Patent Application
20070025968
The present invention relates to the field of molecular biology and immunology. In particular it relates to vaccines and methods for providing vaccines which elicit immune responses when administered to a mammal, in particular a human. The preferred elicited immune response is a T cell response, elicited by peptide T cell epitopes. These vaccines find their application in many fields ranging from cancer treatments to treatments or prophylaxis of infectious diseases such as Aids. The present invention provides novel methods for selecting the peptide sequences from an intact antigen which will lead to a proper (T cell) immune response upon administration in a suitable vehicle. The epitopes and vaccines are, of course, also part of the present invention.
Virtually all currently available vaccines are not rationally designed in the sense of detailed knowledge of minimal essential epitopes and the rules of antigen processing and presentation. Rather, the available vaccines are based on empirical knowledge of protection. A major objective of the present invention is to develop a new generation of more rationally designed vaccines which are effective, safe, easy to manufacture and standardise, stable, inexpensive and associated with long lasting protection. This objective is achieved by employing our knowledge on the biochemistry of antigen processing and presentation in general, and in dendritic cells in particular, in the selection of peptide epitopes. Subsequently, selected peptide epitopes are incorporated into various types of vaccines and tested for efficacy in for instance HLA-transgenic mouse models.
The selection of peptide epitopes for a given combination of antigen and HLA class I molecule according to the invention may be divided in the following subsequent steps:
Selected peptide epitopes (see steps 1-4) are incorporated into the following prototype vaccines, the efficacy of which is compared in the appropriate HLA transgenic mouse model:
Efficacy of the various vaccination protocols is assayed by restimulation in mixed lymphocyte cultures of spleen cells of the immunized animals with autologous LPS B-cell blasts that are loaded with the relevant peptide(s), followed by measurement of the reactivity of the resulting T cell cultures against target cells that either present synthetic peptides or the naturally processed epitopes.
The peptide epitopes are also used for the induction of antigen-specific T cell activity in HLA-transgenic mixed lymphocyte cultures in vitro. To that end, the peptide(s) of choice are loaded onto either syngeneic LPS B-cell blasts or dendritic cells. These cells are irradiated and used as stimulator cells with nylonwool passed spleen cells of HLA-transgenic mice. After in vitro stimulation for one or two weeks, the reactivity of the resulting T cell populations can be measured against target cells that either present synthetic peptides or the naturally processed epitopes.
Rational design of vaccines has clear advantages. Safety is one. For example DNA or viral vector vaccines for HPV16 E6 and E7 are intrinsically unsafe if such vaccines contain functional oncogenes, but safe if the DNA or viral vector encodes string beads of epitopes, a preferred embodiment of the present invention. Additional advantages are effectiveness and simplicity. Only effectively immunizing components are included. Irrelevant sequences are deleted, easing manufacture and standardization, enhancing stability and decreasing cost.
The design of effective T cell epitope vaccines hinges on the accurate selection of immunogenic peptides. By means of the current invention.(a method that analyzes the stability of peptide-MHC complexes at the surface of antigen-presenting cells) we have considerably improved the selection procedure. Moreover, we have also significantly improved the procedure by which poly-T cell-epitope-containing vaccines induce strong anti-tumor and anti-viral immune responses.
The present invention thus provides a method for the selection of T cell peptide epitopes present in polypeptide antigens comprising identification of peptides in the primary sequence of the antigen having a binding motif and size for binding to a HLA class I molecule, measuring the binding of said identified peptides to MHC class I molecules, whereby the stability of the complex of the peptide and the MHC class I molecule is measured on intact cells carrying said MHC class I molecule at their surfaces. Moreover, the present invention provides a new method for the application of identified T cell epitopes comprising incorporation of a multitude of T cell epitopes in a string-of-bead construct, in which the T cell epitopes preferably are linked to each other by a spacer-sequence that ensures efficient processing and presentation of the relevant T cell epitopes.
Peptide-binding to MHC under physiological conditions is governed by dynamic balance between association and dissociation of the MHC-peptide complexes. Both the capacity of a peptide to bind to an MHC molecule and the stability of the resulting MHC-peptide complex over time will determine the amount of a given peptide-MHC complex at the surface of a target/stimulator cells and, thereby, the chance that this configuration will be detected by responding T lymphocytes. Several assays have been set up to measure these parameters in the context of the human and the murine immune system. These assays are especially suitable for measuring peptide binding and stability of peptide-MHC complexes in the context of various HLA class I molecules:
In one important embodiment of the present invention the latter assay is provided: a novel assay that measures MHC-peptide complex stability on intact human B cells. The binding affinity of peptides to MHC molecules under physiological conditions is a dynamic equilibrium between association and dissociation of the tri-molecular complex of peptide, MHC class I heavy chain and β2-microglobulin. Currently, the affinity of peptides for a given class I molecule is based on assays that employ either cell-bound MHC class I molecules or purified “cell-free” MHC class I molecules. Affinity is measured by comparative capacity of peptides to upregulate MHC class I molecules on the surface of processing defective cells (2) or by their ability to compete with high affinity reference peptides (3, 9, 10). However, these assays hardly take into account the stability of peptide-MHC complexes under physiological conditions due to short incubation time, continuous presence of high concentrations of exogenous peptide, or reduced temperature. Recently, we have measured the fate of existing MHC-peptide complexes over time under more physiological conditions. Peptides displaying comparable binding affinities as measured in previous assays, showed marked differences with respect to the stability of the peptide-MHC complexes. Moreover, stability of the peptide-MHC complex correlated better with the immunogenicity of the peptide than binding affinity (see Examples 2 and 3 of this patent application).
Examples of self peptides displaying low binding affinity that represent immunogenic T cell epitopes are peptides derived from MART-1 (AAGIGILTV/ILTVILGVL) (11), Pmel17/gp100 (YLEPGPVTA) (12) and p53 (LLGRNSFEV) (13). These peptides were enclosed in this category based on results obtained in classical binding assays. However, measurement of the stability of the relevant peptide-MHC complexes revealed that the stability of these complexes is comparable to that of known epitopes of viral origin (see Examples 2 and 3 of this patent application). Therefore, these peptides, although somewhat sluggish in mounting the MHC molecule, should not be regarded as displaying a low affinity for the presenting MHC molecule. This notion confirms that, in addition to peptide binding affinity, stability of the peptide-MHC complex is an important parameter for the identification of immunogenic peptide-epitopes. As MHC-peptide complex stability correlates even better with the immunogenicity of the peptide than binding affinity, assays measuring complex stability represent an important and indispensable new step in the sequence of procedures that is used to identify immunogenic peptide epitopes from primary amino acid sequences.
Another important embodiment of the present invention is provided by the innovative method that induces T cell reactivity against multiple pre-selected T cell epitopes by immunization with a recombinant adenovirus (rAd) vector that contains multipe T cell epitopes in a string-of-bead fashion in which the T cell epitopes are linked to each other by proteolytic cleavage sites. The linkage of T cell epitopes by spacer sequences ensures that the T cell epitopes are efficiently processed and presented to T cell. Therefore, the incorporation of multiple T cell epitopes spaced by linker-sequences preferably into recombinant adenovectors represents an important and powerful new approach for the induction of strong anti-viral and anti-tumor T cell immunity that is directed against multiple T cell targets.
Herein we describe an assay that measures the stability of peptide-MHC complexes at the surface of human B cell lines. This assay, which is used to identify immunogenic peptide-epitopes, constitutes a major step forward on the road towards rational vaccine design. The novel methodology described herein is based on a binding assay that measures peptide binding on intact human B cells. This assay is, therefore, separately described in the following paragraph (§4.1). This binding assay has been published previously. The stability assay, which utilizes an innovative combination of steps is subsequently described (§4.2). The part of the patent application describing a vaccination strategy using rAd harbouring string-of-bead constructs encoding several pre-selected T cell epitopes is given in §4.5.
§4.1 An HLA Class I Peptide-Binding Assay Based on Competition for Binding to Class I Molecules on Intact Human B Cells.
Peptide-binding assays employ either cell-bound MHC class I molecules (2, 3) or purified “cell-free” MHC class I molecules (6). Assays relying on cell-bound MHC class I molecules are based on upregulation (2) or reconstitution of MHC class I molecules (3) as detected by MHC class I conformation-specific antibodies. Cell-free systems are quantitative and make use of purified MHC molecules to which labeled reference peptides are bound in a competition set-up (6). Purification of MHC class I molecules, however, is laborious and conformational changes may occur during purification and/or storage. The peptide binding assay we use to identify peptides which bind to various HLA class I molecules utilizes fluorescein-labeled reference peptides that bind to HLA class I molecules on HLA-homozygous B-cell lines, of which the bound peptides have been removed by mild-acid treatment. The use-of intact human B cells as tools in peptide binding assays has several clear advantages:
We have shown that the binding of fluorescein-labeled peptides to these peptide-stripped HLA class I molecules is specific and allows the semi-quantitative determination of the binding-capacity of peptides. The kinetics of peptide-binding to these peptide-stripped HLA class I molecules is comparable to that of soluble HLA class I molecules and independent of biosynthesis of new HLA class I molecules. This assay was optimized and validated with peptides of known binding capacity to either HLA-A*0101, HLA-A*0201, HLA-A*0301, HLA-A*1101 or HLA-A*2401 (3, 6) (our additional unpublished data). Furthermore, this assay was among others applied in the identification of potential HLA-A0301-restricted conserved CTL epitopes derived from HIV-1 polymerase (3).
Validation of a Peptide-Binding Assay Employing the HLA-A0201 and A0301 Molecules on Intact Human B Cells (Adapted from (3)).
Materials and Methods
Cell Lines
The EBV transformed B cell lines (B-LCL) used for the competition assays are JY (HLA type: A*0201, B7, Cw7, DR4, DRw6, DPw2) and EKR (HLA type: A3, B7, DR7, DQw2). The B-LCL used to confirm specific binding of reference peptides are B109, BRM, D100, D110, K97, ML, NL, P98, S59 and S99. The HLA type of these cell lines is given in
Peptides
Fluorescein (FL)-labeled reference peptides were synthesized as Cys-derivative. Labeling was performed with 4-(iodoacetamido)fluorescein (Fluka Chemie AG, Buchs, Switzerland) at pH 7.5 (Na-phospate in water/acetonitrile 1:1). The labeled peptides were desalted over Sephadex G-10 and further purified by C18 RP-HPLC. Labeled peptides were characterized by MALDI-MS (Lasermat, Finnigan, UK). The reference peptide used for HLA-A*0301 binding was KVFPC(FL)ALINK (MH+calc=1521.8, MH+meas=1521.4), the reference peptide for HLA-A*0201 was FLPSDC(FL)FPSV (MH+calc=1500.6, MH+meas=1500.1).
The reference peptides used for binding to HLA-A*0301 or HLA-A*0201 were published by Sette et al. (14). In both peptides these investigators introduced a tyrosine which they used to tag a radioactive label to the peptide. We have substituted this tyrosine for a cysteine. The cysteine allowed the conjugation of 4-(iodoacetamido)fluorescein.
The polymerase amino-acid sequences of 14 different full length sequenced HIV-1 virus strains: LAI, MN, NL43, OYI, SF2, RF, MAL, D31, CAM1, HAN, ELI, NDK, JRCSF and JRFL (15) were screened for possible HLA-A*0301 restricted CTL epitopes using a scoring system (1). The HLA-A*0301 motif used was based on the studies of Kubo et al. (16) and Engelhard (17). At the anchor at position 2 a L, I, V or M and at the C-terminal anchor a K, R or Y was preferred. Peptides were synthesized that contained the mentioned residues at both anchor positions and were completely conserved among all 14 HIV-1 strains.
Peptides were synthesized by solid-phase strategies on an automated multiple peptide synthesizer (Abimed AMS 422, Langenfeld, Germany) using Fmoc-chemistry. Peptides were analyzed by reverse phase HPLC, dissolved in 20 μl dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), diluted in 0.9% NaCl to a peptide concentration of 5 mg/ml and stored at −20° C. before usage.
Mild-Acid Treatment of B-LCL
Mild-acid treatment of HLA-A2 or HLA-A3 on B-LCL was performed according to Bremers modification (18) of the procedure of Storkus et al. (19). Briefly, cells were washed twice with PBS and then put to rest on ice for 5 minutes. The cells were then treated 90 seconds with ice-cold citric-acid-Na2HPO4 buffer (mixture of an equal volume of 0.263 M citric acid and 0.123 M Na2HPO4) (20). For HLA-A3 the buffer was adjusted to pH=2.9 and to pH=3.2 for HLA-A2, these pH differences are essential for optimal elution of bound peptides and reconstitution of the MHC class I molecule with the exogenous added peptide (18). Immediately thereafter the eluted cells were buffered with cold ISCOVE's modified Dulbecco's medium (IMDM), washed with IMDM and resuspended at 700.000 cells/ml in IMDM+1,5 Ug/ml β2m (Sigma, St. Louis, USA).
Peptide Competition Assay
For competition assays, 25 μL-labeled reference peptide (end conc:150 nM in PBS) was incubated with 25 μl competitor peptide (different end concentrations in PBS) in a 96-well U-bottom plate (Costar, Cambridge, Mass., USA). 100 μl of the mild-acid treated B-LCL (A2:JY, A3:EKR) was added to these wells.
The mixture was incubated for 3 or 24 hr at 4° C. or 26° C., washed twice with PBS containing 1% BSA (PBA1%), resuspended in PBA1% containing 0.5% paraformaldehyde and analyzed at a FACscan (Becton-Dickinson, Etten-Leur, the Netherlands).
The mean-fluorescence (MF) value obtained in the experiment without competitor peptide was regarded as maximal binding and equated to 0% inhibition, the MF obtained from the experiment without reference peptide was equated to 100% inhibition.
% inhibition of binding was calculated using the following formula:
(1−(MF 150 nM reference & competitor peptide−MF no reference peptide)—(MF 150 nM reference−MF no reference peptide))×100%
In experiments where no competitor peptide was added the fluorescence index (FI) was calculated to indicate how much fluorescence above the background (no reference peptide) was measured. The FI=(MF sample−MF background)/MF background.
To block protein synthesis in B-LCL a final concentration of 100 μM emetine (Sigma, St Louis, USA) was used, as shown previously (20).
Results
Sensitivity and Specificity of FL-Labeled Reference Peptides Binding to HLA Class I
The reference peptides binding to HLA-A*0201 and HLA-A*0301 were described and used in a molecular binding assay by Sette et al. (14) In both peptides a tyrosine was used to tag a radioactive label to the peptide. We substituted this tyrosine with cysteine, to which 4-(iodoacetamido)fluorescein was conjugated.
The amount of fluorescent peptide needed for the competition assay was established. For this purpose a peptide titration was performed. After incubation of three hours at 26° C. the mean fluorescence (MF) was measured. At concentrations from 2 nM to 100 nM a sharp increase in MF was found for the HLA-A*0201 reference peptide and from 2 nM to 150 nM for the HLA-A*0301 reference peptide (data not shown). Mild-acid treatment of the B-cells before incubation with FL-labeled reference peptide resulted in a higher fluorescence maximum and also sharper increase of the MF at low peptide concentrations (
In order to investigate if aspecific peptide-binding to cell components, including other HLA class I alleles, at the surface of the cell line used occured, 10 different B-LCL cell lines were incubated with 0 or 150 nM of FL-labeled reference (either HLA-A*0201 or HLA-A*0301) peptide. The FI for each cell line was calculated and the FIs obtained for reference cell lines JY (binding of peptide to HLA-A*0201) and EKR (binding of peptide to HLA-A*0301) were equated to 100% binding. To relate the binding of FL-labeled reference peptide to the 10 different cell lines with the binding of the FL-labeled reference peptide to JY or EKR, the relative peptide-binding percentages were determined. The relative peptide-binding percentages of the FL-labeled reference peptides to each cell line were calculated as: (FI cell line/FI reference cell line)×100%. For both FL-labeled reference peptides the non-specific binding to other cell components, of the cell lines used in the competition assay, never exceeded 20% (
Kinetics of Peptide-Binding to Mild-Acid Treated HLA Class I Molecules
To study the effect of peptide binding at different temperatures, EKR cells were eluted and incubated with FL-labeled peptide for different periods of time at 4° C., 26° C. or 37° C., respectively. At 4° C. the peptide binds initially rapidly and then increases steadily in time (
Binding to Mild-Acid Treated Class I Molecules is Not Dependent on de novo Protein Synthesis
To characterize the interaction of peptides with cell-associated mild-acid treated HLA molecules, peptide stripped EKR cells were incubated with FL-labeled peptide for different periods of time at 4° C. or 26° C. As shown in
Thus, the binding of a peptide to mild-acid treated HLA class I molecules at 4° C. was unaffected by the use of a protein synthesis-inhibiting drug. Since metabolic processes are reduced at 4° C., the binding of peptides to the eluted HLA class I molecules is only dependent on the availability of the HLA class I molecules already present at the outer surface of the cell.
Competition Assay
Plotting MF against the concentration of FL-labeled reference peptides resulted in a log-shaped curve. We chose 150 nM of FL-labeled reference peptide as standard concentration in all competition experiments. The use of 150 nM FL-labeled reference peptide resulted in a MF of about 4-5 times the background (not shown). The non-labeled reference peptide was titrated into 150 nM of FL-labeled reference peptide, the percentage inhibition was calculated and plotted against the concentration of the unlabeled peptide (
To determine the optimal experimental conditions and to validate the assay we tested peptides derived from HPV16 E6 and E7 proteins with known binding properties to HLA-A*0201 or HLA-A*0301 (6, 10) at different concentrations, for 3 or 24 hours at 4° C. or 26° C. (Table 1). When the cells were incubated for 24 hours less peptide was needed (Table 1). The lowest amount of competitor peptide was needed when the cells were incubated for 24 hours at 4° C. (Table 1). No difference was observed between an incubation time of 24 hours or 48 hours at 4° C. (not shown). This implicates that the test is more sensitive when equilibrium is reached. Probably, due to a faster association of the FL-labeled reference peptide, more competitor peptide is needed to reach IC50 in short incubations. Ranking the peptides to their IC50 shows that when the cells are incubated at 4° C. for 24 hours, their order is comparable to that found by Kast et al. (6) using the molecular binding assay (Table 1). All peptides that did not possess the described binding motif showed low binding affinity. Taken together these results and the results of peptide-binding to HLA class I molecules on emetine-treated cells, we conclude that the competition assay is best performed at 4° C. with an incubation time of at least 24 hours.
Competition with Known CTL Epitopes
Five HLA-A*0201 restricted CTL epitopes, one HLA-A*0301 restricted CTL epitope and two HLA-A*0301 peptides, identified via peptide pool-sequencing, were used to determine the IC50-values of high affinity binding peptides. The five peptides tested for binding to HLA-A*0201 all competed very well with an IC50≦1.7 μM (Table 2). The known HLA-A*0301 restricted CTL epitope derived from HIV was tested. This peptide, derived from HIV-nef, bound with an IC50 of 0.5 μM. The two peptides, which were identified via peptide pool sequencing bound with an IC50≦15 μ(Table 2). We therefore conclude that peptides competing with an IC50≦5 μM must be considered potential CTL epitopes.
Binding of Conserved HIV-1 pol Sequences to HLA-A*0301
Twenty peptides of 8-11 amino acids long were selected on the basis of the HLA-A*0301 binding motif and their conservation in the polymerase gene products of different HIV-1 strains. The peptides were tested in the competition assay for 24 hours at 4° C. Nine peptides were shown to bind to HLA-A*0301. Four peptides bind with intermediate-affinity and-competed with an IC50≦5 μM (Table 3), the other five peptides (marked with an asterisk; *) bind with high affinity and competed with an IC50≦3.0 μM. Considering the IC50 obtained with the known CTL epitopes, especially these five peptides may be candidate CTL epitopes.
Comments
For an extensive discussion of these results see (3). This example shows that this assay performs well with respect to peptides of known binding capacity to either HLA-A*0201 or HLA-A*0301. The kinetics of peptide binding in this assay were shown to be comparable to that in assays employing soluble HLA class I molecules. Furthermore, application of the assay in the search for potential HLA-A*0301 restricted CTL epitopes, derived from HIV-1 polymerase, resulted in the identification of five high-affinity binding peptides. The assay is easy to perform because there is no need to purify HLA class I molecules, or to transfect cells with HLA class I molecules and no radioactive label is used. Moreover, large panels of HLA-typed human B-cell lines are available, as tools for peptide-binding to a vast array of HLA molecules. Presently, the system is also used succesfully for the identification of peptides that bind to HLA-A*0101 and HLA-B7.
Legends to Figures Example 1
Reference cell line EKR (HLA-A*0301) was mild-acid treated at pH=2.9. The reference cell line JY (HLA-A*0201) was mild-acid treated at pH=3.2, and the 10 different other B-LCL lines were mild-acid treated at pH=2.9, when subjected to incubation with the HLA-A*0301 FL-labeled reference peptide, or at pH=3.2 when incubated with the HLA-A*0201 FL-labeled reference peptide. EKR cells are incubated with 150 nM of the HLA-A*0301 FL-labeled reference peptide (open bars), JY cells are incubated with 150 nM of the HLA-A*0201 FL-labeled reference peptide (hatched bars) and the 10 different other B-LCL lines were incubated with 150 nM of either the HLA-A*0301 (open bars) or HLA-A*0201 FL-labeled reference peptide (hatched bars), for 4 hr at 26° C. The fluorescence index (FI) was calculated for each cell line and the FI of FL-labeled reference peptide bound to EKR (for binding to HLA-A*0301) and the FI of FL-labeled reference peptide to JY (for binding to HLA-A*0201) was equated to 100% binding. By the formula: (FI cell line/FI reference cell line)*100% the relative peptide-binding percentages of the 10 different B-LCL lines was calculated. The upper left side shows the full HLA-type of the reference cell lines together with the overlapping HLA-type of other cell lines. The lower left side shows all 10 B-LCL lines with their full HLA-type.
JY cells (closed symbols) and JY cells of which their HLA class I molecules were mild-acid treated (open symbols), were incubated with increasing amounts (nM) of the HLA-A*0201 FL-labeled peptide. Cells were incubated for 3 hours at 26° C., washed and mean-fluorescence (mF) was measured at a FACScan. The lines shown are the result of logarithmic regression analysis of the concentration of FL-labeled reference peptide versus the mF.
EKR cells were mild acid treated and incubated with 150 nM of HLA-A*0301 FL-labeled reference peptide for different periods of time at 4° C. (triangles), 26° C. (open squares) or 37° C. (closed squares). At 10, 20, 40, 90, 180 and 360 minutes the binding of Fl-labeled peptide was measured. Binding is given as the fluorescence index (FI). The lines shown for 4° C. and 26° C. are the result of respectively lineair or logarithmic regression analysis.
EKR cells were treated with 10−4M emetine (open bars) or not (hatched bars), for 1 hour prior to mild-acid treatment (20). 150 nM of HLA-A*0301 FL-labeled reference peptide was added and binding was monitored at 1, 3 or 4.5 hours of incubation. Cells were incubated at 26° C. or 4° C.
EKR cells (left) or JY cells (right) were incubated with 150 nM of FL-labeled reference peptide, kvfpC(FL)alink or flpsdC(FL)fpsv respectively, and increasing amounts (μM) of non-labeled reference peptide. Inhibition of binding was calculated and showed in relation to the amount of non-labeled reference peptide used.
§4.2 An HLA Class I Peptide-Binding Assay that Measures the Stability of Peptide-MHC Complexes at the Surface of Intact Human B Cells.
The binding affinity of peptides to MHC molecules at equilibrium is the resultant of the continued association and dissociation of the tri-molecular complex of peptide, MHC class I molecule and β2m. The dissociation rate of peptides bound to MHC class I, is neither influenced by the presence of competing peptides (23) nor by the concentration of the competing peptides (24). On the other hand, the amount of free MHC peptide binding sites is influenced and limited by the dissociation rate of previously bound peptide (24). Thus a peptide with a low dissociation rate will, once bound, probably form a stable MHC-peptide complex in the ER, be transported to the cell-surface and persist there for a time sufficient to allow T-cell recognition.
In order to investigate the correlation between stability of the peptide-MHC complex and immunogenicity we have determined the dissociation rate of a group of MHC class I binding peptides. This assay measures the stability of peptide-MHC complexes at the surface of intact HLA-homozygous B-cells. Comparison of the correlation between immunogenicity and peptide binding affinity on one hand and between immunogenicity and the dissociation rate of peptide from MHC class I molecules on the other hand has shown that immunogenicity correlates better with-the dissociation rate than with peptide binding affinity.
As this complex-stability assay makes use of intact human B cells, it shares the advantages described for the peptide binding affinity assay (see §4.1).
Immunogenicity of Peptides Bound to MHC Class I MHC Molecules Correlates well with Stability of the MHC-Peptide Complex.
Material and Methods
Cell Lines
The EBV transformed B-cell line: JY (HLA type:A*0201, B7, Cw7, DR4, DRw6, DPw2) was cultured in complete culture medium consisting of RPMI 1640 Dutch modification (Gibco BRL, Paisley, Scotland) supplemented with 10% FCS, antibiotics (100 IU/ml penicillin (Brocades Pharma, Leiderdorp, The Netherlands) and 100 ug/ml kanamycin (Sigma, St. Louis, Mo., USA)), and 20 μM 2-ME (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany) at 37° C. in humidified air containing 5% CO2.
Jurkat A*0201Kb cells are stable transfectants of the human T cell leukaemia line, Jurkat, which express the product of the HLA-A*0201Kb chimeric gene (25). They are cultured in complete culture medium in the presence of 200 ug/ml G418 sulphate.
Peptides
Peptides were synthesized by solid-phase strategies on an automated multiple peptide synthesizer (Abimed AMS 422, Langenfeld, Germany) using Fmoc-chemistry. Peptides were analyzed by reverse phase HPLC, dissolved in 20 μl DMSO, diluted in 0.9% NaCl to a peptide concentration of 5 mg/ml and stored at −20° C. before usage.
Fluorescein (FL)-labeled peptides as used in the competition based HLA class I binding-assay were synthesized,labeled and characterized as described earlier (3). The sequence of the reference peptide used for HLA-A*0201 was FLPSDYFPSV (14) wherein we substituted the tyrosine with a cysteine to tag a fluorescein group to the peptide: FLPSDC(FL)FPSV (3).
Transgenic Mice
HLA-A*0201Kb transgenic mice were kindly provided by Dr L. Sherman (Scripps Laboratories, San Diego, USA; through animal distributor Harlan Sprague Dawley, Inc., Indianapolis, USA). Mice were held under clean conventional conditions. The transgenic mice express the product of the HLA-A*0201Kb chimeric gene in which the a3 domain of the heavy chain is replaced by the corresponding murine H-2 Kb domain while leaving the HLA-A*0201 a1 and a2 domains unaffected (25). This allows the murine CD8 molecule on the murine CD8+ T cells to interact with the syngeneic a3 domain of the hybrid MHC class-I molecule.
In Vivo Immunizations and Murine T Cell Cultures
Groups of 3-6 HLA-A*0201Kb transgenic mice were injected subcutaneously in the base of the tail with 100 ug peptide emulsified in IFA in the presence of 140 ug of the H-2 I-Ab-restricted HBV core antigen-derived T helper epitope (128-140; sequence TPPAYRPPNAPIL) (26). After 11 days, mice were sacrificed and spleen cells (30×106 cells in 10 ml) were restimulated in vitro with syngeneic irradiated LPS-stimulated B cell lymphoblasts (ratio 3:1), and 1 ug/ml peptide in complete culture medium in T25 flasks (Falcon, N.J., USA). At day 6 of culture, the cytotoxicity of these bulks was tested in a standard 5 hour 51Chromium (51Cr) release assay.
51Cr Cytotoxicity Assay
CTL activity was measured in a standard chromium release assay as described previously (27). Target cells were sensitized with 10 ug/ml peptide for 30′ at 37° C. Target cells were added to various numbers of effector cells in a final volume of 100 μl of complete culture medium in 96-wells U-bottom microtiter plates. After 5 hours of incubation at 37° C., supernatants were harvested. The mean percentage specific lysis of triplicate wells was calculated as follows:
% specific lysis=((experimental release-spontaneous release)/(maximal release-spontaneous release))×100
Percentage specific lysis is expressed in LU30%/106cells, in which 1 LU30% corresponds to the number of effector cells required to induce 30% 51Cr release from 2000 Jurkat A*0201/Kb target cells during a 5-h assay.
Peptide ‘Stripping’ by Mild-Acid Treatment and Competition Based HLA Class I Peptide-Binding Assay See Example 1
Measurement of MHC-Peptide Complex Stability at 37° C.
JY cells at a concentration of 1-2 million cells/ml were incubated with 10−4M emetine (Sigma, St. Louis, USA) for 1 hour at 37° C. to stop protein synthesis and thus the emergence of de novo synthesized class I molecules at the cell-surface (20). Cells were washed-twice with PBS and peptide-stripped (see above). One million cells were added to 200 ug peptide in 1 ml and incubated for 1 hour at room temperature. Cells were washed twice with ice-cold IMDM and resuspended in 1 ml IMDM. Subsequently, the cells were incubated for 0, 2, 4 and 6 hours at 37° C. and thereafter stained with BB7.2, an HLA-A2 conformation specific monoclonal antibody (28) and GaM/FITC. Thereafter the cells were fixed by resuspension in PBA1% containing 0.5% paraformaldehyde. Cells were analyzed by FACscan. The fluorescence index (FI) was calculated as FI=(mean fluorescence sample−mean fluorescence background)/mean fluorescence background (without peptide). Samples were tested in duplo and the variation between both samples was allways less that 10%.
The percentage of residual HLA-A2 molecules was calculated by equating for each peptide, the FI of t=0 to 100% and then use the formula: % remaining=(FIt=n/FIt=0)×100%. As the dissociation of peptides from MHC is a linear process, the stability of the peptide-MHC complexes was measured as the time required for 50% of the molecules to decay (DT50%). We've used t=2 hours at 37° C. as starting point for the reason that from this time point only the DT50% are determined from peptides that are able to form stable peptide-MHC complexes.
Statistics
Using the Fisher's test for 2 by 2 tables (Fisher's exact 2-tailed test), the dissociation rate (DT50%) of peptides at 37° C. was correlated to the immunogenicity of the peptides. Binding-affinity could not be correlated to immunogenicity using a Chi-square test due to the relatively small number of peptides. Therefore we compared high affinity binding peptides with low affinity binding peptides in order to establish the strongest correlation between affinity and immunogenicity using the Fisher's test for 2 by 2 tables.
Results
Stability of MHC Class-I Molecules Complexed with HBV or HPV16 Derived Peptides of Known Binding Affinity and Immunogenicity in HLA-A*0201/Kb Transgenic Mice
To study the relation between dissociation of peptides bound to MHC class-I molecules and their ability to induce a CTL response, we used 9 peptides derived from HBV polymerase (pol) and 8 peptides of HPV16 of which the relative binding affinity and immunogenicity in HLA-A*0201/Kb transgenic mice was reported previously (6, 10, 29). To show that all 17 peptides indeed bound to HLA-A*0201 we tested their affinity in a previously described competition based HLA-class I binding-assay (3). HBVpol-635, HPV16E7-11 and HPV16E7-86 bound with relatively high affinity (<5 μM). Fourteen peptides bound with intermediate (between 5 and 15 μM) or low affinity (>15 μM; Table I). Peptide binding affinities measured and classification of the peptide binding affinity into high, intermediate and low are comparable to the affinities and classifications of Sette et al. (10) and Kast et al. (6).
Subsequently with the use of a conformation specific anti-HLA-A2 antibody, the amount of residual HLA-A*0201 peptide complexes was monitored in time. The loss of peptide-stabilized HLA-A*0201 molecules at the cell-surface represents the dissociation of the peptide from the class-I molecule to which the peptide is bound. The stability is then presented by the time required for 50% of the molecules to decay (DT50%). All three high affinity binding peptides and three of the intermediate affinity binding peptides, HBVpol-996, HBVpol-1076 and HPV16E7-82 showed a DT50% of more than 3 hours (Table I). The four other peptides of intermediate affinity, HBVpol-1344, HPV16E6-18, HPV16E6-52 and HPV16E7-7 showed a DT50% between 1 and 2 hours (Table I). The low affinity binding peptides showed a DT50% of 1 hour or less. In Table II we show a comparison between the dissociation rate, binding affinity and immunogenicity of these peptides. All high affinity binding peptides form stable MHC-peptide complexes and are immunogenic, whereas the group of peptides of intermediate affinity contains either peptides-that are immunogenic and form stable MHC-peptide complexes or are non-immunogenic and do not form stable MHC-peptide complexes as shown by their high dissociation rates (Table II).
Stability of BHC Class-I Molecules Complexed with Known Human CTL Epitopes
Seventeen HLA-A*0201 binding peptides earlier reported to be immunogenic (e.g. found as CTL epitope or capable of inducing a primary response) (6, 12, 27, 30-40) were tested for their binding affinity to HLA-A*0201. Eight peptides bound with high affinity, 7 peptides bound with intermediate affinity and 2 peptides bound with low affinity (Table III). The dissociation rates were determined and virtually all peptides showed a DT50%>4 hours, except for the peptides HPV11E7-4 and HIV-1pol-267. The HPV11E7-4 and HIV-1pol-267 CTL epitopes, both found by primary CTL induction using synthetic peptide or cells expressing extremely high amounts of antigen, dissociated faster (DT50%>2 hours; Table III). Interestingly, the sequence of the HCV1core-131 peptide [ADLMGYIPLV] does not correspond precisely to the HLA-A*0201 motif. The HCVcore-132 peptide which lacks the N-terminal alanine [DLMGYIPLV] fits better to the HLA-A*0201 motif. This is also reflected in the higher affinity of this shorter peptide (IC50=5.0 μM) but the peptide dissociates dramatically faster (
Immunogenicity is Correlated with the Dissociation Rate
A significant correlation exists between the immunogenicity of a peptide and the dissociation rate. Of the investigated known HLA-A*0201-restricted immunogenic peptides, 21 out of 23 showed a DT50%>3 hours, while none of the 11 non-immunogenic peptides showed a DT50%>3 hours (p=0.0000003, Table IV). This correlation is closer than that between peptide binding affinity and immunogenicity (p=0.0005, Table IV) and confirms the trend visible in Table II. When the correlation between immunogenicity and dissociation rate was investigated for peptides binding with intermediate or low affinity, this was still better correlated (p=0.00007, Table V) to immunogenicity than affinity (p=0.04). This implies that peptides that are processed, transported to the endoplasmic reticulum and are able to form stable MHC-peptide complexes are likely to be CTL epitopes.
Immunogenicity in HLA-A*0201/Kb Transgenic mice of HIV-1 Derived Peptides with Known Affinity and Dissociation Rate
To assess the in vivo immunogenicity of peptides of which the binding affinity and the dissociation rate was measured, HLA-A*0201/Kb transgenic mice were vaccinated with two control peptides (HPV16E7-86 and HBVcore-18; FLPSDDFPSV) and four HIV-1 derived peptides (Table VI). The derivation of these transgenic mice (25) and their use to analyze in vivo immunogenicity have been described previously (10, 29). The HIV-1pol-468;(ILKEPVHGV) is a CTL epitope and binds with intermediate affinity. The HIV-1pol-267; (VLDVGDAYFSV) peptide was found to be immunogenic in a human primary CTL induction after repetitive stimulations with relatively high doses of peptide (27). To test the predictive value of the in vitro measured MHC-peptide complex stability we determined the binding-affinity and dissociation rate of the two other HIV-1 pol peptides (HIV-1pol-343: YMDDLYVGSDL and HIV-1pol-576: LLWKGEGAV) (Table VI). Both peptides were detected when the highly conserved regions of HIV-1pol were screened for amino acid sequences that contained two anchors for binding to HLA-A*0201, as described previously (27). We vaccinated groups of mice with all the peptides. Bulk CTL derived from mice vaccinated with the control peptides specifically lysed peptide-sensitized Jurkat A*0201/Kb cells (
Comments
An extensive discussion of these results with respect to HIV-specific T cell immunity will be reported elswhere (Van der Burg et al., in preparation). This example shows that the measurement of MHC-peptide complex stability is highly valuable in identifying potential T cell epitopes. Newly defined immunogenic peptides formed relatively stable MHC-peptide complexes as shown by their low dissociation rates, whereas non-immunogenic peptides displayed high dissociation rates. In addition, virtually all previously described HLA-A*0201 restricted T cell epitopes showed low dissociation rates. Furthermore, we show that the immunogenicity of HIV-1 derived peptides can be predicted more accurately by their dissociation rate than by the MHC class I binding affinity. We find a closer correlation between the dissociation rate of a peptide and immunogenicity (p=0.0000003) than between binding affinity and immunogenicity (p=0.0005). The better correlation is gained in the group of peptides that bind with intermediate or low affinity. In conclusion, selection of peptides based on affinity and their dissociation rate leads to a more precise identification of candidate CTL epitopes than selection based on affinity alone.
Note that this assay requires HLA-type specific MAbs that can discriminate between empty and peptide-loaded molecules. Although such Abs are currently available for HLA-A*0201 and -A*0301, additional Abs need to be identified or isolated for defining the stability of peptide-MHC complexes in the context of other HLA class I molecules. Approaches to isolate such Abs include:
Screening of available Abs (ATCC, other laboratories) for desired characteristics
Selection of appropriate Abs against a human B cell line expression the relevant HLA-molecule from a semi-synthetic phage antibody display library (in collaboration with Dr. T. Lochtenberg, University Hospital Utrecht, The Netherlands; (41)).
Generation of monoclonal Abs, or selection of phage antibodies against purified, peptide-loaded MHC molecules (6).
Legends to Figures Example 2
The binding affinity (left) and the dissociation rate (right) of the HLA-A*0201 restricted CTL epitope HCV1core-131 [closed symbols; ADLMGYIPLV] (31) and shorter variant [open symbols; DLMGYIPLV], which corresponds more precisely to the HLA-A*0201 motif, was tested (see material & methods). The mean inhibition of the reference peptide at each concentration of competitor peptide, obtained in two independent experiments, is shown at the left. The right figure shows the percentage of residual peptide-MHC molecules for both peptides at each time-point (mean of two independent experiments). The percentage of molecules present at t=2 hours was set to 100%. The lines are the result of linear regression analysis.
A representative experiment in which HLA-A*0201Kb transgenic mice were vaccinated with indicated peptide displaying a low dissociation rate (A,B,E) or high dissociation rate (C,D) in combination with an HBV core-encoded T helper epitope in IFA (see material and methods). Bulk CTL cultures derived from spleen cell of these mice were tested for peptide specificity in cytotoxicity assays on Jurkat A*0201Kb target cells pulsed with (open symbols) or without (closed symbols) specific peptide. Shown is the mean specific lysis of bulk CTL from 3-6 animals with indicated standard deviation. Specific lysis is depicted at E/T ratio varying from 1.5 to 100.
Identification of Melanoma Associated Immunogenic Peptides Using an Assay that Measures Stability of the MHC-Peptide Complex.
Materials and Methods
Most procedures have been described in Examples 1 and 2. Induction of CTL by stimulating human T lymphocytes with peptide-loaded dendritic cells (DC) was performed as follows: Monocyte-enriched Human Peripheral Blood Monocyte (PBMC) fractions were isolated by plastic adherence of total PBMC from HLA-A*0201-subtyped healthy donors. Adherent cells were cultured for 5-7 days with RPMI/Lglutamine/antibiotics/10% FCS or 10% human serum (HS), and 500 U/ml rHuIL-4, and 800 U/ml rHuGM-CSF. Culture medium with cytokines was replenished every other day. Cultures were treated for 24 h with 50 U/ml rHuIL-1a and 200 U/ml g-IFN, and pulsed with 50 ug/ml peptide in RPMI/L-glutamine/antibiotics/1% FCS for 4 h. Peptide-pulsed stimulators were irradiated (2500 Rads) and washed twice. In each well of a 24-well plate 1 ml of RPMI/L-glutamine/antibiotics/5% HS was dispensed containing 1-2×104/ml stimulator cells.
Autologous responder cells were enriched for (CD8+) T-cells by adherence to plastic dishes, followed by depletion of CD4+ cells using Dynabeads (Dynal, Olso, Norway). Total PBMC responders were mixed with the CD8-enriched non-adherent cells, to bring the final responder population to approximately 10% CD4+ T cells. Responders were mixed with stimulators in a 1:10 to 1:20 ratio, to a total of 2×106 responders per well. rHuIL-7 was added to 5 ng/ml. Medium+rHuIL-7 was replenished after 7 days. At day 12, responders were restimulated with autologous peptide-pulsed adherent PBMC (as described previously: (42)). rHuIL-2 was added to a final concentration of 120 IU/ml. Similarly, CTL cultures were restimulated weekly. CTL cultures were subcloned in U-bottom 96-well plates by limiting dilution, using the HLA-A*0201+, MelanA/MART-1 expressing FM3 Melanoma cell line (5000/well; (43)), and a mixtures of allogenic PBMC from six donors (100.000/well) and three HLA-A*0201+ B-LCL (5000/well), in RPMI/Lglutamine/antibiotics/5% HS+120 IU/ml rHuIL-2. Clones were restimulated weekly.
Results
The melanoma antigen Melan-A/MART-1 was screened for the presence of potential HLA-A*0201-binding CTL epitopes using three peptide binding assays: the T2-binding assay (2), a binding assay that uses HLA-A*0201-molecules on intact human B cells (see Example 1), and n assay that measures the stability of the MHC-peptide complexes (see Example 2). Comparison of the binding-data (see Table IX) shows that the nonamer peptide AAGIGILTV, which represents a previously described immunodominant peptide-epitope presented by HLA-A*0201-positive melanoma cells (44), binds poorly to T2 cells and only shows modest binding to HLA-A*0201 on intact human B cells. The 10-mer variant of this peptide (EAAGIGILTV), however, displays considerable binding to HLA-A*0201 in both binding assays. Paradoxically, comparison of these two peptides with respect to the stability of peptide-MHC complexes shows that the 9-mer peptide, when bound to HLA-A*0201, forms stable peptide-MHC complexes, whereas complexes with the 10-mer peptide are unstable.
Peptide-specific CTL immunity was raised in vitro by stimulating peripheral blood lymphocytes of HLA-A*0201-positive healthy donors with autologous dendritic cells that were loaded with either of the two peptides. The reactivity of the resulting CTL was tested against T2 cells loaded with the relevant peptides as well as to HLA-A*0201- and MART-1-positive human melanomas cells. These experiments clearly demonstrated that tumor-specific CTL activity that reacted against both peptide-loaded T2 cells and melanoma cells was only obtained after stimulation of the donor lymphocytes with the 9-mer peptide AAGIGILTV (these experiments will be described elswhere; Van den Elsas et al., manuscript in preparation). These data clearly demonstrate that immunogenicity of a peptide epitope correlates strongly with the stability of the corresponding peptide MHC complex, whereas MHC-binding of a peptide as measured on T2 cells or intact B cells does not ensure that this peptide (i) will form stable MHC-peptide complexes and (ii) is immunogenic found to show strong and stable binding to HLA-A*0201 in all three assays (see Table IX). Also against these two peptides CTL reacting against both peptide-loaded T2 cells and HLA-A*0201−/MART-1 positive melanoma cells could be raised (Van den Elsas et al., manuscript in prep.).
Taken together these results show that selection of immunogenic peptides based on stability of the MHC-peptide complex is a valuable tool in the identification of tumor-associated T cell epitopes.
§4.3 Identification of Immunogenic Peptides
The present invention provides an novel technique for identifying MHC-binding peptides that can serve as a target for an immunotherapeutical T cell response. This method will be applied in conjunction with other selection steps (see §1) to screen the primary sequence of proteins that are expressed by for instance tumors for peptides that are likely to be processed and presented by tumor cells and that will constitute an immunogenic target for the T cell immune system.
Peptide-epitopes derived from the following antigens are included in our studies:
E6-protein of human papilloma virus type 16 and 18 (HPV16, HPV18)
E7-protein of human papilloma virus type 16 and 18 (HPV16, HPV18)
Gag, Pol and Env-proteins of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
MAGE-2 human melanoma antigen
Tyrosinase human melanoma antigen
Melan-A/MART-1 melanoma antigen
p21Ras human onco-protein
p53 human onco-protein
human carcino-embryonic antigen (CEA)
human epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM)
CD19 human B cell-specific protein
CD20 human B cell-specific protein
CD44 cell surface glycoprotein
The sequences of the proteins mentioned above are screened for peptides that are likely to represent immunogenic T cell epitopes in the context of the following HLA class I molecules:
HLA-A*0101
HLA-A*0201
HLA-A*0301
HLA-A*1110
HLA-A*2401
HLA-B7
§ 4.4 List of Peptides Screened in a Stability Assay Because They Have Been Through the Preselection Procedures.
As illustrated in §4.3 Examples 2 and 3, selection of immunogenic peptides is greatly improved in accuracy when peptides are screened not only for binding to the MHC molecules concerned, but also for the stability of the resulting peptide-MHC complexes. In previous publications we have described multiple potential immunogenic peptides derived from various (e.g. tumor-)antigens. These peptides were selected on the basis of a two-step procedure, consisting of (i) computer-prediction and (ii) binding assays that do not take into account the stability of peptide-MHC complexes. The person skilled in the art can now apply, and thereby further validate, our novel assay for measuring peptide-MHC complex stability with respect to these peptides. A list of these peptides is provided in Tables X-XX.
§4.5 Vaccination with Recombinant Adenoviruses Harbouring Several Defined T Cell Epitopes in String-Of-Bead Constructs.
T cell-mediated immunity to viruses or tumors can be induced in two ways: passive, by transfer of virus- or tumor specific T cells, or active, by exposure to antigen. In the latter case, antigen can be given to the host in many different forms, ranging from whole attenuated viruses or tumor cells to isolated proteins. In virtually all these cases the vaccines are not rationally designed in the sense that the minimal essential T cell epitopes are known. Therefore, immunization in these cases may not always leas to the desired effect. For example, immunization with attenuated viruses, like vaccinia, may induce unwanted side-effects or result in T cell immunity to epitopes that are subjected to antigenic variation by the wild-type virus. Likewise, immunization with a single-protein can be ineffective, because it may induce only T cell-responsiveness to the immunodominant T cell epitopes, without inducing T cell-responses to other, subdominant T cell epitopes, or it may not contain sufficient CTL epitopes to cover the whole target population. In part, these disadvantages can be overcome by exploiting other vaccination strategies.
Vaccination strategies using recombinant viruses expressing the antigens of choice are currently under development. In the case of the development of anti-tumor vaccines, several tumor-associated antigens, like MART1 and gp100 are good candidates for the incorporation into a recombinant viral vector. However, the delivery of whole genes encoding tumor-associated antigens by recombinant viral vectors as a way to evoke anti-tumor immunity might be unsafe when these tumor-associated antigens are involved in carcinogenesis. For example, viral vector vaccines for treatment and prevention of HPV16-positive cervical carcinoma are intrinsically hazardous if such vaccines contain the functional human papilloma virus type 16 (HPV16) E6 and E7 oncogenes. The same holds true when the viral vector encodes the oncoprotein HER2/neu, cyclin-dependent kinase 4, the aberrant fusion proteins BCR-ABL or mutated Ras and p53 proteins, because these genes are implicated in the development of cancer. Likewise, incorporation of the genes belonging to the family of tumor-associated antigens MAGE, GAGE or BAGE into viral vectors should be avoided, because their function has until now not been identified. However, by introducing only the sequences that encode T cell epitopes derived from such tumor-associated antigens into recombinant viral vectors it should be feasible to direct the immune response to those targets without introducing potential hazards as transformation of somatic, vector infected cells.
Recently, studies have been reported that describe the successful use of a recombinant vaccinia vaccine expressing several CTL epitopes in a string-of-bead fashion in mice (48), (49). These studies show the potency of the use of string-bead-vaccines for the induction of anti-viral and anti-tumor immunity. However, due to the potential risks associated with vaccinia and the decreasing or absent (in younger individuals) immunity to poxvirus due to the abolished vaccination programme with poxvirus, recombinant vaccinia vaccines cannot be used in humans. Moreover, in these studies the CTL epitopes were directly linked to each other, and did not contain spacer-sequences that direct efficient and accurate processing and presentation of the CTL epitopes. For these reasons, rAd harbouring several CTL epitopes in a string-of-bead fashion with proteolytic cleavage sites between the CTL epitopes leading to optimal processing and presentation of the incorporated CTL epitopes will induce stronger CTL responses without inducing harmfull side-effects.
Recombinant adenovirus, harbouring whole tumor-associated antigens, have been used to induce protective anti-tumor immunity (50-52).(53, 54), illustrating the possibility to use rAd for the induction of tumor-specific protective immunity.
By incorporation of minigenes containing multiple-T cell-epitopes and proteolytic cleavage sites in between these T cell epitopes into a rAd we now have developed a novel and innovative method for the induction of protective T cell responses against viruses and tumors.
An rAd expressing several defined CTL epitopes in a string-of-bead fashion induces protective anti-tumor immunity.
Materials and Methods
Cell Lines
Mouse embryo cells (MEC), Ad5E1 transformed MEC, Ad5E1+ras transformed MEC, HPV16-transformed MEC, COS-7 cells were maintained in Iscove's modified Dulbecco's medium (Biocrom KG, seromed, Berlin, Germany) supplemented with 4% FCS (hyclone laboratories, Logan, Utah), penicillin, (110 IU/ml; Brocades Pharma, Leiderdorp, the Netherlands), and 2-mercaptoethanol (20 μM) at 37° C. in a 5% CO2 atmosphere. CTL clones were cultured as described elsewhere (55, 56), (1057 The influenza matrix-specific HLA-A*0201-restricted CTL clone was grown on HLA-A*0201-positive EBV-transformed B cell lines irradiated with 30 Gy in RPMI. 911 cells were grown as described in (58).
Generation of rAd
Minigene 1 or minigene 2 (see
Transfection of COS-7 Cells.
Transient transfection in COS-7 cells was performed as described elsewhere (60). In short, 100 ng of Plasmids encoding Ad5E1, HPV16 E7, murine p53, or the influenza-matrix protein together with 100 ng of a plasmid encoding H-2Db, H-2Kb or HLA-A*0201 were transfected by the DEAE-dectran-chloroquine method into 1×104 COS-7 cells. The transfected COS cells were incubated in 100 μl Iscove's modified Dulbecco's medium containing 8% FCS for 48 h at 37° C., after which 1500-500 CTL in 25 μl Iscove's modified Dulbecco's medium containing 50 Cetus Units of recombinant Interleukin-2 (rIL-2, Cetus Corp., Emeryville, Calif., USA) were added. After 24 h, the supernatant was collected and its tumor necrosis factor (TNF) content was determined by measuring its cytotoxic effect on WEHI-164 clone 13 cells as previously described (60).
Infection of MEC with rAd
B6 MEC were infected with rAd diluted in 1 ml Iscove's modified Dulbecco's medium containing 0.5% bovine serum albumine. After 30 minutes at room temperature Iscove's modified Dulbecco's medium containing 10% FCS was added. The multiplicity of infection (MOI) (for B6 MEC a moi of 50 was used) was chosen to give at least 80% of infected cell. This was determined by infection with Ad.RSVβ-Gal carrying the Escherichia coli LacZ. gene, encoding β-galactosidase under control of the promotor from the rous sarcoma virus long terminal repeat, followed by X-gal staining 48 hours later.
Generation of CTL Bulk Cultures
5×106 spleen cells per well, derived from B6 mice taken 2 weeks or more after the intra-peritoneal immunization with 1×108 plaque forming units (PFU) of rAd or the replication-defective Ad5-mutant Ad5 ts 149 were co-cultured for 6 days with 10% irradiated (25GY) IFN-γ (10 units/ml) treated stimulator cells in 24-wells plates. Next, effector cells were harvested and dead cells were removed by density centrifugation on lympholyte M. These cells were used in a cell-mediated lymphocyte cytotoxicity assay.
Cell-Mediated Lymphocyte Cytotoxicity.
Experimental procedures to measure cell-mediated cytotoxicity were performed in an Europium-(Eu3+) release assay as described elsewhere (56). In short, varying numbers of effector cells were added to 103 Eur3+-labeled target cells in 0.15 ml of culture medium in 96-well U-bottomed plates. After a 4 hour incubation at 37° C., supernatants were collected and mixed with Enhancer solution® (Wallac, Turku, Finland). Measurement of the samples took place in a 1234 Delfia® fluorometer (Wallac). The mean percentage specific lysis of triplicate wells was calculated as follows:
% Specific lysis=((cpm experimental release—cpm spontaneous release)/(cpm maximum release—cpm spontaneous release)]×100.
Peptides.
Peptides were generated by solid phase strategies on a multiple peptide synthesizer (Abimed AMS 422) as described previously (61).
Tumor Cell Challenge.
C57BL/6.mice were immunized intra-peritoneally with.1×108 plaque forming units (PFU) or rAd or the replication-defective Ad5-mutant Ad5 ts 149 in 0.25 ml PBS/BSA. Two weeks later the mice were sub-cutaneously challenged with 0.4×106 Ad5E1A+ras cells in 0.25 ml PBS. Tumor volumes were measured with a caliper. Animals were sacrificed when their tumors grew larger than 10003 mm to avoid unnecessary suffering.
Results
Insertion of the Coding Sequences of Several CTL Epitoles into pMad5
Vaccination with recombinant viruses encoding intact oncoproteins is intrinsically hazardous, because it can lead to transformation of recombinant virus-infected cells. Therefore, we set out to assemble two minigenes encoding several different CTL epitopes, that were cloned behind the major-late promotor of the vector pMad5. Since we set out to study whether rAd expressing several CTL epitopes in a string-of-bead fashion can be used for vaccination purposes the CTL epitopes used for the construction of the minigene were selected on basis of tile availability of CTL clones recognizing the CTL epitopes and/or tumor cells expressing the CTL epitopes. Based upon current knowledge of antigen processing and presentation the CTL epitopes were separated from each other by a spacer of three alanines. The incorporation of the proteolytic cleavage site of three alanines ensures that the encoded CTL eptipes are properly processed (62). The availability of CTL clones recognizing the minigene-encoded CTL epitope is important in order to determine whether the minigene is translated and whether the encoded CTL epitopes are presented in the context of the proper MHC class I-molecule. Likewise, the available murine tumor-models can be used as read-out in order to determine whether the constructed rAd are able, upon vaccination, to induce protective respectively therapeutic CTL mediated anti-cancer immunity.
Based upon these considerations we generated two recombinant adenoviruses encoding two synthetic minigenes (
Since introduction of the minigenes into cells leads to presentation of the desired CTL epitopes in the context of the appropriate MHC-restriction molecules, the plasmids pMad5-1 and pMad5-2 harbouring minigene 1 or 2 have been used to generate replication-defective rAd.
The CTL Epitopes Encoded by the Constructed rAd are Processed and Presented to Tumor-Specific CTL.
In order to analyse whether the generated rAd are able, upon infection, to activate tumor-specific CTL clones, B6 MEC have been infected with the constructed rAd. These rAd-infected MEC were used as stimulator cells in a T cell activation assay, using TNF-prouction as read-out. For reasons of convenience, we focussed in these experiments on the H-2b-encoded, virus-derived CTL epitopes. Upon infection with the rAd encoding minigene 1 (rAd-1), both the Ad5E1A-, HPV16 E7-, and the Ad5E1B-derived CTL epitopes are presented to the appropriate CTL, since these CTL were activated when incubated with B6 MEC infected with this virus, but not when incubated with B6MEC infected with a control rAd (
5. Vaccination of B6 Mice with rAd Induces Tumor-Reactive CTL Activity.
Since the rAd are able to deliver all three H-2-restricted viral CTL epitopes, we have analysed whether vaccination with these viruses induce CTL activity against these CTL epitopes. Indeed, bulk CTL cultures derived from B6 mice immunized with the rAd-1 display high CTL activity against the Ad5E1A-. HPVI6 E7-, and the Ad5E1B-encoded CTL epitopes (
Immunization with rAd-1 Induces Protective Immunity Against a Challenge with Ad5E1A+ras Transformed Tumor Cells.
The data described above show that immunization wtih rAd-1 or rAd-2 induce strong tumor-reactive CTL activity against all tested CTL epitopes. To test whether mice. vaccinated with rAd are also protected against a lethal challenge with tumor cells, we challenged these mice-with tumor cells transformed by the Ad5E1A-region and an activated ras oncogene (53). These tumor cells only express the Ad5E1A-encoded CTL epitope, and it is therefore anticipated that rAd-1 only, but not rAd-2, is able to induce protective immunity against this tumor upon vaccination. Indeed, mice immunized with rAd-1, but not mice immunized with rAd-2 or PBS/BSA only, were protected against the outgrowth of Ad5E1A+ras expressing tumor cells (
Comments
This example shows that rAd encoding defined CTL epitopes in a string-of-bead fashion, in which the CTL epitopes are linked to each other by sequences that ensure efficient processing and presentation of the CTL epitopes are very potent in inducing protective CTL responses against tumors. All CTL epitopes encoded by the rAd were processed and presented to tumor- and virus-specific CTL, illustrating that multiple CTL epitopes can be-delivered to the host by a single vaccination, leading to strong and protective CTL responses. rAd are easy to manufacture, and do not cause side-effects when used for vaccination, in contrast to other carriers as vaccinia. Therefore, this method of vaccination is very effective and safe and is currently being used to deliver other CTL epitopes described in this invention.
Along the same way as described in Example 4, a vaccine will be prepared, in which the CTL epitopes are incorportated described in Tables X-XX. The vaccine is prepared with the following characteristics:
A vaccine for melanoma is prepared harbouring peptides mentioned in Table XI, a vaccine for colon carcinoma is prepared harbouzing peptides mentioned in Tables XII and XX, a vaccine for cervical carcinoma is prepared harbouring peptides mentioned in Tables XIII-XVI, a vaccine for HIV is prepared harbouring the peptides mentioned in Table XIX. When appropriate, peptide T cell epitopes other than the ones listed in Tables X-XX are incorporated into these multi-epitope vaccines.
The T cell epitopes present in these vaccines are linked to each other by the following proteolytic cleavage sites (or part of these proteolytic cleavage sites):
The first minigene (rAd-1) encodes an Ad5E1A234-243-encoded, H-2Db-restricted CTL epitope (55), an HPV16E749-59-encoded, H-2Db-restricted CTL epitope (70), a p53158-166-encoded, H-2Kb-restricted CTL epitope (unpublished results), an Ad5E1B192-200-encoded, H-2Db-restricted CTL epitope (56), and a Myc-Tag.
The second minigene (rAd-2) encodes an HPVI6 E786-93-encoded, HLA-A*0201-restricted CTL epitope (71), an Flu-matrix58-66, HLAA*0201-restricted CTL epitope (72), An HPVI6 E711-20-encoded, HLAA*0201-restricted CTL epitope (71), an Ad5E1B192-200-encoded, H-2Dbrestricted CTL epitope (56), and a Myc-Tag.
All relevant CTL were activated by COS-7 cells transfected with a plasmid encoding minigene 1 (but not an irrelevant control plasmid) together with a plasmid encoding the appropriate restriction molecule. Thus, minigene 1 is translated into protein and the encoded CTL epitopes are processed and presented in the context of the appropriate MHC-molecule to tumor-specific CTL.
74. Evan, G. I., Lewis, G. K., Ramsay, G. Bishop, M. Isolation of monoclonal antibodies specific for human c-Myc proto-oncogene product. Mol.Cell.Biol.5. 3610-3616, 1985.
aamino-acid sequence of the HPV peptides
bbinding capacity (IC50) to the given HLA class I molecule as tested in the molecular binding assay [28]. For some peptides two IC50 values are given: HLA-A*0201, the value at the right of the backslash was reported in a later publication [29]: HLA-A*0301, the value at the right side was determined using a molecular binding assay which employs the same FL-labeled reference peptide as used in the cellular binding assay [Drijfhout, manuscript in
cthe presence of the HLA-A*0201 or HLA-A*0301 binding motif in the peptide
dbinding capacity of the peptides is shown as the concentration of peptide needed to inhibit binding of the FL-labeled peptide to 50% (IC50 in μM)
*the non-labeled reference peptides, the ‘ash means that their IC50 in the molecular binding assay is not known.
aamino-acid sequence of the peptides
bbinding capacity (IC50 in nM) to the given HLA class I molecule as tested in the molecular binding assay [29]
cbinding capacity of the peptides in the present study is shown as the concentration of peptide needed to inhibit binding of the FL-labeled peptide to 50% (IC50 in μM)
aThe amino-acid sequence of conserved peptides derived from HIV-1
bposition of first and last amino-acid in HIV-1 polymerase derived from strain JR-CSF
cPeptides were tested in the competition assay at 4° C. with an incubation time of 24 hours. The binding capacity of the peptides is shown as the range of the concentration of peptide needed to inhibit binding of the FL-labeled peptide to 50% (IC50 in μM). The peptides that are marked with a asterisk (*) are considered to be potential CTL epitopes.
Table IV
aPeptide origin, position of first and last amino-acid and amino-acid sequence and binding affinity as described previously (10, 24).
bAffinity was measured as described recently (17). IC50 represents the amount of peptide required for 50% inhibition of binding of the fluorescein-labeled reference peptide to HLA-A*0201
cImmunogenicity of the peptide was determined by injection of peptide doses of 10- to 100-fold in excess of what is required to elicit optimal CTL responses emulsified in IFA together with an equimolar amount of I-A° T-helper epitope (10, 11): − non-immunogenic. + immunogenic
dThe time required for 50% of the molecules to decay (DT50%) is given starting from t = 2 hours at 37° C. NS = non stable: <10% of HLA molecules were detectable after a 2 hour incubation at 37° C.
Table VI
aPeptide origin, position of first amino-acid and amino-acid sequence of the different HLA-A*0201 restricted CTL epitopes are given (20, 25-36).
bBinding affinity was measured as described recently (17). IC50 represents the amount of peptide required for 50% inhibition of binding of the fluorescein-labeled reference peptide to HLA-A*0201
cThe time required for 50% of the molecules to decay (DT50%) is given starting from t = 2 hours at 37° C. NS = non stable, <10% of HLA molecules were detectable after a 2 hour incubation at 37° C.
dRC: recall experiment wherein CTL already primed by viral infection of the patient in vivo were boosted in vitro with peptide to detect the precise epitope. All authors used similar protocols. CTL: peptides were used to identify the epitopes recognized by CTL which were obtained from patients. PR1: CTL were primed in vitro with an autologous EBV transformed B-cell line and then cloned, peptides were used to map the epitope recognized. PR2: CTL were induced in vitro using repeated
aFisher's 2-tailed exact test for 2 by 2 tables.
bThe relation between binding affinity and immunogenicity was determined by comparison of the high-affinity binding peptides with the low-affinity binding peptides. using a Fisher's 2-tailed exact test for 2 by 2 tables.
*Fisher's 2-tailed exact test for 2 by 2 tables.
Table VIII
aPeptide amino-acid sequence, protein and position of the first amino-acid of the different HLA-A*0201 binding potential CTL epitopes are given.
bAverage binding affinity was measured as described recently (17). IC50 represents the amount of peptide required for 50% inhibition of binding of the fluorescein-labeled reference peptide to HLA-A*0201
cThe time required for 50% of the molecules to decay (DT50%) is given starting from t = 2 hours at 37° C. NS = non stable: <10% of HLA molecules were detectable after a 2 hour incubation at 37° C.
dAverage of all mice and range of observed responses.
eNumber of mice which mounted a peptide-specific CTL response per total mice vaccinated.
Legend to Table IX:
1Protein Sources from which peptides have been derived are mentioned. For Melan-A/Mart-1-derived peptides the respective aa positions are indicated. Positive control peptides have been described elswhere (40, 45-47).
2Fluorescence index (F.I.) is calculated for binding of peptides to T2 cells at 25 μg/ml. The T2 binding assay has been described elswhere (2).
3Concentration of the peptide that inhibits 50% of maximal binding of reference HBV core peptide. This binding assay employing MHC class I molecules on intact B cells is described under Example 1.
4Relative stability of peptide binding to HLA-A*0201, calculated as DT50% see Example 2 for experimental procedures).
5NS = not stable; DT50% not calculated because of absence of peptide binding after 2 hrs.
6Immunogenicity of peptide (see text Example 3).
The following table presents preselected peptides derived from human melanoma associated protein tyrosinase capable of upregulating HLA-A*0201molecules on T2 cells.
Preselected peptides having an amino acid sequence derived from HPV16/18 protein, wherein said amino acid sequence has the ability to bind to human MHC Class I allele HLA-A2.1 and is selected from the group consisting of:
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 96201145.8 | Apr 1996 | EP | regional |
| 96203670.3 | Dec 1996 | EP | regional |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 09065028 | Jun 1998 | US |
| Child | 11085749 | Mar 2005 | US |
