Patent Application
20220378954
The present disclosure relates to methods for radiolabelling GRPR antagonists such as NeoB, and their kits.
Bombesin was first isolated from the European frog Bombina bombina and was demonstrated to mimic the mammalian gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) and neuromedin B (NMB): Erspamer, V. Discovery, Isolation, and Characterization of Bombesin-like Peptides. Ann N Y Acad Sci 547: 3-9, 1988; Jensen, R. T.; Battey, J. F.; Spindel, E. R.; Benya, R. V. International union of pharmacology. LXVIII. Mammalian bombesin receptors: Nomenclature, distribution, pharmacology, signaling, and functions in normal and disease states. Pharmacol. Rev. 2008, 60, 1-42].
Gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP), a bombesin-like peptide growth factor, regulates numerous functions of the gastrointestinal and central nervous systems, including release of gastrointestinal hormones, smooth muscle cell contraction, and epithelial cell proliferation. It is a potent mitogen for physiologic and neoplastic tissues, and it may be involved in growth dysregulation and carcinogenesis.
The effects of GRP are primarily mediated through binding to its receptor, the GRP receptor (GRPR), a G protein—coupled receptor originally isolated from a small cell lung cancer cell line. Upregulation of the pathway of GRP/GRPR has been reported in several cancers, including breast, prostate, uterus, ovaries, colon, pancreas, stomach, lung (small and non-small cell), head and neck squamous cell cancer and in various cerebral and neural tumours.
GRPR are highly overexpressed in prostate cancer where studies in human prostate cancer cell-lines and xenograft models showed both high affinity (nM level) and high tumour uptake (% ID/g) but the relative expression of GRPR across evolving disease setting from early to late stage has not been fully elucidated yet [Waters, et al. 2003, Br J Cancer. June 2; 88(11): 1808-1816].
In colorectal patients, presence of GRP and expression of GRPR have been determined by immunohistochemistry in randomly selected colon cancers samples, including LN and metastatic lesions. Over 80% of samples aberrantly expressed either GRP or GRPR, and over 60% expressing both GRP and GRPR, whereas expression was not observed in adjacent normal healthy epithelium [Scopinaro F, et al. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2002, 17(3):327-335].
GRP is physiologically present in pulmonary neuroendocrine cells and plays a role in stimulating lung development and maturation. However, it seems to also be involved in growth dysregulation and carcinogenesis. Stimulation of GRP leads to increasing the release of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) ligands with subsequent activation of EGFR and mitogen-activated protein kinase downstream pathways. Using non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell lines it has been confirmed that EGF and GRP both stimulate NSCLC proliferation, and inhibition of either EGFR or GRPR resulted in cell death [Shariati F, et al. Nucl Med Commun 2014, 35(6):620-625].
In nuclear medicine, peptide receptor agonists have long been the ligands of choice for tracer development and utilization. The rationale behind the use of agonist-based constructs laid on to receptor-radioligand complex internalization enabling the high accumulation of radioactivity inside the target cells. In case of radiometal-labelled peptides, the efficient receptor-mediated endocytosis in response to agonist stimulation provides high in vivo radioactivity uptake in targeted tissues, a crucial prerequisite for optimal imaging of malignancies. However, a paradigm shift occurred when receptor-selective peptide antagonists showed preferable biodistribution, including considerably greater in vivo tumour uptake, compared with highly potent agonists. A further advantage displayed by GRPR antagonists is a safer clinical use, not so much at tracer doses for the current diagnostic point of view, but in view of greater doses for potential therapeutic purposes, as the use of antagonists does not foresee acute biological adverse effects [Stoykow C, et al. Theragnostics 2016, 6(10):1641-1650].
In non-clinical models, [68Ga]-NeoB and [177Lu]-NeoB (also called [68Ga]-NeoBOMB1 and [177Lu]-NeoBOMB1) have shown high affinity to the GRPR expressed in breast, prostate, and Gastro Intestinal Stromal Tumor (GIST), as well as a low degree of internalization upon binding to the specific receptor. The ability of the radiolabeled peptide to target the GRPR expressing tumor has been confirmed in in vivo imaging and biodistribution studies in animal models [Dalm et al Journal of nuclear medicine 2017, Vol. 58(2): 293-299; Kaloudi et al. Molecules, 2017 Nov. 11;22(11); Paulmichl A et al. Cancer Biother Radiopharm, 2016 Oct.; 31(8):302-310].
However, no optimized method has been developed for labeling NeoB with 68Ga, 67Ga or 64Cu to thereby obtain labeled NeoB solution for imaging purposes of GRPR-positive tumors in human patients. In particular, there is need for a rapid, efficient and safe procedure which would provide a high radiochemical purity of labeled GRPR antagonist, such as [68Ga] NeoB for intravenous injection in human subject in need thereof.
One first aspect of the disclosure relates to a method for labeling a gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR) antagonist with a radioactive isotope, preferably 68Ga, 67Ga or 64Cu, said method comprising the steps of:
In specific embodiments, said radioactive isotope is 68Ga and the radiochemical purity as measured in HPLC is at least 90%, and optionally, the percentage of free 68Ga3+ (in HPLC) is 2% or less, and/or the percentage of non-complexed 68Ga3+ species (in ITLC) is 5% or less.
In other specific embodiments, said radioactive isotope is 67Ga and the radiochemical purity as measured in HPLC is at least 90%, and optionally, the percentage of free 67Ga3+ (in HPLC) is 2% or less, and/or the percentage of non-complexed 67Ga3+ species (in ITLC) is 5% or less.
In other specific embodiments, said radioactive isotope is 64Cu and the radiochemical purity as measured in HPLC is at least 90%, and optionally, the percentage of free 64Cu2+ (in HPLC) is 2% or less, and/or the percentage of non-complexed 64Cu2+ species (in ITLC) is 5% or less.
Preferably, the GRPR antagonist is NeoB compound of formula (I):
(DOTA-(p-aminobenzylamine-diglycolic acid))-[D-Phe-Gln-Trp-Ala-Val-Gly-His-NH—CH[CH2—CH(CH3)2]2
In another aspect, the disclosure relates to a solution comprising a GRPR antagonist labeled with a radioactive isotope, obtainable or obtained by the methods as disclosed herein, for use as an injectable solution for in vivo detection of tumors by imaging in a subject in need thereof.
It is another object of the present disclosure to provide a powder for solution for injection, comprising the following components in dried forms:
C—S—P
Xaa1-Xaa2-Xaa3-Xaa4-Xaa5-Xaa6-Xaa7-Z;
Typically, said powder for solution for injection comprises the following components:
The present disclosure further relates to a kit for carrying out the above labeling method, comprising
Another kit herein disclosed comprises a single vial with the following components in dried forms
For example, the kit may comprise a first or single vial with the following components:
In general, the present disclosure relates to a method for labeling a gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR) antagonist with a radioactive isotope, preferably 68Ga, 67Ga or 6Cu, said method comprising the steps of:
The radiolabeled GRPR antagonist obtained by the disclosed methods is preferably a radioactive GRPR antagonist for use as a contrast agent for PET/CT, SPECT or PET/MRI imaging.
A preferred radiolabeled GRPR antagonist obtained by the disclosed methods is the NeoB compound labelled with a radioactive isotope suitable for use as a contrast agent for PET/CT, SPECT or PET/MRI imaging, preferably 68Ga, 67Ga or 64Cu. In a preferred embodiment, 67Ga is used for SPECT imaging and 68Ga and 64Cu are used for PET imaging such as PET/CT or PET/MRI.
The methods of the present disclosure may advantageously provide excellent radiochemical purity of the radiolabelled compound, e.g. radiolabeled NeoB compound with 68Ga, typically the radiochemical purity as measured in HPLC is at least 92%, and optionally, the percentage of free 68Ga3+ (in HPLC) is 2% or less, and/or the percentage of non-complexed 68Ga3+ species (in ITLC) is 3% or less.
Assays for measuring radiochemical purity in HPLC or in ITLC and free 68Ga3+ are further described in detail in the Examples.
The phrase “treatment of” and “treating” includes the amelioration or cessation of a disease, disorder, or a symptom thereof. In particular, with reference to the treatment of a tumor, the term “treatment” may refer to the inhibition of the growth of the tumor, or the reduction of the size of the tumor.
Consistent with the International System of Units, “MBq” is the abbreviation for the unit of radioactivity “megabecquerel.”
As used herein, “PET” stands for positron-emission tomography.
As used herein, “SPECT” stands for single-photon emission computed tomography.
As used herein, “MRI” stands for magnetic resonance imaging.
As used herein, “CT” stands for computed tomography.
As used herein, the terms “effective amount” or “therapeutically efficient amount” of a compound refer to an amount of the compound that will elicit the biological or medical response of a subject, for example, ameliorate the symptoms, alleviate conditions, slow or delay disease progression, or prevent a disease.
As used herein, the terms “substituted” or “optionally substituted” refers to a group which is optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from: halogen, —OR′, —NR′R″, —SR′, —SiR′R″R′″, —OC(O)R′, —C(O)R′, —CO2R′, —C(O)NR′R″, —OC(O)NR′R″, —NR″C(O)R′, —NR′—C(O)NR″R′″, —NR″C(O)OR′, —NR—C(NR′R″R′″)═NR″″, —NR—C(NR′R″)═NR′″ —S(O)R′, —S(O)2R′, —S(O)2NR′R″, —NRSO2R′, —CN, —NO2, —R′, —N3, —CH(Ph)2, fluoro(C1-C4)alkoxo, and fluoro(C1-C4)alkyl, in a number ranging from zero to the total number of open valences on aromatic ring system; and where R′, R″, R′″ and R″″ may be independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl, heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl and heteroaryl. When a compound of the disclosure includes more than one R group, for example, each of the R groups is independently selected as are each R′, R″, R′″ and R″″ groups when more than one of these groups is present.
As used herein, the terms “alkyl”, by itself or as part of another substituent, refer to a linear or branched alkyl functional group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms. Suitable alkyl groups include methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, i-butyl, s-butyl and t-butyl, pentyl and its isomers (e.g. n-pentyl, iso-pentyl), and hexyl and its isomers (e.g. n-hexyl, iso-hexyl).
As used herein, the terms “heteroaryl” refer to a polyunsaturated, aromatic ring system having a single ring or multiple aromatic rings fused together or linked covalently, containing 5 to 10 atoms, wherein at least one ring is aromatic and at least one ring atom is a heteroatom selected from N, O and S. The nitrogen and sulfur heteroatoms may optionally be oxidized and the nitrogen heteroatoms may optionally be quaternized. Such rings may be fused to an aryl, cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl ring. Non-limiting examples of such heteroaryl, include: furanyl, thiophenyl, pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, triazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, tetrazolyl, oxatriazolyl, thiatriazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrimidyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, oxazinyl, dioxinyl, thiazinyl, triazinyl, indolyl, isoindolyl, benzofuranyl, isobenzofuranyl, benzothiophenyl, isobenzothiophenyl, indazolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzoxazolyl, purinyl, benzothiadiazolyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, cinnolinyl, quinazolinyl and quinoxalinyl.
As used herein, the terms “aryl” refer to a polyunsaturated, aromatic hydrocarbyl group having a single ring or multiple aromatic rings fused together, containing 6 to 10 ring atoms, wherein at least one ring is aromatic. The aromatic ring may optionally include one to two additional rings (cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl or heteroaryl as defined herein) fused thereto. Suitable aryl groups include phenyl, naphtyl and phenyl ring fused to a heterocyclyl, like benzopyranyl, benzodioxolyl, benzodioxanyl and the like.
As used herein, the term “halogen” refers to a fluoro (—F), chloro (—Cl), bromo (—Br), or iodo (—I) group
As used herein the terms “optionally substituted aliphatic chain” refers to an optionally substituted aliphatic chain having 4 to 36 carbon atoms, preferably 12 to 24 carbon atoms.
As used herein, the term “chelator” refers to a molecule with functional groups such as amines or carboxylic group suitable to complex the radioactive isotope via non-covalent bonds.
As used herein, the term «radiolysis protector» refers to a stabilizing agent which protects organic molecules against radiolytic degradation, e.g. when a gamma ray emitted from the radionuclide is cleaving a bond between the atoms of an organic molecules and radicals are formed, those radicals are then scavenged by the stabilzer which avoids the radicals undergoing any other chemical reactions which might lead to undesired, potentially ineffective or even toxic molecules. Therefore, those stabilizers are also referred to as “free radical scavengers” or in short “radical scavengers”. Other alternative terms for those stabilizers are “radiation stability enhancers”, “radiolytic stabilizers”, or simply “quenchers”.
As used herein, the term “Radiochemical purity” refers to that percentage of the stated radionuclide that is present in the stated chemical or biological form. Radiochromatography methods, such as HPLC method or instant Thin Layer Chromatography method (iTLC), are the most commonly accepted methods for determining radiochemical purity in the nuclear pharmacy.
If not stated herein otherwise, “about” means ±20%, preferably ±10%, more preferably ±5%, even more preferably ±2%, even more preferably ±1%. The term “about” is herein used synonymous with “ca.”
Step (i) of Providing a First Vial Comprising Said GRPR Antagonist in Dried Form
The GRPR Antagonist
As used herein, said GRPR antagonist has the following formula:
C—S—P
wherein:
Xaa1-Xaa2-Xaa3-Xaa4Xaa5-Xaa6-Xaa7-Z;
According to an embodiment, Z is selected from one of the following formulae, wherein X is NH or O:
According to an embodiment, P is DPhe-Gln-Trp-Ala-Val-Gly-His-Z; wherein Z is defined as above.
According to an embodiment, P is DPhe-Gln-Trp-Ala-Val-Gly-His-Z;
Z is selected from Leu-ψ(CH2N)-Pro-NH2 and NH—CH(CH2—CH(CH3)2)2
or Z is
wherein X is NH (amide) and R2 is CH(CH2—CH(CH3)2 and R1 is the same as R2 or different (CH2N)-Pro-NH2.
According to an embodiment, the chelator C is obtained by grafting one chelating agent selected among the following list:
In specific embodiments, C is obtained by grafting a chelating agent selected from the group consisting of:
According to an embodiment, S is selected from the group consisting of:
a) aryl containing residues of the formulae:
wherein PABA is p-aminobenzoic acid, PABZA is p-aminobenzylamine, PDA is phenylenediamine and PAMBZA is (aminomethyl) benzylamine;
b) dicarboxylic acids, ω-aminocarboxylic acids,ω-diaminocarboxylic acids or diamines of the formulae:
wherein DIG is diglycolic acid and IDA is iminodiacetic acid;
c) PEG spacers of various chain lengths, in particular PEG spacers selected from the following:
d) α- and β-amino acids, single or in homologous chains various chain lengths or heterologous chains of various chain lengths, in particular:
GRP(1-18), GRP(14-18), GRP(13-18), BBN(1-5), or [Tyr4] BB (1-5); or
e) combinations of a, b, c and d.
According to a particular embodiment, the radiolabelled GRPR antagonist is selected from the group consisting of compounds of the following formulae:
wherein C and P are as defined above, and M is the radioactive isotope, preferably M is selected from 68Ga, 67Ga or 64Cu.
According to a preferred embodiment, the GRPR-antagonist is NeoB (also called NeoBOMB1) of formula (I):
(DOTA-(p-aminobenzylamine-diglycolic acid))-[D-Phe-Gln-Trp-Ala-Val-Gly-His-NH—CH[CH2—CH(CH3)2]2.
According to an embodiment, the radiolabeled GRPR-antagonist is radiolabeled NeoB2 of formula (III):
(M-N4 (p-aminobenzylamine-diglycolic acid)-[D-Phe-Gln-Trp-Ala-Val-Gly-His-NH—CH[CH2—CH(CH3)2]2;
wherein M is a radonuclide.
According to another specific embodiment, the GRPR-antagonist is ProBOMB1 of the following formula (II):
(DOTA-pABzA-DIG-D-Phe-Gln-Trp-Ala-Val-Gly-His-Leu-ψ(CH2N)-Pro-NH2)
Synthesis of the Compounds of Formula (I), (II) and (III)
The compounds of formula (I), (II), and (III) can be synthesized using the methods disclosed in the reference “Positron Emission Tomography Imaging of the Gastrin-Releasing Peptide Receptor with a Novel Bombesin Analogue” ACS Omega 2019, 4, 1470-1478.
The First Vial Comprising Said GRPR Antagonist
In certain embodiments, the radiolabeling method uses a single vial kit. In this embodiment, said first vial comprises said GRPR antagonist and a buffering agent, both in dried forms.
Alternatively, the radiolabeling method uses a two vial kit. In this embodiment, the first vial comprises said GRPR antagonist, and the second vial comprises the buffering agent.
For example, said GRPR antagonist, typically NeoB compound, is comprised in said first vial at an amount between 20 and 60 μg, typically, 50 μg.
Said first vial optionally comprises additional excipients such as radiolysis protector, bulking agent, and tensioactive agent.
In preferred embodiments, gentisic acid may be used as a radiolysis protector, preferably at an amount between 50 and 250 μg, typically, 200 μg.
In preferred embodiments, mannitol may be used as a bulking agent, for example at an amount between 10 and 30 mg, typically 20 mg.
In preferred embodiments, macrogol 15 hydroxystearate may be used as a surfactant, for example at an amount between 250 and 750 μg, typically 500 μg. Said surfactant advantageously reduced non-specific adhesion of the NeoB compound on glass or plastic surfaces, thereby optimizing the yield of the labeling process.
A preferred example of said first vial (Vial 1 of a two vial kit) is given in the examples.
The first vial is preferably obtained by freeze-drying using methods well known in the art. Therefore, said first vial may be provided in a lyophilized or spray dried form.
As used herein, the buffering agent is a buffer suitable for obtaining a pH from 3.0 to 6.0, preferably between 3.0 to 4.0 at the incubating step (iii). A “buffer for a pH from 3.0 to 6.0, preferably from 3.0 to 4.0” may advantageously be a formic acid buffer with hydroxide sodium.
Said buffering agent may further be comprised in the first vial, in an embodiment using a single vial kit, or a separate second vial, in an embodiment using a two vial kit.
Step (ii) of Adding a Solution of Said Radioactive Isotope into Said Fist Vial
Radioactive isotopes for use in the radiolabeling methods include those suitable as contrast agent in PET and SPECT imaging comprising the following:
111In, 133mIn, 99mTc, 94mTc, 67Ga, 66Ga, 68Ga, 52Fe, 72As, 97Ru, 203Pb, 62Cu, 64Cu, 86Y 51Cr, 52mMn 157Gd, 169Yb, 172Tm, 117mSn, 89Zr, 43Sc, 44Sc.
According to a preferred embodiment, the radioactive isotope is 68Ga, 67Ga or 64Cu. In a preferred embodiment, 67Ga is used for SPECT imaging and 68Ga and 64Cu are used for PET imaging such as PET/CT or PET/MRI.
The metallic ions of such radioisotopes are able to form non-covalent bond with the functional groups of the chelator, e.g. carborboxylic acids of the GRPR antagonist.
In a specific embodiment, said solution of said radioactive isotope is an eluate obtained from the steps of
Said solution comprising the radioactive isotope 68Ga is an eluate typically obtained from the steps of:
Such methods of producing 68Ga from 68Ge/68Ga generators are well-know in the art and for example described in Martiniova L,et al. Gallium-68 in Medical Imaging. Curr Radiopharm. 2016; 9(3):187-20; Dash A, Chakravarty Radionuclide generators: the prospect of availing PET radiotracers to meet current clinical needs and future research demands R Am J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2019 Feb. 15;9(1):30-66.
Said solution comprising the radioactive isotope 68Ga may be an eluate preferably obtained from cyclotron production. Such production is for example described in Am J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2014; 4(4):303-310 or in B. J. B. Nelson et al./Nuclear Medicine and Biology 80-81 (2020) 24-31.
Preferably, 68Ga may be produced by a cyclotron, more preferably using a proton beam of energy between 8 and 18 MeV, even more preferably between 11 and 14 MeV. The 68Ga may be produced via the 68Zn(p,n)68Ga reaction using a a solid or liquid target system. The target consists of enriched 68Zn metal or 68Zn liquid solution. After irradiation, the target is transferred for further chemical processing in which the 68Ga is isolated using ion exchange chromatography. 68Ga is eluted in HCl solution.
Alternatively, said radioactive isotope is 67Ga. Various methods for the production of 67Ga, using either a zinc (enriched or natural) or copper or germanium target with protons, deuterons, alpha particles or helium(III) as the bombarding particle, have been reported as summarised by Helus, F., Maier-Borst, W., 1973. A comparative investigation of methods used to produce 67Ga with a cyclotron. In: Radiopharmaceuticals and Labelled Compounds, Vol. 1, IAEA, Vienna, pp. 317-324, M. L Thakur Gallium-67 and indium-111 radiopharmaceuticals Int. J. Appl. Rad. Isot., 28 (1977), pp. 183-201, and Bjørnstad, T., Holtebekk, T., 1993. Production of 67Ga at Oslo cyclotron. University of Oslo Report OUP8-3-1, pp. 3-5. Bombardment of natGe targets with moderate energy protons (up to 64 MeV) is also a suitable method to produce 67Ga as described in T Horiguchi, H Kumahora, H Inoue, Y Yoshizawa Excitation functions of Ge(p,xnyp) reactions and production of 68Ge, Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isot., 34 (1983), pp. 1531-1535.
Preferably, 67Ga may be produced by a cyclotron. Such methods of producing 67Ga from 68Zn (p, 2n)67Ga are well-known in the art and for example described inAlirezapour B et al. Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research (2013), 12 (2): 355-366. More preferably, this method uses a proton beam of energy between 10 and 40 MeV. The 67Ga may be produced via either the 67Zn (p, n)67Ga or either the 68Zn (p, 2n)67Ga reaction using a solid or liquid target system. The target consisted of enriched 67Zn or 68Zn metal or liquid solution. After irradiation, the target is transferred for further chemical processing in which the 67Ga is isolated using ion exchange chromatography. Final evaporation from aq. HCl yield 67GaCl3, which may then be added to said single vial for the labelling method.
Alternatively, said radioactive isotope is 64Cu as obtained from cyclotron production. Such production method is for example described in WO2013/029616.
Typically, 64Cu may be produced by a cyclotron, preferably using a proton beam of energy between 11 and 18 MeV. The 64Cu may be produced via the 64Ni (p,n)64Cu reaction using a solid or liquid target system. The target consisted of 61Ni metal or 64Ni liquid solution. After irradiation, the target is transferred for further chemical processing in which the 64Cu is isolated using ion exchange chromatography. Final evaporation from aq. HCl yield 64CuCl2, which may then be added to said first vial for the labelling method.
Step (iii) of Mixing the Solution Obtained in Step (ii) with at Least a Buffering Agent and Incubating it for a Sufficient Period of Time for Obtaining Said GRPR Antagonist Labeled with Said Radioactive Isotope
The radiolabelling starts after the mixing of first vial comprising the GRPR antagonist (e.g; the NeoB compound) with the solution comprising the radioactive isotope (typically, 68Ga, 67Ga or 64Cu as disclosed above) in a suitable buffering agent as disclosed above.
In specific embodiments, the incubating step is performed at a temperature between 80° C. and 100° C., preferably between 90° C. and 100° C., typically at about 95° C.
In specific embodiments, the incubating step is performed for a period of time comprised between 5 and 10 minutes, for example between 6 and 8 minutes, typically about 7 minutes.
At the end of labeling process, a sequestering agent having a particular affinity for the radioactive isotope (such as 68Ga, 67Ga or 64Cu) may be added to chelate the non-reacted part of the isotope. This complex formed by the sequestering agent and the non-reacted radioactive isotope may then be discarded to increase the radiochemical purity after radiolabelling.
Preferred Embodiments of the Methods for Radiolabelling NeoB with 68Ga
The present disclosure more particularly relates to a method for labeling NeoB compound of formula (I) with 68Ga,
(DOTA-(p-aminobenzylamine-diglycolic acid))-[D-Phe-Gln-Trp-Ala-Val-Gly-His-NH—CH[CH2—CH(CH3)2]2; said method comprising the steps of:
In specific embodiments of said methods, said solution of said 68Ga in HCl is an eluate obtained from the steps of
Typically, said buffering agents consist of 60 mg of formic acid and 56.5 mg of sodium hydroxide.
Advantageously, in specific embodiments, a simple labelling of the GRPR antagonist may be obtained with an eluate of 68Ga in HCl coming from commercially available 68Ge/68Ga generators without any processing of the eluate or any additional purification step.
Powder for Solution for Injection
The disclosure further relates to a powder for solution for injection, comprising the following components in dried forms:
A preferred embodiment comprises the following components:
Radiolabelling Kits of the Disclosure
The present disclosure also relates to a kit for carrying out the above labeling methods, said kit comprising
Preferably, said first or single vial comprises the following components:
Said second vial or single vial may comprise buffering agents for maintaining a pH between 3.0 and 4.0. For example, said second vial comprises formic acid and sodium hydroxide as buffering agents.
Preferably, all components of said first, second or single vial are in dried forms.
The radioactive isotope for labeling the GRPR antagonist may be provided with the kit as ready-for-use product, i.e. for mixing and incubating with the first vial and buffering agent as provided by the kit, or alternatively may be eluted from a radioactive isotope generator prior to, and shortly before mixing and incubating with said first vial and buffering agent, particularly in cases said radioactive isotope has a relatively short half-life such as 68Ga, 67Ga and 64Cu.
Preferably, the components are inserted into sealed containers which may be packaged together, with instructions for performing the method according to the present disclosure.
The kit can also be used as a part of an automatic system or a remotely controlled mechanism system that automatically performs the elution of the gallium-69 generator and/or the subsequent mixing and heating. In this embodiment, the vial containing the GRPR antagonist (first vial) is directly connected to the elution system and/or the heating system
The kit may be applied in particular for use in the methods as disclosed in the next section.
In specific embodiments, the GRPR-antagonist is NeoB as defined above.
Use of the Kit According to the Present Disclosure
The above-defined kits may be applied in particular for use of the labeling methods as disclosed in the previous sections.
Advantageously, a solution comprising a GRPR antagonist (e.g. NeoB compound) labeled with a radioactive isotope (for example 68Ga, 67Ga or 64Cu) is obtainable or obtained by the labeling methods as disclosed in the previous sections.
Such solution may be ready for use as an injectable solution, for example, for in vivo detection of tumors by imaging in a subject in need thereof.
In certain aspects the subject is a mammal, for example but not limited to a rodent, canine, feline, or primate. In preferred aspects, the subject is a human.
The requirements for effective pharmaceutical carriers for injectable compositions are well-known to those of ordinary skill in the art (see, e.g., Pharmaceutics and Pharmacy Practice, J.B. Lippincott Company, Philadelphia, Pa., Banker and Chalmers, eds., pages 238-250 (1982), and {circumflex over ( )}SHP Handbook on Injectable Drugs, Trissel, 15th ed., pages 622-630 (2009)).
Typically, said solution for use as an injectable solution provides a single dose between 150-250 MBq of [68Ga]-NeoB for administration to a subject in need thereof.
In specific embodiments, said subject in need thereof a subject has cancer, more specifically, is a patient that has tumor selected from prostate cancer, breast cancer, small cell lung cancer, colon carcinoma, gastrointestinal stromal tumors, gastrinoma, glioma, glioblastoma, renal cell carcinomas, gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors, oesophageal squamous cell tumors, neuroblastomas, head and neck squamous cell carcinomas, as well as ovarian, endometrial and pancreatic tumors displaying neoplasia-related vasculature that may be GRPR-positive.
Typically, PET/MRI, SPECT or PET/CT imaging may be performed between 1 h and 4 hours after the administration of the radiolabelled GRPR antagonist to the subject, and more preferably with 2 and 3 hours after the administration of the radiolabelled GRPR antagonist to the subject.
The following specific embodiments are disclosed
C—S—P
Xaa1-Xaa2-Xaa3-Xaa4Xaa5-Xaa6-Xaa7-Z;
DOTA-(p-aminobenzylamine-diglycolic acid))-D-Phe-Gln-Trp-Ala-Val-Gly-His-NH—CH[CH2—CH(CH3)2]2
(DOTA-(p-aminobenzylamine-diglycolic acid))-D-Phe-Gln-Trp-Ala-Val-Gly-His-NH—CH[CH2—CH(CH3)2]2 said method comprising the steps of:
C—S—P
Xaa1-Xaa2-Xaa3-Xaa4Xaa5-Xaa6-Xaa7-Z;
Hereinafter, the present disclosure is described in more details and specifically with reference to the examples, which however are not intended to limit the present invention.
Radiochemical Purity by ITLC
Preparation of the Mobile Phase Solutions:
Ammonium acetate 5M: Accurately weigh 3.85 g (3.84615÷3.85385 g) of ammonium acetate in a graduate flask of 10 mL and dissolve it with 10 mL of MilliQ water.
Ammonium acetate/MeOH: Using a graduated cylinder, add 1 mL of the ammonium acetate solution 5 M, 2 mL of MilliQ water and 7 mL of methanol. Transfer the eluent in the TLC chamber.
ITLC-SA preparation: Cut one ITLC-SA per each vial of 115 mm, draw a line at 20 mm from the bottom (where put a 5 uL drop of sample) and draw a line at 100 mm from the bottom (where the chromatographic development must give up).
68Ga-NeoB: reference factor 0.6-0.9
68Ga non-complexed species: reference factor=0.0÷0.1
(68Ga non-complexed species refers to 68Ga colloidal species and 68Ga free.)
Radiochemical Purity by HPLC
68Ga-NeoB: ~10.4
1. Description and Composition of the 2-Vial Kit
The applicant developed a sterile 2-vial kit which consists of:
Vial 2 is to be added to the reconstituted Vial 1.
One accessory cartridge is used to reduce the amount of germanium-68 (68Ge) ions potentially present in the generator eluate.
The kit has to be used in combination with a solution of 68Ga in HCl provided by a 68Ge/68Ga generator to obtain 68Ga-NeoB solution for injection, being the Radiolabelled Imaging Product, which can be directly injected to the patient.
The volume of 68Ga-NeoB solution for injection, corresponding to the radioactive dose to be administered, is calculated according to the estimated time of injection, on the basis of the current activity provided by the generator and of physical decay of the radionuclide (half-life=68 min). It is a mono-dose product.
Vial 1 is a powder for solution for injection containing 50 μg NeoB as active ingredient, packed in 10 mL glass vial.
The composition of Vial 1 is provided in Table 2.
The composition of Vial 2 is provided in Table 3.
2. Pharmaceutical Development
As described above, Vial 1 (NeoB, 50 μg, powder for solution for injection) is part of a radiopharmaceutical kit which also contain a reaction buffer (Vial 2) and an accessory cartridge.
The kit has to be used in combination with a solution of 68Ga in HCl provided by a 68Ge/68Ga generator to obtain 68Ga-NeoB solution for injection, being the Radiolabelled Imaging Product, which can be directly injected to the patient.
2.1 Components of the Drug Product
The drug product contains NeoB as active ingredient and gentisic acid, mannitol and Kolliphor HS 15 as excipients.
2.1.1 Drug Substance
The active substance is the NeoB peptide, a 7-meraminoacid sequence covalently bound to a chelator (DOTA) through the PABZA-DIG linker, as shown in Formula (I) below:
DOTA PABZADPhe5GIn7Trp8Ala9Val10Gly11HIsNHCH[(CH2—CH(CH3)2]12
2.1.2 Excipients
The excipients chosen for the composition of Vial 1 are added to maintain stability of the active substance in the final formulation, to assure safety and efficacy of the drug product and also to obtain the required radiochemical purity of the 68Ga-NeoB solution during the reconstitution procedure. The excipients selected lead to a drug product with the required pharmaco-technical characteristics.
The non-pharmacopoeial excipient gentisic acid with specific function was added in the drug product composition, linked to the purity and the stability of the Radiolabelled Imaging Product obtained after reconstitution.
A brief description of each excipient is provided as follows:
Gentisic acid is a non-compendial excipient used as antioxidant in the drug product formulation.
Kolliphor HS 15 is a water-soluble non-ionic solubilizer used in parenteral formulations. As a solubilizer, it is particularly suitable for parenteral and oral dosage forms.
Due to the non-specific binding of the peptide used as active ingredient in the NeoB radiopharmaceutical kit, Kolliphor HS 15 is used as tensioactive agent for the peptide who has the tendency to stick on the glass and plastic surfaces. As a non-ionic surfactant there is no risk of interfering during the labeling with 68Ga.
2.2 Drug Product
2.2.1 Formulation Development
The formulation development has been performed with the aim of identifying the reaction mixture composition able to allow a simple labelling of the DOTA-peptide based on direct reconstitution with the eluate coming from commercially available 68Ge/68Ga generators without any processing of the eluate or any additional purification step.
The goal was to develop a Bombesin-like peptide antagonist (NeoB) to be used as radiotracer for the detection of GRPR-positive tumors.
Vial 1 is a lyophilisate powder containing the peptide as active ingredient which is radiolabeled with 68Ga during the radiolabelling procedure.
Initial efforts to develop a suitable formulation for NeoB (Vial 1) have involved tests on the bulk solution prior to the sterilization and lyophilisation process prepared at a lab scale.
The development work was focused on the selection of the appropriate excipients in relation with the peptide characteristics in order to obtain a finished product that will conduct to a 68Ga-radiolabelled NeoB product having the targeted radiochemical purity as follows:
The components selected for the final formulation are as follows:
The development work including the relevant performed studies is described starting from the selection of the active ingredient amount and appropriate excipients.
2.2.1.1 Selection of the Peptide Amount
Using the eluate coming from a 1850 MBq 68Ge/68Ga generator and the formate buffer, increasing amounts of NeoB peptide (from 15 μg up to 100 μg) were tested in the labeling procedure with the aim to identify the minimum amount of peptide necessary to have a 68Ga incorporation above 98% in HPLC and 97% in ITLC. Based on the results summarized in Table 5, 25 μg is the lowest amount of peptide that gives reproducibility by good radiochemical purity.
68Ga3+
68Ga3+
In parallel, different peptide doses were also tested in in vivo biodistribution experiment. Briefly, using a prostate cancer model in mice, two different peptide mass doses were compared: 10 pmol versus 200 pmol; the amount of total injected radioactivity was maintained constant in these experiments (1 MBq). Injection of the radiolabeled NeoB resulted in an increased accumulation in the tumour when the higher peptide mass dose was used (200 pmol). At the same time, the uptake in non-target organs (such as the pancreas) was considerably lower with the higher peptide mass does (200 pmol). Therefore, from these pre-clinical evaluations, it was demonstrated that higher peptide mass doses are to be preferred, since they are associated with decrease of uptake in non-target organs (especially the pancreas in this case).
Based on the radiolabelling tests performed (as described in Table 5) and on the in vivo biodistribution experiment that indicates that a higher peptide mass dose guarantees better performances and safety profile of the compound, the final amount of peptide selected to be included in Vial 1 was 50 μg.
The formulation development work also focused on the choice of the tensioactive, the antioxidant agent and the bulking agent. The radiolabeling procedure has also been thoroughly evaluated.
2.2.1.2 Selection of the Critical Excipients
During the tests performed to define the formulation of the Vial 1 (NeoB 50 μg, powder for solution for injection), it appeared that the peptide has a particular tendency to stick on glass and plastic surfaces. This phenomenon is called non-specific binding (NSB). Peptides often demonstrate greater NSB issues than small molecules, especially uncharged peptides can strongly stick to plastics. The causes may be different: Physical/chemical properties, Van der Waals interactions, ionic interactions. Therefore, the addition of excipients known to reduce the NSB, including tensioactive and solubilizing agents, was assessed.
Organic solvent may enhance solubility and prevent adsorption. Ethanol for example, can be used in radiopharmaceutical injections to enhance the solubility of highly lipophilic tracers or to decrease adsorption to vials, membrane filters, and injection syringes. Ethanol could not be a choice in the case of NeoB powder for solution for injection, because it is not compatible with the freeze-drying process.
Human Serum Albumin (HSA) is also used in a number of protein formulations as a stabilizer to prevent surface adsorption but this excipient in not suitable due to its thermal instability.
Another possible approach in order to diminish the peptide non-specific binding was the use of surfactants (e.g Polysorbate 20, Polysorbate 80, Pluronic F-68, Sorbitan trioleate). Specific attention was given on the study of non-ionic surfactants, because the ionic surfactants may interfere with the labeling of 68Ga.
Non-ionic tensioactives, like Kolliphor HS 15, Kolliphor K188, Tween 20, Tween 80, Polyvinylpyrrolidone K10, are commercially available as solubilizing excipients in oral and injectable formulations.
Peptide adhesion tests were performed with different tensioactive agents in order to evaluate the suitability of the most appropriate agent that can be used in the composition of NeoB powder for solution for injection (Vial 1) (see results in Table 6 below).
Hydroxy Propyl β Cyclodextrin was also assessed in the formulation, either alone or in combination with the tensioactive agent. As reported in below, the presence of Hydroxy Propyl β Cyclodextrin had only a limited positive impact on peptide adhesion. Furthermore, as demonstrated in subsequent tests (see also Section 2.2.1.3 Radiolabelling Procedure), the presence of Hydroxy Propyl β Cyclodextrin together with the tensioactive agent does not improve the radiochemical purity of the final product, if compared with a formulation containing the tensioactive agent only. For this reason, Hydroxy Propyl β Cyclodextrin was not included in the final formulation.
The best results in term of peptide adhesion were obtained with the Kolliphor HS 15 and with Tween 20. The two excipients were further investigated to determine the final amount into the kit. The results obtained were good in term of radiochemical purity and peptide adhesion.
The final choice was Kolliphor HS 15 because the polysorbates (tween 20) may undergo auto-oxidation, cleavage at the ethylene oxide subunits and hydrolysis of the fatty acid ester bond caused by presence of oxygen, metal ions, peroxides or elevated temperature.
The lowest peptide adhesion is obtained when using 0.5 mg Kolliphor HS 15, this being the quantity of Kolliphor HS 15 selected in the final composition of the drug product.
The presence of a radical scavenger with its antioxidant properties allows protecting NeoB from the radiolysis.
We considered for the development studies the gentisic acid and ascorbic acid, as antioxidants for use in radiopharmaceutical preparations. Tests were made in order to identify the lowest amount of the antioxidant able to exert the desired protective function, without interfering with the radiolabelling.
The radiolabelling has been tested, varying the amount of antioxidant agents and keeping constant other parameters, primarily to identify the most suitable antioxidant and the concentration that is not hampering the 68Ga-incorporation into the DOTA-peptide. As shown in the table below, the gentisic acid was identified as the best antioxidant agent because it does not interfere in the 68Ga incorporation above the 98% in HPLC. The amount of gentisic acid selected is 200 μg.
68Ga3+
68Ga-
The formulation was finally completed with the addition of a bulking agent needed for the product freeze-drying process.
Among the bulking agents usually proposed for the lyophilisation of peptides, the drug product manufacturer tested inositol and mannitol.
68Gia-NeoB
Mannitol was selected, as it is the most commonly used in the lyophilisates and it is known to produce a cake with good characteristics in terms of aspect, stability and moisture in freeze-drying processes. Moreover, mannitol is described in literature as good scavengers of OH radicals.
2.2.1.3 Radiolabelling Procedure
Based on the 2-vials design, a 3-step labelling procedure has been developed as follows:
At this point the 68Ga-NeoB solution is ready for administration.
During the labeling procedure development, different time and temperature conditions have been tested.
The dependence of the labeling efficiency on the temperature has been studied to identify a value giving a good incorporation in a timeframe compatible with the short half-life of 68Ga.
The incorporation of the 68Ga into the DOTA chelating moiety is known to require heating to be accomplished.
The first tested labelling conditions were: labeling at 80, 85 and 95° C. with different reaction times (3, 5 and 7 minutes). These tests were performed using the following product formulation:
The formulation tested in these initial tests included the solubilizing agent, Hydroxy Propyl β Cyclodextrin. However, later on during development, similar tests were performed with the same formulation, but without Hydroxy Propyl β Cyclodextrin, obtaining good radiochemical and chemical purity. Additionally, the adhesion of peptide was also shown not to be affected by the absence of Hydroxy Propyl β Cyclodextrin, which was therefore not included in the final formulation. At 80° C. and 85° C. the radiometric analysis showed adequate incorporation in 7 minutes.
At 95° C., the incorporation is completed only after 7 minutes.
Based on these observations, 95° C. for 7 minutes showed to be the most conservative labelling condition, able to guarantee incorporation above 98% without significant fragmentation, even in the case of oscillation of the temperature in the range of ±15° C.
68Ga-
68Ga-
68Ga3+
Moreover, in order to increase the robustness of the labelling procedure, the addition of Reaction buffer (Vial 2) at room temperature (RT) was assessed (and only after addition of the Reaction buffer the labelling reaction was performed at 95° C.). Results showed in Table 11 confirm that good radiochemical purity is obtained also in these conditions.
68Ga-
Based on all above mentioned development studies the final composition of the NeoB 50 μg, powder for solution for injection (Vial 1) is as follows:
The final formulation has been tested in regard of the radiolabelled product in order to confirm the results obtained during the development.
68Ga-
68Ga-
68Ga3+
As shown in the Table 13, good radiochemical purity results by both ITLC and HPLC (>92%) were obtained after three independent radiolabelling tests performed with the final formulation. It is also important to note that free gallium (by HPLC) was always below 2%. Finally, the peptide adhesion to the glass was also tested during these radiolabelling tests, confirming that presence of Kolliphor HS15 is necessary to maintain the peptide adhesion at acceptable levels.
2.2.1.5 Quality Specification Evaluation
In order to correctly define the quality specification, a set of preliminary experiments were performed, as summarized below.
Labelling pH
The labelling pH is one of the crucial parameters to obtain good results in terms of radiolabelling yield of DOTA-peptides with 68GaCl3 due to its particular chemical behavior. In order to define a pH range within which the labelling provides good results the NeoB formulation labelled with 68Gallium was tested maintaining the range of pH between 3.0-4.0. The labelling has been tested, varying the volume of reaction buffer added and keeping constant other parameters. As shown in Table 14 and in Table 15, pH variations within the range 3.0-4.0 do not affect the success of the labelling. The radiolabelled product obtained meets the radiochemical purity specification.
68Ga-
68Ga-
68Ga3+
68Ga-
68Ga-
68Ga3+
Gentisic Acid Vs Volumic Activity
The tests were performed in order to evaluate the effect of gentisic acid as radiolytic scavengers when the labelling is performed with the highest volumic activity of 68GaCl3 that the 68Ge/68Ga generator can provide at that time. In order to have the highest possible volumic activity, a fractionated elution was performed; only the portion with the highest activity was used for the labelling.
The protective effect was verified by monitoring the peptide fragmentation over time in presence of different amount of gentisic acid (0.20 mg and 0.35 mg). The results (see Table 16) confirmed almost the same positive effects for both tests. Therefore, the lowest amount of gentisic acid (200 μg) sufficient to achieve good level of protection from radiolysis was chosen.
68Ga-
68Ga-
68Ga3+
68Ga3+
Additionally, in order to test if lower amounts of gentisic acid are still able to act as antioxidant agent in the final formulation, an initial test was performed using 0.1 mg of gentisic acid. The results of the radiolabelling test performed in these conditions are shown in Table 17, and confirm that even in the presence of lower amount of gentisic acid good radiochemical purity can be obtained. Nevertheless, in order to guarantee that good radiochemical purity is obtained with a higher activity of the generator, the amount of gentisic acid in the final formulation has been conservatively kept at 200 μg.
68Ga-
68Ga-
68Ga3+
Scale-Up Batch—Tests Results of the 68Ga Radiolabelled Product
Table 1Table 18 summarizes the two radiolabelling tests performed with the scale-up batch NeoB Vial 1. The results showed that the radiolabelled drug product 68Ga-NeoB obtained with the scale-up batch of Vial 1 meets the radiochemical purity specifications for up to 4 hours after the end of radiolabelling reaction.
68Ga-NeoB
68Ga-NeoB
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 19197833.7 | Sep 2019 | EP | regional |
| 20172142.0 | Apr 2020 | EP | regional |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/EP2020/075911 | 9/16/2020 | WO |
