This invention relates to metal powders in general and more specifically to processes for producing metal powders.
Several different processes for producing powdered metal products have been developed and are currently being used to produce metal powders having certain characteristics, such as increased densities and increased flowabilities, that are desirable in subsequent metallurgical processes, such as, for example, sintering and plasma-spraying processes.
One process, known as plasma-based densification, involves contacting a metal precursor material with a hot plasma jet. The hot plasma jet liquefies and/or atomizes the metal in order to form small, generally spherically shaped particles. The particles are then allowed to re-solidify before being recovered. The resulting powdered metal product is often characterized by having a high flowability and high density, thereby making the powdered metal product desirable for use in subsequent processes (e.g., sintering and plasma-spraying).
Unfortunately, however, plasma-based densification processes are not without their drawbacks. For example, plasma-based densification processes tend to be expensive to implement, are energy intensive, and also suffer from comparatively low yields.
Another type of process, known as spray drying, involves a process wherein a solution or slurry containing the desired metal is rapidly dried to particulate form by atomizing the liquid in a hot atmosphere. One type of spray drying process for producing a powdered metal product utilizes a rotating atomizing disk provided in a heated process chamber. A liquid precursor material (e.g., a slurry or solution) containing a powdered metal material is directed onto the rotating disk. The liquid precursor material is accelerated generally outwardly by the rotating disk. The heated chamber speeds the evaporation of the liquid component of the liquid precursor material as the same is accelerated outwardly by the rotating disk. The resulting powdered metal end product is then collected from a perimeter wall surrounding the rotating disk.
While the foregoing spray drying process is often used to form a powdered metal product, it is not without its disadvantages. For example, spray drying processes also tend to suffer from comparatively low yields and typically result in a metal powder product having a lower density than is possible with plasma-based densification processes. Spray drying processes also involve fairly sizable apparatus (e.g., atomizing disks having diameters on the order of 10 m) and are energy intensive. The spray drying process also tends to be difficult to control, and it is not unusual to encounter some degree of variability in the characteristics of the powdered metal product, even though the process parameters remain the same. Such variability further increases the difficulty in producing a final powdered metal product having the desired characteristics.
Consequently, a need remains for a system capable of producing a powdered metal end product having characteristics, such as high density and high flowability, that make the powdered metal end product more desirable for use in subsequent applications. Ideally, such a system should be capable of producing increased yields of powdered metal end product, while at the same time involving less complexity, energy, and expense when compared to conventional processes.
A method for producing a metal powder product according to one embodiment of the invention may comprise: Providing a supply of a precursor metal powder; combining the precursor metal powder with a liquid to form a slurry; feeding the slurry into a pulsating stream of hot gas; and recovering the metal powder product.
Also disclosed is a metal powder product comprising agglomerated metal particles having a Hall flowability of less than about 30 seconds for 50 grams.
Illustrative and presently preferred exemplary embodiments of the invention are shown in the drawings in which:
A method 10 for producing a metal powder product is illustrated in
More specifically, a basic process hereof first includes the formation of a slurry at step 12 containing the precursor metal powder. In a typical example, the precursor metal powder is mixed with a liquid (e.g., water) to form the slurry, although other liquids, such as alcohols, volatile liquids, and organic liquids, may be used. In one embodiment, the liquid component of the slurry comprises a water and binder mixture which may initially be created by mixing together a binder, such as, for example, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), and water. The precursor metal powder, such as, for example, a molybdenum powder (see the Examples set forth below), is then be added to the water/binder mixture to form the slurry.
It should be noted, however, that it may be necessary or desirable to pre-heat the liquid mixture before adding the precursor metal powder in order to ensure that the binder is fully dissolved in the liquid “carrier.” The particular temperatures involved may depend to some degree on the particular liquid carrier (e.g., water) and binder (e.g., PVA) selected. Therefore, the present invention should not be regarded as limited to any particular temperature or range of temperatures for pre-heating the liquid mixture. However, by way of example, in one embodiment, the liquid mixture may be pre-heated to a temperature in a range of about 35° C. to about 100° C.
The slurry may comprise between about 60 to about 99 wt. % solids, such as about 60% to about 90% wt. % solids, and more preferably about 80% wt. % solids. The slurry may comprise between about 1 to about 40 wt. % liquid, such as about 10 to about 40 wt. % liquid, and more preferably about 20 wt. % liquid. The liquid component may comprise about 0.01 to about 5 wt. % binder, such as about 0.4 to about 0.9 wt. % binder, and more preferably about 0.7 wt. % binder. In one embodiment, the slurry comprises about 80 wt. % solids and about 20 wt. % liquid, of which about 0.7 wt. % is binder. The precursor metal powder may have sizes in a range of about sub-micron sizes (e.g., from about 0.25 μm to about 100 μm, such as about 1 μm to about 20 μm, and more preferably in a size range of about 5 μm to about 6 μm.
The slurry is then fed into a pulse combustion system 100 (
As will be described in greater detail herein, the resulting metal powder product comprises agglomerations of smaller particles that are substantially solid (i.e., non-hollow), and generally spherical in shape. Accordingly, the agglomerations may be generally characterized as “soccer balls formed of ‘BBs’.” In addition, the metal powder product comprises a high density and is highly flowable when compared to conventional metal powders produced by conventional processes. For example, molybdenum metal powders produced in accordance with the teachings herein may have Scott densities in a range of about 1 g/cc to about 4 g/cc, such as about 2.6 g/cc to about 2.9 g/cc. Hall flowabilities range from less than about 30 s/50 g to as low as 20-23 s/50 g for molybdenum metal.
With reference now primarily to
With reference now to
In pulsed operation, the air valve 22 is cycled open and closed to alternately let air into the combustion chamber 23 and close for the combustion thereof. In such cycling, the air valve 22 may be reopened for a subsequent pulse just after the previous combustion episode. The reopening then allows a subsequent air charge to enter. The fuel valve 24 then re-admits fuel, and the mixture auto-ignites in the combustion chamber 23, as described above. This cycle of opening and closing the air valve 22 and combusting the fuel in the chamber 23 in a pulsing fashion may be controllable at various frequencies, e.g., from about 80 Hz to about 110 Hz, although other frequencies may also be used.
The pulse combustion system 100 thus provides a pulsating stream of hot gases into which is fed the slurry comprising the precursor metal powder. The contact zone and contact time are very short, the time of contact often being on the order of a fraction of a microsecond. Thus, the physical interactions of hot gas, sonic waves, and slurry produces the metal powder product. More specifically, the liquid component of the slurry is substantially removed or driven away by the sonic (or near sonic) pulse waves of hot gas. The short contact time also ensures that the slurry components are minimally heated, e.g., to levels on the order of about 93° C. to about 121° C. at the end of the contact time, temperatures which are sufficient to evaporate the liquid component, but are not near the melting point of the metal contained in the slurry.
In this process, some quantity of the liquid component (e.g., binder) remains in the resulting agglomerations of the metal powder product. The resulting powders may have this remaining binder driven off (e.g., partially or entirely), by a subsequent heating step 34. Generally speaking, heating step 34 is conducted at a temperature that is below the melting point of the metal powder product, thereby yielding a substantially pure (i.e., free of binder) metal powder product. It may also be noted that the agglomerations of the metal powder product preferably retain their shapes (in many cases, though not necessarily, substantially spherical), even after the binder is removed by heating step 34. Flowability data (Hall data) in heated and/or green forms are available (heated being after binder removal, green being pre-removal), as described relative to the Examples below.
Note further that in some instances, a variety of sizes of agglomerated products may be produced during this process, and it may be desirable to further separate or classify the metal powder product into a metal powder product having a size range within a desired product size range. For example, for molybdenum powder, sieve sizes of −200 to +325 U.S. Tyler mesh provide a metal powder product within a desired product size range of about 44 μm to 76 μm. A process hereof may yield a substantial percentage of product in this desired product size range; however, there may be remainder products, particularly the smaller products, outside the desired product size range which may be recycled through the system, see step 36, though liquid (e.g., water and binder) would again have to be added to create an appropriate slurry composition. Such recycling is shown as an optional alternative (or additional) step or steps in
The products hereof are also distinctive, as the powder particles in the post processing stage (i.e., after the hot gas contact step 14) are larger (i.e., plus or minus ten times (+/−10×) larger) than the starting materials (e.g., 5-6 μm for the precursor metal product vs. 44-76 μm for the metal powder product), but are combined in a manner not involving the melting of the precursor metal powder. Thus, the metal powder product comprises combinations or agglomerations of large numbers of smaller particles, each agglomeration being characterizable as a “soccer ball formed of ‘BBs.’”
Still further, it may be noted that additional pre- and/or post-processing steps may be added in some instances. For example, the precursor powder to be fed into the system may want some pre-processing to achieve a particular desired pre-processing size. Some such additional alternative steps are shown in
It should be noted that the methods and apparatus described herein could be used to form a wide range of metal powder products from any of a wide range of precursor metal powders, including for example, substantially “pure” metals (e.g., any of a wide range of eutectic metals, non-eutectic metals and refractory metals), as well as mixtures thereof (e.g., metal alloys), understanding that in any alternative cases, certain modifications may be necessary (e.g., in temperatures, binders, ratios, etc.). This may be particularly so for either for the lower melting point materials as well as for the refractory metals (having high melting points). Thus, differing mixture quantities (solids to water to binder) and/or differing temperatures and/or feed speeds may be desirably and/or necessarily established. Otherwise, the processes and/or products may be substantially similar to those described here. Moreover, even though some metals or other dense materials may have relatively low melting points, it may also still be that the processes hereof may yet be productive therewith as well in that the extremely short contact times may be sufficient to create end-products without melting, or at least without an undesirable degree of melting (e.g., melting may be allowable if some degree of melting were followed by sufficiently quick cooling and/or re-solidification prior to either extreme agglomeration or sticking within the machinery). Different binders and/or suspension agents (i.e., alternatives to water) may also be found within the overall processes hereof, though again, perhaps indicating other changes in parameters (ratios, temperatures, speeds, for example).
Several examples according hereto have been run using molybdenum powder as a precursor metal powder having a size in a range of about 5-6 μm. As described herein, the first step involves the formation of a slurry at step 12, see FIGS. 1 and 3-5. In this instance, a water and binder mixture was first created. The resulting mixture was then heated to a temperature of about 71° C. (about 160° F.) to provide a desirable dispersion of binder in water, the binder in this first example being polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). The mixture was heated until the mixture was clear. The molybdenum precursor metal powder, comprising particles in a size range of about 5-6 μm, was then added to the heated water/binder mixture (which may be cooled before or during the adding of metal) and stirred to form a slurry comprising about 80 wt. % solids to about 20 wt. % water and binder liquids with an approximate 0.1 to about 1.0 wt. % of the total being binder (i.e., about 19 wt. % to about 19.9 wt. % water); about 0.4 wt. % to about 0.8 wt. % binder being preferred as described further below.
This slurry was then fed into a pulse combustion system 100 manufactured by Pulse Combustion Systems of San Rafael, Calif. 94901. The particular pulse combustion system 100 used had a thermal capacity of about 30 kW (about 100,000 BTU/hr) at an evaporation rate of about 18 kg/hour (about 40 lb/hour), whereupon the slurry was contacted by combustion gases produced by the pulse combustion system at step 14. The temperature of the pulsating stream of hot gases in this example was in the range of about 427° C. to about 677° C. (about 1050° F. to about 1250° F.). The pulsating stream of hot gases produced by the pulse combustion system 100 substantially drove-off the water to form the metal powder product. The contact zone and contact time were very short, the contact zone on the order of about 5.1 cm (about 2 inches) and the time of contact being on the order of 0.2 microseconds in this example.
The resulting metal powder product comprised agglomerations of smaller particles that were substantially solid (i.e., not hollow) and having generally spherical shapes. The metal powder product also had a comparatively high density and flowability when compared with conventional powders formed by conventional processes.
In this example, for molybdenum powder, the desired product size range was about 44 μm to about 76 μm, corresponding to sieve sizes of −200 to +325 U.S. Tyler mesh. The process yielded approximately 30 wt. % in this desired product size range. Metal powder product outside this size range was then recycled through the system with additional water and binder added to create the appropriate slurry composition. See FIGS. 1 and 3-5. Expanding the desired product size range somewhat, this example produced about 50 wt. % particles in sieve sizes of −100 to +325 U.S. Tyler mesh.
Note, pre- and/or post-procedures were also performed for these examples. Firstly, a known, readily available precursor molybdenum powder having particle sizes of about 14-15 μm was used, so it was first preliminarily jet milled, at step 44, to the 5-6 μm size described above. Also, the resulting metal powder product had remainder binder driven off (partially or entirely), by subsequent heating, see step 34, to about 1300° C. for molybdenum, which is still below the melting point of molybdenum. Post-processing screening was also performed to obtain the preferred mesh/sieve sizes. Smaller remainder products were, as mentioned, recycled.
The results of four exemplar runs according to this process are shown in
As mentioned, the larger binder quantity provides the larger amounts of oversized agglomerations, almost 10 wt. % for Recipe D. The smaller, un-reacted, or not quite large enough agglomerations can be simply recycled per step 36 in FIGS. 1 and 3-5.
In contrast, a typical conventional spray-drying method produced a powdered molybdenum metal product having the characteristics illustrated in
Moreover, density and flow data are also favorable in the powders of the present invention. The respective batches 1 and 2 of the prior art process for forming molybdenum powders (whose sieve size results are shown in
In comparison, the results of the four exemplar recipes of the present invention, on the other hand, presented higher densities of between about 2.75 and 2.9 g/cc apparent on the Scott scale; Recipe D having 2.75 g/cc; Recipe C—2.76 g/cc; Recipe B—2.83 g/cc; and Recipe A—2.87 g/cc; and, between about 2.67 and 2.78 g/cc apparent on the Scott scale; Recipe D having 2.67 g/cc; Recipe C—2.71 g/cc; Recipe B—2.77 g/cc; and Recipe A—2.78 g/cc. These greater densities of the present invention may be due primarily to the lack of hollow spheres as are found in the prior art spray-drying processes. Moreover, such densities are favored because this means more metal is available in a given volume of powder; more metal to be more efficiently used in any subsequent process using the end product powder hereof (as in coating processes, for example).
Furthermore, the Hall flowability results of the powders of the current invention also indicated a highly flowable metal powder product, ranging from about 20 s/50 g to about 22.3 s/150/g; more particularly, Recipe A—20.00 s/50 g; Recipe B—20.33 s/50 g; Recipe C—21.97 s/50 g; and Recipe D—22.28 s/50 g. These much faster flow rates also mean greater efficiency in any use of the metal powder product of the present invention.
It may also be noted that these data from the runs of Recipes A-D and the prior art batches 1 and 2 (see
In sum, the charts of
Additionally, there are several advantages in the usual preferred reduction of the binder content in the present invention compared to conventional spray drying processes. Conventional spray drying generally uses about 1 wt. % binder compared to some of the preferred amounts of between about 0.1 wt. % to about 0.9 wt. %, including the 0.5 wt. % to 0.8 wt. % demonstrated ranges for molybdenum powder-200/+325 U.S. Tyler mesh. Indeed, often the higher binder amounts in the area of 1 wt. % can provide less desirable stickiness in the present process impacting flowability among other effects. Still furthermore, this lower binder content of the present invention processes yields higher purity products in the finished product powders due to fewer impurities being introduced at the beginning. Thus, the end-product materials produced here are of higher qualities/purities and have improved properties compared to those produced using conventional spray drying. The data shows flow time decreases (i.e., speedier flow rates equals decreased flow times) and density increases (no or at least substantially less hollow agglomerations) compared to conventional spray dried material.
Having herein set forth preferred embodiments of the present invention, it is anticipated that suitable modifications can be made thereto which will nonetheless remain within the scope of the invention. The invention shall therefore only be construed in accordance with the following claims:
The present application is a continuation of nonprovisional application Ser. No. 11/092,023, filed Mar. 29, 2005, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,470,307. The application is hereby incorporated herein by reference as though fully set forth herein.
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Child | 12169794 | US |