Patent Grant
11917585
The present disclosure relates generally to communication systems, and more particularly, to operating an intelligent reflective surface (IRS).
Wireless communication systems are widely deployed to provide various telecommunication services such as telephony, video, data, messaging, and broadcasts. Typical wireless communication systems may employ multiple-access technologies capable of supporting communication with multiple users by sharing available system resources. Examples of such multiple-access technologies include code division multiple access (CDMA) systems, time division multiple access (TDMA) systems, frequency division multiple access (FDMA) systems, orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) systems, single-carrier frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA) systems, and time division synchronous code division multiple access (TD-SCDMA) systems.
These multiple access technologies have been adopted in various telecommunication standards to provide a common protocol that enables different wireless devices to communicate on a municipal, national, regional, and even global level. An example telecommunication standard is 5G New Radio (NR). 5G NR is part of a continuous mobile broadband evolution promulgated by Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) to meet new requirements associated with latency, reliability, security, scalability (e.g., with Internet of Things (IoT)), and other requirements. 5G NR includes services associated with enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), massive machine type communications (mMTC), and ultra-reliable low latency communications (URLLC). Some aspects of 5G NR may be based on the 4G Long Term Evolution (LTE) standard. There exists a need for further improvements in 5G NR technology. These improvements may also be applicable to other multi-access technologies and the telecommunication standards that employ these technologies.
The following presents a simplified summary of one or more aspects in order to provide a basic understanding of such aspects. This summary is not an extensive overview of all contemplated aspects, and is intended to neither identify key or critical elements of all aspects nor delineate the scope of any or all aspects. Its sole purpose is to present some concepts of one or more aspects in a simplified form as a prelude to the more detailed description that is presented later.
In an aspect of the disclosure, a method, a computer-readable medium, and an apparatus are provided. The apparatus may be a base station. The apparatus may select a plurality of node parameters of a node including at least one of: a number of user equipments (UEs) that have accessed a network while the node is operational, an amount of information that has been communicated through the network while the node is operational, one or more quality of service (QoS) measurements while the node is operational, or one or more resources utilized for operation of the node. The apparatus may configure, upon selecting the plurality of node parameters, an access threshold for the node based on the plurality of node parameters. The apparatus may transmit, to the node, an indication of the access threshold for the node based on the plurality of node parameters.
In an aspect of the disclosure, a method, a computer-readable medium, and an apparatus are provided. The apparatus may be a node. The apparatus may receive, from a base station, an indication of an access threshold for the node based on a plurality of node parameters. The plurality of node parameters may include at least one of: a number of UEs that have accessed a network while the node is operational, an amount of information that has been communicated through the network while the node is operational, one or more QoS measurements while the node is operational, or one or more resources utilized for operation of the node. The apparatus may configure, upon receiving the indication of the access threshold, access to the node for each of the number of UEs based on the access threshold. The apparatus may forward communication received from, or forward communication to, at least one of the number of UEs based on the configured access to the node.
To the accomplishment of the foregoing and related ends, the one or more aspects comprise the features hereinafter fully described and particularly pointed out in the claims. The following description and the annexed drawings set forth in detail certain illustrative features of the one or more aspects. These features are indicative, however, of but a few of the various ways in which the principles of various aspects may be employed, and this description is intended to include all such aspects and their equivalents.
The detailed description set forth below in connection with the appended drawings is intended as a description of various configurations and is not intended to represent the only configurations in which the concepts described herein may be practiced. The detailed description includes specific details for the purpose of providing a thorough understanding of various concepts. However, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that these concepts may be practiced without these specific details. In some instances, well known structures and components are shown in block diagram form in order to avoid obscuring such concepts.
Several aspects of telecommunication systems will now be presented with reference to various apparatus and methods. These apparatus and methods will be described in the following detailed description and illustrated in the accompanying drawings by various blocks, components, circuits, processes, algorithms, etc. (collectively referred to as “elements”). These elements may be implemented using electronic hardware, computer software, or any combination thereof. Whether such elements are implemented as hardware or software depends upon the particular application and design constraints imposed on the overall system.
By way of example, an element, or any portion of an element, or any combination of elements may be implemented as a “processing system” that includes one or more processors. Examples of processors include microprocessors, microcontrollers, graphics processing units (GPUs), central processing units (CPUs), application processors, digital signal processors (DSPs), reduced instruction set computing (RISC) processors, systems on a chip (SoC), baseband processors, field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), programmable logic devices (PLDs), state machines, gated logic, discrete hardware circuits, and other suitable hardware configured to perform the various functionality described throughout this disclosure. One or more processors in the processing system may execute software. Software shall be construed broadly to mean instructions, instruction sets, code, code segments, program code, programs, subprograms, software components, applications, software applications, software packages, routines, subroutines, objects, executables, threads of execution, procedures, functions, etc., whether referred to as software, firmware, middleware, microcode, hardware description language, or otherwise.
Accordingly, in one or more example embodiments, the functions described may be implemented in hardware, software, or any combination thereof. If implemented in software, the functions may be stored on or encoded as one or more instructions or code on a computer-readable medium. Computer-readable media includes computer storage media. Storage media may be any available media that can be accessed by a computer. By way of example, and not limitation, such computer-readable media can comprise a random-access memory (RAM), a read-only memory (ROM), an electrically erasable programmable ROM (EEPROM), optical disk storage, magnetic disk storage, other magnetic storage devices, combinations of the types of computer-readable media, or any other medium that can be used to store computer executable code in the form of instructions or data structures that can be accessed by a computer.
While aspects and implementations are described in this application by illustration to some examples, those skilled in the art will understand that additional implementations and use cases may come about in many different arrangements and scenarios. Innovations described herein may be implemented across many differing platform types, devices, systems, shapes, sizes, and packaging arrangements. For example, implementations and/or uses may come about via integrated chip implementations and other non-module-component based devices (e.g., end-user devices, vehicles, communication devices, computing devices, industrial equipment, retail/purchasing devices, medical devices, artificial intelligence (AI)-enabled devices, etc.). While some examples may or may not be specifically directed to use cases or applications, a wide assortment of applicability of described innovations may occur. Implementations may range a spectrum from chip-level or modular components to non-modular, non-chip-level implementations and further to aggregate, distributed, or original equipment manufacturer (OEM) devices or systems incorporating one or more aspects of the described innovations. In some practical settings, devices incorporating described aspects and features may also include additional components and features for implementation and practice of claimed and described aspect. For example, transmission and reception of wireless signals necessarily includes a number of components for analog and digital purposes (e.g., hardware components including antenna, RF-chains, power amplifiers, modulators, buffer, processor(s), interleaver, adders/summers, etc.). It is intended that innovations described herein may be practiced in a wide variety of devices, chip-level components, systems, distributed arrangements, aggregated or disaggregated components, end-user devices, etc. of varying sizes, shapes, and constitution.
The base stations 102 configured for 4G LTE (collectively referred to as Evolved Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN)) may interface with the EPC 160 through first backhaul links 132 (e.g., S1 interface). The base stations 102 configured for 5G NR (collectively referred to as Next Generation RAN (NG-RAN)) may interface with core network 190 through second backhaul links 184. In addition to other functions, the base stations 102 may perform one or more of the following functions: transfer of user data, radio channel ciphering and deciphering, integrity protection, header compression, mobility control functions (e.g., handover, dual connectivity), inter-cell interference coordination, connection setup and release, load balancing, distribution for non-access stratum (NAS) messages, NAS node selection, synchronization, radio access network (RAN) sharing, multimedia broadcast multicast service (MBMS), subscriber and equipment trace, RAN information management (RIM), paging, positioning, and delivery of warning messages. The base stations 102 may communicate directly or indirectly (e.g., through the EPC 160 or core network 190) with each other over third backhaul links 134 (e.g., X2 interface). The first backhaul links 132, the second backhaul links 184, and the third backhaul links 134 may be wired or wireless.
The base stations 102 may wirelessly communicate with the UEs 104. Each of the base stations 102 may provide communication coverage for a respective geographic coverage area 110. There may be overlapping geographic coverage areas 110. For example, the small cell 102′ may have a coverage area 110′ that overlaps the coverage area 110 of one or more macro base stations 102. A network that includes both small cell and macrocells may be known as a heterogeneous network. A heterogeneous network may also include Home Evolved Node Bs (eNBs) (HeNBs), which may provide service to a restricted group known as a closed subscriber group (CSG). The communication links 120 between the base stations 102 and the UEs 104 may include uplink (UL) (also referred to as reverse link) transmissions from a UE 104 to a base station 102 and/or downlink (DL) (also referred to as forward link) transmissions from a base station 102 to a UE 104. The communication links 120 may use multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) antenna technology, including spatial multiplexing, beamforming, and/or transmit diversity. The communication links may be through one or more carriers. The base stations 102/UEs 104 may use spectrum up to Y MHz (e.g., 5, 10, 15, 20, 100, 400, etc. MHz) bandwidth per carrier allocated in a carrier aggregation of up to a total of Yx MHz (x component carriers) used for transmission in each direction. The carriers may or may not be adjacent to each other. Allocation of carriers may be asymmetric with respect to DL and UL (e.g., more or fewer carriers may be allocated for DL than for UL). The component carriers may include a primary component carrier and one or more secondary component carriers. A primary component carrier may be referred to as a primary cell (PCell) and a secondary component carrier may be referred to as a secondary cell (SCell).
Certain UEs 104 may communicate with each other using device-to-device (D2D) communication link 158. The D2D communication link 158 may use the DL/UL WWAN spectrum. The D2D communication link 158 may use one or more sidelink channels, such as a physical sidelink broadcast channel (PSBCH), a physical sidelink discovery channel (PSDCH), a physical sidelink shared channel (PSSCH), and a physical sidelink control channel (PSCCH). D2D communication may be through a variety of wireless D2D communications systems, such as for example, WiMedia, Bluetooth, ZigBee, Wi-Fi based on the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 standard, LTE, or NR.
The wireless communications system may further include a Wi-Fi access point (AP) 150 in communication with Wi-Fi stations (STAs) 152 via communication links 154, e.g., in a 5 GHz unlicensed frequency spectrum or the like. When communicating in an unlicensed frequency spectrum, the STAs 152/AP 150 may perform a clear channel assessment (CCA) prior to communicating in order to determine whether the channel is available.
The small cell 102′ may operate in a licensed and/or an unlicensed frequency spectrum. When operating in an unlicensed frequency spectrum, the small cell 102′ may employ NR and use the same unlicensed frequency spectrum (e.g., 5 GHz, or the like) as used by the Wi-Fi AP 150. The small cell 102′, employing NR in an unlicensed frequency spectrum, may boost coverage to and/or increase capacity of the access network.
The electromagnetic spectrum is often subdivided, based on frequency/wavelength, into various classes, bands, channels, etc. In 5G NR, two initial operating bands have been identified as frequency range designations FR1 (410 MHz-7.125 GHz) and FR2 (24.25 GHz-52.6 GHz). Although a portion of FR1 is greater than 6 GHz, FR1 is often referred to (interchangeably) as a “sub-6 GHz” band in various documents and articles. A similar nomenclature issue sometimes occurs with regard to FR2, which is often referred to (interchangeably) as a “millimeter wave” band in documents and articles, despite being different from the extremely high frequency (EHF) band (30 GHz-300 GHz) which is identified by the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) as a “millimeter wave” band.
The frequencies between FR1 and FR2 are often referred to as mid-band frequencies. Recent 5G NR studies have identified an operating band for these mid-band frequencies as frequency range designation FR3 (7.125 GHz-24.25 GHz). Frequency bands falling within FR3 may inherit FR1 characteristics and/or FR2 characteristics, and thus may effectively extend features of FR1 and/or FR2 into mid-band frequencies. In addition, higher frequency bands are currently being explored to extend 5G NR operation beyond 52.6 GHz. For example, three higher operating bands have been identified as frequency range designations FR4a or FR4-1 (52.6 GHz-71 GHz), FR4 (52.6 GHz-114.25 GHz), and FR5 (114.25 GHz-300 GHz). Each of these higher frequency bands falls within the EHF band.
With the above aspects in mind, unless specifically stated otherwise, it should be understood that the term “sub-6 GHz” or the like if used herein may broadly represent frequencies that may be less than 6 GHz, may be within FR1, or may include mid-band frequencies. Further, unless specifically stated otherwise, it should be understood that the term “millimeter wave” or the like if used herein may broadly represent frequencies that may include mid-band frequencies, may be within FR2, FR4, FR4-a or FR4-1, and/or FR5, or may be within the EHF band.
A base station 102, whether a small cell 102′ or a large cell (e.g., macro base station), may include and/or be referred to as an eNB, gNodeB (gNB), or another type of base station. Some base stations, such as gNB 180 may operate in a traditional sub 6 GHz spectrum, in millimeter wave frequencies, and/or near millimeter wave frequencies in communication with the UE 104. When the gNB 180 operates in millimeter wave or near millimeter wave frequencies, the gNB 180 may be referred to as a millimeter wave base station. The millimeter wave base station 180 may utilize beamforming 182 with the UE 104 to compensate for the path loss and short range. The base station 180 and the UE 104 may each include a plurality of antennas, such as antenna elements, antenna panels, and/or antenna arrays to facilitate the beamforming.
The base station 180 may transmit a beamformed signal to the UE 104 in one or more transmit directions 182′. The UE 104 may receive the beamformed signal from the base station 180 in one or more receive directions 182″. The UE 104 may also transmit a beamformed signal to the base station 180 in one or more transmit directions. The base station 180 may receive the beamformed signal from the UE 104 in one or more receive directions. The base station 180/UE 104 may perform beam training to determine the best receive and transmit directions for each of the base station 180/UE 104. The transmit and receive directions for the base station 180 may or may not be the same. The transmit and receive directions for the UE 104 may or may not be the same.
The EPC 160 may include a Mobility Management Entity (MME) 162, other MMEs 164, a Serving Gateway 166, a Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service (MBMS) Gateway 168, a Broadcast Multicast Service Center (BM-SC) 170, and a Packet Data Network (PDN) Gateway 172. The MME 162 may be in communication with a Home Subscriber Server (HSS) 174. The MME 162 is the control node that processes the signaling between the UEs 104 and the EPC 160. Generally, the MME 162 provides bearer and connection management. All user Internet protocol (IP) packets are transferred through the Serving Gateway 166, which itself is connected to the PDN Gateway 172. The PDN Gateway 172 provides UE IP address allocation as well as other functions. The PDN Gateway 172 and the BM-SC 170 are connected to the IP Services 176. The IP Services 176 may include the Internet, an intranet, an IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS), a PS Streaming Service, and/or other IP services. The BM-SC 170 may provide functions for MBMS user service provisioning and delivery. The BM-SC 170 may serve as an entry point for content provider MBMS transmission, may be used to authorize and initiate MBMS Bearer Services within a public land mobile network (PLMN), and may be used to schedule MBMS transmissions. The MBMS Gateway 168 may be used to distribute MBMS traffic to the base stations 102 belonging to a Multicast Broadcast Single Frequency Network (MBSFN) area broadcasting a particular service, and may be responsible for session management (start/stop) and for collecting eMBMS related charging information.
The core network 190 may include an Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF) 192, other AMFs 193, a Session Management Function (SMF) 194, and a User Plane Function (UPF) 195. The AMF 192 may be in communication with a Unified Data Management (UDM) 196. The AMF 192 is the control node that processes the signaling between the UEs 104 and the core network 190. Generally, the AMF 192 provides QoS flow and session management. All user Internet protocol (IP) packets are transferred through the UPF 195. The UPF 195 provides UE IP address allocation as well as other functions. The UPF 195 is connected to the IP Services 197. The IP Services 197 may include the Internet, an intranet, an IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS), a Packet Switch (PS) Streaming (PSS) Service, and/or other IP services.
The base station may include and/or be referred to as a gNB, Node B, eNB, an access point, a base transceiver station, a radio base station, a radio transceiver, a transceiver function, a basic service set (BSS), an extended service set (ESS), a transmit reception point (TRP), or some other suitable terminology. The base station 102 provides an access point to the EPC 160 or core network 190 for a UE 104. Examples of UEs 104 include a cellular phone, a smart phone, a session initiation protocol (SIP) phone, a laptop, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a satellite radio, a global positioning system, a multimedia device, a video device, a digital audio player (e.g., MP3 player), a camera, a game console, a tablet, a smart device, a wearable device, a vehicle, an electric meter, a gas pump, a large or small kitchen appliance, a healthcare device, an implant, a sensor/actuator, a display, or any other similar functioning device. Some of the UEs 104 may be referred to as IoT devices (e.g., parking meter, gas pump, toaster, vehicles, heart monitor, etc.). The UE 104 may also be referred to as a station, a mobile station, a subscriber station, a mobile unit, a subscriber unit, a wireless unit, a remote unit, a mobile device, a wireless device, a wireless communications device, a remote device, a mobile subscriber station, an access terminal, a mobile terminal, a wireless terminal, a remote terminal, a handset, a user agent, a mobile client, a client, or some other suitable terminology. In some scenarios, the term UE may also apply to one or more companion devices such as in a device constellation arrangement. One or more of these devices may collectively access the network and/or individually access the network.
Referring again to
For normal CP (14 symbols/slot), different numerologies μ 0 to 4 allow for 1, 2, 4, 8, and 16 slots, respectively, per subframe. For extended CP, the numerology 2 allows for 4 slots per subframe. Accordingly, for normal CP and numerology μ, there are 14 symbols/slot and 2μ slots/subframe. The subcarrier spacing may be equal to 2μ*15 kHz, where μ is the numerology 0 to 4. As such, the numerology μ=0 has a subcarrier spacing of 15 kHz and the numerology μ=4 has a subcarrier spacing of 240 kHz. The symbol length/duration is inversely related to the subcarrier spacing.
A resource grid may be used to represent the frame structure. Each time slot includes a resource block (RB) (also referred to as physical RBs (PRBs)) that extends 12 consecutive subcarriers. The resource grid is divided into multiple resource elements (REs). The number of bits carried by each RE depends on the modulation scheme.
As illustrated in
As illustrated in
The transmit (TX) processor 316 and the receive (RX) processor 370 implement layer 1 functionality associated with various signal processing functions. Layer 1, which includes a physical (PHY) layer, may include error detection on the transport channels, forward error correction (FEC) coding/decoding of the transport channels, interleaving, rate matching, mapping onto physical channels, modulation/demodulation of physical channels, and MIMO antenna processing. The TX processor 316 handles mapping to signal constellations based on various modulation schemes (e.g., binary phase-shift keying (BPSK), quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK), M-phase-shift keying (M-PSK), M-quadrature amplitude modulation (M-QAM)). The coded and modulated symbols may then be split into parallel streams. Each stream may then be mapped to an OFDM subcarrier, multiplexed with a reference signal (e.g., pilot) in the time and/or frequency domain, and then combined together using an Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) to produce a physical channel carrying a time domain OFDM symbol stream. The OFDM stream is spatially precoded to produce multiple spatial streams. Channel estimates from a channel estimator 374 may be used to determine the coding and modulation scheme, as well as for spatial processing. The channel estimate may be derived from a reference signal and/or channel condition feedback transmitted by the UE 350. Each spatial stream may then be provided to a different antenna 320 via a separate transmitter 318 TX. Each transmitter 318 TX may modulate a radio frequency (RF) carrier with a respective spatial stream for transmission.
At the UE 350, each receiver 354 RX receives a signal through its respective antenna 352. Each receiver 354 RX recovers information modulated onto an RF carrier and provides the information to the receive (RX) processor 356. The TX processor 368 and the RX processor 356 implement layer 1 functionality associated with various signal processing functions. The RX processor 356 may perform spatial processing on the information to recover any spatial streams destined for the UE 350. If multiple spatial streams are destined for the UE 350, they may be combined by the RX processor 356 into a single OFDM symbol stream. The RX processor 356 then converts the OFDM symbol stream from the time-domain to the frequency domain using a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT). The frequency domain signal comprises a separate OFDM symbol stream for each subcarrier of the OFDM signal. The symbols on each subcarrier, and the reference signal, are recovered and demodulated by determining the most likely signal constellation points transmitted by the base station 310. These soft decisions may be based on channel estimates computed by the channel estimator 358. The soft decisions are then decoded and deinterleaved to recover the data and control signals that were originally transmitted by the base station 310 on the physical channel. The data and control signals are then provided to the controller/processor 359, which implements layer 3 and layer 2 functionality.
The controller/processor 359 can be associated with a memory 360 that stores program codes and data. The memory 360 may be referred to as a computer-readable medium. In the UL, the controller/processor 359 provides demultiplexing between transport and logical channels, packet reassembly, deciphering, header decompression, and control signal processing to recover IP packets from the EPC 160. The controller/processor 359 is also responsible for error detection using an ACK and/or NACK protocol to support HARQ operations.
Similar to the functionality described in connection with the DL transmission by the base station 310, the controller/processor 359 provides RRC layer functionality associated with system information (e.g., MIB, SIBs) acquisition, RRC connections, and measurement reporting; PDCP layer functionality associated with header compression/decompression, and security (ciphering, deciphering, integrity protection, integrity verification); RLC layer functionality associated with the transfer of upper layer PDUs, error correction through ARQ, concatenation, segmentation, and reassembly of RLC SDUs, re-segmentation of RLC data PDUs, and reordering of RLC data PDUs; and MAC layer functionality associated with mapping between logical channels and transport channels, multiplexing of MAC SDUs onto TBs, demultiplexing of MAC SDUs from TBs, scheduling information reporting, error correction through HARQ, priority handling, and logical channel prioritization.
Channel estimates derived by a channel estimator 358 from a reference signal or feedback transmitted by the base station 310 may be used by the TX processor 368 to select the appropriate coding and modulation schemes, and to facilitate spatial processing. The spatial streams generated by the TX processor 368 may be provided to different antenna 352 via separate transmitters 354TX. Each transmitter 354TX may modulate an RF carrier with a respective spatial stream for transmission.
The UL transmission is processed at the base station 310 in a manner similar to that described in connection with the receiver function at the UE 350. Each receiver 318RX receives a signal through its respective antenna 320. Each receiver 318RX recovers information modulated onto an RF carrier and provides the information to a RX processor 370.
The controller/processor 375 can be associated with a memory 376 that stores program codes and data. The memory 376 may be referred to as a computer-readable medium. In the UL, the controller/processor 375 provides demultiplexing between transport and logical channels, packet reassembly, deciphering, header decompression, control signal processing to recover IP packets from the UE 350. IP packets from the controller/processor 375 may be provided to the EPC 160. The controller/processor 375 is also responsible for error detection using an ACK and/or NACK protocol to support HARQ operations.
At least one of the TX processor 316, the RX processor 370, and the controller/processor 375 may be configured to perform aspects in connection with 199 of
5G wireless standards have created new opportunities for innovation and unprecedented use cases, such as eMBB, URLLC, and enhanced machine-type communications (eMTC). Among the main drivers behind 5G technologies is the availability of a large amount of spectrum resources, especially at high bands, also known as millimeter wave (mmW) bands. The main challenges of wireless communications at mmW bands may include increased propagation losses, even in line-of-sight (LOS) communications, due to the very short wavelengths and the absorption by various environmental effects. The challenges of wireless communications at mmW bands may also include high diffraction losses that make non-line-of-sight (NLOS) communications difficult.
The success of 5G technologies is closely related to seamless communications at mmW bands. High antenna gains (albeit, with reduced beamwidths) may be implemented and used with massive MIMO to compensate for propagation losses. Network densification may be achieved by providing more closely spaced base stations. Network densification may involve various layers of components, such as base stations, remote-radio-heads (RRHs), various types of repeaters, small-cells, femto-cells, and reflecting surfaces.
Herein reflecting surfaces may include, or may be referred to as, for example, fixed reflecting surfaces, IRSs, reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs), or meta-surfaces, etc.
When the surface phase (that is, the phases of the surface elements) is properly set, the beam from the base station 402 may be reflected by the IRS 404 toward the UE 406 in downlink. Conversely, the beam from the UE 406 may be reflected by the IRS 404 toward the base station 402 in uplink. Accordingly, the IRS 404 may help to reduce the pathloss and avoid blockages in the LOS propagation. The base station 402 may be any of a base station, an RRH, a repeater, etc. Although herein aspects may be described in relation to 5G NR and mmW bands, the aspects may be equally applicable to other technologies such as 4G LTE, IEEE 802.11 WIFI, or future generations of technologies including beyond 5G, 6G, etc., and to other bands such as the sub-6 GHz bands, terahertz bands, etc.
An IRS may be owned by a consumer/subscriber. Accordingly, the network operator may limit who/what can utilize the IRS. The network operator may also measure the utilization of the IRS, e.g., for billing purposes. For billing purposes, the network operator may wish to assess system resources set aside for the operation of the IRS and determine the benefits associated with operating the IRS that are accrued to the operator. For example, the operator may wish to credit the consumer/subscriber if the IRS has contributed to the network capacity, latency, etc. For access control, the operator may wish to determine an access policy for the IRS and either allow or deny access to particular UEs. For example, a UE belonging to a passerby may or may not be allowed access to the IRS.
Aspects described herein may relate to measuring the benefits or costs arising out of operating an IRS. Herein the IRS, together with its control entity, may also be referred to as a node. Further aspects may relate to limiting access to an IRS to closed sub scriber groups.
One or more metrics or node parameters may be utilized to assess the utility of an IRS. In one aspect, the utility of an IRS may be assessed based on the number of UEs that have accessed the network while the IRS is operational, compared against the number of UEs that would access the network during a comparable period of time while the IRS is switched off. More UEs may have accessed the network while the IRS is operational. The greater the difference in the number of UEs that have accessed the network, the greater the benefits associated with operating the IRS may be. The number of UEs that have accessed the network may be determined based on CSI-RSs.
In another aspect, the utility of an IRS may be assessed based on the amount of information (e.g., in terms of the number of bytes) that has been transmitted on the downlink and the uplink for each UE or in total for all UEs while the IRS is operational, compared against the amount of information that would be transmitted on the downlink and the uplink for each UE or in total for all UEs, as the case may be, during a comparable period of time, while the IRS is switched off. More information may have been transmitted on the downlink and the uplink while the IRS is operational. The greater the difference in the amount of information that has been transmitted, the greater the benefits associated with operating the IRS may be. The amount of information that has been transmitted on the downlink and the uplink may be determined based on CSI-RSs.
In another aspect, the utility of an IRS may be assessed based on the QoS measurements associated with the UEs or the transmitted information. The QoS measurements may include delay limits, packet error rate (PER) targets, or a minimum throughput, or the number of data streams that meet the delay limits, PER targets, or the minimum throughput. In particular, the utility of an IRS may be assessed based on the QoS measurements achieved while the IRS is operational, compared against the QoS measurements achieved during a comparable period of time while the IRS is switched off. Better QoS measurements may be achieved while the IRS is operational. The greater the difference in the achieved QoS measurements, the greater the benefits associated with operating the IRS may be. Subscriber satisfaction may be measured by comparing the desired or requested QoS versus the achieved QoS.
In one aspect, the costs associated with operating an IRS may be measured based on the CSI-RS resources and the control resources the network has set aside for operating the IRS. The network may measure the total CSI-RS and control resources consumed while the IRS is operational, compared against the total CSI-RS and control resources consumed while the IRS is switched off. More CSI-RS and control resources may be consumed while the IRS is operational. The costs may be in terms of the fraction of extra CSI-RS and control resources utilized to operate IRS.
In one aspect, values may be assigned to the above-described benefits and costs associated with operating the IRS. The total costs may be compared against the total benefits to determine whether and to what extent operating the IRS is justified.
Based on the node parameters, the network or base station may determine an access threshold for the IRS.
In one aspect, access to the IRS/node may be restricted to a closed subscriber group. In one configuration, the node may limit the reflected power that may be received outside the desired coverage area associated with the closed subscriber group (e.g., a home). Accordingly, the probability that a UE that is not a member of the closed subscriber group attempts access based on the detected SSB may be minimized. In one configuration, the node may indicate the closed subscriber group status of the SSB transmission via the PBCH on the synchronization raster during initial access. UEs that are not members of the closed subscriber group may be denied access to the node. Using the synchronization raster may provide better compatibility. In one configuration, the node may use a non-synchronization raster set aside for the closed subscriber group. UEs that are not members of the closed subscriber group may not know the non-synchronization raster used.
At 514a, the node 504 may determine whether at least one of the number of UEs 506 is allowed to access the node 504 based on whether the at least one of the number of UEs 506 is a member of the closed subscriber group. At 514b, the node 504 may transmit, via a PBCH on a synchronization raster during an initial access procedure, an indication that an SSB associated with the node 504 corresponds to the closed subscriber group. At 514c, the node 504 may transmit at least one SSB on at least one non-synchronization raster associated with the closed subscriber group. At 514d, the node 504 may limit a coverage area of the node to an area associated with the closed sub scriber group.
At 516, the node 504 may forward communication received from, or forward communication to, at least one of the number of UEs 506 based on the configured access to the node. At 518, the base station 502 may compare each of the plurality of node parameters to each of a plurality of node estimates associated with operating the node 504. The node estimates may relate to the respective measurements that would be obtained during a comparable period of time while the node is switched off.
At 604, the base station may configure, upon selecting the plurality of node parameters, an access threshold for the node based on the plurality of node parameters. For example, 604 may be performed by the IRS component 1040 in
At 606, the base station may transmit, to the node, an indication of the access threshold for the node based on the plurality of node parameters. For example, 606 may be performed by the IRS component 1040 in
At 704, the base station may configure, upon selecting the plurality of node parameters, an access threshold for the node based on the plurality of node parameters. For example, 704 may be performed by the IRS component 1040 in
At 706, the base station may transmit, to the node, an indication of the access threshold for the node based on the plurality of node parameters. For example, 706 may be performed by the IRS component 1040 in
In one configuration, the amount of information may correspond to a number of bytes.
In one configuration, the plurality of node parameters may include the number of UEs that have accessed the network while the node is operational, and the number of UEs that have accessed the network while the node is operational may be determined based on one or more CSI-RSs.
In one configuration, the plurality of node parameters may include the amount of information that has been communicated through the network while the node is operational, and the amount of information that has been communicated through the network while the node is operational may be determined based on one or more CSI-RSs.
In one configuration, the plurality of node parameters may include the one or more QoS measurements while the node is operational, and the one or more QoS measurements may be associated with meeting or not meeting one or more quality expectations.
In one configuration, the one or more quality expectations may include at least one of a delay limit, a PER target, or a minimum throughput.
In one configuration, the plurality of node parameters may include the one or more resources utilized for the operation of the node, and the one or more resources utilized for the operation of the node may include at least one of resources associated with one or more CSI-RSs or control resources.
In one configuration, at 708, the base station may compare each of the plurality of node parameters to each of a plurality of node estimates associated with operating the node. For example, 708 may be performed by the IRS component 1040 in
In one configuration, the plurality of node estimates associated with operating the node may be determined based on one or more CSI-RSs while the node is not operational.
In one configuration, the plurality of node parameters of the node may further include one or more benefit measurements associated with the node, and the one or more benefit measurements associated with the node may include at least one of a first benefit associated with operating the node in terms of a difference in the number of UEs that have accessed the network, a second benefit associated with operating the node in terms of a difference in the amount of information that has been communicated through the network, or one or more third benefits associated with operating the node in terms of one or more differences in the one or more QoS measurements.
At 804, the node may configure, upon receiving the indication of the access threshold, access to the node for each of the number of UEs based on the access threshold. For example, 804 may be performed by the IRS component 1140 in
At 806, the node may forward communication received from, or forward communication to, at least one of the number of UEs based on the configured access to the node. For example, 806 may be performed by the IRS component 1140 in
At 904, the node may configure, upon receiving the indication of the access threshold, access to the node for each of the number of UEs based on the access threshold. For example, 904 may be performed by the IRS component 1140 in
At 906, the node may forward communication received from, or forward communication to, at least one of the number of UEs based on the configured access to the node. For example, 906 may be performed by the IRS component 1140 in
In one configuration, the amount of information may correspond to a number of bytes.
In one configuration, the access threshold may correspond to a closed subscriber group.
In one configuration, at 904a, the node may determine whether at least one of the number of UEs is allowed to access the node based on whether the at least one of the number of UEs is a member of the closed subscriber group. For example, 904a may be performed by the IRS component 1140 in
In one configuration, at 904b, the node may transmit, via a PBCH on a synchronization raster during an initial access procedure, an indication that an SSB associated with the node corresponds to the closed subscriber group. For example, 904b may be performed by the IRS component 1140 in
In one configuration, at 904c, the node may transmit at least one SSB on at least one non-synchronization raster associated with the closed subscriber group. For example, 904c may be performed by the IRS component 1140 in
In one configuration, the at least one non-synchronization raster may not be known to one or more UEs that are not members of the closed subscriber group.
In one configuration, at 904d, the node may limit a coverage area of the node to an area associated with the closed subscriber group. For example, 904d may be performed by the IRS component 1140 in
The communication manager 1032 includes an IRS component 1040 that may be configured to select a plurality of node parameters of a node including at least one of: a number of UEs that have accessed a network while the node is operational, an amount of information that has been communicated through the network while the node is operational, one or more QoS measurements while the node is operational, or one or more resources utilized for operation of the node, e.g., as described in connection with 602 in
The apparatus may include additional components that perform each of the blocks of the algorithm in the flowcharts of
As shown, the apparatus 1002 may include a variety of components configured for various functions. In one configuration, the apparatus 1002, and in particular the baseband unit 1004, includes means for selecting a plurality of node parameters of a node including at least one of: a number of UEs that have accessed a network while the node is operational, an amount of information that has been communicated through the network while the node is operational, one or more QoS measurements while the node is operational, or one or more resources utilized for operation of the node. The apparatus 1002 may include means for configuring, upon selecting the plurality of node parameters, an access threshold for the node based on the plurality of node parameters. The apparatus 1002 may include means for transmitting, to the node, an indication of the access threshold for the node based on the plurality of node parameters.
In one configuration, the amount of information may correspond to a number of bytes. In one configuration, the plurality of node parameters may include the number of UEs that have accessed the network while the node is operational, and the number of UEs that have accessed the network while the node is operational may be determined based on one or more CSI-RSs. In one configuration, the plurality of node parameters may include the amount of information that has been communicated through the network while the node is operational, and the amount of information that has been communicated through the network while the node is operational may be determined based on one or more CSI-RSs. In one configuration, the plurality of node parameters may include the one or more QoS measurements while the node is operational, and the one or more QoS measurements may be associated with meeting or not meeting one or more quality expectations. In one configuration, the one or more quality expectations may include at least one of a delay limit, a PER target, or a minimum throughput. In one configuration, the plurality of node parameters may include the one or more resources utilized for the operation of the node, and the one or more resources utilized for the operation of the node may include at least one of resources associated with one or more CSI-RSs or control resources. In one configuration, the apparatus 1002 may include means for comparing each of the plurality of node parameters to each of a plurality of node estimates associated with operating the node. In one configuration, the plurality of node estimates associated with operating the node may be determined based on one or more CSI-RSs while the node is not operational. In one configuration, the plurality of node parameters of the node may further include one or more benefit measurements associated with the node, and the one or more benefit measurements associated with the node may include at least one of a first benefit associated with operating the node in terms of a difference in the number of UEs that have accessed the network, a second benefit associated with operating the node in terms of a difference in the amount of information that has been communicated through the network, or one or more third benefits associated with operating the node in terms of one or more differences in the one or more QoS measurements.
The means may be one or more of the components of the apparatus 1002 configured to perform the functions recited by the means. As described supra, the apparatus 1002 may include the TX Processor 316, the RX Processor 370, and the controller/processor 375. As such, in one configuration, the means may be the TX Processor 316, the RX Processor 370, and the controller/processor 375 configured to perform the functions recited by the means.
The communication manager 1132 includes an IRS component 1140 that may be configured to receive, from a base station, an indication of an access threshold for the node based on a plurality of node parameters, the plurality of node parameters including at least one of: a number of UEs that have accessed a network while the node is operational, an amount of information that has been communicated through the network while the node is operational, one or more QoS measurements while the node is operational, or one or more resources utilized for operation of the node, e.g., as described in connection with 802 in
The apparatus may include additional components that perform each of the blocks of the algorithm in the flowcharts of
As shown, the apparatus 1102 may include a variety of components configured for various functions. In one configuration, the apparatus 1102, and in particular the baseband unit 1104, includes means for receiving, from a base station, an indication of an access threshold for the node based on a plurality of node parameters, the plurality of node parameters including at least one of: a number of UEs that have accessed a network while the node is operational, an amount of information that has been communicated through the network while the node is operational, one or more QoS measurements while the node is operational, or one or more resources utilized for operation of the node. The apparatus 1102 may include means for configuring, upon receiving the indication of the access threshold, access to the node for each of the number of UEs based on the access threshold. The apparatus 1102 may include means for forwarding communication received from, or forwarding communication to, at least one of the number of UEs based on the configured access to the node.
In one configuration, the amount of information may correspond to a number of bytes. In one configuration, the access threshold may correspond to a closed subscriber group. In one configuration, the apparatus 1102 may include means for determining whether at least one of the number of UEs is allowed to access the node based on whether the at least one of the number of UEs is a member of the closed subscriber group. In one configuration, the apparatus 1102 may include means for transmitting, via a PBCH on a synchronization raster during an initial access procedure, an indication that an SSB associated with the node corresponds to the closed subscriber group. In one configuration, the apparatus 1102 may include means for transmitting at least one SSB on at least one non-synchronization raster associated with the closed subscriber group. In one configuration, the at least one non-synchronization raster may not be known to one or more UEs that are not members of the closed subscriber group. In one configuration, the apparatus 1102 may include means for limiting a coverage area of the node to an area associated with the closed subscriber group.
The means may be one or more of the components of the apparatus 1102 configured to perform the functions recited by the means. As described supra, the apparatus 1102 may include the TX Processor 316, the RX Processor 370, and the controller/processor 375. As such, in one configuration, the means may be the TX Processor 316, the RX Processor 370, and the controller/processor 375 configured to perform the functions recited by the means.
According to aspects described herein, a base station may select a plurality of node parameters of a node including at least one of: a number of UEs that have accessed a network while the node is operational, an amount of information that has been communicated through the network while the node is operational, one or more QoS measurements while the node is operational, or one or more resources utilized for operation of the node. The base station may configure, upon selecting the plurality of node parameters, an access threshold for the node based on the plurality of node parameters. The base station may transmit, to the node, an indication of the access threshold for the node based on the plurality of node parameters. The node may configure, upon receiving the indication of the access threshold, access to the node for each of the number of UEs based on the access threshold. The benefits and costs associated with operating an IRS may be determined, e.g., for billing purposes. Because the IRS may be owned by a subscriber, aspects relating to limiting the access to an IRS/node to UEs that are members of a closed subscriber group have been described.
It is understood that the specific order or hierarchy of blocks in the processes/flowcharts disclosed is an illustration of example approaches. Based upon design preferences, it is understood that the specific order or hierarchy of blocks in the processes/flowcharts may be rearranged. Further, some blocks may be combined or omitted. The accompanying method claims present elements of the various blocks in a sample order, and are not meant to be limited to the specific order or hierarchy presented.
The previous description is provided to enable any person skilled in the art to practice the various aspects described herein. Various modifications to these aspects will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the generic principles defined herein may be applied to other aspects. Thus, the claims are not intended to be limited to the aspects shown herein, but is to be accorded the full scope consistent with the language claims, wherein reference to an element in the singular is not intended to mean “one and only one” unless specifically so stated, but rather “one or more.” Terms such as “if,” “when,” and “while” should be interpreted to mean “under the condition that” rather than imply an immediate temporal relationship or reaction. That is, these phrases, e.g., “when,” do not imply an immediate action in response to or during the occurrence of an action, but simply imply that if a condition is met then an action will occur, but without requiring a specific or immediate time constraint for the action to occur. The word “exemplary” is used herein to mean “serving as an example, instance, or illustration.” Any aspect described herein as “exemplary” is not necessarily to be construed as preferred or advantageous over other aspects. Unless specifically stated otherwise, the term “some” refers to one or more. Combinations such as “at least one of A, B, or C,” “one or more of A, B, or C,” “at least one of A, B, and C,” “one or more of A, B, and C,” and “A, B, C, or any combination thereof” include any combination of A, B, and/or C, and may include multiples of A, multiples of B, or multiples of C. Specifically, combinations such as “at least one of A, B, or C,” “one or more of A, B, or C,” “at least one of A, B, and C,” “one or more of A, B, and C,” and “A, B, C, or any combination thereof” may be A only, B only, C only, A and B, A and C, B and C, or A and B and C, where any such combinations may contain one or more member or members of A, B, or C. All structural and functional equivalents to the elements of the various aspects described throughout this disclosure that are known or later come to be known to those of ordinary skill in the art are expressly incorporated herein by reference and are intended to be encompassed by the claims. Moreover, nothing disclosed herein is intended to be dedicated to the public regardless of whether such disclosure is explicitly recited in the claims. The words “module,” “mechanism,” “element,” “device,” and the like may not be a substitute for the word “means.” As such, no claim element is to be construed as a means plus function unless the element is expressly recited using the phrase “means for.”
The following aspects are illustrative only and may be combined with other aspects or teachings described herein, without limitation.
Aspect 1 is an apparatus for wireless communication at a base station including at least one processor coupled to a memory and configured to select a plurality of node parameters of a node including at least one of: a number of UEs that have accessed a network while the node is operational, an amount of information that has been communicated through the network while the node is operational, one or more QoS measurements while the node is operational, or one or more resources utilized for operation of the node; configure, upon selecting the plurality of node parameters, an access threshold for the node based on the plurality of node parameters; and transmit, to the node, an indication of the access threshold for the node based on the plurality of node parameters.
Aspect 2 is the apparatus of aspect 1, where the amount of information corresponds to a number of bytes.
Aspect 3 is the apparatus of any of aspects 1 and 2, where the plurality of node parameters includes the number of UEs that have accessed the network while the node is operational, and the number of UEs that have accessed the network while the node is operational is determined based on one or more CSI-RSs.
Aspect 4 is the apparatus of any of aspects 1 to 3, where the plurality of node parameters includes the amount of information that has been communicated through the network while the node is operational, and the amount of information that has been communicated through the network while the node is operational is determined based on one or more CSI-RSs.
Aspect 5 is the apparatus of any of aspects 1 to 4, where the plurality of node parameters includes the one or more QoS measurements while the node is operational, and the one or more QoS measurements are associated with meeting or not meeting one or more quality expectations.
Aspect 6 is the apparatus of aspect 5, where the one or more quality expectations include at least one of a delay limit, a PER target, or a minimum throughput.
Aspect 7 is the apparatus of any of aspects 1 to 6, where the plurality of node parameters includes the one or more resources utilized for the operation of the node, and the one or more resources utilized for the operation of the node include at least one of resources associated with one or more CSI-RSs or control resources.
Aspect 8 is the apparatus of any of aspects 1 to 7, the at least one processor being further configured to: compare each of the plurality of node parameters to each of a plurality of node estimates associated with operating the node.
Aspect 9 is the apparatus of aspect 8, where the plurality of node estimates associated with operating the node is determined based on one or more CSI-RSs while the node is not operational.
Aspect 10 is the apparatus of any of aspects 1 to 9, where the plurality of node parameters of the node further includes one or more benefit measurements associated with the node, and the one or more benefit measurements associated with the node include at least one of a first benefit associated with operating the node in terms of a difference in the number of UEs that have accessed the network, a second benefit associated with operating the node in terms of a difference in the amount of information that has been communicated through the network, or one or more third benefits associated with operating the node in terms of one or more differences in the one or more QoS measurements.
Aspect 11 is the apparatus of any of aspects 1 to 10, further including a transceiver coupled to the at least one processor.
Aspect 12 is an apparatus for wireless communication at a node including at least one processor coupled to a memory and configured to receive, from a base station, an indication of an access threshold for the node based on a plurality of node parameters, the plurality of node parameters including at least one of: a number of UEs that have accessed a network while the node is operational, an amount of information that has been communicated through the network while the node is operational, one or more QoS measurements while the node is operational, or one or more resources utilized for operation of the node; configure, upon receiving the indication of the access threshold, access to the node for each of the number of UEs based on the access threshold; and forward communication received from, or forward communication to, at least one of the number of UEs based on the configured access to the node.
Aspect 13 is the apparatus of aspect 12, where the amount of information corresponds to a number of bytes.
Aspect 14 is the apparatus of any of aspects 12 and 13, where the access threshold corresponds to a closed subscriber group.
Aspect 15 is the apparatus of aspect 14, the at least one processor being further configured to: determine whether at least one of the number of UEs is allowed to access the node based on whether the at least one of the number of UEs is a member of the closed subscriber group.
Aspect 16 is the apparatus of any of aspects 14 and 15, the at least one processor being further configured to: transmit, via a PBCH on a synchronization raster during an initial access procedure, an indication that an SSB associated with the node corresponds to the closed subscriber group.
Aspect 17 is the apparatus of any of aspects 14 and 15, the at least one processor being further configured to: transmit at least one SSB on at least one non-synchronization raster associated with the closed subscriber group.
Aspect 18 is the apparatus of aspect 17, where the at least one non-synchronization raster is not known to one or more UEs that are not members of the closed subscriber group.
Aspect 19 is the apparatus of any of aspects 14 to 18, the at least one processor being further configured to: limit a coverage area of the node to an area associated with the closed subscriber group.
Aspect 20 is the apparatus of any of aspects 12 to 19, further including a transceiver coupled to the at least one processor.
Aspect 21 is a method of wireless communication for implementing any of aspects 1 to 20.
Aspect 22 is an apparatus for wireless communication including means for implementing any of aspects 1 to 20.
Aspect 23 is a computer-readable medium storing computer executable code, where the code when executed by a processor causes the processor to implement any of aspects 1 to 20.
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| 9648529 | Vivanco | May 2017 | B1 |
| 20150373579 | Xu | Dec 2015 | A1 |
| 20170041855 | Paredes | Feb 2017 | A1 |
| 20170048051 | Siomina | Feb 2017 | A1 |
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| 20210067994 | Chen | Mar 2021 | A1 |
| Number | Date | Country |
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| 113709755 | Nov 2021 | CN |
| 114554527 | Sep 2023 | CN |
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