, or both. Embodiment 4 is the method of any one of embodiments 1 to 3, wherein the captured hydrocarbons are adsorbed, and/or absorbed by the organosilica particles. Embodiment 5 is the method of any one of embodiments 1 to 4, wherein the organosilica particles have an average particle size of less than 500 μm, or from 250 to 500 μm. Embodiment 6 is the method of any one of embodiments 1 to 5, wherein the organosilica particles have an average surface area of 18 to 800 m2/g, or from 300 to 500 m2/g. Embodiment 7 is the method of any one of embodiments 1 to 6, wherein the gaseous mixture further includes water, carbon oxides, oxygen, nitrogen, other inert gases and combinations thereof. Embodiment 8 is the method of any one of embodiments 1 to 7, wherein the gaseous stream is a natural gas stream. Embodiment 9 is the method of any one of embodiments 1 to 8, wherein the hydrocarbons in the gaseous stream include C1, C2, C3+ hydrocarbons and mixtures thereof. Embodiment 10 is the method of embodiment 9, wherein the portion of captured hydrocarbons in the gaseous stream includes the C3+ hydrocarbons. Embodiment 11 is the method of any one of embodiments 9 to 10, wherein the treated gaseous stream includes C1 to C3 hydrocarbons and non-hydrocarbons. Embodiment 12 is the method of any one of embodiments 1 to 11, wherein the treated gaseous stream includes less C4+ hydrocarbons than the gaseous stream prior to contacting. Embodiment 13 is the method of any one of embodiments 1 to 12, wherein the treated gaseous stream includes less C3+ hydrocarbons than the gaseous stream prior to contacting. Embodiment 14 is the method of any one of embodiments 1 to 13, wherein the gaseous stream further includes water, and the method further includes drying the gaseous stream of water prior to contacting. Embodiment 15 is the method of any one of embodiments 1 to 14, further comprising obtaining the organosilica particles prior to contacting the gaseous stream. Embodiment 16 is the method of any one of embodiments 1 to 15, wherein the hydrocarbon dew point value of the treated gaseous stream is −50° C. or less, −5° C. or less, 0° C. or less at the same pressure of the gaseous stream. Embodiment 17 is the method of any one of embodiments 1 to 16, wherein the gaseous stream prior to contacting has a hydrocarbon dew point value of 5° C. or more, 10° C. or more, or 25° C. or more at pressures of 0.2 to 10 MPa(g). Embodiment 18 is the method of any one of embodiments 1 to 17, further comprising providing the treated gaseous stream to an energy unit, a transportation unit, a pipeline, a flare, a disposal unit, a storage unit, one or more instruments, or any combination thereof. Embodiment 19 is the method of any one of embodiments 1 to 18 that further includes providing the treated gaseous stream to an instrument for use as instrument gas. Embodiment 20 is the method of any one of embodiments 1 to 19, wherein a gas hourly space velocity is from 0.1 to 10,000 h−1. Embodiments 21 is the method of any one of embodiments 1 to 20, that includes contacting a portion of the treated gaseous stream with additional organosilica particles to remove additional hydrocarbons from the treated gaseous stream to produce an additional treated gaseous stream, wherein the additional treated gaseous stream has a lower hydrocarbon dew point value than the treated gaseous stream. Embodiment 22 is the method of embodiment 21, that further includes combining a portion of the treated gaseous stream with the additional treated gaseous stream. Embodiment 23 is the method of any one of embodiments 21 to 22 that includes providing a portion of the gaseous stream comprising a mixture of hydrocarbons to a first vessel; providing another portion of the gaseous stream comprising a mixture of hydrocarbons to a second vessel; contacting each gaseous stream comprising a mixture of hydrocarbons with organosilica particles at a temperature of 60° C. or less and pressure of 0.10 MPa(g) or more to capture at least a portion of the hydrocarbons from the gaseous stream to obtain two treated gaseous streams; and wherein the hydrocarbon dew point value of each treated gaseous stream is lower than the hydrocarbon dew point value of the gaseous stream prior to being contacted with the organosilica particles. Embodiment 24 is the method of embodiment 23 that includes combining at least a portion of the two treated gaseous streams. Embodiment 25 is the method of any one of embodiments 1 to 24, wherein the organosilica particles capture hydrocarbons in proportion to the partial pressure divided by the saturated vapor pressure of the specific hydrocarbon. Embodiment 26 is the method of any one of embodiments 1 to 25, wherein organosilica particles capture substantially no C1-2 hydrocarbons. Embodiment 27 is the method of any one of embodiments 1 to 26, wherein the organosilica particles have a hydrocarbon affinity of C6+>C5>C4>C3. Embodiments 28 is the method of any one of embodiments 1 to 27, wherein the organosilica particles, after a period of time, capture only C5+ hydrocarbons, and the treated gaseous stream includes C1-4 hydrocarbons.
Embodiment 29 is a method for treating a gaseous stream that includes contacting a gaseous stream comprising a mixture of C1, C2, and C3+ hydrocarbons with organosilica particles at a temperature of 60° C. or less and pressure of 0.10 MPa(g) or more to capture at least a portion of the hydrocarbons from the gaseous stream and to obtain a treated gaseous stream, wherein the treated gaseous stream includes a mixture of hydrocarbons has fewer C3+ hydrocarbons than the gaseous stream prior to being contacted with the organosilica particles. Embodiment 30 is the method of embodiment 29, wherein the organosilica particles include an alkylsiloxy substituent. Embodiment 31 is the method of any one of embodiments 29 to 30, wherein a Wobbe Index value of the treated gaseous stream is lower than a Wobbe Index value of the gaseous stream prior to contacting. Embodiment 32 is the method of embodiment 31, wherein a Wobbe Index value of the treated gaseous stream is at least 5% lower than a Wobbe Index value of the gaseous stream prior to contacting. Embodiment 33 is the method of any one of embodiments 29 to 30, wherein a higher heating value of the treated gaseous stream is lower than a higher heating value of the gaseous stream prior to contacting. Embodiment 34 is the method of embodiment 33, wherein a higher heating value of the treated gaseous stream is at least 5% lower than a higher heating value of the gaseous stream prior to contacting. Embodiment 35 is the method of any one of embodiments 29 to 30, wherein a methane number of the treated gaseous stream is higher than a methane number of the gaseous stream prior to contacting. Embodiment 36 is the method of embodiment 35, wherein a methane number of the treated gaseous stream is at least 1% higher than a methane number of the gaseous stream prior to contacting. Embodiment 37 is the method of any one of embodiments 29 to 36 that includes providing the treated gas to a gas purification system. Embodiment 38 is the method of embodiment 37, wherein the gas purification system includes an amine system. Embodiment 39 is the method of embodiment 37, wherein the gas purification system is a membrane unit. Embodiment 40 is the method of any one of embodiments 29 to 39, wherein a hydrocarbon dew point of the treated gaseous stream is lower than a hydrocarbon dew point value of the gaseous stream prior to contacting. Embodiment 41 is the method of any one of embodiments 29 to 40, wherein the organosilica particles capture hydrocarbons in proportion to the partial pressure divided by the saturated vapor pressure of the specific hydrocarbon. Embodiment 42 is the method of any one of embodiments 29 to 41, wherein organosilica particles capture substantially no C1-2 hydrocarbons. Embodiment 43 is the method of any one of embodiments 29 to 42, wherein the organosilica particles have a hydrocarbon affinity of C6+>C5>C4>C3. Embodiment 44 is the method of any one of embodiments 29 to 43, wherein organosilica particles, after a period of time, capture only C5+ hydrocarbons, and the treated gaseous stream includes C1-4 hydrocarbons.
The following includes definitions of various terms and phrases used throughout this specification.
The term “hydrocarbon” includes compounds having carbon and hydrogen and derivatives thereof. A hydrocarbon derivative can include a heteroatom and/or a halogen. Non-limiting examples of heteroatoms include nitrogen, sulfur, oxygen or combinations thereof. Halogens include fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine.
The term “capture” when used in the context of capturing hydrocarbons with organosilica particles means that hydrocarbons can be adsorbed or absorbed, or both, on organosilica particles. In particular instances, absorption is the primary mechanism of action.
The term “hydrocarbon dew point” refers to a series of matching pressure and temperature points at which hydrocarbons condense into to liquid from a mixture of liquids and gases. At the hydrocarbon dew point the gaseous stream of the present invention can include a gas phase and a liquid phase. The liquid phase can be droplets of liquid.
The term “Wobbe Index” is an indicator of the interchangeability of gases used for fuel. Non-limiting examples of fuel gases include hydrogen, methane, ethane, ethylene, natural gas, propane, propylene, n-butane, i-butane, butylene-1, liquefied petroleum gas, acetylene and carbon monoxide, synthesis gas, and natural gas.
The term “heating value” of a gaseous stream is the amount of heat released during the combustion of a specified amount of the gaseous stream. It is reported as lower and higher heating values. A higher heating value of natural gas is about 52.2 kJ/g (22,453 BTU/lb). A lower heating value of natural gas is 47.14 kJ/g (20,267 BTU/lb).
The term “methane number” is a measure of resistance of a gas fuel to knock. Pure methane has a high knock resistance and is given an index value of 100. Hydrogen has a low knock resistance and has an index value of 0. Methane number can be calculated from the chemical composition of the natural gas. International Standard ISO/TR22302:2014 describes how to calculate methane number of a natural gas.
The term “organosilica” refers to a compound containing silicon, oxygen and hydrocarbon substituents or derivatives thereof, (i.e., Si—O—R, where R is a hydrocarbon substituent or derivative thereof). Hydrocarbon derivatives can include heteroatoms such as nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, oxygen, or a halogen.
The terms “about” and “approximately” are defined as being close to as understood by one of ordinary skill in the art, and in one non-limiting embodiment the terms are defined to be within 10%, preferably within 5%, more preferably within 1%, and most preferably within 0.5%.
The term “substantially” and its variations are defined as being largely but not necessarily wholly what is specified as understood by one of ordinary skill in the art, and in one non-limiting embodiment substantially refers to ranges within 10%, within 5%, within 1%, or within 0.5%.
The terms “inhibiting” or “reducing” or “preventing” or “avoiding” or any variation of these terms, when used in the claims and/or the specification includes any measurable decrease or complete inhibition to achieve a desired result.
The term “effective,” as that term is used in the specification and/or claims, means adequate to accomplish a desired, expected, or intended result.
The use of the words “a” or “an” when used in conjunction with the term “comprising” in the claims or the specification may mean “one,” but it is also consistent with the meaning of “one or more,” “at least one,” and “one or more than one.”
The words “comprising” (and any form of comprising, such as “comprise” and “comprises”), “having” (and any form of having, such as “have” and “has”), “including” (and any form of including, such as “includes” and “include”) or “containing” (and any form of containing, such as “contains” and “contain”) are inclusive or open-ended and do not exclude additional, unrecited elements or method steps.
The methods of the present invention can “comprise,” “consist essentially of,” or “consist of” particular ingredients, components, compositions, etc. disclosed throughout the specification. With respect to the transitional phase “consisting essentially of,” in one non-limiting aspect, a basic and novel characteristic of the methods of the present invention is the ability to capture or absorb C3+ hydrocarbons from a gaseous stream.
Other objects, features and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the following figures, detailed description, and examples. It should be understood, however, that the figures, detailed description, and examples, while indicating specific embodiments of the invention, are given by way of illustration only and are not meant to be limiting. Additionally, it is contemplated that changes and modifications within the spirit and scope of the invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art from this detailed description. In further embodiments, features from specific embodiments may be combined with features from other embodiments. For example, features from one embodiment may be combined with features from any of the other embodiments. In further embodiments, additional features may be added to the specific embodiments described herein.
Advantages of the present invention may become apparent to those skilled in the art with the benefit of the following detailed description and upon reference to the accompanying drawings.
While the invention is susceptible to various modifications and alternative forms, specific embodiments thereof are shown by way of example in the drawings and may herein be described in detail. The drawings may not be to scale.
The currently available technologies to remove C3+ hydrocarbons, preferably, C4+ hydrocarbons, from a gaseous stream suffer from large footprints, and/or large energy input or an expenditure of the energy stored in the gas, respectively. Thus, these processes are not always economically viable to implement.
A discovery has been made that solves the problems associated with the currently available technologies to remove “heavy” hydrocarbons from a gaseous stream. Removal of the heavy hydrocarbons can reduce the HCDP of the produced gas, lower the Wobbe Index of the gas, lower the heating value of the gas, and increase the methane number of the gas. Lowering the hydrocarbon dew point value of the gaseous stream can enable production at more wells. As an additional benefit, the effluent stream can be used as instrument gas, which eliminates the need for the utilities and equipment needed to create instrument air.
These and other non-limiting aspects of the present invention are discussed in further detail in the following sections.
A. Gaseous Stream
The gaseous stream can be any gaseous stream that contains hydrocarbons. In a preferred aspect of the invention, the gaseous stream is a natural gas stream. Natural gas is produced from one of three sources: associated gas (gas produced as a by-product of oil production and the oil recovery process), recovered in conjunction with oil production, non-associated gas (gas from a field not producing oil), and from coal seams (coal bed methane). All natural gas is not of the same quality when produced. Each source of natural gas exhibits distinct characteristics and even gas produced from a particular source may vary with the most abundant component being methane. Produced gas can also contain varying quantities of non-methane hydrocarbon (e.g., C2+ hydrocarbons) and other non-hydrocarbon gases that contribute little or no heating value. Depending upon the concentrations present, the gas may require treatment to reduce constituents such as water, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, oxygen, total sulfur and hydrogen sulfide. Natural gas that is rich in non-methane hydrocarbon constituents may also be further processed to extract natural gas liquids.
Produced gases can contain hydrocarbons and non-hydrocarbon gases. Hydrocarbon gases are methane (C1), ethane (C2), propane (C3), butanes (C4), pentanes (C5), hexanes (C6), heptanes (C7), octanes (C8), and nonanes plus (C9+). The non-hydrocarbon gases can include nitrogen, carbon dioxide, helium hydrogen sulfide, water vapor, oxygen other sulfur compounds and trace gases.
Associated gas is produced as a by-product of oil production and oil recovery process. After the production fluids are brought to the surface, they can be separated into crude oil, water, and a gaseous stream. The gaseous stream can include a significant amount of natural gas liquids (NGLs). NGLs are ethane, propane, butanes, pentanes and higher molecular weight hydrocarbons (C2+ hydrocarbons). Associated gas can include 81 vol. % of methane, 5.5 vol. % of ethane, 6.6 vol. % of propane, 4.0 vol. % of butane, 1.4 vol. % of pentane, 1.0 vol. % of nitrogen and 0.17 vol. % of carbon dioxide. Non-associated gas is produced from geological formations that do not contain much, if any, hydrocarbon liquids. Non-associated gas can have a lower NGL content than associated gas. Coal bed methane is found within geological formations of coal deposits. Because coal is a solid, very high carbon content mineral, there are usually little to no liquid hydrocarbons contained in the produced gas. To remove gas from the coal bed, the coal bed can be treated with water to allow the trapped gas to flow through the formation to produce the gas. Coal bed methane has a lower heating value and elevated carbon dioxide, oxygen and water as compared to other produced gases.
A hydrocarbon dew point value of the gaseous streams can be 25° C. or more, 10° C. or more, or 5° C. or more at pressures of 0.1 to 10 MPa, or 5° C., 6° C., 7° C., 8° C., 9° C., 10° C., 11° C., 12° C., 13° C., 14° C., 15° C., 16° C., 17° C., 18° C., 19° C., 20° C., 21° C., 22° C., 23° C., 24° C., 25° C., or values or ranges there between at pressures of 0.1 to 10 MPa(g). The hydrocarbon dew point value of the gaseous stream is a function of the composition of the gaseous mixture. As the amount of C4+ hydrocarbons, for example, an amount of C6+ hydrocarbons, increases the hydrocarbon dew point of the gaseous stream will increase at a given pressure. The hydrocarbon dew point value of a gaseous stream can be measured using commercially available analyzers. Such analyzers are available from Michell Instruments (USA), Vaisala (Finland), General Electric (USA), ZEGAZ Instruments (USA), and AMTEK (USA). A Wobbe Index value of the gaseous streams can range from 39 to 60 mega joules per normal cubic meter (MJ/Nm3), 39 to 45 MJ/Nm3, 45.5 to 55 MJ/Nm3, or 48-53 MJ/Nm3, or 39 MJ/Nm3, 40 MJ/Nm3, 41 MJ/Nm3, 42 MJ/Nm3, 43 MJ/Nm3, 44 MJ/Nm3, 45 MJ/Nm3, 46 MJ/Nm3, 47 MJ/Nm3, 48 MJ/Nm3, 49 MJ/Nm3, 50 MJ/Nm3, 51 MJ/Nm3, 52 MJ/Nm3, 53 MJ/Nm3, or values there between. The Wobbe Index value of the gaseous steam can be measured using a commercially available instrumentation. Such instrumentation is available from Cosa+ xentaur (USA), Hobre Instruments BV (Netherlands), and Applied Analytics, Inc. (USA). A higher heating value of the gaseous stream can range from 40.7 kJ/g to 52.2 kJ/g (17,500 BTU/lb to 22,453 BTU/lb), 40.8 kJ/g, 40.9 kJ/g, 50.0 kJ/g, 50.1 kJ/g, 50.2 kJ/g, 50.3 kJ/g, 50.4 kJ/g, 50.5 kJ/g, 50.6 kJ/g, 50.7 kJ/g, 50.8 kJ/g, 50.9 kJ/g, 51.0 kJ/g, 51.1 kJ/g, 51.2 kJ/g, 51.3 kJ/g, 51.4 kJ/g, 51.5 kJ/g, 51.6 kJ/g, 51.7 kJ/g, 51.8 kJ/g, 51.9 kJ/g, 52.0 kJ/g, 52.1 kJ/g, 52.2 kJ/g, or values there between. The heating value of the gaseous steam can be measured using a commercially available instrumentation. Such instrumentation is available from Cosa+ xentaur (USA), Hobre Instruments BV (Netherlands), Applied Analytics, Inc. (USA), and Precisive Instruments (USA). A methane number for the gaseous streams described herein can be 5 to 110, 40 to 90, 50 to 70, or any number or range there between. The methane number of a gaseous stream is dependent on the gas composition. Methane numbers can be calculated using ISO Method 15403.
B. Organosilica Particles
The organosilica particles can be a composition obtained through sol-gel synthesis. The sol-gel composition can be prepared by polymerizing bridged silane precursors under acid or base conditions in appropriate solvents. In some instances, the organosilica can be obtained by providing a plurality of interconnected organosilica nanoparticles having residual silanols. The residual silanols can be derivatized using known synthetic methods. The derivatized silanol nanoparticles can be dried to obtain the organosilica particles. In some instances, the organosilica nanoparticles can include particulate material that is capable of binding to or reacting with a non-polar or organic substance. The organosilica particles can capture hydrocarbons through adsorption, absorption, or a combination thereof, with absorption being the primary mechanism of action. The sol-gel composition can be prepared as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,790,830; 8,119,759; and 8,367,793, all of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. The organosilica particles are commercially available and sold under the trade name Osorb® (ABS Materials, Inc. Wooster, Ohio). Without wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that the organosilica particles capture hydrocarbons by forming a non-binding physical attraction between the organosilica particles and the captured species. Exposure of the organosilica particles to a vapor mixture allows the organosilica particles to capture each individual hydrocarbon in proportion to the partial pressure divided by the saturated vapor pressure of that species; in other words, vapor species “x” is captured in proportion to:
Since heavier hydrocarbons can have a lower saturated vapor pressure under a given set of conditions, the organosilica particles will preferentially capture these species from a gaseous mixture. Thus, organosilica particles are extremely efficient at capturing any liquid hydrocarbon droplets entrained in the gas stream as demonstrated in Example 1. Thus, for a gaseous stream having a saturated pressure of value y, up to z % of vapor species hydrocarbons are removed at 25° C. and 1 atm. The organosilica particles can capture its capacity of lower molecular weight hydrocarbons, but continue to absorb higher molecular weight hydrocarbons. In a particular instance, the organosilica particles can stop capturing C3 and/or C4 hydrocarbons, but continue to capture pentanes and higher molecular weight hydrocarbons (C5+ hydrocarbons). Although the media stops capturing C5 hydrocarbons, it can continue to capturing hexanes and heavier species (C6+ hydrocarbons). In addition to having a larger total capacity for hydrocarbons with a higher molecular weight, the organosilica particles also maintain partial capture of these species for a longer time after initial breakthrough. (See, for example,
C. Process
A non-limiting examples of method to treat a gaseous stream that contains hydrocarbons is described are provide below with reference to
In some embodiments, a portion of the treated gas stream 106 may be further treated to meet certain industry, pipeline or transportation specifications.
In some aspects of the invention, treatment units 104 and 202 are arranged in a parallel configuration and portions of gaseous stream 102 is provided to each unit. Such a configuration may be useful for facilities that have small area for placement of the treatment units.
In some aspects of the invention, the treated gaseous streams 106, 106′ and/or 204 can be provided to a membrane unit.
D. Treated Gaseous Streams
The treated gaseous streams described throughout the specification (for example, treated gaseous streams 106, 106′, 204 and combinations thereof) can meet the industry specifications for natural gas pipelines, energy equipment, and/or be suitable for sale. The treated gaseous stream can include C1-4 hydrocarbons and non-hydrocarbon compounds, C1-3 hydrocarbons and non-hydrocarbon compounds, C1-2 hydrocarbons and non-hydrocarbon compounds. The amount of C1-2 hydrocarbons and non-hydrocarbons in the treated gaseous stream can be less than the amount of non-hydrocarbons in the untreated gaseous stream, however, this change can be minimal. Any loss or difference in amounts can be attributed to processing losses. Said another way, C1-2 hydrocarbons and non-hydrocarbons are not significantly removed at the pressures and temperatures used in this process. The treated hydrocarbon stream can have at least 1 mol %, at least 5 mol %, at least 10 mol %, or at least 99 mol %, or 10 to 99.9 mol %, 20 to 80%, or 30 to 50% of the C3+ hydrocarbons removed as determined using standard gas composition analysis methods (for example, gas chromatograph in combination with mass spectrometry (GCMS). In some instances, substantially all of C3+ hydrocarbons are removed. In some embodiments, the treated gas stream includes C3 hydrocarbons (propane or propene) with the balance being C1-2 hydrocarbons and non-hydrocarbons. A total mole percentage of C3 hydrocarbons (propane or propene) remaining in the treated gaseous stream can be 0.0001%, 0.0002%, 0.0003%, 0.0004%, 0.0005%, 0.0006%, 0.0007%, 0.0008%, 0.0009%, 0.0010%, 0.0011%, 0.0012%, 0.0013%, 0.0014%, 0.0015%, 0.0016%, 0.0017%, 0.0018%, 0.0019%, 0.0020%, 0.0021%, 0.0022%, 0.0023%, 0.0024%, 0.0025%, 0.0026%, 0.0027%, 0.0028%, 0.0029%, 0.0030%, 0.0031%, 0.0032%, 0.0033%, 0.0034%, 0.0035%, 0.0036%, 0.0037%, 0.0038%, 0.0039%, 0.0040%, 0.0041%, 0.0042%, 0.0043%, 0.0044%, 0.0045%, 0.0046%, 0.0047%, 0.0048%, 0.0049%, 0.0050%, 0.0051%, 0.0052%, 0.0053%, 0.0054%, 0.0055%, 0.0056%, 0.0057%, 0.0058%, 0.0059%, 0.0060%, 0.0061%, 0.0062%, 0.0063%, 0.0064%, 0.0065%, 0.0066%, 0.0067%, 0.0068%, 0.0069%, 0.0070%, 0.0071%, 0.0072%, 0.0073%, 0.0074%, 0.0075%, 0.0076%, 0.0077%, 0.0078%, 0.0079%, 0.0080%, 0.0081%, 0.0082%, 0.0083%, 0.0084%, 0.0085%, 0.0086%, 0.0087%, 0.0088%, 0.0089%, 0.0090%, 0.0091%, 0.0092%, 0.0093%, 0.0094%, 0.0095%, 0.0096%, 0.0097%, 0.0098%, 0.0099%, 0.0100%, 0.0200%, 0.0250%, 0.0275%, 0.0300%, 0.0325%, 0.0350%, 0.0375%, 0.0400%, 0.0425%, 0.0450%, 0.0475%, 0.0500%, 0.0525%, 0.0550%, 0.0575%, 0.0600%, 0.0625%, 0.0650%, 0.0675%, 0.0700%, 0.0725%, 0.0750%, 0.0775%, 0.0800%, 0.0825%, 0.0850%, 0.0875%, 0.0900%, 0.0925%, 0.0950%, 0.0975%, 0.1000%, 0.1250%, 0.1500%, 0.1750%, 0.2000%, 0.2250%, 0.2500%, 0.2750%, 0.3000%, 0.3250%, 0.3500%, 0.3750%, 0.4000%, 0.4250%, 0.4500%, 0.4750%, 0.5000%, 0.5250%, 0.550%, 0.5750%, 0.6000%, 0.6250%, 0.6500%, 0.6750%, 0.7000%, 0.7250%, 0.7500%, 0.7750%, 0.8000%, 0.8250%, 0.8500%, 0.8750%, 0.9000%, 0.9250%, 0.9500%, 0.9750%, 1.0%, 1.1%, 1.2%, 1.3%, 1.4%, 1.5%, 1.6%, 1.7%, 1.8%, 1.9%, 2.0%, 2.1%, 2.2%, 2.3%, 2.4%, 2.5%, 2.6%, 2.7%, 2.8%, 2.9%, 3.0%, 3.1%, 3.2%, 3.3%, 3.4%, 3.5%, 3.6%, 3.7%, 3.8%, 3.9%, 4.0%, 4.1%, 4.2%, 4.3%, 4.4%, 4.5%, 4.6%, 4.7%, 4.8%, 4.9%, 5.0%, 5.1%, 5.2%, 5.3%, 5.4%, 5.5%, 5.6%, 5.7%, 5.8%, 5.9%, 6.0%, 6.1%, 6.2%, 6.3%, 6.4%, 6.5%, 6.6%, 6.7%, 6.8%, 6.9%, 7.0%, 7.1%, 7.2%, 7.3%, 7.4%, 7.5%, 7.6%, 7.7%, 7.8%, 7.9%, 8.0%, 8.1%, 8.2%, 8.3%, 8.4%, 8.5%, 8.6%, 8.7%, 8.8%, 8.9%, 9.0%, 9.1%, 9.2%, 9.3%, 9.4%, 9.5%, 9.6%, 9.7%, 9.8%, 9.9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24%, 25%, 26%, 27%, 28%, 29%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 99%, or any value there between.
In some embodiments, the treated gas stream can include C4 hydrocarbons with the balance being C1-3 hydrocarbons and non-hydrocarbon compounds. A total mole percentage of C4 hydrocarbons remaining in the treated gaseous stream can be 0.0001%, 0.0002%, 0.0003%, 0.0004%, 0.0005%, 0.0006%, 0.0007%, 0.0008%, 0.0009%, 0.0010%, 0.0011%, 0.0012%, 0.0013%, 0.0014%, 0.0015%, 0.0016%, 0.0017%, 0.0018%, 0.0019%, 0.0020%, 0.0021%, 0.0022%, 0.0023%, 0.0024%, 0.0025%, 0.0026%, 0.0027%, 0.0028%, 0.0029%, 0.0030%, 0.0031%, 0.0032%, 0.0033%, 0.0034%, 0.0035%, 0.0036%, 0.0037%, 0.0038%, 0.0039%, 0.0040%, 0.0041%, 0.0042%, 0.0043%, 0.0044%, 0.0045%, 0.0046%, 0.0047%, 0.0048%, 0.0049%, 0.0050%, 0.0051%, 0.0052%, 0.0053%, 0.0054%, 0.0055%, 0.0056%, 0.0057%, 0.0058%, 0.0059%, 0.0060%, 0.0061%, 0.0062%, 0.0063%, 0.0064%, 0.0065%, 0.0066%, 0.0067%, 0.0068%, 0.0069%, 0.0070%, 0.0071%, 0.0072%, 0.0073%, 0.0074%, 0.0075%, 0.0076%, 0.0077%, 0.0078%, 0.0079%, 0.0080%, 0.0081%, 0.0082%, 0.0083%, 0.0084%, 0.0085%, 0.0086%, 0.0087%, 0.0088%, 0.0089%, 0.0090%, 0.0091%, 0.0092%, 0.0093%, 0.0094%, 0.0095%, 0.0096%, 0.0097%, 0.0098%, 0.0099%, 0.0100%, 0.0200%, 0.0250%, 0.0275%, 0.0300%, 0.0325%, 0.0350%, 0.0375%, 0.0400%, 0.0425%, 0.0450%, 0.0475%, 0.0500%, 0.0525%, 0.0550%, 0.0575%, 0.0600%, 0.0625%, 0.0650%, 0.0675%, 0.0700%, 0.0725%, 0.0750%, 0.0775%, 0.0800%, 0.0825%, 0.0850%, 0.0875%, 0.0900%, 0.0925%, 0.0950%, 0.0975%, 0.1000%, 0.1250%, 0.1500%, 0.1750%, 0.2000%, 0.2250%, 0.2500%, 0.2750%, 0.3000%, 0.3250%, 0.3500%, 0.3750%, 0.4000%, 0.4250%, 0.4500%, 0.4750%, 0.5000%, 0.5250%, 0.550%, 0.5750%, 0.6000%, 0.6250%, 0.6500%, 0.6750%, 0.7000%, 0.7250%, 0.7500%, 0.7750%, 0.8000%, 0.8250%, 0.8500%, 0.8750%, 0.9000%, 0.9250%, 0.9500%, 0.9750%, 1.0%, 1.1%, 1.2%, 1.3%, 1.4%, 1.5%, 1.6%, 1.7%, 1.8%, 1.9%, 2.0%, 2.1%, 2.2%, 2.3%, 2.4%, 2.5%, 2.6%, 2.7%, 2.8%, 2.9%, 3.0%, 3.1%, 3.2%, 3.3%, 3.4%, 3.5%, 3.6%, 3.7%, 3.8%, 3.9%, 4.0%, 4.1%, 4.2%, 4.3%, 4.4%, 4.5%, 4.6%, 4.7%, 4.8%, 4.9%, 5.0%, 10.0%, 25.0%, or any value there between.
The treated gaseous streams (e.g. gaseous stream 106) can have a lower hydrocarbon dew point value than the gaseous stream 102 at the same temperature and pressure. The hydrocarbon dew point value of the treated gaseous steam can be at least 1.0%, 1.1%, 1.2%, 1.3%, 1.4%, 1.5%, 1.6%, 1.7%, 1.8%, 1.9%, 2.0%, 2.1%, 2.2%, 2.3%, 2.4%, 2.5%, 2.6%, 2.7%, 2.8%, 2.9%, 3.0%, 3.1%, 3.2%, 3.3%, 3.4%, 3.5%, 3.6%, 3.7%, 3.8%, 3.9%, 4.0%, 4.1%, 4.2%, 4.3%, 4.4%, 4.5%, 4.6%, 4.7%, 4.8%, 4.9%, 5.0%, 5.1%, 5.2%, 5.3%, 5.4%, 5.5%, 5.6%, 5.7%, 5.8%, 5.9%, 6.0%, 6.1%, 6.2%, 6.3%, 6.4%, 6.5%, 6.6%, 6.7%, 6.8%, 6.9%, 7.0%, 7.1%, 7.2%, 7.3%, 7.4%, 7.5%, 7.6%, 7.7%, 7.8%, 7.9%, 8.0%, 8.1%, 8.2%, 8.3%, 8.4%, 8.5%, 8.6%, 8.7%, 8.8%, 8.9%, 9.0%, 9.1%, 9.2%, 9.3%, 9.4%, 9.5%, 9.6%, 9.7%, 9.8%, 9.9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24%, 25%, 26%, 27%, 28%, 29%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 99%, or any value there between, lower than the hydrocarbon dew point value of the gaseous stream prior to contact with the organosilica particles. The hydrocarbon dew point value of the treated gaseous streams can be −50° C. or less, −5° C. or less, 0° C. or less, at pressures of 0.1 to 10 MPa, or range from −150 to −50° C., −40 to −5° C., −4 to 0° C., or ranges there between at pressures of 0.1 to 10 MPa, or be −150° C., −140° C., −130° C., −120° C., −110° C., −105° C., −100° C., −90° C., −80° C., −70° C., −60° C., −50° C., −40° C., −30° C., −20° C., −19° C., −18° C., −17° C., −16° C., −15° C., −14° C., −13° C., −12° C., −11° C., −10° C., −9° C., −8° C., −7° C., −6° C., −5° C., −4° C., −3° C., −2° C., −1° C., 0° C., 1° C., 2° C., 3° C., 4° C., 5° C., or values there between at pressures of 0.1 to 10 MPa.
A Wobbe Index value of the treated gaseous streams can be lower than the gaseous streams. The Wobbe Index value of the treated gaseous steam can be at least 1.0%, 1.1%, 1.2%, 1.3%, 1.4%, 1.5%, 1.6%, 1.7%, 1.8%, 1.9%, 2.0%, 2.1%, 2.2%, 2.3%, 2.4%, 2.5%, 2.6%, 2.7%, 2.8%, 2.9%, 3.0%, 3.1%, 3.2%, 3.3%, 3.4%, 3.5%, 3.6%, 3.7%, 3.8%, 3.9%, 4.0%, 4.1%, 4.2%, 4.3%, 4.4%, 4.5%, 4.6%, 4.7%, 4.8%, 4.9%, 5.0%, 5.1%, 5.2%, 5.3%, 5.4%, 5.5%, 5.6%, 5.7%, 5.8%, 5.9%, 6.0%, 6.1%, 6.2%, 6.3%, 6.4%, 6.5%, 6.6%, 6.7%, 6.8%, 6.9%, 7.0%, 7.1%, 7.2%, 7.3%, 7.4%, 7.5%, 7.6%, 7.7%, 7.8%, 7.9%, 8.0%, 8.1%, 8.2%, 8.3%, 8.4%, 8.5%, 8.6%, 8.7%, 8.8%, 8.9%, 9.0%, 9.1%, 9.2%, 9.3%, 9.4%, 9.5%, 9.6%, 9.7%, 9.8%, 9.9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24%, 25%, 26%, 27%, 28%, 29%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 99%, or any value there between, lower than the Wobbe Index value of the gaseous stream prior to contact with the organosilica particles. The Wobbe Index value can range from 39 to 53 MJ/Nm3, 39 to 45 MJ/Nm3, 45.5 to 55 MJ/Nm3, or 48-53 MJ/Nm3, or 39 MJ/Nm3, 40 MJ/Nm3, 41 MJ/Nm3, 42 MJ/Nm3, 43 MJ/Nm3, 44 MJ/Nm3, 45 MJ/Nm3, 46 MJ/Nm3, 47 MJ/Nm3, 48 MJ/Nm3, 49 MJ/Nm3, 50 MJ/Nm3, 51 MJ/Nm3, 52 MJ/Nm3, 53 MJ/Nm3, or values there between.
A higher heating value of the treated gaseous stream can be at least 1.0%, 1.1%, 1.2%, 1.3%, 1.4%, 1.5%, 1.6%, 1.7%, 1.8%, 1.9%, 2.0%, 2.1%, 2.2%, 2.3%, 2.4%, 2.5%, 2.6%, 2.7%, 2.8%, 2.9%, 3.0%, 3.1%, 3.2%, 3.3%, 3.4%, 3.5%, 3.6%, 3.7%, 3.8%, 3.9%, 4.0%, 4.1%, 4.2%, 4.3%, 4.4%, 4.5%, 4.6%, 4.7%, 4.8%, 4.9%, 5.0%, 5.1%, 5.2%, 5.3%, 5.4%, 5.5%, 5.6%, 5.7%, 5.8%, 5.9%, 6.0%, 6.1%, 6.2%, 6.3%, 6.4%, 6.5%, 6.6%, 6.7%, 6.8%, 6.9%, 7.0%, 7.1%, 7.2%, 7.3%, 7.4%, 7.5%, 7.6%, 7.7%, 7.8%, 7.9%, 8.0%, 8.1%, 8.2%, 8.3%, 8.4%, 8.5%, 8.6%, 8.7%, 8.8%, 8.9%, 9.0%, 9.1%, 9.2%, 9.3%, 9.4%, 9.5%, 9.6%, 9.7%, 9.8%, 9.9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24%, 25%, 26%, 27%, 28%, 29%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 99%, or any value there between, lower than the higher heating value of the gaseous stream prior to contact with the organosilica particle. The higher heating value of the treated gaseous stream can range from 20.0 kJ/g to 49.5 kJ/g (17,500 BTU/lb to 22,770 BTU/lb), or be 20.1 kJ/g, 20.2 kJ/g, 20.3 kJ/g, 20.4 kJ/g, 20.5 kJ/g, 20.6 kJ/g, 20.7 kJ/g, 20.8 kJ/g, 20.9 kJ/g, 30.0 kJ/g, 30.1 kJ/g, 30.2 kJ/g, 30.3, kJ/g 30.4 kJ/g, 30.5 kJ/g, 30.6 kJ/g, 30.7 kJ/g, 30.8 kJ/g, 30.9 kJ/g, 40.0 kJ/g, 40.1 kJ/g, 40.2, kJ/g, 40.3 kJ/g, 40.4 kJ/g, 40.5 kJ/g, 40.6 kJ/g, 40.7 kJ/g 40.8 kJ/g, 40.9 kJ/g, 41.0 kJ/g, 41.2 kJ/g, 41.3 kJ/g, 41.4 kJ/g, 41.5 kJ/g, 41.6 kJ/g, 41.7 kJ/g, 41.8 kJ/g, 41.9 kJ/g, 42.0 kJ/g, 42.2 kJ/g, 42.3 kJ/g, 42.4 kJ/g, 42.5 kJ/g, 42.6 kJ/g, 42.7 kJ/g, 42.8 kJ/g, 42.9 kJ/g, 43.0 kJ/g, 43.2 kJ/g, 43.3 kJ/g, 43.4 kJ/g, 43.5 kJ/g, 43.6 kJ/g, 43.7 kJ/g, 43.8 kJ/g, 43.9 kJ/g, 44.0 kJ/g, 44.2 kJ/g, 44.3 kJ/g, 44.4 kJ/g, 44.5 kJ/g, 44.6 kJ/g, 44.7 kJ/g, 44.8 kJ/g, 44.9 kJ/g, 45.0 kJ/g, 45.2 kJ/g, 45.3 kJ/g, 45.4 kJ/g, 45.5 kJ/g, 45.6 kJ/g, 45.7 kJ/g, 45.8 kJ/g, 45.9 kJ/g, 46.0 kJ/g, 46.2 kJ/g, 46.3 kJ/g, 46.4 kJ/g, 46.5 kJ/g, 46.6 kJ/g, 46.7 kJ/g, 46.8 kJ/g, 46.9 kJ/g, 47.0 kJ/g, 47.2 kJ/g, 47.3 kJ/g, 47.4 kJ/g, 47.5 kJ/g, 47.6 kJ/g, 47.7 kJ/g, 47.8 kJ/g, 47.9 kJ/g, 48.0 kJ/g, 48.2 kJ/g, 48.3 kJ/g, 48.4 kJ/g, 48.5 kJ/g, 48.6 kJ/g, 48.7 kJ/g, 47.8 kJ/g, 48.9 kJ/g, 49.0 kJ/g, 49.2 kJ/g, 49.3 kJ/g, 49.4 kJ/g, 49.5 kJ/g, or values there between.
A methane number for the treated gaseous streams described herein can be at least 1.0%, 1.1%, 1.2%, 1.3%, 1.4%, 1.5%, 1.6%, 1.7%, 1.8%, 1.9%, 2.0%, 2.1%, 2.2%, 2.3%, 2.4%, 2.5%, 2.6%, 2.7%, 2.8%, 2.9%, 3.0%, 3.1%, 3.2%, 3.3%, 3.4%, 3.5%, 3.6%, 3.7%, 3.8%, 3.9%, 4.0%, 4.1%, 4.2%, 4.3%, 4.4%, 4.5%, 4.6%, 4.7%, 4.8%, 4.9%, 5.0%, 5.1%, 5.2%, 5.3%, 5.4%, 5.5%, 5.6%, 5.7%, 5.8%, 5.9%, 6.0%, 6.1%, 6.2%, 6.3%, 6.4%, 6.5%, 6.6%, 6.7%, 6.8%, 6.9%, 7.0%, 7.1%, 7.2%, 7.3%, 7.4%, 7.5%, 7.6%, 7.7%, 7.8%, 7.9%, 8.0%, 8.1%, 8.2%, 8.3%, 8.4%, 8.5%, 8.6%, 8.7%, 8.8%, 8.9%, 9.0%, 9.1%, 9.2%, 9.3%, 9.4%, 9.5%, 9.6%, 9.7%, 9.8%, 9.9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24%, 25%, 26%, 27%, 28%, 29%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 99%, or any value there between, lower than the methane number of the gaseous stream prior to contact with the organosilica particles. The methane number for the treated gaseous stream can be 4 to 109, 40 to 90, 50 to 70, or any number or range there between. A methane number of 80 or more is preferred. Methane numbers can be calculated using ISO Method 15403.
The present invention will be described in greater detail by way of specific examples. The following examples are offered for illustrative purposes only, and are not intended to limit the invention in any manner. Those of skill in the art will readily recognize a variety of noncritical parameters which can be changed or modified to yield essentially the same results.
Capacity of Organosilica Particles for Gas Phase Alkanes.
A gas sample was contacted with the organosilica particles at 25° C. at 1 atm. The organosilica particles were analyzed to determine the weight fraction absorbed by the media at breakthrough. The organosilica particles absorbed about 10% of their weight of butane, 30% of their weight of pentane, and 60 to 70% of their weight of C6-8 hydrocarbons. The increase of weight percentage of C4+ hydrocarbons indicated that the capacity of the organosilica particles has been maximized.
A stainless steel media vessel having a gas inlet at the top of the unit, a gas outlet at the bottom of the unit, and a vacuum compressor attached to the top of the vessel was provided to gas production sites.
Trial 1. Pipeline.
A gaseous stream having a hydrocarbon dew point value of about 15.5-23.8° C. (60-75° F.) at a pressure of 85 psig (0.59 MPa(g)) was diverted from a sales pipeline to the media vessel containing organosilica particulate media (Osorb® media, 40 kg). The gas traveled through the column of media (approximately 8 feet in height). The gas exited the bottom of the vessel where it traveled through a particulate filter, in case fine media particles were carried through the screen in the media vessel. From there, the gas stream passed through a pressure regulator and check valve and passed by sample ports before returning to the sales line.
Trial 2—Wellhead.
A 6″ in diameter vessel was filled with organosilica particles (1 kg, Osorb® media. Tubing (⅜″) was used to tie-in to the instrument gas flow on the gas processing unit (GPU) and to the gas to the media vessels. After the organosilica particle vessel, the flow path continued to a HCDP analyzer. A silica gel cartridge was positioned between the organosilica media vessel and the analyzer to remove water from the sample. The effluent of the analyzer was diverted back to the instrument gas flow path within the GPU. Table 1 lists the values for the gaseous stream coming from the effluent of the GPU (the source of the instrument gas). The analyzer directly measured the dew point of the gas rather than calculating the dew point indirectly based on other properties (e.g. molar composition). The analyzer measured the dew point of both hydrocarbons and non-hydrocarbons (generally water) and distinguished between the two; however, it would only read either the HCDP value or the non-hydrocarbon dew point value (non-HCDP) on a given reading depending on which was at higher temperature. The instrument registered an error if either dew point was above 50° F., and it stopped analyzing if both dew points were below −20° F. The test period was about 5.5 hours.
The dew point readings measured by the analyzer throughout the test can be seen in graph
Trial 3—Wellhead.
A 3″ in diameter vessel was filled with organosilica particles (0.5 kg, Osorb® media) and used with the equipment and the same well as described in Trial 2. The testing period was about 8.5 hours.
The dew point readings obtained by the analyzer throughout Trial 3 are depicted in
This application claims benefit to U.S. Patent Application No. 62/118,414, titled “METHODS FOR HYDROCARBON DEW POINT REDUCTION USING AN ORGANOSILICA MEDIA”, to Grossman et al., filed Feb. 19, 2015. The entire content of the referenced application is incorporated by reference without disclaimer.
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| 62118414 | Feb 2015 | US |
