Patent Grant
8652769
The invention involves the substantially uniform binding of fluorochrome(s) to the DNA within mammalian spermatozoa (or sperm cells) allowing such labeled spermatozoa to be separated into high purity X-chromosome bearing and Y-chromosome bearing populations. Specifically, methods for the substantially uniform binding of fluorochrome(s) to the DNA of mammalian spermatozoa contained within previously frozen and then thawed semen. In addition, the invention further involves devices, methods, and compositions for the use of high purity separated X-chromosome bearing and Y-chromosome bearing populations of spermatozoa from previously frozen-thawed semen in processes involving, but not limited to, artificial insemination, surgical insemination, and in-vitro fertilization and embryo culturing techniques.
Sperm can be collected from a great variety of mammals and then separated into X-chromosome bearing and Y-chromosome bearing populations based upon the difference in DNA content. In some conventional methods of spermatozoa separation, the DNA content of the spermatozoa to be separated can be stained with a fluorochrome(s) that upon excitation emit(s) a measurable amount of fluorescence. Because X-chromosome bearing spermatozoa contain a greater amount of DNA than Y-chromosome bearing spermatozoa, each X-chromosome bearing spermatozoa has the capacity to bind a relatively greater amount of fluorochrome than the corresponding Y-chromosome bearing spermatozoa. Comparison of the relative magnitude of emitted fluorescence upon excitation of the fluorochrome(s) allows the isolation of X-chromosome bearing spermatozoa from Y-chromosome bearing spermatozoa as described by U.S. Pat. No. 5,135, 759, hereby incorporated by reference.
Even though X-chromosome bearing spermatozoa and Y-chromosome bearing spermatozoa have been differentiated by and separated based upon the difference in emitted fluorescence for many years, and even though there is large commercial market for isolated populations of X-chromosome bearing spermatozoa and Y-chromosome bearing spermatozoa, there remain significant problems yet to be resolved.
A significant problem with conventional methods of separating X-chromosome bearing spermatozoa from Y-chromosome bearing spermatozoa can be that each resulting population contains a significant number of incorrectly separated spermatozoa that belong in the other population. This problem in differentiating between spermatozoa can, in part, be attributed to the lack of uniformity in the amount of fluorochrome bound to the spermatozoal DNA. As such, a range in the amount of fluorochrome bound by X-chromosome bearing spermatozoa is generated and a range in the amount of fluorochrome bound by Y-chromosome bearing spermatozoa is generated. When these ranges in the amount of fluorochrome overlap or yield some values that are similar, it can be difficult or impossible to classify those individual spermatozoa to one population or the other with any degree of certainty and cross contamination of the populations can occur.
This particular problem can be exacerbated with regard to spermatozoa obtained from frozen and subsequently thawed mammalian semen. The mean purity for separated Y-chromosome bearing spermatozoa population derived from previously frozen-thawed semen can be 85% or less, and the mean purity for separated X-chromosome bearing spermatozoa population derived from previously frozen-thawed semen can be 82% or less.
Another significant problem associated with staining of spermatozoal DNA can be the detrimental effects on fertilization rates and subsequent embryonic development of fertilized oocyte(s) (oocyte, ootid, or ovum, or a plurality of same, as may be appropriate within a specific application). One aspect of this problem may be that the amount of stain bound to the DNA may effect the viability of the spermatozoa resulting in lower fertilization rates. Another aspect of this problem can be that the amount of time that elapses during the staining of the DNA may effect the viability of the sperm resulting in lower fertilization rates. Another aspect of this problem may be that the amount of time that elapses during staining of the DNA may lower subsequent cleavage rates of oocytes fertilized with such stained spermatozoa. A 20% decline in cleavage rates have been observed for oocytes when staining time requires 190 minutes as compared to when staining time requires 60 minutes. Another aspect of this problem may be that the percent of oocytes fertilized with stained spermatozoa that proceed to blastulation may be lower as described in the journal article entitled “In vitro Fertilization with Flow-Cytometrically-Sorted Bovine Sperm”, Theriogenology 52: 1393-1405 (1999), hereby incorporated by reference herein.
Another significant problem may be that cryopreserved sperm may demostrate increased capacitation, and the length of time such spermatozoa are viable may be shortened. As such, if previously frozen spermatozoa are to be separated into X-chromosome bearing and Y-chromosome bearing populations that are to be subsequently used in applications such as in-vitro fertilization, in-vivo artificial insemination, or the like, then routine staining procedures may have to be abbreviated to maintain suitable number of viable sperm cells.
As relating to the problems of staining spermatozoa uniformly, even when spermatozoa are obtained from previously frozen-thawed semen; maintaining sperm viability; separating stained spermatozoa into X-chromosome bearing and Y-chromosome bearing populations, even when the spermatozoa being separated are obtained from previously frozen semen; generating populations of X-chromosome bearing and Y-chromosome bearing spermatozoa having high purity; and successfully using separated spermatozoa for artificial insemination, surgical insemination, and in-vitro fertilization techniques it can be understood there are significant problems with conventional technology which are addressed by the instant invention.
A broad object of embodiments of the invention can be to provide DNA staining technology that allows substantially uniform amounts of fluorochrome to be bound to the DNA of all individual spermatozoa bearing an X-chromosome and substantially uniform amounts of fluorochrome to be bound to all individual spermatozoa bearing a Y-chromosome within an amount of semen.
One aspect of this broad object of the invention can be to narrow the range in magnitude of emitted fluorescence for each of the X-chromosome bearing population and the Y-chromosome bearing population of spermatozoa upon passing through a fluorochrome excitation source.
Another aspect of this broad object of the invention can be to increase the difference between the mean values of magnitude of emitted fluorescence for each of the X-chromosome bearing population and the Y-chromosome bearing population of spermatozoa upon passing through a fluorochrome excitation source.
Another aspect of this broad object of the invention can be to decrease the number of spermatozoa incorrectly assigned to each of the X-chromosome bearing population and the Y-chromosome bearing population of spermatozoa.
Another aspect of this broad object of the invention can be to generate separate X-chromosome bearing and Y-chromosome bearing populations having greater than 85% purity or greater than 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or even 99% purity.
Another broad object of embodiment of the invention can be to allow assessment of a wide range of genetics. Rather than being limited to the genetics of individuals from species of mammals having proximity to a spermatozoa separating or sorting facility, genetics representing a wide variety of individuals from numerous species can be transported as frozen semen to distant spermatozoa separation facilities for subsequent separation into X-chromosome bearing and into Y-chromosome bearing populations. These species of mammals may include, but are not limited to primates, such as chimpanzees, gorillas, humans, or the like; marine mammals, such as whales, porpoises, or the like; bovids; ovids; swine; canids; felids; or equids, as but a few examples. It may also include genetics that are considered rare because the species of mammal may be endangered or few in number; or considered rare because the individual has desirable morphological, physiological, or intellectual attributes.
Another broad object of embodiments of the invention can provide separation technology for differentiating between X-chromosome bearing and Y-chromosome bearing spermatozoa obtained from frozen-thawed semen.
Another object of embodiments of the invention can be to provide DNA staining technology to more uniformly stain the DNA of spermatozoa contained in frozen-thawed semen to improve the apparent resolution between X-chromosome bearing and Y-chromosome bearing spermatozoa.
Another object of embodiments of the invention can be to provide high purity artificial insemination samples prepared from separated spermatozoa from frozen-thawed semen.
Another object of embodiments of the invention can be to provide high purity low dose artificial insemination samples prepared from separated spermatozoa from frozen-thawed semen.
Another object of embodiments of the invention can be to provide high purity insemination samples for surgical insemination procedures prepared from separated spermatozoa from frozen-thawed semen.
Another object of an embodiment of the invention can be to provide high purity insemination samples for in-vitro fertilization procedures prepared from separated spermatozoa from frozen-thawed semen.
Another object of an embodiment of the invention can be to provide high purity insemination samples for in-vitro fertilization procedures prepared from separated spermatozoa from frozen-thawed human semen.
Another object of an embodiment of the invention can be to provide technology for staining and separation of spermatozoa from frozen-thawed sperm into X-chromosome bearing populations and Y-chromosome bearing populations for in-vitro fertilization of oocyte(s) that is not detrimental to cleavage rates or embryonic development.
Naturally further objects of the invention are disclosed throughout other areas of specification.
To routinely separate spermatozoa (live, fixed, viable, non-viable, or nuclei) into high purity X-chromosome bearing samples and into Y-chromosome bearing samples, the method used to sort the X-chromosome bearing and Y-chromosome bearing spermatozoa must provide sufficient resolution of the X-chromosome bearing spermatozoa from the Y-chromosome bearing spermatozoa so that separation or sorting step(s) can be achieved without substantial cross contamination.
Resolution or differentiation of spermatozoa can be based upon ascertaining the difference in the fluorescent emission from the amount of fluorochrome bound to the DNA within the X-chromosome bearing spermatozoa upon excitation and the fluorescent emission from the amount of fluorochrome bound to the DNA within the Y-chromosome bearing spermatozoa upon excitation. Separation of X-chromosome bearing spermatozoa and Y-chromosome bearing spermatozoa based upon this measurable difference may then be achieved by a number of methods such as flow cytometry, liquid chromatography, gel electrophoresis, and other technologies that similarly compare the relative magnitude of fluorescence to differentiate between X-chromosome bearing spermatozoa and the Y-chromosome bearing spermatozoa.
Spermatozoa separation systems can have problems differentiating between the fluorescent emission generated by the fluorochrome bound to the DNA of X-spermatozoa, and the fluorescent emission generated by the fluorochrome bound to the DNA of Y-spermatozoa upon excitation when the amount of the fluorochrome bound to the DNA of individual spermatozoa is not consistent within the Y-chromosome bearing or X-chromosome bearing populations. These difficulties in differentiating between the amount of fluorescent emissions generated by the bound fluorochrome(s) become exacerbated when spermatozoa are obtained from frozen-thawed sperm which are stained by conventional techniques.
The failure to stain the spermatozoal DNA consistently can generate a broader range of fluorescing species for both X-chromosome bearing and Y-chromosome bearing populations of spermatozoa. This broader range of fluorescing species for the two populations results in an increased range of apparent DNA molecular weights and a decreased ability to resolve X-chromosome bearing from Y-chromosome bearing spermatozoa. The decrease in resolution makes separation of the X-chromosome bearing spermatozoa from the Y-chromosome bearing spermatozoa more difficult and results in cross contamination between populations and a lower purity of separated spermatozoa samples are obtained.
Particular embodiments of the invention provide technology to stain the DNA of live viable spermatozoa or the spermatozoal DNA of frozen-thawed semen specimens to allow increased resolution of X-chromosome bearing from the Y-chromosome bearing spermatozoa resulting in high purity X-chromosome bearing and high purity Y-chromosome bearing populations of sperm cells. As such, it is understood that the term high purity can mean greater resolution of the X-chromosome bearing from the Y-chromosome bearing spermatozoa compared to conventional staining technology for a given application. High purity can also mean less cross contamination between separated spermatozoa populations compared to conventional separation technologies.
For example, in particular flow cytometry embodiments of the invention, high purity for stained frozen-thawed live spermatozoa can mean sorted populations of X-chromosome bearing spermatozoa and Y-chromosome bearing spermatozoa having a purity greater than about 85%. However, if live viable sperm or sperm nuclei are being sorted high purity may mean X-chromosome bearing and Y-chromosome bearing populations having a purity greater than about 90%. As can be understood, the definition of high purity is contextual involving a comparison of the results obtained from each embodiment of the invention compared to the results obtained when utilizing convention technologies for a particular application. In the context of spermatozoa having DNA that stains poorly, such as previously frozen-thawed spermatozoal DNA, high purity can mean populations of isolated spermatozoa bearing greater than 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% of either an X-chromosome or a Y-chromosome.
Embodiments of the invention can include spermatozoa collected from numerous species of male mammals, and the invention should be understood not to be limited to the species of male mammals described by the specific examples within this application. Rather the specific examples within this application are intended to be illustrative of the varied and numerous species of male mammals from which semen can be collected and utilized in certain embodiments of the invention. Embodiments of the invention, for example, may include the spermatozoa of animals having commercial value for meat or dairy production such as swine, ovids, bovids, equids, buffalo, or the like (naturally the mammals used for meat or dairy production may vary from culture to culture). It may also include the spermatozoa of various domesticated mammalian species encompassed by canids and felids. It may also include spermatozoa from individuals of various mammalian species that have uncommon attribute(s), such as morphological characteristics including weight, size, or conformation, or other desired characteristics such as speed, agility, intellect, or the like. It may also include spermatozoa of primates, including but not limited to chimpanzees, gorillas, or humans and the spermatozoa from marine mammals such as whales and dolphins It may also include frozen-thawed spermatozoa from all the various mammals above-described and further, including but not limited to, the spermatozoa of deceased donors, from rare or exotic mammals, zoological specimens, or endangered species.
Now referring primarily to
The concentration of Hoechst 33342 stain between 40 μM and 2500 μM, the temperature between 30° Centigrade and about 40° Centigrade, and the duration of time between 50 minutes and 200 minutes can be selected to adjust the purity of the separated X-chromosome bearing and Y-chromosome bearing populations, or can be selected to promote cleavage rates and embryonic development, as further discussed below.
For example, when staining spermatozoal DNA from certain bovine species, the concentration of Hoechst 33342 can be increased to between about 200 μM and about 2500 μM, incubated for a period of time between about 60 minutes to about 190 minutes at a temperature of about 37° Centigrade. Specifically with respect to certain frozen-thawed bovine spermatozoa, the Hoechst 33342 stain (2) can be adjusted to establish a concentration of 2240 μM and then incubated for about 60 minutes at about 39° Centigrade.
With respect to the cleavage rates of oocytes inseminated with mammalian sperm cells treated according to the invention, the increase in stain concentration up to at least 2240 μM does not appear to have a depressive effect on either cleavage or embryonic development. Higher stain concentrations may actually be beneficial with respect to certain embodiments of the invention because the length of incubation time may be decreased improving percent cleavage or blastocyst formation. From application to application the concentration of Hoechst 33342, the length of incubation time, or both can be adjusted to obtain the maximal cleavage rate and blastocyst formation, if desired.
Now referring primarily to
Since the drops (11) generally contain individual isolated sperm cells, the flow cytometer can distinguish and separate droplets based upon the magnitude of fluorescence emitted from the fluorochrome bound to the spermatozoal DNA. This is accomplished through a cell sensing system (12). The cell sensing system involves at least some type of sensor (13) which responds to the magnitude of fluorescence emitted by each sperm cell contained within each drop (11). The sperm cell sensing system (13) may cause an action depending upon the relative presence or relative absence of fluorescence emitted by the bound fluorochrome upon excitation by some stimulant such as the laser exciter (14). While each spermatozoon can be stained by the fluorochrome, such as Hoechst 33342, as described above, the differing amount of DNA comprising the X-chromosome and the Y-chromosome causes different amounts of stain to be bound. Thus, by sensing the degree of fluorescence emitted by the fluorochrome upon excitation it is possible to discriminate between X-bearing spermatozoa and Y-bearing spermatozoa by their differing emission levels.
In order to achieve separation and isolation of the appropriate sperm cells, the signals received by sensor (14) are fed to some type of sorter discrimination system (15) which very rapidly makes a differentiation decision and can differentially charge each drop (11) based upon whether it has decided that the desired sperm cell does or does not exist within that drop (11). In this manner the separation or discrimination system (15) acts to permit the electrostatic deflection plates (16) to deflect drops (11) based on whether or not they contain the appropriate sperm cell. As a result, the flow cytometer acts to sort cells by causing them to land in one or more collectors or containment elements (17). Thus by sensing some property of the sperm cells (such as magnitude of fluorescense), the flow cytometer can discriminate between sperm cells based on that particular characteristic and place them in the appropriate collector or containment element (17). In particular embodiments of the invention using flow cytometry to sort spermatozoa, the X-bearing sperm cell containing droplets are charged positively and thus deflect in one direction, and the Y-bearing sperm cell containing droplets are charged negatively and thus deflect the other way, and the wasted stream (containing unsortable sperm cells) remain uncharged and thus can be collected in an undeflected stream into a suction tube, or the like.
Now referring primarily to
Embodiments of the invention can comprise droplets (11) each containing a sperm cell (15) bearing either an X-chromosome or a Y-chromosome. Droplets containing X-chromosome bearing sperm cells can be isolated into containment element(s) (17) at a rate of at least 1000 per second or at a rate greater than about 1000 per second, such as 2000 per second, 3000 per second, 4000 per second, 5000 per second, or higher. Similarly Y-chromosome bearing sperm cells can be isolated at a rate of at least 1000 per second or at a rate greater than about 1000 per second, such as 2000 per second, 3000 per second, 4000 per second, 5000 per second, or higher. In some embodiments of the invention, droplets containing X-chromosome bearing sperm cells and droplets containing Y-chromosome bearing sperm cells are simultaneously separated and isolated into containment elements each at a rate of at least 1000 per second, or greater than 1000 per second, such as 2000 per second, 3000 per second, 4000 per second, 5000 per second, or at even higher rates.
Embodiments of the invention can also include artificial insemination samples prepared from sperm cells collected from male mammals (which can be frozen and thawed with respect to some embodiments of the invention) that are then stained and separated according to embodiments of the invention above-described. The artificial insemination samples can then be utilization in artificial insemination protocols. For example, a bovine artificial insemination sample prepared from separated spermatozoa according to the invention can comprise fewer than 10×106 viable spermatozoa contained within a straw. Low dose artificial insemination samples for bovine artificial insemination can contain as few as 1−3×106 viable spermatozoa, or even as few as 150,000 spermatozoa as described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/001,394, or PCT patent application Ser. No. US98/27909, each hereby incorporated by reference. Artificial insemination samples, having a regular number of separated sperm cells or a low dose of separated sperm cells can be used in animal breeding programs, such as those described in U.S. Patent Applications 60/224,050 and 60/21,093, each hereby incorporated by reference. Artificial insemination samples containing previously frozen and thawed spermatozoa stained and separated according to the invention can also be utilized in conjunction with synchronized breeding programs using superovulated animals as described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/001,454, hereby incorporated by reference herein. Naturally, for frozen sperm cells that are of limited availability because the male mammal is deceased, or the male mammal is a rare or exotic animal, an artificial insemination sample prepared according to the invention may contain even fewer spermatozoa.
The number of viable separated spermatozoa that are stained, separated, and isolated into X-chromosome bearing or Y-chromosome bearing populations according to the invention that are used in an artificial insemination sample can vary based upon the species of mammal to be artificially inseminated. For example, equine artificial insemination samples prepared from separated spermatozoa may require a higher number of viable separated spermatozoa relative to the bovine application, as described in PCT patent application Ser. No. US99/17165, hereby incorporated by reference. An embodiment of an equine insemination sample may, as but one example, contain between about forty million to about one-hundred million spermatozoa.
In certain embodiments of the invention, the insemination sample containing separated spermatozoa collected from a male mammal or obtained from frozen-thawed sperm may be packaged for use with surgical insemination procedures
Sperm cells stained, separated, or isolated according to the invention can also be used to fertilize oocyte(s) in-vitro (IVF). An attractive feature of IVF can be that fewer separated sperm are need than for artificial insemination. It may be desirable to use the fewest sperm possible, especially if the male mammal is deceased, rare, or exotic or if the spermatozoa are stained or separated in accordance with various embodiments of the invention. Also, commercial availability of sperm cells separated into X-chromosome bearing and Y-chromosome bearing populations, especially when the male mammal is located a distance from the female mammal, or is exotic, rare, or has desirable attributes, will likely result in greatly expanded use of IVF in breeding programs. Certain embodiments of the invention can include devices and methodologies for the use of separated spermatozoa, including but not limited to frozen-thawed sperm cells, with respect to the in-vitro fertilization of oocytes, the in-vitro oocyte maturation, or the in-vitro culture of zygotes, such as those described in the journal article by Lu, K. H., Cran D. G., and Seidel, G. E., In-vitro Fertilization With Flow Cytometrically-Sorted Bovine Sperm, Theriogenology, 52, 1393-1405 (1999), hereby incorporated by reference.
Certain embodiments of the invention involving the production or generation of mammalian embryos can comprise collection of semen (1) from a male mammal or obtaining semen or spermatozoa (1) that are or have been previously frozen. According to embodiments of the invention described above, the semen is combined wtih Hoechst 33342 (2) stain to establish a concentration of between 40 μM and 2500 μM. The sperm cells are incubated with the Hoechst 33342 stain at a temperature between about 30° Centigrade and about 40° Centigrade for a duration of between about 50 minutes to about 200 minutes. The stained sperm cells may be separated and isolated into X-chromosome bearing and Y-chromosome bearing populations according to embodiments of the invention described above or by other sperm cell separation techniques that also differentiate X-chromosome bearing spermatozoa from Y-chromosome bearing spermatozoa based upon the magnitude of fluorescence. The isolated sperm cells may then be used to fertilize oocytes from a female mammal of the same species, and in some cases from female mammals of different species, in-vitro.
As an example of an application of embodiments of the invention involving frozen bull sperm in IVF applications, sperm samples from two bulls were stained either at a concentration of 224 μM or 2,240 of Hoechst 33342 and the stained spermatozoa were then bulk sorted on a flow cytometer at 1000 sperm/sec into 2% egg yolk citrate. Spermatozoa were inseminated at 1×106/mL and embryos were cultured in the mSOF system described by Tervit H. R. et al., Successful Culture In-Vitro of Sheep and Cattle Ova, J. Reprod. Fertil., 30:493-497(1992), hereby incorporated by reference. Three replicates were carried out for bull 1 and one replicate for bull 2 (Table 1). With conventional procedures, blastocyst production with separated spermatozoa can be 70-90% of controls with spermatozoa that have not been separated. For example, development of blastocyst has been shown to be 17% with bovine oocytes inseminated with separated spermatozoa, compared with >25% which might be expected with IVF using unseperated spermatozoa.
0a
16b
a,bPercentages within bulls within columns with different superscripts differ (P < .025, χ2)
As can be understood, it can take much longer to stain frozen-thawed sperm so that they can be resolved during separation at the lower stain concentration than at 10×stain concentration. The differences observed in cleavage rates between the two stain concentrations most likely can be attributed to the extended incubation time at the lower stain level. It appears that a 10-fold increase in stain concentration does not have depressive effect on either cleavage of embryonic development.
As can be easily understood from the foregoing, the basic concepts of the present invention may be embodied in a variety of ways. It involves the staining of spermatozoa, whether fresh spermatozoa or frozen-thawed spermatozoa, separation and isolation techniques which may be used with such stained spermatozoa, as well as devices to accomplish the staining, separation, and isolation of such stained spermatozoa into X-chromosome bearing and Y-chromosome bearing populations. In this patent application, the staining and separating techniques used with spermatozoa are disclosed as part of the results shown to be achieved by the various devices described and as steps which are inherent to utilization. They are simply the natural result of utilizing the devices as intended and described. In addition, while some devices are disclosed, it should be understood that these not only accomplish certain methods but also can be varied in a number of ways. Importantly, as to all of the foregoing, all of these facets should be understood to be encompassed by this disclosure.
The discussion included in this patent application is intended to serve as a basic description. The reader should be aware that the specific discussion may not explicitly describe all embodiments possible; many alternatives are implicit. It also may not fully explain the generic nature of the invention and may not explicitly show how each feature or element can actually be representative of a broader function or of a great variety of alternative or equivalent elements. Again, these are implicitly included in this disclosure. Where the invention is described in functionally-oriented terminology, each aspect of the function is accomplished by a device, subroutine, or program. Apparatus claims may not only be included for the devices described, but also method or process claims may be included to address the functions the invention and each element performs. Neither the description nor the terminology is intended to limit the scope of the claims which now be included.
Further, each of the various elements of the invention and claims may also be achieved in a variety of manners. This disclosure should be understood to encompass each such variation, be it a variation of an embodiment of any apparatus embodiment, a method or process embodiment, or even merely a variation of any element of these. Particularly, it should be understood that as the disclosure relates to elements of the invention, the words for each element may be expressed by equivalent apparatus terms or method terms—even if only the function or result is the same. Such equivalent, broader, or even more generic terms should be considered to be encompassed in the description of each element or action. Such terms can be substituted where desired to make explicit the implicitly broad coverage to which this invention is entitled. As but one example, it should be understood that all actions may be expressed as a means for taking that action or as an element which causes that action. Similarly, each physical element disclosed should be understood to encompass a disclosure of the action which that physical element facilitates. Regarding this last aspect, as but one example, the disclosure of a “sorter” should be understood to encompass disclosure of the act of “sorting”—whether explicitly discussed or not—and, conversely, were there only disclosure of the act of “sorting”, such a disclosure should be understood to encompass disclosure of a “sorter” and even a “means for sorting”. Such changes and alternative terms are to be understood to be explicitly included in the description. Additionally, the various combinations and permutations of all elements or applications can be created and presented. All can be done to optimize the design or performance in a specific application.
Any acts of law, statutes, regulations, or rules mentioned in this application for patent: or patents, publications, or other references mentioned in this application for patent are hereby incorporated by reference. Specifically, U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/253,787, filed Nov. 29, 2000, U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/253,785, filed Nov. 29, 2000, International Patent Application No. PCT/US01/45023 filed Nov. 29, 2001 and U.S. application Ser. No. 10/433,183 filed May 5, 2003 are hereby incorporated by reference including any figures or attachments, and each of references in the following table of references are hereby incorporated by reference.
In addition, as to each term used it should be understood that unless its utilization in this application is inconsistent with such interpretation, common dictionary definitions should be understood as incorporated for each term and all definitions, alternative terms, and synonyms such as contained in the Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary, second edition are hereby incorporated by reference. However, as to each of the above, to the extent that such information or statements incorporated by reference might be considered inconsistent with the patenting of this/these invention(s) such statements are expressly not to be considered as made by the applicant(s).
In addition, unless the context requires otherwise, it should be understood that the term “comprise” or variations such as “comprises” or “comprising”, are intended to imply the inclusion of a stated element or step or group of elements or steps but not the exclusion of any other element or step or group of elements or steps. Such terms should be interpreted in their most expansive form so as to afford the applicant the broadest coverage legally permissible in countries such as Australia and the like.
Thus, the applicant(s) should be understood to have support to claim at least: i) each of the staining, separation, isolation, insemination, or fertilization procedures as herein disclosed and described, ii) the related methods disclosed and described, iii) similar, equivalent, and even implicit variations of each of these devices and methods, iv) those alternative designs which accomplish each of the functions shown as are disclosed and described, v) those alternative designs and methods which accomplish each of the functions shown as are implicit to accomplish that which is disclosed and described, vi) each feature, component, and step shown as separate and independent inventions, vii) the applications enhanced by the various systems or components disclosed, viii) the resulting products produced by such systems or components, ix) methods and apparatuses substantially as described hereinbefore and with reference to any of the accompanying examples, and x) the various combinations and permutations of each of the elements disclosed.
The claims set forth in this specification are hereby incorporated by reference as part of this description of the invention, and the applicant expressly reserves the right to use all of or a portion of such incorporated content of such claims as additional description to support any of or all of the claims or any element or component thereof, and the applicant further expressly reserves the right to move any portion of or all of the incorporated content of such claims or any element or component thereof from the description into the claims or vice-versa as necessary to define the subject matter for which protection is sought by this application or by any subsequent continuation, division, or continuation-in-part application thereof, or to obtain any benefit of, reduction in fees pursuant to, or to comply with the patent laws, rules, or regulations of any country or treaty, and such content incorporated by reference shall survive during the entire pendency of this application including any subsequent continuation, division, or continuation-in-part application thereof or any reissue or extension thereon.
This application is a continuation of, and claims priority to, U.S. patent application No. 11/536,576 filed Sep. 28, 2006, issuing on Jul. 21, 2011 as U.S. Pat. No. 7,771,921 which is continuation of U.S. patent application No. 10/433,183 filed May 29, 2003, issuing on Apr. 21, 2011 as U.S. Pat. No. 7,713,687, which is a national stage of International Application No. PCT/US01/45023, filed Nov. 29, 2001, which claims benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/253,787, filed Nov. 29, 2000 and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/253,785, filed Nov. 29, 2000, each hereby incorporated by reference herein.
| Number | Name | Date | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 3005756 | VanDemark et al. | Oct 1961 | A |
| 3299354 | Hogg | Jan 1967 | A |
| 3499435 | Rockwell et al. | Mar 1970 | A |
| 3547526 | Devereux | Dec 1970 | A |
| 3644128 | Lipner | Feb 1972 | A |
| 3661460 | Elking et al. | May 1972 | A |
| 3687806 | Van den Bovenkamp | Aug 1972 | A |
| 3710933 | Fulwyler et al. | Jan 1973 | A |
| 3738759 | Dittrich et al. | Jun 1973 | A |
| 3756459 | Bannister | Sep 1973 | A |
| 3761187 | Dittrich et al. | Sep 1973 | A |
| 3761941 | Robertson | Sep 1973 | A |
| 3788744 | Friedman et al. | Jan 1974 | A |
| 3791384 | Richter et al. | Feb 1974 | A |
| 3791517 | Friedman | Feb 1974 | A |
| 3810010 | Thom | May 1974 | A |
| 3816249 | Bhattacharya | Jun 1974 | A |
| 3826364 | Bonner et al. | Jul 1974 | A |
| 3829216 | Persidsky | Aug 1974 | A |
| 3833796 | Fetner et al. | Sep 1974 | A |
| 3877430 | Wieder | Apr 1975 | A |
| 3893766 | Hogg | Jul 1975 | A |
| 3894529 | Shrimpton | Jul 1975 | A |
| 3906929 | Augspurger | Sep 1975 | A |
| 3909744 | Wisner et al. | Sep 1975 | A |
| 3944917 | Hogg et al. | Mar 1976 | A |
| 3947093 | Goshima et al. | Mar 1976 | A |
| 3960449 | Carleton et al. | Jun 1976 | A |
| 3963606 | Hogg | Jun 1976 | A |
| 3973003 | Colas | Aug 1976 | A |
| 3973196 | Hogg | Aug 1976 | A |
| 4006360 | Mueller | Feb 1977 | A |
| 4007087 | Ericsson | Feb 1977 | A |
| 4009260 | Ericsson | Feb 1977 | A |
| 4014611 | Simpson et al. | Mar 1977 | A |
| 4056324 | Gohde | Nov 1977 | A |
| 4058732 | Wieder | Nov 1977 | A |
| 4067965 | Bhattacharya | Jan 1978 | A |
| 4070617 | Kachel et al. | Jan 1978 | A |
| 4083957 | Lang | Apr 1978 | A |
| 4085205 | Hancock | Apr 1978 | A |
| 4092229 | Bhattacharya | May 1978 | A |
| 4110604 | Haynes et al. | Aug 1978 | A |
| 4148718 | Fulwyler | Apr 1979 | A |
| 4155831 | Bhattacharya | May 1979 | A |
| 4162282 | Fulwyler et al. | Jul 1979 | A |
| 4175662 | Zold | Nov 1979 | A |
| 4178936 | Newcomb | Dec 1979 | A |
| 4179218 | Erdmann et al. | Dec 1979 | A |
| 4189236 | Hogg et al. | Feb 1980 | A |
| 4191749 | Bryant | Mar 1980 | A |
| 4200802 | Salzman et al. | Apr 1980 | A |
| 4225229 | Gohde | Sep 1980 | A |
| 4225405 | Lawson | Sep 1980 | A |
| 4230558 | Fulwyler | Oct 1980 | A |
| 4255021 | Brunsden | Mar 1981 | A |
| 4263508 | Leary et al. | Apr 1981 | A |
| 4267268 | Nelson, Jr. | May 1981 | A |
| 4274408 | Nimrod | Jun 1981 | A |
| 4274740 | Eidenschink et al. | Jun 1981 | A |
| 4276139 | Lawson | Jun 1981 | A |
| 4302166 | Fulwyler et al. | Nov 1981 | A |
| 4317520 | Lombardo et al. | Mar 1982 | A |
| 4318480 | Lombardo et al. | Mar 1982 | A |
| 4318481 | Lombardo et al. | Mar 1982 | A |
| 4318482 | Barry et al. | Mar 1982 | A |
| 4325483 | Lombardo et al. | Apr 1982 | A |
| 4327177 | Shrimpton | Apr 1982 | A |
| 4339434 | Ericsson | Jul 1982 | A |
| 4341471 | Hogg et al. | Jul 1982 | A |
| 4348107 | Leif | Sep 1982 | A |
| 4350410 | Minott | Sep 1982 | A |
| 4352558 | Eisert | Oct 1982 | A |
| 4361400 | Gray et al. | Nov 1982 | A |
| 4362246 | Adair | Dec 1982 | A |
| 4367043 | Sweet et al. | Jan 1983 | A |
| 4395397 | Shapiro | Jul 1983 | A |
| 4395676 | Hollinger et al. | Jul 1983 | A |
| 4400764 | Kenyon | Aug 1983 | A |
| 4408877 | Lindmo et al. | Oct 1983 | A |
| 4422761 | Frommer | Dec 1983 | A |
| 4448767 | Bryant | May 1984 | A |
| 4474875 | Shrimpton | Oct 1984 | A |
| 4487320 | Auer | Dec 1984 | A |
| 4492436 | Bergmann | Jan 1985 | A |
| 4498766 | Unterleitner | Feb 1985 | A |
| 4501366 | Thompson | Feb 1985 | A |
| 4511661 | Goldberg | Apr 1985 | A |
| 4515274 | Hollinger et al. | May 1985 | A |
| 4523809 | Toboada et al. | Jun 1985 | A |
| 4538733 | Hoffman | Sep 1985 | A |
| 4545677 | Chupp | Oct 1985 | A |
| 4559309 | Evenson | Dec 1985 | A |
| 4573796 | Martin | Mar 1986 | A |
| 4585736 | Dolbeare et al. | Apr 1986 | A |
| 4598408 | O'Keefe | Jul 1986 | A |
| 4600302 | Sage, Jr. | Jul 1986 | A |
| 4605558 | Shrimpton | Aug 1986 | A |
| 4609286 | Sage, Jr. | Sep 1986 | A |
| 4629687 | Schindler et al. | Dec 1986 | A |
| 4631483 | Proni et al. | Dec 1986 | A |
| 4637691 | Uehara et al. | Jan 1987 | A |
| 32350 | Bhattacharya | Feb 1987 | A |
| 4654025 | Cassou et al. | Mar 1987 | A |
| 4659185 | Aughton | Apr 1987 | A |
| 4660971 | Sage et al. | Apr 1987 | A |
| 4661913 | Wu et al. | Apr 1987 | A |
| 4662742 | Chupp | May 1987 | A |
| 4673288 | Thomas et al. | Jun 1987 | A |
| 4673289 | Gaucher | Jun 1987 | A |
| 4680258 | Hammerling et al. | Jul 1987 | A |
| 4683195 | Mullis et al. | Jul 1987 | A |
| 4683202 | Mullis | Jul 1987 | A |
| 4691829 | Auer | Sep 1987 | A |
| 4698142 | Muroi et al. | Oct 1987 | A |
| 4702598 | Böhmer | Oct 1987 | A |
| 4704891 | Recktenwald et al. | Nov 1987 | A |
| 4710635 | Chupp | Dec 1987 | A |
| 4714680 | Civin | Dec 1987 | A |
| 4737025 | Steen | Apr 1988 | A |
| 4744090 | Freiberg | May 1988 | A |
| 4749458 | Muroi et al. | Jun 1988 | A |
| 4752131 | Eisenlauer et al. | Jun 1988 | A |
| 4756427 | Gohde et al. | Jul 1988 | A |
| 4758729 | Monnin | Jul 1988 | A |
| 4764013 | Johnston | Aug 1988 | A |
| 4765737 | Harris et al. | Aug 1988 | A |
| 4770992 | den Engh et al. | Sep 1988 | A |
| 4778593 | Yamashita et al. | Oct 1988 | A |
| 4780406 | Dolbeare et al. | Oct 1988 | A |
| 4780451 | Donaldson | Oct 1988 | A |
| 4786165 | Yamamoto et al. | Nov 1988 | A |
| 4790653 | North, Jr. | Dec 1988 | A |
| 4794086 | Kasper et al. | Dec 1988 | A |
| 4796788 | Bond | Jan 1989 | A |
| 4818103 | Thomas et al. | Apr 1989 | A |
| 4831385 | Archer et al. | May 1989 | A |
| 4836038 | Baldwyn | Jun 1989 | A |
| 4845025 | Lary et al. | Jul 1989 | A |
| 4846785 | Cassou | Jul 1989 | A |
| 4867908 | Recktenwald et al. | Sep 1989 | A |
| 4871249 | Watson | Oct 1989 | A |
| 4876458 | Takeda et al. | Oct 1989 | A |
| 4877965 | Dandliker et al. | Oct 1989 | A |
| 4887721 | Martin et al. | Dec 1989 | A |
| 4915501 | Steen | Apr 1990 | A |
| 4936465 | Zold | Jun 1990 | A |
| 4942305 | Sommer | Jul 1990 | A |
| 4954715 | Zold | Sep 1990 | A |
| 4957363 | Takeda et al. | Sep 1990 | A |
| 4959354 | Barbetti | Sep 1990 | A |
| 4965204 | Civin | Oct 1990 | A |
| 4979093 | Laine et al. | Dec 1990 | A |
| 4980277 | Junilla | Dec 1990 | A |
| 4981580 | Auer | Jan 1991 | A |
| 4983038 | Ohki et al. | Jan 1991 | A |
| 4987539 | Moore et al. | Jan 1991 | A |
| 4988619 | Pinkel | Jan 1991 | A |
| 4989977 | North, Jr. | Feb 1991 | A |
| 4999283 | Zavos et al. | Mar 1991 | A |
| 5005981 | Schulte et al. | Apr 1991 | A |
| 5007732 | Ohki et al. | Apr 1991 | A |
| 5017497 | Grooth et al. | May 1991 | A |
| 5021244 | Spaulding | Jun 1991 | A |
| 5030002 | North, Jr. | Jul 1991 | A |
| 5034613 | Denk et al. | Jul 1991 | A |
| 5040890 | North, Jr. | Aug 1991 | A |
| 5043591 | Ludlow et al. | Aug 1991 | A |
| 5055393 | Kwoh et al. | Oct 1991 | A |
| 5057413 | Terstappen et al. | Oct 1991 | A |
| 5072382 | Kamentsky | Dec 1991 | A |
| 5076472 | Gross et al. | Dec 1991 | A |
| 5079959 | Miyake et al. | Jan 1992 | A |
| 5084004 | Ranoux | Jan 1992 | A |
| 5087295 | Gross et al. | Feb 1992 | A |
| 5088816 | Tomioka et al. | Feb 1992 | A |
| 5089714 | Ludlow et al. | Feb 1992 | A |
| 5098657 | Blackford et al. | Mar 1992 | A |
| 5101978 | Marcus | Apr 1992 | A |
| 5116125 | Rigler | May 1992 | A |
| 5127729 | Oetliker et al. | Jul 1992 | A |
| 5132548 | Borden et al. | Jul 1992 | A |
| 5135759 | Johnson | Aug 1992 | A |
| 5138181 | Lefevre et al. | Aug 1992 | A |
| 5142140 | Yamazaki et al. | Aug 1992 | A |
| 5142462 | Kashima | Aug 1992 | A |
| 5144224 | Larsen | Sep 1992 | A |
| 5150313 | Van den Engh et al. | Sep 1992 | A |
| 5158889 | Hirako et al. | Oct 1992 | A |
| 5159397 | Kosaka et al. | Oct 1992 | A |
| 5159403 | Kosaka | Oct 1992 | A |
| 5162306 | Donaldson | Nov 1992 | A |
| 5167926 | Kimura et al. | Dec 1992 | A |
| 5180065 | Touge et al. | Jan 1993 | A |
| 5182617 | Yoneyama et al. | Jan 1993 | A |
| 5195979 | Schinkel et al. | Mar 1993 | A |
| 5199576 | Corio et al. | Apr 1993 | A |
| 5204884 | Leary et al. | Apr 1993 | A |
| 5215376 | Schulte et al. | Jun 1993 | A |
| 5219729 | Hodgen | Jun 1993 | A |
| 5247339 | Ogino | Sep 1993 | A |
| 5259593 | Orme et al. | Nov 1993 | A |
| 5260764 | Fukuda et al. | Nov 1993 | A |
| 5274240 | Mathies et al. | Dec 1993 | A |
| 5275787 | Yuguchi et al. | Jan 1994 | A |
| 5298967 | Wells | Mar 1994 | A |
| 5315122 | Pinsky et al. | May 1994 | A |
| 5316540 | McMannis et al. | May 1994 | A |
| 5317162 | Pinsky et al. | May 1994 | A |
| 5346990 | Spaulding | Sep 1994 | A |
| 34782 | Dandliker et al. | Nov 1994 | A |
| 5359907 | Baker et al. | Nov 1994 | A |
| 5366888 | Fry et al. | Nov 1994 | A |
| 5367474 | Auer et al. | Nov 1994 | A |
| 5370842 | Miyazaki et al. | Dec 1994 | A |
| 5371585 | Morgan et al. | Dec 1994 | A |
| 5395588 | North, Jr. et al. | Mar 1995 | A |
| 5400179 | Ito | Mar 1995 | A |
| 5412466 | Ogino | May 1995 | A |
| 5437987 | Ten et al. | Aug 1995 | A |
| 5439362 | Spaulding | Aug 1995 | A |
| 5444527 | Kosaka | Aug 1995 | A |
| 5447841 | Grey et al. | Sep 1995 | A |
| 5447842 | Simons | Sep 1995 | A |
| 5452054 | Dewa et al. | Sep 1995 | A |
| 5457526 | Kosaka | Oct 1995 | A |
| 5461145 | Kudo et al. | Oct 1995 | A |
| 5464581 | Van den Engh | Nov 1995 | A |
| 5466572 | Sasaki et al. | Nov 1995 | A |
| 5467189 | Kreikebaum et al. | Nov 1995 | A |
| 5469375 | Kosaka | Nov 1995 | A |
| 5471294 | Ogino | Nov 1995 | A |
| 5471299 | Kaye et al. | Nov 1995 | A |
| 5475487 | Mariella, Jr. et al. | Dec 1995 | A |
| 5480774 | Hew et al. | Jan 1996 | A |
| 5480775 | Ito et al. | Jan 1996 | A |
| 5483469 | Van den Engh et al. | Jan 1996 | A |
| 5488469 | Yamamoto et al. | Jan 1996 | A |
| 5492534 | Atheyde | Feb 1996 | A |
| 5494795 | Guerry et al. | Feb 1996 | A |
| 5495719 | Gray, Jr. | Mar 1996 | A |
| 5496272 | Chung et al. | Mar 1996 | A |
| 5503994 | Shear et al. | Apr 1996 | A |
| 5514537 | Chandler | May 1996 | A |
| 5523573 | Hanninen et al. | Jun 1996 | A |
| 5532155 | Ranoux | Jul 1996 | A |
| 5547849 | Baer et al. | Aug 1996 | A |
| 5548395 | Kosaka | Aug 1996 | A |
| 5548661 | Price et al. | Aug 1996 | A |
| 5550058 | Corio et al. | Aug 1996 | A |
| 5556764 | Sizto et al. | Sep 1996 | A |
| 5558998 | Hammond et al. | Sep 1996 | A |
| 5559032 | Pomeroy et al. | Sep 1996 | A |
| 5578449 | Fr asch et al. | Nov 1996 | A |
| 5579159 | Ito | Nov 1996 | A |
| 5584982 | Dovichi et al. | Dec 1996 | A |
| 5589457 | Wiltbank | Dec 1996 | A |
| 5596401 | Kusuzawa | Jan 1997 | A |
| 5601234 | Larue | Feb 1997 | A |
| 5601235 | Booker et al. | Feb 1997 | A |
| 5601533 | Hancke et al. | Feb 1997 | A |
| 5602039 | Van den Engh | Feb 1997 | A |
| 5602349 | Van den Engh | Feb 1997 | A |
| 5608519 | Grouley et al. | Mar 1997 | A |
| 5620842 | Davis et al. | Apr 1997 | A |
| 5622820 | Rossi | Apr 1997 | A |
| 5627037 | Ward et al. | May 1997 | A |
| 5633503 | Kosaka | May 1997 | A |
| 5641457 | Vardanega | Jun 1997 | A |
| 5643796 | Van Den Engh et al. | Jul 1997 | A |
| 5650847 | Maltsev et al. | Jul 1997 | A |
| 5658751 | Yue et al. | Aug 1997 | A |
| 5660997 | Spaulding | Aug 1997 | A |
| 5663048 | Winkfein et al. | Sep 1997 | A |
| 5665315 | Robert et al. | Sep 1997 | A |
| 5672880 | Kain | Sep 1997 | A |
| 5674743 | Ulmer | Oct 1997 | A |
| 5675401 | Wangler et al. | Oct 1997 | A |
| 5682038 | Hoffman | Oct 1997 | A |
| 5684575 | Steen | Nov 1997 | A |
| 5687727 | Kraus et al. | Nov 1997 | A |
| 5690815 | Krasnoff et al. | Nov 1997 | A |
| 5690895 | Matsumoto et al. | Nov 1997 | A |
| 5691133 | Critser et al. | Nov 1997 | A |
| 5693534 | Alak et al. | Dec 1997 | A |
| 5696157 | Wang et al. | Dec 1997 | A |
| 5700692 | Sweet | Dec 1997 | A |
| 5701012 | Ho | Dec 1997 | A |
| 5707808 | Roslaniec et al. | Jan 1998 | A |
| 5708868 | Ishikawa | Jan 1998 | A |
| 5712807 | Bangham | Jan 1998 | A |
| 5719666 | Fukuda et al. | Feb 1998 | A |
| 5719667 | Miers | Feb 1998 | A |
| 5726009 | Connors et al. | Mar 1998 | A |
| 5726364 | Van den Engh | Mar 1998 | A |
| 5726751 | Altendorf et al. | Mar 1998 | A |
| 5730941 | Lefevre et al. | Mar 1998 | A |
| 5736330 | Fulton | Apr 1998 | A |
| 5739902 | Gjelsnes et al. | Apr 1998 | A |
| 5745308 | Spangenberg | Apr 1998 | A |
| 5747349 | den Engh et al. | May 1998 | A |
| 5777732 | Hanninen et al. | Jul 1998 | A |
| 5780230 | Li et al. | Jul 1998 | A |
| 5786560 | Tatah et al. | Jul 1998 | A |
| 5790692 | Price et al. | Aug 1998 | A |
| 5793485 | Gourley | Aug 1998 | A |
| 5795767 | Tsukada et al. | Aug 1998 | A |
| 5796112 | Ichie | Aug 1998 | A |
| 5798276 | Haugland et al. | Aug 1998 | A |
| 5799830 | Carroll et al. | Sep 1998 | A |
| 5804436 | Okun et al. | Sep 1998 | A |
| 5815262 | Schrof et al. | Sep 1998 | A |
| 5819948 | Van den Engh | Oct 1998 | A |
| 5824269 | Kosaka et al. | Oct 1998 | A |
| 5831723 | Kubota et al. | Nov 1998 | A |
| 5835262 | Iketaki et al. | Nov 1998 | A |
| 5840504 | Blecher | Nov 1998 | A |
| 5844685 | Gontin | Dec 1998 | A |
| 5846737 | Kang | Dec 1998 | A |
| 5866344 | Georgiou | Feb 1999 | A |
| 5868767 | Farley et al. | Feb 1999 | A |
| 5872627 | Miers | Feb 1999 | A |
| 5873254 | Arav | Feb 1999 | A |
| 5874266 | Paisson | Feb 1999 | A |
| 5876942 | Cheng et al. | Mar 1999 | A |
| 5880457 | Tomiyama et al. | Mar 1999 | A |
| 5880474 | Norton et al. | Mar 1999 | A |
| 5883378 | Irish et al. | Mar 1999 | A |
| 5888730 | Gray et al. | Mar 1999 | A |
| 5891734 | Gill et al. | Apr 1999 | A |
| 5893843 | Rodrigues Claro | Apr 1999 | A |
| 5895764 | Sklar et al. | Apr 1999 | A |
| 5895922 | Ho | Apr 1999 | A |
| 5899848 | Haubrich | May 1999 | A |
| 5909278 | Deka et al. | Jun 1999 | A |
| 5912257 | Prasad et al. | Jun 1999 | A |
| 5916144 | Prather et al. | Jun 1999 | A |
| 5916449 | Ellwart et al. | Jun 1999 | A |
| 5917733 | Bangham | Jun 1999 | A |
| 5919360 | Contaxis, III et al. | Jul 1999 | A |
| 5919621 | Brown | Jul 1999 | A |
| 5934885 | Farrell et al. | Aug 1999 | A |
| 5962238 | Sizto et al. | Oct 1999 | A |
| 5972710 | Weigl et al. | Oct 1999 | A |
| 5973842 | Spangenberg | Oct 1999 | A |
| 5985216 | Rens et al. | Nov 1999 | A |
| 5985538 | Stachecju | Nov 1999 | A |
| 5990479 | Weiss et al. | Nov 1999 | A |
| 5991028 | Cabib et al. | Nov 1999 | A |
| 5998140 | Dervan et al. | Dec 1999 | A |
| 5998212 | Corio et al. | Dec 1999 | A |
| 6002471 | Quake | Dec 1999 | A |
| 6003678 | Van den Engh | Dec 1999 | A |
| 6042249 | Spangenberg | Mar 2000 | A |
| 6050935 | Ranoux et al. | Apr 2000 | A |
| 6071689 | Seidel et al. | Jun 2000 | A |
| 6079836 | Burr et al. | Jun 2000 | A |
| 6086574 | Carroll et al. | Jul 2000 | A |
| 6087352 | Trout | Jul 2000 | A |
| 6090947 | Dervan et al. | Jul 2000 | A |
| 6097485 | Lievan | Aug 2000 | A |
| 6111398 | Graham | Aug 2000 | A |
| 6117068 | Gourley et al. | Sep 2000 | A |
| 6119465 | Mullens et al. | Sep 2000 | A |
| 6120735 | Zborowski et al. | Sep 2000 | A |
| 6128133 | Bergmann | Oct 2000 | A |
| 6130034 | Aitken | Oct 2000 | A |
| 6132961 | Gray et al. | Oct 2000 | A |
| 6133044 | Van den Engh | Oct 2000 | A |
| 6133995 | Kubota | Oct 2000 | A |
| 6139800 | Chandler | Oct 2000 | A |
| 6140121 | Ellington et al. | Oct 2000 | A |
| 6143535 | Paisson | Nov 2000 | A |
| 6143901 | Dervan | Nov 2000 | A |
| 6146837 | van de Winkel | Nov 2000 | A |
| 6149867 | Seidel et al. | Nov 2000 | A |
| 6153373 | Benjamin et al. | Nov 2000 | A |
| 6154276 | Mariella, Jr. | Nov 2000 | A |
| 6175409 | Nielsen et al. | Jan 2001 | B1 |
| 6177277 | Soini | Jan 2001 | B1 |
| 6193647 | Beebe et al. | Feb 2001 | B1 |
| 6201628 | Basiji et al. | Mar 2001 | B1 |
| 6207392 | Weiss et al. | Mar 2001 | B1 |
| 6208411 | Vaez-Iravani | Mar 2001 | B1 |
| 6211477 | Cardott et al. | Apr 2001 | B1 |
| 6214560 | Yguerabide et al. | Apr 2001 | B1 |
| 6221654 | Quake et al. | Apr 2001 | B1 |
| 6221671 | Groner et al. | Apr 2001 | B1 |
| 6238920 | Nagai et al. | May 2001 | B1 |
| 6247323 | Maeda | Jun 2001 | B1 |
| 6248590 | Malachowski | Jun 2001 | B1 |
| 6256096 | Johnson | Jul 2001 | B1 |
| 6263745 | Buchanan et al. | Jul 2001 | B1 |
| 6283920 | Eberle et al. | Sep 2001 | B1 |
| 6296810 | Ulmer | Oct 2001 | B1 |
| 6309815 | Tash et al. | Oct 2001 | B1 |
| 6316234 | Bova | Nov 2001 | B1 |
| 6317511 | Horiuchi | Nov 2001 | B1 |
| 6322901 | Bawendi et al. | Nov 2001 | B1 |
| 6323632 | Husher et al. | Nov 2001 | B1 |
| 6326144 | Bawendi et al. | Dec 2001 | B1 |
| 6328071 | Austin | Dec 2001 | B1 |
| 6329158 | Hoffman et al. | Dec 2001 | B1 |
| 6332540 | Paul et al. | Dec 2001 | B1 |
| 6357307 | Buchanan et al. | Mar 2002 | B2 |
| 6368786 | Saint-Ramon et al. | Apr 2002 | B1 |
| 6372422 | Seidel et al. | Apr 2002 | B1 |
| 6372506 | Norton | Apr 2002 | B1 |
| 6384951 | Basiji et al. | May 2002 | B1 |
| 6395305 | Buhr et al. | May 2002 | B1 |
| 6400453 | Hansen | Jun 2002 | B1 |
| 6411835 | Modell et al. | Jun 2002 | B1 |
| 6411904 | Chandler | Jun 2002 | B1 |
| 6416190 | Grier et al. | Jul 2002 | B1 |
| 6423505 | Davis | Jul 2002 | B1 |
| 6423551 | Weiss et al. | Jul 2002 | B1 |
| 6432630 | Blankenstein | Aug 2002 | B1 |
| 6432638 | Dervan et al. | Aug 2002 | B2 |
| 6452372 | Husher et al. | Sep 2002 | B1 |
| 6454945 | Weigl et al. | Sep 2002 | B1 |
| 6456055 | Shinabe et al. | Sep 2002 | B2 |
| 6463314 | Haruna | Oct 2002 | B1 |
| 6465169 | Walderich et al. | Oct 2002 | B2 |
| 6473176 | Basiji et al. | Oct 2002 | B2 |
| 6482652 | Furlong et al. | Nov 2002 | B2 |
| 6489092 | Benjamin et al. | Dec 2002 | B1 |
| 6495333 | Willmann et al. | Dec 2002 | B1 |
| 6495366 | Briggs | Dec 2002 | B1 |
| 6503698 | Dobrinsky et al. | Jan 2003 | B1 |
| 6511853 | Kopf-Sill et al. | Jan 2003 | B1 |
| 6514722 | Paisson et al. | Feb 2003 | B2 |
| 6524860 | Seidel et al. | Feb 2003 | B1 |
| 6528802 | Koenig et al. | Mar 2003 | B1 |
| 6534308 | Palsson et al. | Mar 2003 | B1 |
| 6537829 | Zarling et al. | Mar 2003 | B1 |
| 6540895 | Spence et al. | Apr 2003 | B1 |
| 6563583 | Ortyn et al. | May 2003 | B2 |
| 6576291 | Bawendi et al. | Jun 2003 | B2 |
| 6577387 | Ross, III et al. | Jun 2003 | B2 |
| 6580504 | Ortyn et al. | Jun 2003 | B1 |
| 6587203 | Colon | Jul 2003 | B2 |
| 6589792 | Malachowski | Jul 2003 | B1 |
| 6590911 | Spinelli et al. | Jul 2003 | B1 |
| 6596143 | Wang et al. | Jul 2003 | B1 |
| 6596499 | Jalink | Jul 2003 | B2 |
| 6604435 | Buchanan et al. | Aug 2003 | B2 |
| 6613525 | Nelson et al. | Sep 2003 | B2 |
| 6617107 | Dean | Sep 2003 | B1 |
| 6618143 | Roche et al. | Sep 2003 | B2 |
| 6618679 | Loehrlein et al. | Sep 2003 | B2 |
| 6641708 | Becker et al. | Nov 2003 | B1 |
| 6642018 | Koller et al. | Nov 2003 | B1 |
| 6658357 | Chandler | Dec 2003 | B2 |
| 6664550 | Rader et al. | Dec 2003 | B2 |
| 6667830 | Iketaki et al. | Dec 2003 | B1 |
| 6671044 | Ortyn et al. | Dec 2003 | B2 |
| 6673095 | Nordquist | Jan 2004 | B2 |
| 6674525 | Bardell et al. | Jan 2004 | B2 |
| 6698627 | Garcia et al. | Mar 2004 | B2 |
| 6700130 | Fritz | Mar 2004 | B2 |
| 6703621 | Wolleschensky | Mar 2004 | B2 |
| 6704133 | Gates et al. | Mar 2004 | B2 |
| 6706163 | Seul et al. | Mar 2004 | B2 |
| 6707555 | Kusuzawa et al. | Mar 2004 | B1 |
| 6713019 | Ozasa et al. | Mar 2004 | B2 |
| 6729369 | Neas et al. | May 2004 | B2 |
| 6746873 | Buchanan et al. | Jun 2004 | B1 |
| 6752298 | Garcia et al. | Jun 2004 | B2 |
| 6753161 | Koller et al. | Jun 2004 | B2 |
| 6761286 | Py et al. | Jul 2004 | B2 |
| 6761288 | Garcia | Jul 2004 | B2 |
| 6767706 | Quake | Jul 2004 | B2 |
| 6780377 | Hall et al. | Aug 2004 | B2 |
| 6782768 | Buchanan et al. | Aug 2004 | B2 |
| 6789706 | Abergel et al. | Sep 2004 | B2 |
| 6789750 | Heldt | Sep 2004 | B1 |
| 6793387 | Neas et al. | Sep 2004 | B1 |
| 6813017 | Hoffman et al. | Nov 2004 | B1 |
| 6819411 | Sharpe et al. | Nov 2004 | B1 |
| 6849394 | Rozenboom et al. | Feb 2005 | B2 |
| 6849423 | Mutz et al. | Feb 2005 | B2 |
| 6861265 | Van den Engh | Mar 2005 | B1 |
| 6941005 | Lary et al. | Sep 2005 | B2 |
| 7015310 | Remington et al. | Mar 2006 | B2 |
| 7094527 | Seidel et al. | Aug 2006 | B2 |
| 7105355 | Kurabayashi et al. | Sep 2006 | B2 |
| 7195920 | Seidel et al. | Mar 2007 | B2 |
| 7208265 | Schenk | Apr 2007 | B1 |
| 7221453 | Sharpe et al. | May 2007 | B2 |
| 7713687 | Seidel et al. | May 2010 | B2 |
| 7771921 | Seidel et al. | Aug 2010 | B2 |
| 20010006416 | Johnson | Jul 2001 | A1 |
| 20020047697 | Husher et al. | Apr 2002 | A1 |
| 20020058332 | Quake et al. | May 2002 | A1 |
| 20020064809 | Mutz et al. | May 2002 | A1 |
| 20020113965 | Roche et al. | Aug 2002 | A1 |
| 20020115055 | Matta | Aug 2002 | A1 |
| 20020119558 | Seidel et al. | Aug 2002 | A1 |
| 20020131957 | Gavin | Sep 2002 | A1 |
| 20020141902 | Ozasa et al. | Oct 2002 | A1 |
| 20020171827 | Van den Engh | Nov 2002 | A1 |
| 20020182590 | Strange et al. | Dec 2002 | A1 |
| 20020186375 | Asbury et al. | Dec 2002 | A1 |
| 20020186874 | Price et al. | Dec 2002 | A1 |
| 20020198928 | Bukshpan et al. | Dec 2002 | A1 |
| 20030048433 | Desjonqueres | Mar 2003 | A1 |
| 20030059764 | Ravkin et al. | Mar 2003 | A1 |
| 20030059945 | Dzekunov et al. | Mar 2003 | A1 |
| 20030078703 | Potts | Apr 2003 | A1 |
| 20030096405 | Takayama et al. | May 2003 | A1 |
| 20030098421 | Ho | May 2003 | A1 |
| 20030113765 | Dempcy et al. | Jun 2003 | A1 |
| 20030119050 | Shai | Jun 2003 | A1 |
| 20030119206 | Shai | Jun 2003 | A1 |
| 20030129091 | Seidel et al. | Jul 2003 | A1 |
| 20030157475 | Schenk | Aug 2003 | A1 |
| 20030165812 | Takayama et al. | Sep 2003 | A1 |
| 20030175917 | Cumming | Sep 2003 | A1 |
| 20030175980 | Hayenga et al. | Sep 2003 | A1 |
| 20030190681 | Shai | Oct 2003 | A1 |
| 20030207461 | Bell et al. | Nov 2003 | A1 |
| 20030209059 | Kawano | Nov 2003 | A1 |
| 20040005582 | Shipwast | Jan 2004 | A1 |
| 20040031071 | Morris et al. | Feb 2004 | A1 |
| 20040034879 | Rothstein et al. | Feb 2004 | A1 |
| 20040049801 | Seidel | Mar 2004 | A1 |
| 20040053243 | Evans | Mar 2004 | A1 |
| 20040055030 | Maxwell et al. | Mar 2004 | A1 |
| 20040061070 | Hansen | Apr 2004 | A1 |
| 20040061853 | Blasenheim | Apr 2004 | A1 |
| 20040062685 | Norton et al. | Apr 2004 | A1 |
| 20040072278 | Chou et al. | Apr 2004 | A1 |
| 20040096123 | Shih | May 2004 | A1 |
| 20040107150 | Neas et al. | Jun 2004 | A1 |
| 20040132001 | Seidel et al. | Jul 2004 | A1 |
| 20050003472 | Anzar | Jan 2005 | A1 |
| 20050011582 | Haug | Jan 2005 | A1 |
| 20050064383 | Bashkin et al. | Mar 2005 | A1 |
| 20050112541 | Durack | May 2005 | A1 |
| 20050214733 | Graham | Sep 2005 | A1 |
| 20050244805 | Ludwig et al. | Nov 2005 | A1 |
| 20050282245 | Ludwig et al. | Dec 2005 | A1 |
| 20060118167 | Neas et al. | Jun 2006 | A1 |
| 20060147894 | Sowter | Jul 2006 | A1 |
| 20060203226 | Roche et al. | Sep 2006 | A1 |
| 20060263829 | Evans et al. | Nov 2006 | A1 |
| 20060281176 | Seidel et al. | Dec 2006 | A1 |
| 20070026378 | Schenk | Feb 2007 | A1 |
| 20070026379 | Seidel et al. | Feb 2007 | A1 |
| 20070042342 | Seidel et al. | Feb 2007 | A1 |
| 20070092860 | Schenk | Apr 2007 | A1 |
| 20070099171 | Schenk | May 2007 | A1 |
| 20070099260 | Seidel et al. | May 2007 | A1 |
| 20070117086 | Evans et al. | May 2007 | A1 |
| 20070123461 | Josephson | May 2007 | A1 |
| 20070248976 | Harding | Oct 2007 | A1 |
| Number | Date | Country |
|---|---|---|
| 9704313 | Jun 1999 | BR |
| 1029833 | Apr 1978 | CA |
| 1 250 808 | Mar 1989 | CA |
| 2113957 | Jan 1994 | CA |
| ZL 03109426.0 | Dec 2005 | CN |
| 0025296 | Mar 1981 | EP |
| 0 046 345 | Feb 1982 | EP |
| 0 068 404 | Jan 1983 | EP |
| 0071538 | Feb 1983 | EP |
| 0 026 770 | Mar 1983 | EP |
| 0 029 662 | Feb 1984 | EP |
| 0 025 296 | May 1985 | EP |
| 0140616 | May 1985 | EP |
| 0 158 147 | Oct 1985 | EP |
| 0160201 | Nov 1985 | EP |
| 0189702 | Aug 1986 | EP |
| 0 229 814 | Jul 1987 | EP |
| 0 246 604 | Nov 1987 | EP |
| 0288029 | Apr 1988 | EP |
| 0276166 | Jul 1988 | EP |
| 0 289 677 | Nov 1988 | EP |
| 0 316 173 | May 1989 | EP |
| 0 317 809 | May 1989 | EP |
| A-0 366794 | May 1990 | EP |
| 0 409 293 | Jan 1991 | EP |
| 0461618 | Dec 1991 | EP |
| 0 463 562 | Jan 1992 | EP |
| 0468100 | Jan 1992 | EP |
| 0474 187 | Mar 1992 | EP |
| 0 316 172 | Jul 1992 | EP |
| 0 316 171 81 | Sep 1992 | EP |
| 0570102 | Mar 1993 | EP |
| 0538786 | Apr 1993 | EP |
| 0 279 000 | Jul 1993 | EP |
| 0 553 951 | Aug 1993 | EP |
| 0 288 029 | Jan 1994 | EP |
| 0 381 694 | Jun 1994 | EP |
| 0 361 504 | Jul 1994 | EP |
| 606847 | Jul 1994 | EP |
| 0 289 200 | Aug 1994 | EP |
| 0 555 212 | Oct 1994 | EP |
| 0 361 503 | Nov 1994 | EP |
| 0 696 731 | Feb 1996 | EP |
| 0 705 978 | Apr 1996 | EP |
| 0 711 991 | May 1996 | EP |
| 0 471 758 | Sep 1996 | EP |
| 0 736 765 | Oct 1996 | EP |
| 0 545 284 | Feb 1997 | EP |
| 0 360 487 | Jul 1997 | EP |
| 0 412 431 | Oct 1997 | EP |
| 0 526 131 | Jan 1998 | EP |
| A-0 478155 | Jan 1998 | EP |
| 0 822 404 | Feb 1998 | EP |
| 0 822 401 | Apr 1998 | EP |
| 0 556 748 | Oct 1998 | EP |
| 0 430 402 | Jan 1999 | EP |
| 0 529 666 | Apr 2000 | EP |
| 0 994 342 | Apr 2000 | EP |
| 0 752 133 | Jun 2000 | EP |
| 1 018 644 | Jul 2000 | EP |
| 1 118 268 | Jul 2001 | EP |
| 1 147 774 | Oct 2001 | EP |
| 0 534 033 | Nov 2001 | EP |
| 0 925 494 | Dec 2001 | EP |
| 0 748 316 | May 2002 | EP |
| 0 662 124 | Jun 2002 | EP |
| 1 245 944 | Oct 2002 | EP |
| 1 249 502 | Oct 2002 | EP |
| 1250897 | Oct 2002 | EP |
| 1 380 304 | Jan 2004 | EP |
| 1403633 | Apr 2004 | EP |
| 1 100 400 | May 2004 | EP |
| 1 257 168 | Feb 2005 | EP |
| 2574656 | Jun 1986 | FR |
| A-2 635453 | Feb 1990 | FR |
| 2 647 668 | Dec 1990 | FR |
| 2699678 | Jun 1994 | FR |
| 1471019 | Apr 1977 | GB |
| 2 121 976 | Jan 1984 | GB |
| 2 122 369 | Jan 1984 | GB |
| 2 125 181 | Feb 1984 | GB |
| 2 136 561 | Sep 1984 | GB |
| 2 137 352 | Oct 1984 | GB |
| 2145112 | Feb 1985 | GB |
| 2 144 542 | Mar 1985 | GB |
| 2 153 521 | Aug 1985 | GB |
| 2 243 681 | Nov 1991 | GB |
| 2 360 360 | Sep 2001 | GB |
| 61139747 | Jun 1986 | JP |
| 61159135 | Jul 1986 | JP |
| 2024535 | Jan 1990 | JP |
| 4126064 | Apr 1992 | JP |
| 4126065 | Apr 1992 | JP |
| 4126066 | Apr 1992 | JP |
| 4126079 | Apr 1992 | JP |
| 4126080 | Apr 1992 | JP |
| 4126081 | Apr 1992 | JP |
| 1056008 | Nov 1983 | SU |
| 1260778 | Sep 1986 | SU |
| WO 8401265 | Apr 1984 | WO |
| WO 8504014 | Sep 1985 | WO |
| WO 8807198 | Sep 1988 | WO |
| WO 8904470 | May 1989 | WO |
| WO 8904471 | May 1989 | WO |
| WO 8904472 | May 1989 | WO |
| WO 9013315 | Nov 1990 | WO |
| 9105236 | Apr 1991 | WO |
| WO 9208120 | May 1992 | WO |
| WO 9217288 | Oct 1992 | WO |
| WO 9310803 | Jun 1993 | WO |
| 9317322 | Sep 1993 | WO |
| WO 9422001 | Sep 1994 | WO |
| WO 9604542 | Feb 1996 | WO |
| WO 9612171 | Apr 1996 | WO |
| WO 9612172 | Apr 1996 | WO |
| WO 9612173 | Apr 1996 | WO |
| WO 9631764 | Oct 1996 | WO |
| WO 9633806 | Oct 1996 | WO |
| WO 9729354 | Aug 1997 | WO |
| WO 9730338 | Aug 1997 | WO |
| WO 9735189 | Sep 1997 | WO |
| WO 9743620 | Nov 1997 | WO |
| WO 9834094 | Aug 1998 | WO |
| WO 9848259 | Oct 1998 | WO |
| WO 9857152 | Dec 1998 | WO |
| WO 9905504 | Feb 1999 | WO |
| WO 9933956 | Jul 1999 | WO |
| WO 9938883 | Aug 1999 | WO |
| WO 9942810 | Aug 1999 | WO |
| WO 9944035 | Sep 1999 | WO |
| WO 9944037 | Sep 1999 | WO |
| WO 9947906 | Sep 1999 | WO |
| WO 9960397 | Nov 1999 | WO |
| WO 9957955 | Nov 1999 | WO |
| WO 9961888 | Dec 1999 | WO |
| WO 0006193 | Feb 2000 | WO |
| WO 0012204 | Mar 2000 | WO |
| WO 0036396 | Jun 2000 | WO |
| WO 0049387 | Aug 2000 | WO |
| WO 0054026 | Sep 2000 | WO |
| WO 0056444 | Sep 2000 | WO |
| WO 0070080 | Nov 2000 | WO |
| WO 0102836 | Jan 2001 | WO |
| WO 0128700 | Apr 2001 | WO |
| WO 0129538 | Apr 2001 | WO |
| WO 0137655 | May 2001 | WO |
| WO 0140765 | Jun 2001 | WO |
| WO 0140765 | Jun 2001 | WO |
| WO 0142757 | Jun 2001 | WO |
| WO 0151612 | Jul 2001 | WO |
| WO 0161313 | Aug 2001 | WO |
| WO 0168110 | Sep 2001 | WO |
| WO 0168226 | Sep 2001 | WO |
| WO 0171348 | Sep 2001 | WO |
| WO 0175161 | Oct 2001 | WO |
| WO 0175176 | Oct 2001 | WO |
| WO 0185913 | Nov 2001 | WO |
| WO 0185913 | Nov 2001 | WO |
| WO 0190295 | Nov 2001 | WO |
| WO 0195815 | Dec 2001 | WO |
| WO 0201189 | Jan 2002 | WO |
| WO 0204666 | Jan 2002 | WO |
| WO 0219594 | Mar 2002 | WO |
| WO 0219943 | Mar 2002 | WO |
| WO 0220850 | Mar 2002 | WO |
| WO 0221102 | Mar 2002 | WO |
| WO 0223163 | Mar 2002 | WO |
| WO 0225269 | Mar 2002 | WO |
| WO 0226114 | Apr 2002 | WO |
| WO 0228311 | Apr 2002 | WO |
| WO 0229106 | Apr 2002 | WO |
| 0241906 | May 2002 | WO |
| WO 0241906 | May 2002 | WO |
| WO 0243486 | Jun 2002 | WO |
| WO 0243574 | Jun 2002 | WO |
| WO 0244319 | Jun 2002 | WO |
| WO 02052244 | Jul 2002 | WO |
| WO 02054044 | Jul 2002 | WO |
| WO 02057775 | Jul 2002 | WO |
| WO 02060880 | Aug 2002 | WO |
| WO 02077637 | Oct 2002 | WO |
| WO 02092161 | Nov 2002 | WO |
| WO 02092247 | Nov 2002 | WO |
| WO 03008102 | Jan 2003 | WO |
| WO 03008937 | Jan 2003 | WO |
| WO 03012403 | Feb 2003 | WO |
| WO 03016875 | Feb 2003 | WO |
| 2003020877 | Mar 2003 | WO |
| WO 03056330 | Jul 2003 | WO |
| WO 03056335 | Jul 2003 | WO |
| WO 03 072765 | Sep 2003 | WO |
| WO 03078065 | Sep 2003 | WO |
| WO 03078972 | Sep 2003 | WO |
| WO 04001401 | Dec 2003 | WO |
| WO 2004006916 | Jan 2004 | WO |
| WO 2004009237 | Jan 2004 | WO |
| WO 2004009237 | Jan 2004 | WO |
| WO 2004012837 | Feb 2004 | WO |
| WO 2004017041 | Feb 2004 | WO |
| WO 2004024227 | Mar 2004 | WO |
| WO 2004024227 | Mar 2004 | WO |
| WO 2004046712 | Jun 2004 | WO |
| WO 2004059282 | Jul 2004 | WO |
| WO 2004003697 | Oct 2004 | WO |
| WO 2004087177 | Oct 2004 | WO |
| WO 2004088283 | Oct 2004 | WO |
| WO 2004104178 | Dec 2004 | WO |
| WO 2004104178 | Dec 2004 | WO |
| WO 2005094852 | Oct 2005 | WO |
| WO 2005095590 | Oct 2005 | WO |
| WO 2005095960 | Oct 2005 | WO |
| 2006012597 | Feb 2006 | WO |
| WO 2006015056 | Feb 2006 | WO |
| 2006060770 | Aug 2006 | WO |
| 2007016090 | Feb 2007 | WO |
| Entry |
|---|
| WO 04/017041 A3 Search Report, XY Inc., Feb. 26, 2004. |
| WO 04/012837 A3 Search Report, XY, Inc., Feb. 12, 2004. |
| Abdel-Ghaffar, A. E., et al., “Rabbit Semen Metabolism” in Rabbit Production in Hot Climates Baselga and Marai (eds); International Conference of Rabbit Production in Hot Climates 1994, p. 305-312. |
| Akhtar, S., et al., “Prevalence of Five Stereotypes of Bluetongue Virus in a Rambouillet Sheep Flock in Pakistan”, Veterinary Record 136, p. 495. (1995). |
| Aldrich, S. L., et al., “Parturition and Periparturient Reproductive and Metabolic Hormone Concentration in Prenatally Androgenized Beef Heifers”, J. Anim. Sci. 73:3712. (1995). |
| Amann, R. P. et al., “Issues Affecting Commercialization of Sexed Sperm” Therio. 52:1441. (1999). |
| Amann, R. P., et al. “Prospects for Sexing Mammalian Sperm,” Animal Reproduction Laboratory College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University. (1982). |
| Amann, R.P. “Fertilizing Potential Vitro of Semen from Young Beef Bulls Containing a High or Low Percentage of Sperm with a Proximal Droplet” Theriogenology 54: 1499-1515, 2000. |
| Amann, Rupert P. “Cryopreservation of Sperm” 1999, Encyclopedia of Reproduction 1:733-783. |
| American Meat and Science Association in Cooperation with National Livestock and Meat Board, “Research Guidelines for Cookery and Sensory Evaluation and Instrumental Tenderness Measurements for Fresh Meat”. (1995). |
| Amoah, E. A. and Gelaye, S., “Biotechnological Advances in Goat Reproduction”, J. Anim. Sci. 75(2): 578-585. (1996). |
| Anderson, V. K., et al., Intrauterine and liefzervikale Insemination mit Gefriersperma bein Schat (Intrauterine and Deep Cervical Insemination With Frozen Semen in Sheep). Zuchthygiene 8:113-118. (1973). |
| Arriola, J. and Foote, R.H.: “Glycerolation and Thawing Effects on Bull Spermatozoa frozen in Detergent-Treated Egg Yok and Whole Egg Extenders,” J Dairy Sci, 70:1664-1670 (1987). |
| Asbury, Charles A. “Fluorescence Spectra of DNA Dyes Measured in a Flow Cytometer,” University of Washington Feb. 19, 1996. |
| Bagley, C. P. “Nutritional Management of Replacement Beef Heifers: a Review” J. Anim. Science 71:3155-3163. (1993). |
| Bailey, C. M. et al., “Nulliparous Versus Primiparous Crossbred Females for Beef”, J. Anim. Sci. 69:1403. (1991). |
| Baker, R.D., et al., “Effect of Volume of Semen, Number of Sperm and Drugs on Transport of Sperm in Artificially Inseminated Gilts”, J. Anim. Sci. 27:88-93. (1968). |
| Bakker Schut, Tom C. “A New Principle of Cell Sorting by Using Selective Electroportation in a Modified Flow Cytometry,” University of Twente, Mar. 10, 1990. |
| Barnes, F. L. and Eyestone, W. H., “Early Cleavage and the Maternal Zygotic Transition in Bovine Embryos”, Therio. vol. 33, No. 1, pp. 141-149. (1990). |
| Batellier, F. et al., “Advances in Cooled Semen Technology” Animal Reproduction Science 68 p. 181-190 (2001). |
| Becker, S.E. and Johnson, A. L. “Effects of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Infused in a Pulsatile or Continuous Fashion on Serum Gonadotropin Concentrations and Ovulation in the Mare”, J. Anim. Sci. 70:1208-1215. (1992). |
| Bedford, S .J. and Hinrichs, K., “The Effect of Insemination Volume on Pregnancy Rates of Pony Mares”, Therio. 42:571-578. (1994). |
| Behrman, S. J., et al., “Freeze Preservation of Human Sperm” American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology vol. 103 (5) p. 654-664 Mar. 1, 1969. |
| Bellows, R. A., et al., “Cause and Effect Relationships Associated With Calving Difficulty and Calf Birth Weight”, J. Anim. Sci. 33:407. (1971). |
| Berardinelli, J. G., et al., “Source of Progesterolle Prior to Puberty in Beef Heifers”. J. Anim. Sci. 49:1276. (1979). |
| Berger, G. S. “Intratubal Insemination”, Fertil. Steril. 48:328-330, (1987). |
| Bergfeld, E. G., et al., “Ovarian Follicular Development in Prepubertal Heifers is Influenced by Level of Dietary Energy Intake”, Bio. of Repro. 51:1051. (1994). |
| Berry, B. W., et al., “Beef Carcass Maturity Indicators and Palatability Attributes”, J. Anim. Sci. 38:507 (1974). |
| Beyhan, Z., et al., “Sexual Dimorphism in IVF Bovine Embryos Produced by Sperm Sorted by High Speed Flow Cytometry”, abstr. Therio. 49(1): 359 (1998). |
| Beyhan, Z., Et Al., 1999 Sexual Dimorphism in IVM-IVF Bovine Embryos Produced from X and Y Chromosome-Bearing Spermatozoa Sorted by High Speed Flow Cytometry. Theriogenology. 52: 35-48. |
| Bigos, Martin “Nine Color Eleven Parameter Immunophenotyping Using Three Laser Flow Cytometry,” Stanford University Dec. 22, 1998. |
| Bioxcell, Bovine Sperm Preservation, Advertisement Jun. 28, 2005. |
| Bond, J., et al., “Growth and Carcass Traits of Open Beef Heifers Versus Beef Heifers That Have Calved”, Nutrition Reports International 34:621. 1986. |
| Boucque, C. V., et al., “Beef-Production With Maiden and Once-Calved Heifers”, Livestock Prod. Sci. 7:121. 1980. |
| Bourdon, R. M. and J. S. Brinks. “Simulated Efficiency of Range Beef—Production III. Culling Strategies and Nontraditional Management-Systems”, J. Anim. Sci. 65:963. 1987. |
| Bracher, V. and Allen, W.R., “Videoendoscopic Examination of the Mare's Uterus: I. Findings in Normal Fertile Mares”, Equine Veterinary Journal, vol. 24, p. 274-278. 1992. |
| Braselton, W. E. and McShan, W. H., “Purification and Properties of Follicle Stimulating and Luteinizing Hormones From Horse Pituitary Glands” Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 139:45-48. 1970. |
| Braun, J. et al, “Effect of Different Protein Supplements on Motility and Plasma Membrane Integrity of Frozen—Thawed Stallion Spermatozoa”, Cryobiology (1995) 32:487-492. |
| Brethour, J. R. and Jaeger, J. R., “The Single Calf Heifer System”, Kansas Agric. Sta. Rep of Progress 570. 1989. |
| Brinsko, S.P. et al., “Artificial Insemination and Preservation of Semen.” Veterinary Clinics of North America:Equine Practice vol. 8 No. 1 Apr. 1992 pp. 205-218. |
| Bristol, F. “Breeding Behavior of a Stallion at Pasture With 20 Mares in Synchronized Oestrus” J. Reprod. Fertil. Suppl. 32:71. 1982. |
| Brookes, A. J. and O'Byrne, M., “Use of Cow-Heifers in Beef Production” J. of the Royal Agricultural Society of England 126:30. 1965. |
| Buchanan, B. R., et al, “Insemination of Mares with Low Numbers of Either Unsexed or Sexed Spermatozoa”, Theo. vol. 53, p. 1333-1344. 2000. |
| Burns, P. D. and Spitzer, J.C., “Influence of Biostimulation on Reproduction in Postpartum Beef-Cows”, J. Anim. Sci. 70:358. 1992. |
| Burwash, L. D., et al., “Relationship of Duration of Estrus to Pregnancy Rate in Normally Cycling, Non Lactating Mares” J.A.V.M.A. 165:714-716. 1974. |
| Byerley, D. J., et al., “Pregnancy Rates of Beef Heifers Bred Either on Puberal or Third Estrus”. J Anim. Sci. 65:645. 1987. |
| Caslick, E. A., “The Vulva and the Vulvo-Vaginal Orifice and its Relation to Genital Health of the Thoroughbred Mare”, Cornell Veterinarian, vol. 27, p. 178-187. 1937. |
| Catt, et al., “Assessment of Ram and Boar Spermatozoa During Cell-Sorting by Flow Cytometry”, Reproduction Dom Animal, vol. 32, pp. 251-258. 1997. |
| Catt, S. L., et al., “Birth of a Male Lamb Derived from an In Vitro Matured Oocyte Fertilized by Intracytoplasmic Injection of a Single Presumptive Male Sperm”, Veterinary Record 139, p. 494-495. 1996. |
| Cave-Penney, Tony, “Sexed Semen Offers Faster Genetic Gain”, Farming News, Livestock Supplement, Feb. 1997, p. 28. |
| Chandler, J. E., “Videomicroscopic Comparison of Bull Sperm and Leukocyte Chromosome Areas as Related to Gender”, J Dairy Sci 73, p. 2129-2135. 1990. |
| Chandler, J. E., et al, “Bovine Spermatozoal Head Size Variation and Evaluation of a Separation Technique Based on this Size”, Therio. 52, p. 1021-1034. 1999. |
| Chen, S.H. “Effects of Oocyte Activation and Treatment of Spermatozoa on Embryonic Development Following Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection in Cattle” Theriogenology 48: 1265-1273, 1997. |
| Chen, Y. et al., Survival of Bull Spermatozoa Seeded and Frozen at Different Rates in Egg Yolk-Tris and Whole Milk Extenders, 1993 J Dairy Sci 76:1028-1034. |
| Chin, W. W. and Boime, I. 1990. In Glycoprotein Hormones. Serona Symp. Norwell, MA. pp. 19-20. |
| Choi, Y.H. “Developmental Cappacity of Equine Oocytes Matured and Cultured in Equine Trophoblast-Conditioned Media” Theriogenoogy 56: 320-339, 2001. |
| Chung, Y. G., et al. “Artificial insemination of Superovulated Heifers With 600,000 Sexed Sperm”. J Anim. Sci. Suppl. 1. 836:215. 1998 abstr. |
| Clement, F., et al., “Which Insemination Fertilizes When Several Successive Inseminations are Performed Before Ovulation” 7th Int. Symp. Eq. Repro. 151. 1998 abstr. |
| Cran, D. G., et al, “Production of Lambs by Low Dose Intrauterine Insemination With Flow Cytometrically Sorted and Unsorted Semen”, Therio. p. 267. 1997. |
| Cran, D. G., et al., “Production of Bovine Calves Following Separation of X- and Y-Chromosome Bearing Sperm and In Vitro Fertilization”. Vet. Rec. 132:40-41. 1993. |
| Cran, D. G., et al., “The Predetermination of Embryonic Sex Using Flow Cytometrically Separated X and Y Spermatozoa” Human Reproduction Update 1996, vol. 2 (4) p. 355-63. |
| Crowley, J. P. “The facts of Once-Bred Heifer Production” School of Agric., Univ. of Aberdeen, Scotland. 1973. |
| Cui, K. et al, “X Larger than Y”, Nature 366, p. 177-118, 1993. |
| Cui, K., “Size Differences Between Human X and Y Spermatozoa and Prefertilization Diagnosis”, Molecular Human Reproduction, vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 61-67. 1997. |
| Curran, S. “Fetal Gender Determination” in Equine Diagnostic Ultrasonography 1st ed. Rantanen, N. W. and McKinnon A.O. (eds.) Williams and Williams, 1998, p. 165-69. |
| da Silva, Coutinho M.A..“Effect of time of oocyte collection and site of insemination on oocyte transfer in mares.” Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology Laboratiory, Colorado State Uniuversity, Fort Collins Journal of Animal Science 2002. 80:1275-1279. |
| DakoCytomation, “MoFlo® Sorters” http://www.dakocytomation.us/prod—productrelatedinformation?url=gprod—moflo—index.htm one page, printed Jun. 26, 2003. |
| Database up 1 BR9704313 (Alves, De Resende et al) Jun. 4, 1999. |
| Day, B. N., et al. Birth of Piglets Preselected for Gender Following In Vitro Fertilization of In Vitro Matured Pig Oocytes by X and Y Bearing Spermatozoa Sorted by High Speed Flow Cytometry. Therio. 49(1): 360. 1998 abstr. |
| de Leeuw, F.E. et al:“Effects of carious cryoprotective agents and membrane-stabilizing compounds on bull sperm emebrane integrity after cooling and freezing” Cryobiology US, Academic Press Inc 1993 pp. 32-44. |
| Dean, P.N., et al. “Hydrodynamic Orientation of Spermatozoa Heads for Flow Cytometry”. Biophys. J. 23:7-13. 1978. |
| Demick, D.S., et al. “Effect of Cooling, Storage, Glycerization and Spermatozoal Numbers on Equine Fertility” J. Anim. Sci. 43:633-637. 1976. |
| DenDaas, J. H. G., et al. “The relationship between the number of spermatozoa inseminated and the reproductive efficiency of dairy bulls” J Dairy Sci. 81: 1714-1723. 1998. |
| Denham, A. “In-vitro studies on Sandhill Range Forage as Related to Cattle Preference”, M.S. Thesis. Colorado State University. 1965. |
| Denk, Winfried. “Two-Photon Molecular Excitation in Laser-Scanning Microscopy,” Handbook of Biological Confocal Microscopy. 1995. |
| Deutscher, G. H. “Extending Interval From Seventeen to Nineteen Days in the Melengestrol Acetate-Prostaglandin Estrous Synchronization Program for Heifers”. The Professional Animal Scientist 16:164. 2000. |
| Diagnostic Products Corporation, “Coat-A-Count” http://www.Progesterone.com. 1998. |
| Dikeman, M. E. “Cattle Production Systems to Meet Future Consumer Demands” J. Anim. Sci. 59:1631, 1984. |
| Dinnyes, A., et al., “Timing of the First Cleavage Post-Insemination Affects Cryosurvival of In Vitro-produced Bovine Blastocysts”, Molec. Reprod. Develop. 53, p. 318-324. 1999. |
| Dippert, K.D. “Fertilization Rates in Superovulated and Spontaneously Ovulating Mares” Theriogenology 41: 1411-1423, 1994. |
| Donaldson, L. E., “Effect of Insemination Regimen on Embryo Production in Superovulated Cows”, The Veterinary Record, Jul. 13, p. 35-37, 1985. |
| Donoghue, A.M., et al. “Timing of Ovulation after Gonadotropin Induction and its Importance to Successful Intrauterine Insemination in the Tiger (Panthera tigris)” J. Reprod. Fertil. 107:53-58. 1996. |
| Douglas, R. H., “Review of Induction of Superovulation and Embryo Transfer in the Equine” Therio. 11:33-46. 1979. |
| Douglas, R. H., et al. “Induction of Ovulation and Multiple Ovulation on Seasonally-Anovulatory Mares with Equine Pituitary Fractions.” Therio. 2(6): 133-142. 1974. |
| Doyle, S. P., et al. “Artificial Insemination of Lactating Angus Cows with Sexed Semen”. Proc. Western Sect. Am. Soc. Anim. Sci. 50:203. 1999. |
| Dresser D.W. et at. Analysis of DNAcontent ofLiving Spermatozoa Using Flow Cytometry Technique Journal of Reproduction and Fertility, 1993, vol. 98, pp. 357-365. |
| Duchamp, G., et al. “Alternative Solutions to hCG Induction of Ovulation in the Mare” J. Reprod. Fertil. Suppl. 35:221-228. 1987. |
| Evans, M. J. and Irvine, C. H. G. “Induction of Follicular Development, Maturation and Ovulation by Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone Administration to Acyclic Mares” Bio. Reprod. 16:452-462. 1977. |
| Ferrell, C. L. Effects of Post-Weaning Rate of Gain on Onset of Puberty and Productive Performance of Heifers of Different Breeds. J. Anim. Sci. 55:1272. 1982. |
| Ferrell, C. L. and T. G. Jenkins. “Energy-Utilization by Mature, Nonpregnant, Nonlactating Cows of Different Types” J. Anim. Sci. 58:234. 1984. |
| Field, R. A., et al., “Bone-Ossification and Carcass Characteristics of Wethers Given Silastic Implants Containing Estradiol”, J. Anim. Sci. 68:3663-3668. 1990. |
| Field, R. et al., “Growth, Carcass, and Tenderness Characteristics of Virgin, Spayed, and Single-Calf Heifers”, J. Anim. Sci. 74:2178. 1996. |
| Fitzgerald, B. P., et al. “Effect of Constant Administration of a Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Agonist on Reproductive Activity in Mares: Preliminary Evidence on Suppression of Ovulation During the Breeding Season.” Am. J. Vet. Res. 54:1746-1751. 1993. |
| Fluharty, F. L., et al., “Effects of Age at Weaning and Diet on Growth of Calves”,Ohio State University Dept. of Animal Sciences. 1966 Ohio Agri. Res. And Den. Circular, 156:29 1966. |
| Foote, et al. Motility and Fertility of Bull Sperm Frozen-Thawed Differently in Egg Yolk and Milk Extenders Containing Detergent, 1987 J Dairy Sci 70:2642-2647. |
| Foote, R.H., “Buffers and Extenders: What Do They Do? Why Are They Important?” Proc of the NAAB Tech. Conf. On Artificial Insemination and Reproduction, 62-70 (1984). |
| Foulkes, J. A., et al. “Artificial Insemination of Cattle Using Varying Numbers of Spermatozoa.” Vet. Rec. 101:205. 1977. |
| Francon, M. and Yamamoto, T., “Un Noveau et tres simple dispositif interferentiel applicable as microscope” Optica Acta 9, p. 395-408.1962. |
| Fugger, E. F. “Clinical Experience with Flow Cytometric Separation of Human X- and Y-Chromosome Bearing Sperm”, Therio. vol. 52, pp. 1435-1440.1999. |
| Fuller, Robert R. “Characterizing Submicron Vesicles With Wavelenth-Resolved Fluorescence in Flow Cytometry,” University of Illinois, May 13, 1996. |
| Fulwyler, M. J. “Electronic Separation of Biological Cells by Volume.” Science. 150:910. 1965. |
| Fulwyler, M. J. “Hydrodynamic Orientation of Cells.” J of Histochem. and Cytochem. 25:781-783. 1977. |
| Gamer, D. L., et al. “Quantification of the X and Y Chromosome-Bearing Spermatozoa of Domestic Animals by Flow Cytometry.” Biol. Reprod. 28:312-321. 1983. |
| Ginther, O. J., “Sexual Behavior Following Introduction of a Stallion into a Group of Mares” Therio. vol. 19 (6) Jun. 1983. |
| Ginther, O. J., “Some Factors Which Alter Estrus Cycle in Mares.” J. Anim. Sci. 33:1158. 1971 abstr. |
| Ginther, O. J., Reproductive Biology of the Mare. (2nd Ed.) Equiservices, Cross Plains, WI. 1992. |
| Gledhill, B. L. “Gender Preselection: Historical, Technical and Ethical Perspective.” Semen Reprod. Endocrinol. 6:385-395. 1988. |
| Gombe, S. and Hansel, W. “Plasma Luteinizing Hormone (LH) and Progesterone Levels in Heifers on Restricted Energy Intakes.” J. Anim. Sci. 37:728. 1973. |
| Gottlinger et al., “Operation of a Flow Cytometer”, Flow Cytometry and Cell Sorting, A. Radbruch (Ed.), 1992, pp. 7-23. |
| Gourley, D. D. and Riese, R. L. “Laparoscopic Artificial Insemination in Sheep.” Vet. Clin. N. Amer: Food Anim. Prac. 6(3): 615-633 (1990). |
| Graham, J. Analysis of Stallion semen and its Relation to Fertility. Abstract Complete article from Reproductive Technology vol. 12 # Apr. 1, 1996 now included in XYIDS000213. |
| Graham, J.K. and Hammerstedt, R.H.: “Differential Effects of Butylated Hydroxytoluene Analogs on Bull Sperm Subjected to Cold-Induced Membrane Stress,” Cryobiology, 29:106-117 (1992). |
| Graham, James K. “Effect of Cholesterol-Loaded Cyclodextrins in Semen Extenders”, Proceedings of the 19th Technidal Conference on Artificial Insemination & Reproduction, 2003, pp. 91-95. |
| Gravert, H. O., “Genetic Aspects of Early Calving.” In: J.C. Taylor (Ed.) The Early Calving of Heifers and its Impact on Beef Production. 59 (1975). |
| Gregory, K. E., et al., “Characterization of Biological Types of Cattle—Cycle III: II Growth Rate and Puberty in Femalei” J. Anim. Sci. 49:461 (1979). |
| Grimes, I. F, and T. B. Turner. “Early Weaning of Fall Born Calves II. Post Weaning Performance of Early and Normal Weaned Calves”. I. Prod. Agric. 4:168 (1991). |
| Grondahl, C., et al: “In Vitro Production of Equine Embryos”, Biology of Reproduction, Monograph Series I, p. 299-307 (1995). |
| Guillou, F. and Conibamous, Y. “Purification of Equine Gonadotropins and Comparative Study of Their Acid-Dissociation and Receptor-Binding Specificity.” Biochemica Et Biophysica Acta 755:229-236 (1983). |
| Gumsey, M. P., and Johnson, L.A., “Recent Improvements in Efficiency of Flow Cytometric Sorting of X and Y-Chromosome Bering Sperm of Domestic Animals: a Review” New Zealand Society of Animal Protection, three pages (1998). |
| Hall, J. B., et al., “Effect of Age and Pattern of Gain on Induction of Puberty with a Progestin in Beef Heifers.” J. Anim. Sci. 75:1606 (1997). |
| Hamamatsu, “Technical Information. Optical Detector Selection: A Delicate Balancing Act”, web page, http://www.optics.org/hamamatsu/photodiode.html, printed on Apr. 15, 2000, 6 pages total. |
| Hamano, K., et al., “Gender Preselection in Cattle with Intracytoplasmically Injected, Flow Cytometrically Sorted Sperm Heads”, Biology of Reproduction 60, p. 1194-1197 (1999). |
| Hammerstedt, et al., “Cryopreservation of Mammalian Sperm: What We Ask Them to Survive,” Journal of Andrology, 11:1:73-88 (1990). |
| Harrison, L.A., et al., “Comparison of HCG, Buserelin and Luprostiol for Induction of Ovulation in Cycling Mares.” Eq. Vet. Sci. 3:163-166 (1991). |
| Harte, F. J. “System of Production of Beef From Once Calved Heifers.” In: J.C. Taylor (Ed.) The Early Calving of Heifers and its Impact on Beef Production. 123 (1975). |
| Hawk, H. W., et al., “Fertilization Rates in Superovulating Cows After Deposition of Semen on the Infundibulum Near the Uterotubal Junction or After Insemination with High Numbers of Sperm”, XP-002103478, Therio. vol. 29, No. 5, p. 1131-1142 (1988). |
| Hermesmeyer, G. N., et al. “Effects of Prenatal Androgenization and Implantation on the Performance and Carcass Composition of Lactating Heifers in the Single-Calf Heifer System.” The Professional Animal Scientist 15:173. 1999. |
| Herweijer, Hans. “High-Speed Photodamage Cell Selection Uing Bromodeoxyuridine/Hoechst 33342 Photosensitized Cell Killing,” Sep. 23, 1987. |
| Hilton, G. G., et al., “An Evaluation of Current and Alternative Systems for Quality Grading Carcasses of Mature Slaughter Cows.” J. Anim. Sci. 76:2094. 1998. |
| Ho, L., et al., “Influence of Gender, Breed and Age on Maturity Characteristics of Sheep.” J. Anim. Sci. 67:2460-2470. 1989. |
| Hofferer, S., et al. “Induction of Ovulation and Superovulation in Mares Using Equine LH and FSH Separated by Hydrophobic Interaction Chromatography.” J. Reprod. Fertil. 98:597-602. 1993. |
| Hohenboken, W. D. “Applications of sexed semen in cattle production.” Therio. 52:1421. 1999. |
| Holtan, D. W., et al., “Estrus, Ovulation and Conception Following Synchronization With Progesterone, Prostaglandin F2a and Human Chorionic Gonadotropin in Pony Mares.” J. Anim. Sci. 44:431-437. 1977. |
| Householder, D. D., et al. “Effect of Extender, Number of Spermatozoa and hCG on Equine Fertility.” J. Equine Vet. Sci. 1:9-13. 1981. |
| Howard, J. G., et al., “Comparative Semen Cryopreservation in Ferrets (Mustela putorious furo) and Pregnancies After Laparoscopic Intrauterine Insemination With Frozen-Thawed Spermatozoa.” J. Reprod. Fertil. 92:109-118. 1991. |
| Howard, J. G., et al., “Sensitivity to Exogenous Gonadotropins for Ovulation and Laparoscopic Artificial Insemination in the Cheetah and Clouded Leopard.” Biol. Reprod. 56:1059-1068. 1997. |
| Hunter, R. H. F. “Transport and Storage of Spermatozoa in the Female Tract.” Proc 4th Int. Congress Anim. Repro. and A. I. 9:227-233. 1980. |
| Hyland, J. H., et al., “Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH) Delivered by Continuous Infusion Induces Fertile Estrus in Mares During Seasonal Acyclity” Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the American Association of Equine Practitioners (34th) 989, p. 181-190. |
| IMV Technologies, Protocol of Bioxcell with Fresh Semen, 1 page, 2000. |
| IMV Technologies, Protocol of Bioxcell with Frozen Semen, 2 pages, 2000. |
| Irvine, C H. G. and Alexander, S. L. “GnRH” Chapter 4 in Equine Reproduction, McKinnon and Voss eds. Lea and Febiger. Philadelphia, London. p. 37. (1993). |
| Iwazumi, Y., et al., “Superovulation Using CIDR in Holstein Cows” J. of Reprod. Dev. vol. 40 (3) 1994, pp. 259-266. |
| Jafar, et al., “Sex Selection in Mammals: A Review”, Therio. vol. 46, p. 191-200. (1996). |
| Jakubiczka, S. et al. “A Bovine Homologue of the Human TSPY Gene.” Genomics. 1993, vol. 17, No. 3, pp. 732-735. |
| Jarriage, R. “Age of Cows at First Calving in France.” In: J.C. Taylor (Ed.) The Early Calving of Heifers and its Impact on Beef Production. 10. (1975). |
| Jasko, D. J., et al., “Effect of Insemination Volume and Concentration of Spermatozoa on Embryo Recovery in Mares”, Therio. 37:1233-1239, (1992). |
| Jasko, D. J., et al., “Pregnancy Rates Utilizing Fresh, Cooled and Frozen-Thawed Stallion Semen”, American Association of Equine Practitioners 38th Annual Convention Proceedings, 1992, p. 649-60. |
| Johnson, A. L. “Pulsatile Administration of Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone Advances Ovulation in Cycling Mares”, Biol. Reprod. 35:1123-1130, (1986). |
| Johnson, A. L., et al. “Use of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH) Treatment to Induce Multiple Ovulations in the Anestrous Mare” Eq. Vet. Sci. 8:130-134, (1988). |
| Johnson, L.A., “Gender Preselection in Domestic Animals Using Flow Cytometrically Sorted Sperm” J. Anim. Sci. (Suppl I) 70:8-18. (1992). |
| Johnson, L.A., “The Safety of Sperm Selection by Flow Cytometry” Ham. Reprod. 9(5): 758. (1994). |
| Johnson, L.A., “Advances in Gender Preselection in Swine” Journal of Reproduction and Fertility Supplement, vol. 52, p. 255-266 (1997). |
| Johnson, L.A., “Gender Preselection in Humans? Flow Cytometric Separation of X and Y Spermatozoa for the Prevention of X-Linked Diseases” Human Reproduction vol. 8 No. 10, p. 1733-1739 (1993). |
| Johnson, L.A., “Gender Preselection in Mammals: An Overview”, Deutsch. Tierarztl. Wschr, vol. 103, p. 288-291 (1996). |
| Johnson, L.A., “Isolation of X- and Y-Bearing Spermatozoa for Sex Preselection.” Oxford Reviews of Reproductive Biology. Ed. H. H. Charlton. Oxford University Press. 303-326. (1994). |
| Johnson, L.A., “Sex Preselection by Flow Cytometric Separation of X and Y Chromosome Bearing Spermatozoa Based on DNA Difference: a Review.” Reprod. Fertil. Dev. 7:893-903. (1995). |
| Johnson, L.A., “Sex Preselection in Rabbits: Live Births from X and Y Sperm Separated by DNA and Cell Sorting”, Biology of Reproduction 41, pp. 199-203 (1989). |
| Johnson, L.A., “Sex Preselection in Swine: Altered Sex Rations in Offspring Following Surgical Insemination of Flow Sorted X- and Y-Bearing Sperm”, Reproduction in Domestic Animals, vol. 26, pp. 309-314 (1991). |
| Johnson, L.A., “Sex Preselection in Swine: Flow Cytometric Sorting of X- and Y-Chromosome Bearing Sperm to Produce Offspring”, Boar Semen Preservation IV, p. 107-114. (2000). |
| Johnson, L.A., “Successful Gender Preselection in Farm Animals”, Agricultural Biotechnology, p. 439-452. (1998). |
| Johnson, L.A., et al. “Sex Preselection: High-speed Flow Cytometric Sorting of X and Y Sperm for Maximum Efficiency”, Therio. vol. 52, p. 1323-1341 (1999). |
| Johnson, L.A., et al., “Enhanced Flow Cytometric Sorting of Mammalian X and Y Sperm: High Speed sorting and Orienting Nozzle for Artificial Insemination”, Therio. 49(1): 361 (1988) abstr. |
| Johnson, L.A., et al., “Flow Sorting of X and Y Chromosome-Bearing Spermatozoa into Two Populations”, Gamete Res. 16:203-212. (1987). |
| Johnson, L.A., et al., “Improved Flow Sorting Resolution of X- and Y-Chromosome Bearing Viable Sperm Separation Using Dual Staining and Dead Cell Gating” Cytometry 17 (suppl 7): 83, (1994). |
| Johnson, L.A., et al., “Flow Cytometry of X- and Y-Chromosome Bearing Sperm for DNA Using an Improved Preparation Method and Staining with Hoechst 33342.” Gamete Research 17: 203-212. (1987). |
| Johnson, LA., et al., “Modification of a Laser-Based Flow Cytometer for High-Resolution DNA Analysis of Mammalian Spermatozoa” Cytometry 7, pp. 268-273 (1986). |
| Joseph, R. L. “Carcass composition and meat quality in once calved heifers.” In: J.C. Taylor (Ed.) The Early Calving of Heifers and its Impact on Beef Production. 143. (1975). |
| Joseph, R. L. and J. P. Crowley. “Meat Quality of Once-Calved Heifers.” Irish J. of Agric. Research 10:281. (1971). |
| Kachel, V., et al., “Uniform Lateral Orientation, Caused by Flow Forces, of Flat Particles in Flow-Through Systems”, The Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry, vol. 25, No. 7, pp. 774-780. (1997). |
| Kanayama, K., et al., “Pregnancy by Means of Tubal Insemination and Subsequent Spontaneous Pregnancy in Rabbits.” J. Int. Med. Res. 20:401-405. (1992). |
| Karabinus, et al., “Effects of Egg Yolk-Citrate and Milk Extenders on Chromatin Structured Viability of Cryopreserved Bull Sperm”, Journal of Dairy Science, vol. 74, No. 11, p. 3836-3848. (1999). |
| Keeling, P. “A Modeling Study of Once-Bred Heifer Beef Production.” Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production. 51. (1991). |
| Kilicarslan, M. R., et al., “Effect of GnRH and hCG on Ovulation and Pregnancy in Mares.” Vet. Rec. 139:119-120. (1996). |
| Kinder, J. E., et al. “Endocrine Basis for Puberty in Heifers and Ewes.” J. Repro. and Fertility, p. 393. (1995). |
| Kinder, J. E., et al., “Endocrine Regulation of Puberty in Cows and Ewes.” J. Repro. and Fertility, Suppl. 34:167. (1987). |
| Kinoshita, Shuichi. “Spectroscopic Properties of Fluorescein in Living Lymphocytes,” Osaka Uinversity Aug. 7, 1986. |
| Klindt, J. and J. D. Crouse. “Effect of Ovariectomy and Ovariectomy with Ovarian Autotransplantation on Feedlot Performance and Carcass Characteristics of Heifers.” J. Anim. Sci. 68:3481. (1990). |
| Klosterman, E. W. and C. F. Parker. “Effect of Size, Breed and Sex Upon Feed Efficiency in Beef Cattle.” North Central Regional Research Publication 235, Ohio Agric. Research and Development Center 1090:3. (1976). |
| Kniffen, D. M., et al., “Effects of Long-Term Estrogen Implants in Beef Heifers.” J. Anim. Sci. 77:2886. (1999). |
| Kobata, Akira, “Structures and Functions of the Sugar Chains of Human Chorionic Gonadotropin”, in Glycoprotein Hormones Chin, W.W. and Boime, I., eds. Serono Symposia, Norwell, MA. p. 19-20. 1990. |
| Koch, R. M., et al., “Characterization of Biological Types of Cattle-Cycle-II .3.” Carcass Composition, Quality and Palatability. J. Anim. Sci. 49:448. (1919). |
| Kommisrud E., et al. “Comparison of Two Processing Systems for Bull Semen with Regard to Post-Thaw Motility and Nonreturn Rates.” Theriogenology, vol. 45, 1996, pp. 1515-1521. |
| Lapin, D. R. and Ginther, O. J. “Induction of Ovulation and Multiple Ovulations in Seasonally Anovulatory and Ovulatory Mares with an Equine Pituitary Extract.” J. Anim. Sci. 44:834-842. (1977). |
| Laster, D. B., “Factors Affecting Dystocia and Effects of Dystocia on Subsequent Reproduction in Beef-Cattle.” J. Anim. Sci. 36:695. (1973). |
| Lawrenz, R. “Preliminary Results of Non-Surgical Intrauterine Insemination of Sheep With Thawed Frozen Semen.” J S Afr. Vet. Assoc. 56(2): 61-63. (1985). |
| Levinson, G., et al., “DNA-based X-Enriched Sperm Separation as an Adjunct to Preimplantation Genetic Testing for the Preparation of X-linked Disease.” Mol. Human Reprod. 10:979-982. (1995). |
| Lindsey, A. C., et al., “Low Dose Insemination of Mares Using Non-Sorted and Sex-Sorted Sperm” Animal Reproduction Science 68 p. 279-89 (2001). |
| Linge, F. “Faltforsok med djupfrost sperma (Field Trials With Frozen Sperm).” Farskotsel. 52:12-13. (1972). |
| Liu, Z, et al. “Survival of Bull Sperm Frozen at Different rates in Media Varying in Osmolarity.” Cryobiology, vol. 27, 1998, pp. 219-230. |
| Lonergan, P., et al., “Effect of Time Interval from Insemination to First Cleavage on the Development of Bovine Embryos In Vitro and In Vivo”, Therio. p. 326 (1999). |
| Long, C.R., et al., “In Vitro Production of Porcine Embryos From Semen Sorted for Sex With a High Speed Cell Sorter. Comparison of Two Fertilization Media.” Therio. 49(1): 363 (1998) abstr. |
| Loy, R. G. and Hughes, J.P. “The Effects of Human Chorionic Gonadotropin on Ovulation, Length of Estrus, and Fertility in the Mare.” Cornell Vet. 56:41-50 (1965). |
| Lu, K. H., et al., “In Vitro Fertilization with Flow-Cytometrically-Sorted Bovine Sperm”, Therio 52, p. 1393-1405. (1999). |
| Lynch, I. M., et al., “Influence of timing of gain on growth and reproductive performance of beef replacement heifers.” J. Anim. Sci. 75:1715. (1997). |
| Macmillan, K. L. and Day, A.M., “Prostaglandin F2a: A Fertility Drug in Dairy Cattle?”, Animal Research Station, Private Bag, Hamilton, New Zealand, Therio. vol. 18, No. 3, p. 245-253 (1982). |
| Manning, S.T., et al., “Development of Hysteroscopic Insemination of the Uterine Tube in the Mare”, Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Society for Theriogenology, 1998, p. 84-85. |
| Martin, A. H., et al., “Characteristics of Youthful Beef Carcasses in Relation to Weight, Age and Sex. III. Meat Quality Attributes.” Canadian J. Anim. Sci. 51:305. (1971). |
| Martin, L. C., et al., “Genetic-effects on Beef Heifer Puberty and Subsequent Reproduction.” J. Anim. Sci. 70:4006. (1992). |
| Martinez, E. A., et al., “Successful Low-Dose Insemination by a Fiberoptic Endoscope Technique in the Sow”, Proceedings Annual Conference of the International Embryo Transfer Society, Netherlands, Therio. vol. 53 p. 201, Jan. 2000. |
| Matsuda, Y. and Tobari, I. “Chromosomal Analysis in Mouse Eggs Fertilized In Vitro With Sperm Exposed to Ultraviolet Light (UV) and Methyl and Ethyl Methanesulfonate (MMS and EMS).” Mutat. Res. 198:131-144. (1988). |
| Matulis, R. J., “Growth and carcass characteristics of cull cows after different times-on-feed.” J. Anim. Sci. 65:669. (1987). |
| Mauleon, P. “Recent research related to the physiology of puberty.” In: J.C. Taylor (ed.) The Early Calving of Heifers and its Impact on Beef Production. (1975). |
| Maxwell, W. and Johnson, L., “Chlortetracycline Analysis of Boar Spermatozoa After Incubation, Flow Cytometric Sorting, Cooling, or Cryopreservation”, Molecular Reproduction and Development 46, p. 408-418. (1997). |
| Maxwell, W. M. C., et al., “Fertility of Superovulated Ewes After Intrauterine or Oviductal Insemination with Low Numbers of Fresh or Frozen-Thawed Spermatozoa.” Reprod. Fertil. Dev. 5:57-63. (1993). |
| Maxwell, W. M. C., et al., “The Relationship Between Membrane Status and Fertility of Boar Spermatozoa After Flow Cytometric Sorting in the Presence or Absence of Seminal Plasma” Reprod. Fertil. Dev. vol. 10 p. 433-40 (1998). |
| Maxwell, W. M. C., et al., “Viability and Membrane Integrity of Spermazota after Dilution and Flow Cytometric Sorting in the Presence or Absence of Seminal Plasma.” Reprod. Fertil. Dev. 8:1165-78. (1997). |
| McCormick, R. J. “The Flexibility of the Collagen Compartment of Muscle.” Meat Sci. 36:79. (1994). |
| McCue, P.M. “Superovulation” Vet. Clin. N. Amer. Eq. Prac. 12:1-11. (1996). |
| McCue, P.M., et al., “Oviductal insemination in the mare.” 7th Internat. Symp. Eq. Reprod. 133 (1997) abstr. |
| McDonald, L. E. “Hormones of the Pituitary Gland.” Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 6th ed. Edited by N. H. Booth and L. E. McDonald. Ames, Iowa State Univ. Press. p. 590 (1988). |
| McKenna, T. et al., “Nonreturn Rates of Dairy Cattle Following Uterine Body or Comual Insemination.” J. Dairy Sci. 73:1179-1783 (1990). |
| McKinnon, A.O. and Voss, J. L. Equine Reproduction. Lea and Febiger. Philadelphia, London (1993). |
| McKinnon, A.O., et al., “Predictable Ovulation in Mares Treated With an Implant of the GnRH Analogue Deslorelin.” Eq. Vet. J. 25:321-323. (1993). |
| McKinnon, A.O., et al., “Repeated Use of a GnRH Analogue Deslorelin (Ovuplant) for Hastening Ovulation in the Transitional Mare.” Eq. Vet. J. 29:153-155. (1996). |
| McLeod, John H., “The Axicon: A New type of Optical Element”, Journal of the Optical Society of America, vol. 44 No. 8, Aug. 1954, Eastman Kodak Company, Hawk-Eye Works, Rochester, New York. |
| McNutt, T. L. et al., “Flow Cytometric Sorting of Sperm: Influence on Fertilization and Embryo/Fetal Development in the Rabbit”, Molecular Reproduction and Development, vol. 43, p. 261-267 (1996). |
| Meilgaard, M., et al., “Sensor Evaluation Techniques.” CRC Press Inc., Boca Raton, FL. (1991). |
| Meinert, C., et al., “Advancing the Time of Ovulation in the Mare With a Short-Term Implant Releasing the GnRH Analogue Deslorelin”, Equine Veterinary Journal, 25, p. 65-68 (1993). |
| Melamed et al, “An Historical Review of the Development of Flow Cytometers and Sorters”, 1979, pp. 3-9. |
| Mendes Jr., J.O.B. “Effect of heparin on cleavage rates and embryo production with four bovine sperm prepration protocols” Theriogenology 60 (2003) 331-340. |
| Menke,E. A Volume Activated Cell Sorter Journal of Histo chemistry and Cyto Chemistry, 1977, vol. 25,No. 7, pp. 796-803. |
| Merton, J., et al., “Effect of Flow Cytometrically Sorted Frozen/Thawed Semen on Success Rate of In Vitro Bovine Embryo Production”, Therio. 47, p. 295. (1997). |
| Metezeau P. et al. Improvement of Flow Cytometry Analysis and Sorting of Bull Spermatozoa by Optical Monitoring of Cell Orientation as Evaluated by DAN Specific Probing Molecular Reproduction and Development, 1991,vol. 30 pp. 250-257. |
| Meyers, P. J., et al., “Use of the GnRH Analogue, Deslorelin Acetate, in a Slow Release Implant to Accelerate Ovulation in Oestrous Mares.” Vet. Rec. 140:249-252. (1997). |
| Michel, T. H., et al., “Efficacy of Human Chorionic Gonadotropin and Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone for Hastening Ovulation in Thoroughbred Mares.” Eq. Vet. J. 6:438-442. (1986). |
| Miller, S. J. “Artificial Breeding Techniques in Sheep.” Morrow, D.A. (ed): Current Therapy in Therio 2. Philadelphia, WB Saunders. (1986). |
| Mirskaja, L. M. and Petropavloskii, V.V. “The Reduction of Normal Duration of Heat in the Mare by the Administration of Prolan.” Probl. Zivotn. Anim.. Breed. Abstr. 5:387. (1937). |
| Molinia, F. C., et al., “Successful Fertilization After Superovulation and Laparoscopic Intrauterine Insemination of the Brushtail Possum Trichosurus vulpecula, and Tammar wallaby, Macropus eugenii.” J. Reprod. Fertil. 112:9-17. (1998). |
| Moran, C., et al., “Puberty in Heifers—a Review.” Animal Reproduction Sci. 18:167. (1989). |
| Moran, D. M. et al., “Determination of Temperature and Cooling Rate Which Induce Cold Shock in Stallion Spermatozoa”, Therio. vol. 38 p. 999-1012 (1992). |
| Morcom, C. B. and Dukelow, W.R. “A Research Technique for the Oviductal Insemination of Pigs Using Laparoscopy.” Lab. Anim. Sci. p. 1030-1031. (1980). |
| Morgan, J. B., et al., “National Beef Tenderness Survey.” J. Anim. Sci. 69: 3274. (1991). |
| Morris, L. H., et al., “Hysteroscopic Insemination of Small Numbers of Spermatozoa at the Uterotubal Junction of Preovulatory Mares”, Journal of Reproduction and Fertility, vol. 118, pp. 95-100 (2000). |
| Morris, S. T., et al., “Biological efficiency: How relevant is this concept to beef cows in a mixed livestock seasonal pasture supply context?” Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production 54:333. (1994). |
| Moseley, W. M., et al., “Relationship of Growth and Puberty in Beef Heifers Fed Monensin” J. Anim. Sci. vol. 55 No. 2 p. 357-62 (1982). |
| Mount, D. E. “Fibrous and Non-fibrous Carbohydrate Supplementation to Ruminants Grazing Forage From Small Grain Crops.” M.S. Thesis. Abstr. Colorado State University. (2000). |
| Muller, W. and Gautier, F. “Interactions of Heteroaromatic Compounds with Nucleic Acids.” Euro. J Biochem. 54:358. (1975). |
| Mullis, K. B. and F. A. Faloona, “Specific Synthesis of DNA in Vitro Via a Polymerase-Catalyzed Chain Reaction” Methods in Enzymology vol. 155 p. 335-350 (1978). |
| Munne, S. “Flow Cytometry Separation of X and Y Spermatozoa Could be Detrimental to Human Embryos”, Hum. Reprod. 9(5): 758 (1994). |
| Myers, S. E., “Performance and Carcass Traits of Early-Weaned Steers Receiving Either a Pasture Growing Period or a Finishing Diet at Weaning.” J. Anim. Sci. 77:311. (1999). |
| Myers, S. E., et al., “Comparison of Three Weaning Ages on Cow-Calf Performance and Steer Carcass Traits.” J. Anim. Sci. 77:323. (1999). |
| Myers, S. E., et al., “Production Systems Comparing Early Weaning to Normal Weaning With or Without Creep Feeding for Beef Steers.” J. Anim. Sci. 77:300. (1999). |
| Nix, J. P., et al., “Serum Testosterone Concentration, Efficiency of Estrus Detection and Libido Expression in Androgenized Beef Cows.” Therio. 49: 1195. (1998). |
| Nowshari, et al., “Superovulation of Goats with Purified pFSH Supplemented with Defined Amounts of pLH”, Therio. vol. 43, p. 797-802 (1995). |
| NRC. “Nutrient Requirements for Beef Cattle.” National Academy of Sci. National Research Council, Washington, DC. (1996). |
| O'Brien, Justine K. et al., “Preliminary Developments of Sperm Sorting Technology in Non-human Primates”, Biology of Reproduction 2001(Su;;I. 1) 64:158. |
| Olive, M.D., “Detection of Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli after Polymerase Chain Reaction Amplification with a Tehrmostable DNA Polymerase”, J of Clinical Microbiology, Feb. 1989 p. 261-265. |
| Olson, S.E. and Seidel, G. E. Jr., “Reduced Oxygen Tension and EDTA improve Bovine Zygote Development in a Chemically Defined Medium”, J. of Anim. Sci. 78, pp. 152-157. (2000). |
| Owen, J. B. “The Maiden Female—A Means of Increasing Meat Production.” Proc. Symp. On the Use of Once Bred Heifers and Gilts. (1973). |
| Ozhin F.V. et al. Artificial insemination of farm animals. Moscow, Izdatelstvo Selskokhozyaastvennoi Literatury, 1961, pp. 350-361 and pp. 380-393. |
| Parrish, J. J., et al., “Capacitation of Bovine Sperm by Heparin”, Department of Meat and Animal Science, Biology of Reproduction 38, p. 1171-1180 (1988). |
| Patterson, D. J., et al., “Estrus Synchronization with an Oral Progestogen Prior to Superovulation of Postpartum Beef Cows” Therio. 48, 1025-33 (1997). |
| Peippo, J., et al., “Sex Diagnosis of Equine Preimplantation Embryos Using the Polymerase Chain Reaction”, Therio. vol. 44:619-627 (1995). |
| Penfold, L.M.et at., “Comparative Motility of X and Y Chromosome-Bearing Bovine Sperm Separated on the Basis of DNA Content”, Mol. Reprod. and Develop. 1998, vol. 50,pp. 323-327. |
| Perry, E. J., “Historical Background” The Artificial Insemination of Farm Animals. 4th ed. E. J. Perry (ed.) New Brunswick, Rutgers University Press, pp. 3-12. (1968). |
| Petersen, G. A., et al, “Cow and Calf Performance and Economic-Considerations of Early Weaning of Fall-Born Beef Claves”, J. Anim. Sci., 64:15, pp. 15-22. (1987). |
| Petit, M. “Early Calving in Suckling Herds.” In: J.C. Taylor (ed.) The Early Calving of Heifers and its Impact on Beef Production. p. 157-176. (1975). |
| Picket B.W., et al., “Livestock Production Science,” 1998. |
| Pickett, B. W, et al., “Factors Influencing the Fertility of Stallion Spermatozoa in an A. I. Program.” Proc. 8th International Congress Anim. Reprod. A. I. Krakow, Poland. 4:1049-1052. (1976). |
| Pickett, B. W., et al., “Effect of Seminal Extenders on Equine Fertility.” J. Anim. Sci. 40:1136-1143. (1975). |
| Pickett B. W., et al., “Influence of Seminal Additives and Packaging Systems on Fertility of Bovine Spermatozoa.” J. Anim. Sci. Suppl. II. 47:12. (1978). |
| Pickett, B. W., et al., “Management of the Mare for Maximum Reproductive Efficiency.” CSU Anim. Repro. Lab. Bull. No. 06. Fort Collins CO. (1989). |
| Pickett, B. W., et al., “Procedures for Preparation, Collection, Evaluation and Insemination of Stallion Semen.” CSU Exp. Sta. Artira. Reprod. Lab. Gen. Series Bull. 935. (1973). |
| Pickett, B. W., et al., “Recent Developments in Artificial Insemination in Horses”, Livestock Production Science, 40, p. 31-36 (1994). |
| Pickett, B. W., et al., “The Effect of Extenders, Spermatozoal Numbers and Rectal Palpation on Equine Fertility.” Proc. Fifth N.A.A.B Tech. Conf. A. I. Reprod. Columbia, MO. pp. 20-22. (1974). |
| Pinkel et al., “Flow Chambers and Sample Handling”, Flow Cytometry: Instrumentation and Data Analysis, Van Dilla et al. (Eds.), 1985, pp. 77-128. |
| Pinkel, D., et al, “Flow Cytometric Determination of the Proportions of X- and Y-Chromosome-Bearing Sperm in Samples of Purportedly Separated Bull Sperm”, J. of Anim. Sci., vol. 60, p. 1303-1307 (1998). |
| Pinkel, D., et al., “High Resolution DNA Content Measurements of Mammalian Sperm”, Cytometry 3:1-9. (1982). |
| Pinkel, D., et al., “Sex Preselection in Mammals? Separation of Sperm Bearing the Y and “O” Chromosomes in the Vole Microtus Oregoni”, Science vol. 218 p. 904 (1982). |
| Piston, D.W. “Three-dimensionally resolved NAD(P)H cellular metabolic redox imaging of the in situ cornea with two-photon excitation laser scanning microscopy,” Journal of Microscopy, vol. 178, Nov. 29, 1994. |
| Polge, E. J., “Historical Perspective of AI: Commercial Methods of Producing Sex Specific Semen, IVF Procedures”, Proceedings of the 16th Technical Conference on Artificial Insemination & Reproduction, Cambridge, England, pp. 7-11. (1996). |
| Polge, et al, “Revival of Spermatozoa After Vitrification and Dehydration at Low Temperatures,” Nature, 164:666 (1994). |
| Preza, C. et al, “Determination of Direction-Independent Optical Path-Length Distribution of Cells Using Rotational-Diversity Transmitted-Light Differential Interference Contrast (DIC) Images”, Presented at the Multidimensional Microscopy: Image Acquisition and Processing V, p. 1-11 (1998). |
| Prokofiev M.I. Regoulyatsia Razmnozhenia Selskokhozyastvennykh Zhivotnykh, Leningrad, NAOUKA Publishing House, 1983, pp. 181-195. |
| Province, C.A., et al., Cooling Rates, Storage, Temperatures and Fertility of Extended Equine Spermatozoa Therio. vol. 23 (6) p. 925-934, Jun. 1985. |
| Pursel, et al, “Effect of Orvus ES Paste on Acrosome Morphology, Motility and Fertilizing Capacity of Frozen-Thawed Boar Sperm,” Journal of Animal Science, 47:1:198-202 (1978). |
| Purvis, H. T. and J. C. Whittier. “Effects of Ionophore Feeding and Anthelmintic Administration on Age and Weight at Puberty in Spring-Born Beef Heifers.” J. Anim. Sci. 74:736-744. (1996). |
| Randel, R. D. “Nutrition and Postpartum Rebreeding in Cattle.” J. Anim. Sci. 68:853. (1990). |
| Rath, D., et al., “Low Dose Insemination Technique in the Pig”, Boar Semen Preservation IV, p. 115-118. (2000). |
| Rath, D., et al., “Production of Piglets Preselected for Sex Following in Vitro Fertilization with X and Y Chromosome-Bearing Spermatozoa Sorted by Flow Cytometry”, Therio. 47, p. 795-800 (1997). |
| Rathi, R. et al., “Evaluation of In Vitro Capacitation of Stallion Spermatoza”, Biology of Reproduction 2001,vol. 65, pp. 462-470. |
| Recktenwald, Diether. “Cell Separation Methods and Applications,” New York 1997. |
| Reiling, B.A., et al., “Effect of Prenatal Androgenization on Performance, Location, and Carcass and Sensory Traits on Heifers in Single Calf Heifer System”, J. Anim. Sci., 1995, 73: 986, p. 986-992. |
| Reiling, B.A., et al., “Effects of Prenatal Androgenization and Lactation on Adipose Tissue Metabolism in Finishing Single-Calf Heifers” J. Anim. Sci. vol. 75 p. 1504-1512 (1997). |
| Rens, W., et al., “A Novel Nozzle for More Efficient Sperm Orientation to Improve Sorting Efficiency of X and Y Chromosome-Bearing Sperm”, Technical Notes, Cytometry 33, p. 476-481 (1998). |
| Rens, W., et al., “Improved Flow Cytometric Sorting of X- and Y-Chromosome Bearing Sperm: Substantial Increase in Yield of Sexed Semen”, Molecular Reproduction and Development, p. 50-56(1999). |
| Rieger, D., et al, “The Relationship Between the Time of First Cleavage of Fertilized Cattle Oocytes and Their Development to the Blastocyst Stage”, Therio. 1999, p. 190. |
| Rigby, S. L., et al., “Pregnancy Rates in Mares Following Hysterscopic or Rectally-Guided Utero-Tubal insemination with Low Sperm Numbers” Abstracts/Animal Reproduction Science vol. 68 p. 331-333 (2001). |
| Riggs, B.A. “Integration of Early Weaning and Use of Sexed Semen in a Single-Calf Heifer System to Increase Value of Non-Replacement Heifers” MS Thesis, Colorado State University, Spring 2000. |
| Ritar, A. and Ball, A., “Fertility of Young Cashmere Goats After Laparoscopic Insemination.” J. Agr. Sci. 117: p. 271-273. (1991). |
| Roberts, J. R., Veterinary Obstetrics and Genital Diseases. Ithaca, New York. p. 740-749. (1971). |
| Romero-Arredondo, A. “Effects of Bovine Folicular Fluid on Maturation of Bovine Oocytes” Theriogenology 41: 383-394, 1994. |
| Romero-Arrendondo, A. “Effects of Follicular Fluid dring In Virto Maturation of Bovine Oocytes on In Vitro Fertilization and Early Embryonic Development” Biology of Reproduction 55, 1012-1016 1996. |
| Romita, A. “Some Considerations on the Beef Situation in Italy.” In: J.C. Taylor (ed.) The Early Calving of Heifers and its Impact on Beef Production. 23. (1975). |
| Roser, J. F., et al., “Reproductive Efficiency in Mares With Anti-hCG Antibodies.” Proc 9th Int. Congr. Anim. Repro. and A. I. 4:627 (1980) abstr. |
| Roth, T. L., et al., “Effects of Equine Chorionic Gonadotropin, Human Chorionic Gonadotropin, and Laparoscopic Artificial Insemination on Embryo, Endocrine, and Luteal Characteristics in the Domestic Cat.” Bio. Reprod. 57:165-171 (1997). |
| Roux, M., et al., “Early Calving Heifers Versus Maiden Heifers for Beef-Production from Dairy herds. I. The Effects of Genotype (Friesian and Carloads x Friesian) and Two Feeding Levels in the Rearing Period on Growth and Carcass Quality.” Livestock Prod. Sci. 16:1 (1987). |
| Rowley, H. S., et al., “Effect of Insemination Volume on Embryo Recovery in Mares.” J. Equine Vet. Sci. 10:298-300 (1990). |
| Roy, J. H., “Rearing Dairy-Herd Replacements.” Journal of the Society of Dairy Technology 31:73-79 (1978). |
| Rutter, L. M., et al., “Effect of Abomasal Infusion of Propionate on the GnRH-Induced Luteinizing Hormone Release in Prepuberal Heifers.” J. Anim. Sci. 56:1167 (1983). |
| Salamon, S., Artificial Insemination of Sheep, Chippendale, New South Whales. Publicity Press. p. 83-84 (1976). |
| Salisbury, G. W. and VanDemark, N. L. “Physiology of Reproduction and Artificial Insemination of Cattle.” San Francisco: Freeman and Company. p. 442-551 (1978) ( 1961 & 1978 Combined) Chapters 16 and 17 are the complete article. |
| Schenk, J. L. “Applying Semen Sexing Technology to the AI Industry”, Proceedings of the 18th Technical Conference on Artificial insemination & Reproduction, 2000. |
| Schenk, J. L, et al., “Imminent Commercialization of Sexed Bovine Sperm”, Proceedings, The Range Beef Cow Symposium XVL, p. 89-96 (1999). |
| Schenk, J. L, “Cryopreservation of Flow-Sorted Bovine Spermatozoa”, Therio. vol. 52, 1375-1391 (1999). |
| Schiewe, M. C., et al., “Transferable Embryo Recovery Rates Following Different Insemination Schedules in Superovulated Beef Cattle” Therio. 28 (4) Oct. 1997, pp. 395-406. |
| Schillo, K. K., et al, “Effects of Nutrition and Season on the Onset of Puberty in the Beef Heifer.” J. Anim. Sci. 70:3994 (1992). |
| Schmid, R. L., et al, “Fertilization with Sexed Equine Spermatozoa Using Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection and Oviductal Insemination”, 7th International Symposium on Equine Reproduction, pp. 139 (1998) abstr. |
| Schnell, T. D., et al, “Performance, Carcass, and Palatability Traits for Cull Cows Fed High-Energy Concentrate Diets for 0, 14, 28, 42, or 56 days.” J. Anim. Sci. 75:1195. (1997). |
| Schoonmaker, J. P., et al., “Effects of Age at Weaning and Implant Strategy on Growth of Steer Calves.” J. Anim. Sci. (Suppl. II) 76:71. (1998) abstr. |
| Seidel, G. E. Jr. “Cryopreservation of Equine Embryos” Veterinary Cliniics of North America: Equine Practice vol. 12, No. 1, Apr. 1996. |
| Seidel, G. E. Jr. Sexing mammalian spermatozoa and embryos-state of the art Journal of Reproduction and Fertility Supp 54, 477-487 1999. |
| Seidel, G. E. Jr. “Uterine Horn Insemination of Heifers With Very Low Numbers of Nonfrozen and Sexed Spermatozoa”, Atlantic Breeders Cooperative, Therio. 48: pp. 1255-1264, (1997). |
| Seidel, G. E. Jr et al., “Current Status of Sexing Mammalian Spermatozoa,” Society for Reproduction and fertiity, pp. 733-743, 2002. |
| Seidel, G. E. Jr., “Commercilizing Repreductive Biotechnology—The Approach used by XY, Inc.,” Theriogenology, p. 5, 1999. |
| Seidel, G. E. Jr. et al., “Insemination of Heifers with Sexed Sperm”, Therio, vol. 52, pp. 1407-1421 (1999). |
| Seidel, G. E. Jr., “Use of Sexed Bovine Sperm for In Vitro Fertilization and Superovulation”, Animal Reproduction and Biotech Lab, CSU, Proceedings of the 2000 CETA/ACTE Convention, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Aug. 2000, pp. 22-24. |
| Seidel, G. E. Jr., “Artificial Insemination With X-and Y-Bearing Bovine Sperm”, Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology Laboratory, Colorado State University, (1996). |
| Seidel, G. E. Jr., “Status of Sexing Semen for Beef Cattle”, Texas A & M University 45th Annual Beef Cattle Short Course and Trade Show Proceedings, Aug. 9-11, p. III24-III27, (1999). |
| Seidel, G. E. Jr., et al, “Insemination of Heifers With Very Low Numbers of Frozen Spermatozoa”, CSU, Atlantic Breeders Cooperative, Lancaster, PA, DUO Dairy, Loveland, CO, Jul. 1996. |
| Seidel, G. E. Jr., et al, “Insemination of Holstein Heifers With Very Low Numbers of Unfrozen Spermatozoa”, CSU, Atlantic Breeders Cooperative, (1995). |
| Seidel, G. E. Jr., et al, “Sexing Mammalian Sperm—Overview”, Therio. 52: 1267-1272, (1999). |
| Seidel, G. E. Jr., et al., “Artificial Insemination of Heifers with Cooled, Unfrozen Sexed Semen”, Therio, vol. 49 pp. 365 (1998) abstr. |
| Seidel, G. E. Jr., et al., “Insemination of Heifers with Sexed Frozen or Sexed Liquid Semen.” Therio. 51. (in press) (1999) abstr. |
| Seidel, G. E. Jr., Economics of Selecting for Sex: The Most Important Genetic Trait, Theriogenology 59, (2003), pp. 585-598. |
| Senger, P. L., et al., “Influence of Cornual Insemination on Conception in Dairy Cattle.” J Anim. Sci. 66:3010-3016. (1988). |
| Shabpareh, V. “Methods for Collecting and Maturing Equine Oocytes in Vitro” Theriogenology 40: 1161-1175, 1993. |
| Shackelford, S. D., et al, “Effects of Slaughter Age on Meat Tenderness and USDA Carcass Maturity Scores of Beef Females.” J. Anim. Sci. 73:3304. (1995). |
| Shapiro, Howard M. MD., PC. “Practical Flow Cytometry Third Edition,” New York 1994. |
| Sharpe, J.C., et al., “A New Optical Configuration for Flow Cytometric Sorting of Aspherical Cells” Horticulture and Food Research Institute of New Zealand Ltd., Hamilton, New Zealand (PNS) Nov. 2, 1997 Abstract. |
| Sharpe, Johnathan, Thesis; “An Introduction of Flow Cytometry”, Ch. 2-2.2, 1997. |
| Sharpe, Johnathan, Thesis; “Gender Preselection-Principle Scientific Options,” Ch. 3.4-3.4.8, 1997. |
| Sharpe, Johnathan, Thesis; “Sperm Sexing using Flow Cytometry,” Ch. 3.5-3.5.8, 1997. |
| Sharpe, Johnathan, Thesis; “Sperm Sexing-Method of Johnson et al,” Ch. 3.6-4.3.4, 1997. |
| Shelton, J. N. and Moore, N.W. “The Response of the Ewe to Pregnant Serum Mare Gonadotropin and to Horse Anterior Pituitary Extract” J. Reprod. Fertil. 14:175-177. (1967). |
| Shilova, A. V., et al., “The Use of Human Chorionic Gonadotropin for Ovulation Date Regulation in Mares.” VIIIth Int. Congress on Anim. Repro. and A. I. 204-208. (1976). |
| Shorthose, W. R. and P. V. Harris. “Effect of Animal Age on the Tenderness of Selected Beef Muscles.” J. Food Sci. 55:1-. (1990). |
| Silbermann, M., “Hormones and Cartilage. Cartilage: Development, Differentiation, and Growth.” pp. 327-368. Academic Press, Inc. (1983). |
| Simon, M., “The Effect of Management Option on the Performance of Pregnant Feedlot Heifers.” M.S. Thesis. Kansas State University. (1983). |
| Skogen-Hagenson, M. J. et al; “A High Efficiency Flow Cytometer,” The Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry, vol. 25, No. 7, pp. 784-789, 1977, USA. |
| Smith, G. C., et al, “USDA Maturity Indexes and Palatability of Beef Rib Steaks.” J. of Food Quality 11:1. (1988). |
| Smith, G. C., et al., “Relationship of USDA Maturity Groups to Palatability of Cooked Beef.” J. of Food Sci. 47:1100. (1982). |
| Smith, R. L., et al, Influence of Percent Egg Yolk during Cooling and Freezing on Survival of Bovine Spermatozoa, Dairy Science 1979 J 62:1297-1303. |
| Soisberry G.U., Van-Denmark N.L., Theory and practice of artificial cow insemination in USA, Moscow, KOLOS Publishing House, 1966, p. 346. |
| Spectra Physics, The Solid State Laser Company, “Vangaurd 4 Watts of UV from a Quasi-CW, All Solid State Laser,” http://www.splasers.com/products/isl—products/vangaurd.html three pages, printed Nov. 14, 2002. |
| Spectra-Physics Products, “Fcbar” http://www.splasers.com/products/oem—products/ov—fcbar.html two pages printed Nov. 14, 2002. |
| Spectra-Physics, The Solid State Laser Company, Vanguard 2000-HMD 532, www.specra-physics.com. |
| Spectra-Physics, The Solid State Laser Company, Vanguard 350-HMD 355, www.specra-physics.com. |
| Squires, E. L, et al., “Effect of Dose of GnRH Analog on Ovulation in Mares.” Therio. 41:757-769. (1994). |
| Squires, E. L, “Simultaneous Analysis of Multiple Sperm Attributes by Flow Cytometry”, Diagnostic Techniques and Assisted Reproductive Technology, The Veterinary Clinics of North America, Equine Practice, vol. 12, No. 1, p. 127-130 (1996). |
| Squires, E. L., “Early Embryonic Loss” Equine Diagnostic Ultrasonography, first ed., Rantanen & McKinnon. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, Maryland, p. 157-163 (1998). |
| Squires, E. L., et al, “Cooled and Frozen Stallion Semen”, Bulletin No. 9, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, CO. (1999). |
| Staigmiller, R.B. “Superovulation of Cattle with Equine Pituitary Extract and Porcine FSH” Theriogenology 37: 1091-1099 1992. |
| Stap J. Et al Improving the Resolution of Cryopreserved X- and Y-Sperm During DNA Flow Cytometric Analysis with the Addition of Percoll to quench the Fluorescence of Dead Sperm: Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam (1998) Journal of Animal Science vol. 76 1998, pp. 1896-1902. |
| Steel, N. L., “Cost Effectiveness of Utilizing Sexed-Semen in a Commercial Beef Cow Operation”, MS Thesis, Colorado State University, Summer 1998. |
| Steinkamp: “Flow Cytometry” vol. 55, No. 9, Sep. 1984 pp. 1375-1400, New York Review of Scientific Instruments Abstract Only. |
| Stellflug, J. N., “Plasma Estrogens in Periparturient Cow.” Therio 10:269. (1978). |
| Stevenson, J. S., et al., “Detection of Estrus by Visual Observation and Radiotelemetry in Peripubertal, Estrus-Synchronized Beef Heifers.” J. Anim. Sci. 74:729. (1996). |
| Story, C. E., et al., “Age of Calf at Weaning of Spring-Calving Beef Cows and the Effect on Cow and Calf Performance and Production Economics.” J. Anim. Sci. 78:1403. (2000). |
| Stovel R.T. A Means for Orienting Flat Cells in flow systems Biophysical Journal, 1978,vol. 23,pp. 1-5. |
| Sullivan, J. J., et al., “Duration of Estrus and Ovulation Time in Nonlactating Mares Given Human Chorionic Gonadotropin During Three Successive Estrous Periods.” J.A.V.M.A. 162:895-898. (1973). |
| Sumner, A. T. and Robinson, J. A., “A Difference in Dry Mass Between the Heads of X and Y-Bearing Human Spermatozoa”, J Reprod Fertil. 48, p. 9-15 (1976). |
| Swanson, E. W. “Future Research on Problems of Increasing Meat Production by Early Calving.” In: J.C. Taylor (ed.) The Early Calving of Heifers and its Impact on Beef Production. (1975). |
| Swenson, S. L., et al., “PRRS Virus Infection in Boars: Isolation From Semen and Effect on Semen Quality” from the 1995 Research Investment Report, Iowa State University, Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Iowa State University. |
| Taljaard, T. L., et al., “The Effect of the Laparoscopic Insemination Technique on the Oestrus Cycle of the Ewe.” J. South Afr. Vet. Assoc. 62(2): 60-61. (1991). |
| Tatum, J. D., et al., “Carcass Characteristics, Time on Feed and Cooked Beef Palatability Attributes.” J. Anim. Sci. 50:833. (1980). |
| Tervit, H.R., et al., “Successful Culture In Vitro of Sheep and Cattle Ova”, Agricultural Research Council, Unit of Reprod. Physio. and Biochem., Univ of Cambridge, p. 493-497 (1972). |
| Thun, Rico, et al., Comparison of Biociphos-Plus® and TRIS-Egg Yolk Extender for Cryopreservation of Bull Semen; Theriogenology Symposium, Dec. 1999, vol. 52, #8. |
| Time-Bandwidth Products “GE—100—XHP”, www.tbsp.com, 2 pages, Jan. 2002. |
| Unruh, J. A. “Effects of Endogenous and Exogenous Growth-Promoting Compounds on Carcass Composition, Meat Quality and Meat Nutritional-Value.” J. Anim. Sci. 62:1441. (1986). |
| USDA “Official United States Standards for Grades of Carcass Beef.” Agric, Marketing Serv., USDA, Washington, DC. (1997). |
| Van Dilla, Martin, “Overview of Flow Cytometry: Instrumentation and Data Analysis”, Flow Cytometry: Instrumentation and Data Analysis, Van Dilla et al. (Eds.), 1985, pp. 1-8. |
| van Munster, E. B., “Geslachtsbepaling met interferometrie”, Derde prijs NtvN-prijsvraag voor pas-gepromoveerden 65/4, (Sex Determination with Interferometry) p. 95-98 (1999). |
| van Munster, E. B., et al, “Difference in Sperm Head Volume as a Theoretical Basis for Sorting X & Y-Bearing Spermatozoa: Potentials and Limitations”, Therio 52, pp. 1281-1293 (1999). |
| van Munster, E. B., et al, “Difference in Volume of X- and Y-chromosome Bearing Bovine Sperm Heads Matches Difference in DNA Content” Cytometry vol. 35 p. 125-128 (1999). |
| van Munster, E. B., et al, “Measurement-Based Evaluation of Optical Path Length Distributions Reconstructed From Simulated Differential Interference Contrast Images”, J of Microscopy 191, Pt. 2, p. 170-176 (1998). |
| van Munster, E. B., et al, “Reconstruction of Optical Pathlength Distributions From Images Obtained by a Wide Field Differential Interference Contrast Microscope”, J of Microscopy 188, Pt. 2, p. 149-157 (1997). |
| Vazquez, J. J. et al., “Nonsurgical Uterotubal Insemination in the Mare”, Proceedings of the 44th Annual Convention of the American Association of Equine Practitioners, vol. 44, pp. 68-69 (1998). |
| Vazquez, J. M., et al., “A. I. in Swine; New Strategy for Deep Insemination with Low Number of Spermatozoa Using a Non-surgical Methodology”, 14th International Congress on Animal Reproduction, vol. 2, Stockholm, Jul. 2000, p. 289. |
| Vazquez, J., et al., “Successful low dose insemination by a fiber optic Endoscope technique in the Sow”, Proceedings Annual Conference of the International Embryo Transfer Society, Netherlands, Theriogenology, vol. 53 Jan. 2000. |
| Vidament, M., et al., “Equine Frozen Semen Freezability and Fertility Field Results.” Therio. 48:907. (1997). |
| Vincent, B.C., et al, “Carcass Characteristics and Meat Quality of Once-Calved Heifers.” Canadian J. Anim. Sci. 71:311. (1991). |
| Vogel, T., et al, “Organization and Expression of Bovine TSPY”, Mammalian Genome, vol. 8, pp. 491-496 (1997). |
| Voss, J. L. and Pickett, B. W., “Reproductive Management of the Broodmare.” CSU Exp. Sta. Anim. Reprod. Lab. Gen. Series. Bull. 961. (1976). |
| Voss, J. L., et al., “Effect of Number and Frequency of Inseminations on Fertility in Mares.” J. Reprod. Fertil. Suppl. 32:53-57. (1982). |
| Voss, J. L., et al., Effect of Human Chorionic Gonadotropin on Duration of Estrous Cycle and Fertility of Normally Cycling, Nonlactating Mares. J.A.V.M.A. 165:704-706. (1974). |
| Waggoner, A. W., et al., “Performance, Carcass, Cartilage Calcium, Sensory and Collagen Traits of Longissimus Muscles of Open Versus 30-month-old Heifers That Produced One Calf.” J. Anim. Sci. 68:2380. 1990. |
| Watson, “Recent Developments and Concepts in the Cryopreservation of Spermatozoa and the Assessment of Their Post-Thawing Function,” Reprod. Fertil. Dev. 7:871-891 (1995) Abstract. |
| Welch G., et al., Fluidic and Optical Modifications to a FACS IV for Flow Sorting of X- and Y-Chromosome Bearing Sperm Based on DNA. Cytometry 17 (Suppl. 7): 74. (1994). |
| Welch, G., et al., “Flow Cytometric Sperm Sorting and PCR to Confirm Separation of X- and Y-Chromosome Bearing Bovine Sperm”, Animal Biotechnology, 6, pp. 131-139 (1995). |
| Wheeler, T. L., et al., “Effect of Marbling Degree on Beef Palatability in Bos-taurus and Bos-indicus cattle.” J. Anim. Sci. 72:3145. (1994). |
| Wickersham, E. W. and L. H. Schultz. “Influence of Age at First Breeding on Growth, Reproduction, and Production of Well-Fed Holstein Heifers.” J. Dairy Sci. 46:544. (1963). |
| Wilhelm, K.M. et al, “Effects of Phosphatidylserine and Cholesterol Liposomes on the Viability, Motility, and Acrosomal Integrity of Stallion Spermatozoa Prior to and after Cryopreservation”, Cryobiology 33:320, 1996. |
| Wilson, C. G., et al., “Effects of Repeated hCG Injections on Reproductive Efficiency in Mares.” Eq. Vet. Sci. 4:301-308. (1990). |
| Wilson, D. E. et al., “Mammal Species of the World”, Smithsonian Institution Press, 1993, 1206 pp. |
| Wilson, M.S. “Non-surgical Intrauterine Artificial Insemination in Bitches Using Frozen Semen.” J. Reprod. Fertil. Suppl. 47:307-311. (1993). |
| Windsor, D. P., et al, “Sex Predetermination by Separation of X and Y Chromosome-bearing Sperm: A Review”, Reproduction of Fertilization and Development 5, pp. 155-171, (1993). |
| Wintzer Et al.:“Krankheiten des Pferdes Ein Leitfaden fur Studium und Praxiz,” 1982, nParey, Berlin Hamburg XP002281450. |
| Woods, G. L. and Ginther, O. J. “Recent Studies Related to the Collection of Multiple Embryos in Mares.” Therio. 19:101-108. (1983). |
| Woods, J., et al., “Effects of Time of Insemination Relative to Ovulation on Pregnancy Rate and Embryonic-Loss Rate in Mares.” Eq. Vet. J. 22(6): 410-415. (1990). |
| Zhou, Hongwei, et al. “Research on and Development of Flow Cell Sorting Apparatuses,” Gazette of Biophysics, vol. 13, ed. 3, 1997. |
| Hamamatsu, “Photomultiplier Tubes,” web page, http://www.optics.org/hamamatsu/pmt.html. Printed on Apr. 15, 2000 4. |
| Hermesmeyer, G.N. ,et al. Effects of Lactation and Prenatal Androgenization on the Performance, Carcass Composition, and Longissimus muscle sensory characteristics of heifers in the single-calf heifer system. The Professional Animal Scientist 15: 14-23. |
| Seidel, G. E. Jr., “Fertility of Bulls on the Edge of the Dose-Response Curve for Numbers of Sperm per Inseminate”; Proceedings of the 17th Technical comference on Artificial Insemination & Reproduction. 1998. |
| Hollinshead, F.K. et al. “In vitro and in vivo assessment of functional capacity of flow cytometrically sorted ram spermatozoa after freezing and thawing.” Reprod. Fertil. and Develop. 2003. vol. 15, pp. 351-359. |
| Hollinshead F. K. et al. “Production of lambs of predetermined sex after the insemination of ewes with low numbers of frozen-thawed sorted X- or Y-Chromosome-bearing spermatozoa”, Reprod. Fertil. and Develop. 2002, vol. 14, pp. 503-508. |
| Hollinshead F. K. et al. “Sex-Sorting and Re-cryopreservation of Frozen-Thawed Ram Sperm for In Vitro Embryo Production” Theriogenology , vol. 59. (2003) pp. 209. |
| Dhali et al. Vitrification of Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis)Oocytes, Embryo Theriogenology vol. 53, pp. 1295-1303 (2000). |
| Borini et al. Cryopreservation of Mature Oocytes: The use of a trypsin inhibitor enhances fertilization and obtained embryos rates, Fertil. Steril. (1997), vol. 68 (Suppl.). |
| Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. Electronic Tube Center, Photomultiplier Tubes, Brochure Dec. 1997. |
| Johnson, L. A., et al. The Beltsville Sperm Sexing Technology: High-speed sperm sorting gives improved sperm output for In Vitro fertiliation and AI, Journal of Animal Science,vol. 77, Suppl 2/J, Dairy Sci. vol. 82, Suppl. 2/1999 pp. 213-220. |
| Peters D., The LLNL high-speed sorter: Design features,operational characteristics, and bioloical utility, Cyometry, 6:290-301 (1985). |
| Rens W., et al Slit-scan flow cytometry for consistent high resdolution DNA analysis of X- and Y-chromosome bearing sperm, Cytometry 25:191-199 (1996). |
| van Munster, E. B. Interferometry in flor to sort unstained X- and Y-Chromosome-Bearing Bull Spermatozoa, Cytometry 47:192-199 (2002). |
| Scmid, R. L., et al. Effects of follicular fluid or progesterone on in vitro maturation of equine oocytes before intracytoplasmic sperm injection with non-sorted and sex-sorted spermatozoa, Journal of Reproduction and Fertility 56:519-525, 2000. |
| Brink, Z et al. A reliable procedure for superovulating cattle to obtain zygotes and early emryos for microinjection, Theriogenology vol. 41, p. 168, (1994). |
| Spectra-Physics, The Solid State Laser Company, Vanguard 350-HMD 355, User's Manual, Dec. 2002. |
| Photon, Inc. Light MeasuringSolutions, NanoScan for High-powered beam Applications, 2005. |
| Fluorescense Lifetime Systems, www.picoquant.com, Jan. 28, 2005 pp. 2. |
| NCI ETI Branch, Flow CytometryCore Laboratory, http://home.ncifcrf.gov/ccr/flowcore/ndyag.htm, pp. 5, May 11, 2004. |
| NCI ETI Branch, Flow CytometryCore Laboratory, http://home.ncifcrf.gov/ccr/flowcore/Isrll.htm, pp. 14, May 11, 2004. |
| Saacke,R.G., Can Spermatozoa with abnormal heads gain access to the ovum in artificially inseminated super- and single-ovulating cattle?, Theriogenology 50:117-128. 1998. |
| Hawk, H.W., Gamete Transport in the Superovulated Cow. Theriogenology: Jan. 1998 vol. 29 No. 1 pp. 125-142. |
| Blecher, S.R., et al. A new approach to immunological sexing of sperm, Theriogenology, 59, pp. 1309-1321, 1999 Vol. |
| Wheeler, M. B., et al. Application of sexed semen technology to in vitro embryo production in cattle, Theriogenology, vol. 65 (2006) 219-227. |
| Garverick, H. A., et al. mRNA and protein expression of P450 aromatase (AROM) and estrigen recepters (ER) α and β during early development of bovine fetal ovaries; The society for the study of reproduction 38th annual meeting Jul. 24-27, 2005; Abstract only. |
| Bodmer, M., et al., Fertility in heifers and cows after low does insemination with sex-sorted and non-sorted sperm under field conditions; Theriogenology, vol. 64, (2005) 1647-1655. |
| Schenk J. L., et al. Embryo production from superovulated cattle following insemination of sexed sperm, Theriogenology, 65 (2006) 299-307. |
| Garner, D. L., Flow cytometric sexing of mammalian sperm, Theriogenology, 65 (2006) 943-957. |
| Habermann F. A., et al., Validation of sperm sexing in the cattle (Bos taurus) by dual colour flourescence in situ hybridization; J Anim Breed Genet. Apr. 2005; 122 Suppl 1:22-7 (Abstract only). |
| Johnson, L. A., Sexing mammalian sperm for production of offspring: the state-of-the-art; Animal Reproduction Science; 60-61 (2000) pp. 93-107. |
| Seidel, G.E. Jr., et al., Methods of Ovum Recovery and Factors Affecting Fertilization of Superovulated Bovine Ova, Control of Reproduction in the Cow, Sneenan ed., 1978, pp. 268-280. |
| Hawk, H. W. et al., Effect of Unilateral Comual Insemination upon Fertilization Rate in Superovulating and Single-Ovulating Cattle, Journal of Animal Sciences, 1986 vol. 63, pp. 551-560. |
| Andersson, M. et al., Pregnancy Rates in Lactating Holstein-Greisian Cows after Artificial Insemination with Sexed Sperm. Reprod. Dom. Anim 41, 95-97, 2006. |
| Morton, K. M., et al., In vitro and in vivo survival of bisected sheep embryos derived from frozen-thawed unsorted, and frozen-thawed sex-sorted and refrozen-thawed ram spermatozoa; Theriogenology, 65 (2006) 1333-1345. |
| Wilson, R. D., et al., In vitro production of bovine embryos using sex-sorted sperm, Theriogenology, 65 (2006) 1007-1015. |
| Johnson, L.A., et al, 1996 Gender preselection in mammals. XX Beltsville Symposium in Agricultural Research Technolgy's Role in the Genetic Improvement of Farm Animals. pp. 151-164, Amer. Soc. Anim. Sci. IL, USA. |
| Smorag, Z., et al., Cattle Sex Regulation by Separation of X and Y Spermatozoa—Preliminary Results of Field Experiment in Poland, Reproduction, Fertility and Development 17(2) 306-306; Jan. 1, 2005. |
| Crichton, E., et al. (Abstract) Artificial Insemination of Lactating Holstein Cows with Sexed Sperm, Reproduction, Fertility and Development 18(2) 281-281, Dec. 14, 2005. |
| Lindsey, A.C., et al. Hysteroscopic insemination of low numbers of flow sorted fresh and frozen/thawed stallion spermatozoa, Equine Vet J. Mar. 2002;34(2):106-7. |
| Drobnis, E. Z, Cold shock damage is due to lipid phase transitions in cell membranes : a demonstration using sperm as a model, Journal of experimental zoology (J. exp. zool.) 1993, vol. 265, No. 4, pp. 432-437 (22 ref.). |
| Hagele, W.C., et al., Effect of Separating Bull Semen into X and Y Chromosome-bearing Fractions on the Sex Ratio of Resulting Embryos; Cran J. Comp. Med, 1984: 48:294-298. |
| U.S. Appl. No. 11/422,735, filed May 25, 2006 entitled Apparatus, Methods and Processes for Sorting Particles and for Providing Sex-Sorted Animal Sperm. |
| Suh, T.K, et al., Pressure during flow sorting of bull sperm affects post-thaw motility characteristics; Theriogenology vol. 59, No. 1, Jan. 2003 p. 516. |
| Garner, D.L. et al., Viability Assessment of Mammalian Sperm Using SYBR-14 and Propidium Lodide, 1996, Biology of Reporduction, vol. 53, pp. 276-284. |
| Salisbury, G.W. et al., Substrate-Free Epididymal-Like Bovine Spermatozoa, J Repord Fertil, 1963, vol. 6, pp. 351-359. |
| Wong, P.Y.D., et al. Potassium Movement During sodium-Induced Motility Initiation in the Rat Caudal Epididymal Spermatozoa; Biology of Reproduction 28, 206-212 (1983). |
| Shirai, H., et al. Regulation of Sperm Motility in Starfish; Development, Growth, and Differentiation; 24, (5), 419-428 (1982). |
| Padilla, A.W. et al. Extender and Centrifugation Effects on the Motility Patterns of Slow-Cooled Stallion Spermatozoa; J. Anim. Sci 1991, 69:3308-3313. |
| Ohta H., et al., Acquisition and Loss of Potential for Motility Ofspermatozoa of the Japanese Eel Anguilla Japonica, National Research Institute of Aquaculture, UNJR Aquiculture; 28th Panel Proceedings (1999). |
| Morisawa, M. The Process of the Initiation of Sperm Motility; Laboratory of Physiology, Ocean Research Institute, University of Tokyo (1986). |
| McGrady, A.V., et al. Cholinergic Effects on Bull and Chimpanzee Sperm Motility; Biology of Reproduction 15, 248-253 (1976). |
| Klinc, P. Dissertation—Improved Fertility of Flowcytometrically Sex Selected Bull Spermatozoa , School of Veterinary Medicine Hanover Germany, 2005. |
| Jenkins, A. D., et al. Concentrations of Seven Elements in the Intraluminal Fluids of the Rat Seminiferous Tubules, ReteTestis, and Epididymis; Biology of Reproduction 23, 981-987 (1980). |
| Darszon, A., et al. Ion Channels in Sperm Physiology, Physiological Reviews, vol. 27, No. 2, Apr. 1999. |
| Babcock, D. F., et al. Potassium-dependent increases in cytosolic pH stimulate metabolism and motility of mammalian sperm, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, vol. 80, pp. 1327-1331, Mar. 1983. |
| Zilli, L., et al. Adenosine Triphosphate Concentration and β-D-Glucuron idase Activity as Indicators of Sea Bass Semen Quality; Biology of Reproduction 70,1679-1684 (2004) Published online before print Feb. 11, 2004. |
| Hanania, E. G, et al. A novel Automated Method of Scanning Cytometry and Laser-Induced Necrosis Applied to Tumor Cell Purging, Blood. Nov. 15, 1999, vol. 94, No. 10, suppl 1 part 1. |
| Purdy, P. H. et al., Effect of Adding Cholesterol to Bull Sperm Membranes on Sperm Capacitation, the Acrosome Reaction, and Fertility, Biology of Reproduction 71, 522-527 (2004). |
| Purdy, P. H. et al., Effect of cholesterol-loaded cyclodextrin on the cryosurvival of bull sperm, Cryobiology 48 (2004) 36-45. |
| Moce E., et al., Cholesterol-loaded cyclodextrins added to fresh bull ejaculates improve sperm cryosurvival, J. Anim. Sci, 2006, 84:826-833. |
| Ereth, B.A., et al. Integration of Early Weaning and Sexed Semen into a Single-Calf Heifer System to Increase Value of Non-Replacement Heifers; Proceedings, Western Section, American Society of Animal Science, vol. 51,441-443, Jun. 2000. |
| Ereth, B.A., et al. Integration of Early Weaning and Sexed Semen into a Single-Calf Heifer System to Increase Value of Non-Replacement Heifers; Abstract Only, Journal of Animal Science, vol. 78, Supplement 2, 2000. |
| Bavister, B.D. et al., The effects of Sperm Extracts and Energy Sources on the Motility and Acromosome Reaction of hamster Spermatozoa in vitero; Biology of Reporduction 16, 228-237 (1997). |
| Fattouh, EI-S.M. et al., Effect of Caffine on the Post-Thaw Motility of Buffalo Spermatozoa; Theriogenology, Jul. 1991, vol. 36 No. 1. |
| U.S. Appl. No. 11/092,313, Response to Restriction filed Sep. 11, 2006. |
| U.S. Appl. No. 11/092,313, OA mailed Oct. 6, 2006. |
| U.S. Appl. No. 11/092,509, response to Restriction filed Jun. 21, 2006. |
| U.S. Appl. No. 11/092,509, OA mailed Jul. 21, 2006. |
| U.S. Appl. No. 11/092,338, Response to restriction filed Jan. 16, 2007. |
| U.S. Appl. No. 11/092,509, Resonse to OA filed Dec. 21, 2006. |
| U.S. Appl. No. 11/092,313, Response to OA filed Feb. 6, 2007. |
| U.S. Appl. No. 10/433,183, Office Action mailed Jan. 22, 2007. |
| Parallel Australian Application No. 2002237689; Office Action dated Jan. 9, 2006. |
| U.S. Appl. No. 11/092,509, Final OA dated Mar. 26, 2007. |
| U.S. Appl. No. 10/812,351, Response to Restrictive OA filed Apr. 5, 2007. |
| Lindsey, A. C., et al., Hysteroscopic insemination of mares with low numbers of nonsorted or flow sorted spermatozoa; Equine vet. J. (2002) 34(2) 128-132. |
| Sharpe, Johnathan, Advances in flow cytometry for sperm sexing. Unpublished paper, 2008. |
| Johnson, S.K., Possibilities with today's reproductive technologies. Available online at www.sciencedirect.com; Therio 64(2005) pp. 639-656. |
| Brogliatti, G. et al., Pregnancy Rates and First Born Calves by Artificial Insemination using Sexed Semen in Argentina: Therio. Jan. 2, 2002, vol. 57, No. 1 . p. 369. |
| Palma, G. et al., Sperm Physiology: The Ability to Produce Embryos In Vitro using Semen from Bulls with a Low Non-Return Rate. Therio. p. 308. |
| Gottlinger, Christopher et al., Cell-Cooling in Flow Cytometry by Peltier Elements. Cytometry 7:295-297 (1986). |
| Abstracts: American Dairy Science Assoc., American Society of Animal Science, Jun. 22-26, 2003 Phoenix AZ. J.Anim Sci. vol. 81 Supp1.1/J. Dairy Sci. vol. 86, Suppl. 1. |
| Garner, Duane L., et al, Effect of Semen Dilution on Bovine Sperm Viability as Determined by Dual-DNA Staining and Flow Cytometry. J. of Andrology, vol. 18, No. 3 May/Jun. 1997. |
| Lindsey, A. L., et al., Hysteroscopic or rectally guided, deep-uterine insemination of mares with spermatozoa stored 18 h at either 5° C. or 15° C. prior to flow-cytometric sorting, Animal Reproduction Science, vol. 85, Issues 1-2, Jan. 2005, pp. 125-130. |
| Schenk, J. L., et al., Pregnancy rates in heifers and cows with cryopreserved sexed sperm: Effects of sperm numbers per inseminate, sorting pressure, and sperm storage before sorting, Theriogenology (2008), doi:10.1016/j. theriogenolology. 2008:08:016. |
| Suh, T.K., et al., High pressure flow cytometric sorting damages sperm, Theriogenology 64 (2005) 1035-1048. |
| Upreti, G. C., et al., Studies on aromatic amino acid oxidase activity in ram spermatozoa: role of pyruvate as an antioxidant, Animal Reproduction Science 51 (1998) 275-287. |
| Schafer, D. J., et al., Comparison of progestin-based protocols to synchronize estrus and ovulation before fixed-time artificial insemination in postpartum beef cows, Journal of Animal Science Mar. 30, 2007, pp. 1-21. |
| Lamb, G. C., Synchronization of estrus and artificial insemination in replacement beef heifers using gonadotropin-releasing hormone, prostaglandin F2a and progesterone, Journal of Animal Science Nov. 1, 2006, vol. 84, pp. 3000-3009. |
| Saladarriaga, J. P., Ovarian, hormonal, and reproductive events associated with synchronization of ovulation and timed appointment breeding in Bos indicus-influenced cattle using intravaginal progesterone, gonadotropin-releasing hormone, and prostaglandin F2a, Journal of Animal Science Jan. 2007, vol. 85, pp. 151-162. |
| O'Brien, J. K. et al., Semen collection, characterization an preservation in a beluga (Delphinapterus leucas), 1st International workshop on Beluga whale research, husbandry and management in wild and captive environments Mar. 2007. |
| O'Brien, J. K. et al., Development of sperm sexing and associated assisted reproductive technology for sex preselection of captive bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus), Reproduction, Fertility and Development 2008, 18, 319-329. |
| Parallel Australian Patent Application No. 200237689; Office Action dated May 21, 2007. |
| Parallel Australian Patent Application No. 200237689; Office Action dated Oct. 3, 2007. |
| Parallel Australian Patent Application No. 200237689; Notice of Acceptance dated Jan. 2, 2008. |
| Parallel Australian Patent Application No. 200237689; Issued Patent dated Apr. 24, 2008. |
| Parallel Canadian Patent Application No. 2468772; Office Action dated May 9, 2008. |
| Parallel U.S. Appl. No. 10/433,183; Office Action dated Oct. 28, 2008. |
| Weigel, K. A., Exploring the Role of Sexed Semen in Dairy Production Systems; J. Dairy Sci. 87: (E.Suppl.): E120-E130; 2004 American Dairy Science Assoc. |
| Ferre, L., In vitro-derived embryo production with sexed and unsexed semen from different bulls; Reproduction Fertility and Development, vol. 16, Part 1/2, p. 253, 2004. |
| Dransfield, M.B.G., et al., Timing of Inseminatio for Dairy Cows Identified in Estrus by a Radiotelemetric Etrus Detection System. 1998 J Dairy Sci. 81: 1874-1882. |
| Nebel, R.L. et al. Timing of Artificial Insemination of Dairy Cows: Fixed Time Once Daily Versus Morning and Afternoon 1994 J Dairy Sci. 77:3185-3191. |
| Pursley, J. Richard, et al. Effect of Time of Artificial Insemination on Pregnancy Rates, Calving Rates, Pregnancy Loss, and Gender Ratio After Synchronization of Ovulation in Lactating Dairy Cows. 1998 J Dairy Sci. 81: 2139-2144. |
| Rozeboom, K. J. et al. Late Estrus or Metestrus Insemination After Estrual Inseminations Decreases Farrowing Rate and Litter Size in Swine J. Animal Sci. 1997. 75: 2323-2327. |
| Peeler, I. D. et al. Pregnancy Rates After Times AI of Heifers Following Removal of Intravaginal Progesterone Inserts, J. Dair Sci., 87:2868-2873; 2004. |
| Rath, D. Low Dose Insemination in the Sow—A Review, Reprod. Dom Anim. 37, 201-205 (2002) www.blackwell.de/synergy. |
| Lukaszewicz, M. et al. Attempts on freezing the Greylag (Anser anser L.) gander semen Animal Reproduction Science 80 (2004) 163-173. |
| Foote, R. H. et al. Sperm Numbers Inseminated in Dairy Cattle and Nonretum Rates Revisited 1997 J Dairy Science 80:3072-3076. |
| Conley, H.H. et at. Intensification by Intrauterine Devices of Sperm Loss from the Sheep Uterus Biology of Reproduction 2, 401-407 (1970). |
| Chrenek, Peter et al. Fertilizing Capacity of Transgenic and Non-Transgenic Rabbit Spermatozoa after Heterospermic Insemination Bull Vet. Inst. Pulawy 49, 307-310, 2005. |
| Johnson L.A., et al. use of boar spermatozoa for artificial insemination, II. Fertilization Capacity of fresh and frozen spermatozoa in gilts inseminated either at a fixed time or according to walsmeta readings, Journal of Animal Science, vol. 54 No. 1, 1982 pp. 126-131. |
| Pursel, V. G., et al. Distribution and morphology of fresh and frozen-thawed sperm in the reproductive tract of gilts after artificial insemination; Biology of Reproduction 19, 69-76 (1978). |
| Rath, D., “On the Status of Sex-Specific Sperm Sorting” Review lecture ET Conference 2002, Department of Animal Production and Animal Behaviour, Mariensee, Germany. |
| Grossfeld, R., “Experiments to Improve the Quality of Sex-Sorted Fresh and Frozen Porcine Spermatozoa” PhD thesis of the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Georg-August University, Gottingen, May 2007. |
| de Graaf, S.P. et al., Birth of offspring of pre-determined sex after artificial insemination of frozen-thawed, sex-sorted and re-frozen-thawed ram spermatozoa, Theriogenology, 67 (2007) 391-398. |
| O'Brien, J.K. et al., Development fo sperm sexing and associated assisted reproductive technology for sex preselection of captive bottlenose dolphins, Reproduction Fertility and Development, 2006, 18, 319-329. |
| Zhang, M, et al., In vitro fertilization with flow-sorted buffalo sperm, Reproduction Fertility and Development, 2005, 18(2), 283-284. |
| Schenk, J.L. et al., Insemination of cow elk with sexed frozen semen, 2003 Theriogenology 59, 514. |
| BD Biosciences Brochure, BD FACSCalibur Flow Cytometer, the Automated, Multicolor Flow Cytometry System, 2006. |
| Johnson, L. A. et al., Cryopreservation of flow cytometrically sorted boar sperm: effects on in vivo embryo developmen; J. Anim Sci. vol. 78, Suppl 1/J. Dairy Sci., vol. 83, Suppl 1, 2000. |
| Lindsey, A., et al., “Hysteroscopic Insemination of Fresh and Frozen Unsexed and Sexed Equine Spermatozoa”, pp. 152-153, Proc. 5th Int. Symp. Equine Embryo Transfer, p. 13, 2000. |
| Presicce, G.A., et al., First established pregnancies in mediterranean italian buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) following deposition of sexed spermatozoa near the utero tubal junction, Reproduction in Domestic Animals, vol. 40, No. 1, Feb. 2005 , pp. 73-75(3). |
| Dielemann, S.J., Superovulation in cattle: from understanding the biological mechanisms to genomics of the oocyte; 23rd Annual Meeting A.E.T.E.—Alghero; Sep. 2007. |
| Hasler, J. F., Factors influencing the success of embryo transfer in cattle; 23rd World Buiatrics Congress, Quebec, Canada Jul. 2004. |
| Mapletoft, R. J. et al., Superovulation in perspective, Bioniche Animal Health, Dec. 2002. |
| Bahr, G.F.et al., Considerations of volume, mass, DNA, and arrangement of mitochondria in the midpiece of bull spermatozoa, Experimental Cell Research 60 (1970) 338-340. |
| Baumber, J., et al., “The Effect of Reactive Oxygen Species on Equine Sperm Motility, Viability, Acrosomal Integrity, Mitochondrial Membrane Potential, and Membrane Lipid Peroxidation”, 2000, Journal of Andrology, vol. 21 (6),pp. 895-902. |
| BD LSR II Flow Cytometer, BD Biosciences Clontech Discovery labware Immunocytometry systems Pharmingen Jan. 28, 2004. |
| Bermudez, D.et al., The immediate effect of IR, laser radiation on rat , germ, cells, was studied by cytophotometric quantification, Scisearch 2001. |
| Sequent Biotechnologies Inc., Welcome to the Sequent Biotechnologies Inc. website., http://www.sequentbiotech.com/ Dec. 6, 2003. |
| Sabuer K. et al.“Effects of Angiotensin II on the Acrosome Reaction in Equine Spermatozoa” Journal of Reproduction and Fertility vol. 120, 2002 p. 135-142. |
| Brooks, D.E., Manipulation of Mammalian Gametes in Vitro, Biennial Report, Waite Agricultural Research Institute 1986-1989. |
| Bruemmer, J.E. et al., “Effect of Pyruvate on the Function of Stallion Spermatozoa Stored for up to 48 Hours”, Journal of Animal Science 2002, vol. 80*1, pp. 12-18. |
| Catt, S.L. et al., Hoechst staining and exposure to UV laser during flow cytometric sorting does not affect the frequency of detected endogenous DNA nicks in abnormal and normal human spermatozoa, Molecular Human Reproduction vol. 3 No. 9 pp. 821-825,(1997). |
| Chaudhry, P., et al., Casein Kinase II activity and polyamine-stimulated protein phosphorylation of cytosolic and plasma membrane protiens in bovine sperm, Archives of Biochemistry and Biophyeics vol. 271, No. 1 pp. 98-106, May 15, 1989. |
| Chen, Y. et al., Effects of sucrose, trehalose, hypotaurine, taurine, and blood serum on survival of frozen bull sperm, Cryobiology 30,423-431 (1993). |
| Chapter 16 Semen processing, storage, thawing, and handling, http://nongae.gsnu.ac.kr/˜cspark/teaching/chap16.html Sep. 23, 2002. |
| Conover,J. et al., Pre-loading of mouse oocytes with DNA-specific fluorochrome (Hoechst 33342) permits rapid detection of sperm-oocyte fusion, Journals of Reproductive & Fertility Ltd. 82, 681-690 (1988). |
| Cressman, B.E. MD. et al., Effect of sperm dose on pregnancy rate from intrauterine insemination: a retrospective analysis, Texas Medicine, 92:74-79 (1996). |
| Crissman, H.A. et al., Use of DIO-C5-3 to improve hoechst 33342 uptake, resolution of DNA content, and survival of CHO cells, Experimental cell research 174: 338-396 (1988). |
| Graves, C.N., et al., “Metabolism of Pyruvate by Epididymal-Like Bovine Spermatozoa”, 1964 Journal of Dairy Science vol. 47 (12), pp. 1407-1411. |
| Certified Semen Services, CSS Minimum requirements for disease control of semen produced for AI, http://www.naab-css.org/about—css/disease—control-2002.html Sep. 22, 2003. |
| De Grooth, B. et al., Simple delay monitor for droplet sorters, Cytometry 12:469-472 (1991). |
| Lodge, J.R., et al., “Carbon Dioxide in Anaerobic Spermatozoan Metabolism” 1968, Journal of Dairy Science, vol. 51(1), pp. 96-103. |
| Delgado,N. et al., Correlation between sperm membrane destabilization by heparin and aniline blue staining as membrane integrity index, Archives of Andrology40:147-152 (1998). |
| Denniston, D.J. et al., “Effect of Antioxidants on the Motility and Viability of Cooled Stallion Spermatozoa”, Journal Reproduction Supplement 56, 2001, pp. 121-126. |
| De Pauw M.C. et al. Sperm Binding to Epithelial Oviduct Explants in Bulls with Different Nonreturn Rates Investigated with a new In-Vitro Model Biology of Reproduction, 2002, vol. 67 p. 1073-1079. |
| Donoghue, A. et al., Effects of water- and lipid-soluble antioxidants on turkey sperm viability, membrane integrity, and motility during liquid storage, Poultry Science 76:1440-1445 (1997). |
| Zucker, R. et al., Utility of light scatter in the Morphological analysis of sperm, Cytometry 13:39-47 (1992). |
| Ericsson, S. et al., Interrelationships among fluorometric analyses of spermatozoal function, classical semen quality parameters and the fertility of frozen-thawed bovine spermatozoal, Theriogenology 39:1009-1024 (1993). |
| Ericsson, et al. “Flow Cytometric Evaluation of Cryopreserved Bovine Spermatozoa Processed Using a New Antiobiotic Combination”, Theriogenology, 1990, vol. 33(6), pp. 1211-1220. |
| Esteves, S. et al., Improvement in motion characteristics and acrosome status in cryopreserved human spermatozoa by swim-up processing before freezing, Human Reproduction vol. 15 No. 10 pp. 2173-2179 (2000). |
| Evenson, D.et al., Physiology and Management, Rapid determination on sperm cell concentration in bovine semen by flow cytometry, J Dairy Sci. 76: 86-94 (1993). |
| Farrell et al., “Quantification of Bull Sperm Characteristics measured by Computer-Assisted Sperm Analysis (CASA) and the Relationship of Fertility”, Theriogenology, 1998, vol. 49 (4), pp. 871-879. |
| Fitzgerald, D., Cell sorting: An enriching Experience, The Scientist Jul. 23, 2001. |
| Foote,R., The history of artificial insemination: Selected notes and notables, American Society of Animal Science (2002). |
| Zhanga, M.et al.,Development of bovine embryos after in vitro fertilization of oocytes with flow cytometrically sorted, stained and unsorted sperm from different bulls, Abstract: Theriogenology vol. 60 Issue 9,pp. 1657-1663, Dec. 2003. |
| Johnson, L. et al., Recent advances in sex preselection of cattle: Flow cytometric sorting of X-&Y-chromosome bearing sperm based on DNA to produce progeny, Theriogenology 41:51-56 (1994). |
| Ashwood-Smith, M., Debate Human sperm sex selection, Human Reproduction vol. 9 No. 5 pp. 757-759 ( 1994). |
| Pinkel,D.et al.,Flow cytometry of mammalian sperm progress in DNA and morphology measurement, The Journal of Histochemical and Cytochemistryvol. 27 No. 1 pp. 353-358 (1979). |
| Fugger, E. et al., Birth of normal daughters after MicroSort sperm separation and intrauterine insemination, in-vitro fertilization, or intracytoplasmic sperm injection, http://www.microsort.net/HumRepro.htm Mar. 19, 2003. |
| Johnson, L. et al., Flow sorting of X and Y Chromosome-bearing Mammalian sperm: Activation and pronuclear development of sorted bull, boar, and ram sperm microinjected into hamster oocytes, Gamete Research 21:335-343 (1988). |
| Salisbury; G.W., et al., Reversal by Metabolic Regulators of CO2-induced Inhibition of Mammalian Spermatozoa, 1959, Proc Soc Exp Biology Med, vol. 101 (1) pp. 187-189. |
| Centola, G.et al., Cryopreservation of human semen. Comparison of cryopreservatives, sources of variability, and prediction of post-thaw survival. PMID: 1601749 May-Jun. 1992. |
| Bencic, D.C., et al., “Carbon Dioxide Reversibly Inhibits Sperm Motility and Fertilizing Ability in Steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss)” 2000, Fish Physiology and Biochemistry, vol. 23(4), pp. 275-281. |
| Boatman, D.E. et al., “Bicarbonate Carbon Dioxide Regulation of Sperm Capacitation Hyperactivated Motility and Acrosome Reactions”, 1991, Biology of Reproduction vol. 44(5), pp. 806-813. |
| Garcia, M.A. et al., “Development of a Buffer System for Dialysis of Bovine Spermatozoa Before Freezing III.Effect of Different Inorganic and Organic Salts on Fresh and Frozen-Thawed Semen”, 1989, Theriogenology, vol. 31(5),pp. 1039-1048. |
| Eiman, M.et al., Trehalose-enhanced fluidity of the goat sperm membrane and its protection during freezing, Biology of Reproduction 69: 1245-1250 (2003). |
| Foote, R.et al., Physiology and Management, Fertility of bull spermatozoa frozen in whole milk extender with trehalose, taurine, or blood serum, J. Dairy Sci. 76:1908-1913 (1993). |
| Johnson, L. et al., Storage of bull semen, Animal Reproduction Science 62: 143-172 (2000). |
| Johnson, L. et al.,Erratum to “Storage of bull semen”, Animal Reproduction Science 62: 143-172 (2000). |
| McNutt,T.et al., Electrophoretic gel analysis of Hoechst 33342 stained and flow cytometrically sorted bovine sperm membrane proteins, Reprod. Dom Anim.31: 703-709 (1996). |
| Best, T. P. et al. “Nuclear Localization of Pyrrole-Imidazole Ployamide-Flourescein Conjugates in Cell Culture”, PNAS, 2003, vol. 100(21), pp. 12063-12068. |
| Gygi, M.P., et al. “Use of Fluorescent Sequence-Specific Polyamides to Discriminate Human Chromosomes by Microscopy and Flow Cytometry”, Nuci Acids Res. 2002, vol. 30(13),pp. 2790-2799. |
| BD Biosciences, BD AccuDrop Potion, www.bdbiosciences.com, Sep. 2002. |
| Agarwal, A.et al., Filtration of spermatozoa through L4 membrane:a new method, Fertility and Sterility, vol. 06, No. 6, Dec. 1991. |
| Anzar, M.et al., Optimizing and Quantifing fusion of liposomes to mammalian sperm using resonance energy transfer and flow cytometric methods, Cytometry49:22-27 (2002). |
| Anzar, M.et al., Sperm Apoptosis in fresh and cryopreserved bull semen detected by flow cytometry and it's relationship with fertility, Biology of Reproduction 66: 354-360 (2002). |
| Arav, A.et al., New trends in gamete's cryopreservation, Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology 187:77-81 (2002). |
| Arndt-Jovin et al., “Analysis and Sorting of Living Cells According to Deoxyribonucleic Acid Content”, Journal Histochem. And Cytochem., 1977, vol. 25(7), pp. 585-589. |
| Arts,E.et al.,Evidence for the existence of lipid-diffusion barriers in the equatorial segment of human spermatozoa, Boichem J.384:211-218 (1994). |
| Gadella B,et al., Dynamics in the membrain organization of the mammalian sperm cell and functionality in fertilization, Vet Quart. 21:142-146 (1999). |
| Garner,D. et al., Morphological and ultrastrutural Characterization of mammalian spermatozoa processed for flow cytometric DNA analyses, Gamete Research 10:339-351 (1984). |
| Gamer, D., et al., Effect of hoechst 33342 staining and laser illumination on the viability of sex-sorted bovine sperm, Theriogenology, vol. 57 No. 1, 1-810 (2002). |
| Garner, D. et al., Assessment of spermatozoal function using dual fluorescent staining and flow cytometric analyses, Biology of Reproduction 34:, 127-138 (1986). |
| Gebhard D., Sorting Viability . . . one more time, http://www.cyto.purdue.edu/hmarchiv/1998/2263.htm Feb. 14, 2004. |
| Givan,A., Flow Cytometry First Principles, (1992). |
| Gledhill, B.et al., Identifying and separating X- and Y-Chromosome-bearing mammalian sperm by flow cytometry, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Feb. 8, 1984. |
| Gledhill, B.et al., Flow cytometry and sorting of sperm and male germ cells, Flow Cytometry and sorting, second edition, pp. 531-551 (1990). |
| Gordon et al., “Genetic Transformation of Mouse Embryos by Microinjection of Purified DNA”, Proc. Natil Acad. Sci., 1980, vol. 77 (12), pp. 7380-7384. |
| Graham, J.et al.,Analysis of sperm cell viability, Acrosomal integrity, and Mitocondrial function using flow cytometry, Biology of Reproduction 43: 55-64 (1990). |
| Graham, J.et al., Effect of some Zwitter Ion buffers on freezing and storage of spermatozoa I, Bull, J. Dairy Sci 55: 372-378 ( 1992). |
| Grogan, W. et al., DNA Analysis and sorting of viable mouse testis cells, The Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry, vol. 29 No. 6 pp. 738-746, (1981). |
| Guthrie, et al., “Flow Cytometric Sperm Sorting: Effects of Varying laser Power on Embryo Development in Swine”, Mol. Reprod. And Develop., 2002,vol. 61 (1), pp. 87-92. |
| Hacker-Klom, U.B., et al., Effect of doxorubicin and 4′-epi-doxorubicin on mouse spermatogenesis. Mutation Research International Journal on Mutagenesis vol. 159, pp. 39-46. 1986. |
| Hasler, J., Symposium: Reproductive Technology and Genetic improvementJ. Dairy Sci. 75:2857-2879 (1992). |
| Held, A.et al., Quasi-CW Solid-state lasers Expand their reach, Photonics Spectra, Dec. 2002. |
| Hinkley, R.et al., Rapid visual detection of sperm-egg fusion using the DNA-Specific Fluorochrome Hoechst 33342, Developmental Biology 118: 148-154 (1986). |
| Januskauskas, A.et al.,Assessment of sperm quality through Fluorometry and sperm chromatin structure assay in relation to field fertility of frozen-thawed semen from Swedish AI bulls, Theriogenology 55: 947-961 (2001). |
| Janendran, R.et al., Effect of glycerol and cryopreservation on oocyte penetration by human spermatozoa, PMID: 4025843, Jul. 6, 2006. |
| Johnson, L., A flow cytometric/ sorting method for sexing mammalian sperm validated by DNA analysis and live births, Cytometry, p. 42 of supplement , Sep. 4, 1990. |
| Johnson, L., Flow sorting of intact X & Y chromosome-bearingmammalian spermatozoa, The Journal of the Society for Analytical Cytology Cytometry, (1988). |
| Zhang,M. et al., Development of bovine embryos after in vitro fertilzation of oocytes with a flow cytometrically sorted, stained and unsorted sperm from different bulls, Theriogenology 60: 1657-1663 (2003). |
| Jones,R.et al., Effect of Osmolality and Phosphate, “Tris”, “Tes”, “Mes”, nd “Herpes” Hydrogen ion buffers on the motility of bull spermatozoa stored at 37 or 5° C., Ausi J. Biol. Sci.25:1047-1055 (1972). |
| Jones,R., Plasma membrane structures and remodelling during sperm maturation in the epididymis, Journal of Reproduction and Fertility (1998). |
| Edited by Johnson, L., Boar Semen Preservation, Supplement to Reproduction in Domestic Animals (1991). |
| Johnson, M.,The Macromolecular Organization of membranes and its bearing on events leading up to Fertilization, Journal of Reproduction and Fertility (1975). |
| Johnson, L., Progress towards achieving sex preselection in farm animals, USDA Agricultural Research Service, (1989). |
| Kordwig, V.et al., Uniform Lateral Orentation, caused by flow forces, of flat particles in flow-through systrms, The Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry, vol. 25 No. 7 pp. 774-780 (1977). |
| Keeler, K.et al., Flow microfluorometric analysis of living spermatozoa stained with Hoechst 33342, J. Reprod.Fert. 68:205-212 (1983). |
| Keij, J.et al., High speed Photodamage cell sorting: An evaluation of the Zapper Prototype, Methods in cell Biology vol. 42, (1994). |
| Kirchhoff, C.et al., The Molecular biology of the sperm surface:Post-Testicular Membrane Remodelling, The Fate of the Male Germ Cell, (1997). |
| Krueger, C.et al.,Low dose Insemination in synchronized gilts, Theriogenology 52: 1363-1373 (1999). |
| Lahdetie,J.,Induction and survival of micronuclei in rat spermatids. Comparison of two meiotic micronucleus techniques using cyclophosphamide, Mutation Research, 203:47-53 (1988). |
| Laser Innovations—Applications, http://www.laserinnovations.com/488nm.htm Feb. 2, 2004. |
| Libbus, B.et al.,Incidence of chromosome aberrations in mammalian sperm stained with Hoechst 33342 and UV-laser irradiated during flow sorting, Mutation Research, 182: 265-274 (1987). |
| Loken, M., Separation of viable T and B lymphocytes using a cytochemical stain, Hoechst 33342, The Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry,vol. 28, No. 1, pp. 36-39 (1980). |
| Lucas, J.et al., Orientation measurments of microsphere doublets and metaphase chromosomes in flow, Cytometry 7:575-581 (1986). |
| Luttmer, S.et al.,Examination of living and fixed gametes and early embryos stained with supravital fluorochromes (Hoechst 33342 and 3,3′-dihexyloxacarocyanine Iodide), Gamete Research 15:267-283 (1986). |
| Maxwell, W.et al.,Physiology of spermatozoa at high dilution rates:The influence of seminal plasma, Theriogenology 52: 1353-1362 (1999). |
| Mazur, P., The role of Intracellular freezing in the death of cells cooled at supraoptimal rates, Cryobiology 14:251-272 (1977). |
| McSweeney,K.et al., Abstract: Insemination of lactating holstein cows with sexed frozen/thawed sperm, http://www.cvmbs.colostate.edu/physio/abstract/ges12.html Mar. 16, 2004. |
| Medeiros,C. et al., Current status of sperm cryopreservation: Why isn't it better? Theriogenology 57: 327-344 (2002). |
| Meistrich, M.et al., “Cytogenetic” studies of spermatids of mice carrying Cattanach's translocation by flow cytometry, Chromosome 74:141-151 (1979). |
| Morrell, J. et al., Offspring from inseminations with mammalian sperm stained with Hoechst 33342, either with or without flow cytometry, Mutation Research 224:177-183 (1989). |
| Morrell et al.,“Sexing of Sperm by Flow Cytometry”, The Veterinary Record, 1988, pp. 322-324. |
| Morrier, A.et al., Glycerol addition and conservation of fresh and crypreserved ram spermatozoa, Canadian Journal of AnimalScience, Sep. 2002http://pubs.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/aic-journals/2002ab/cjas02/sep02/cjas01-045.html. |
| Moruzzi, J., Selecting a mammalian species for the separationof X- and Y-chromosome-bearing spermatozoa, J. Reprod. Fert. 57:319-323 (1979). |
| Murthi S. et al., Improved data acquisition system for digital flow cytometry, (2002). |
| Studt, T., MEMS-based Cell Sorter Speeds Clinical Studies, R& D Magazine, Dec. 2003: pp. 36-37 as currently presented on and printed from http;//www.rdmag.com 2 pgs. |
| R&D Technologies & Strategies for Research & Development pp. 2 www.rdmag.com printed Feb. 17, 2007. |
| Gwo-Bin, L.et al., Multi-cell-line micro flow cytometers with buried SU-8/SOG Optical waveguides, Feb. 2002. |
| Shapiro, H. M. et al., Multistation Multparameter Flow Cytometry: Some Influences of Instrumental Factors on System Performance, 1983,pp. 11-19,4,AIIan R. Liss, Inc. |
| OcanaQuero, J.et al., Biological effects of helium-neon irradiation on acrosome reaction in bull, Scisearch Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology, vol. 40 No. 3, pp. 294-298 (1997). |
| Pangawkar, G. et al., Physical and biochemical characteristics of semen in relation to fertility of Holstein-Friesian bulls, Indian vet. Med.J. vol. 13: 21-26 (1989). |
| Papa, S. et al., Chromatin organization in Isolated nuclei: Flow cytometric characterization employing forward and perpendicular light scatter, Cell Biochemistry and Function vol. 6: 31-38 (1988). |
| Parks, J. et al., Lipids of plasma membrane and outer acrosomal membrane from bovine spermatozoa, Biology of Reproduction 37:1249-1258 (1987). |
| Partec, Taking flow cytometry to the next generation, Catalogue 2001-2002. |
| Perez-Pe, R.et al., Semen plasma proteins prevent cold shock membrane damage to ram spermatozoa, Theriogenology 56 (3) : 425-434, Aug. 1, 2001, PMID: 11516122 http.//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?CMD=search&DB=pubmed. |
| Peter, A. et al., Fractionation of bovine spermatozoa for sex selection: A rapid immunomagnetic technique to remove spermatozoa that contain the H-Y antigen, Theriogenology 40:1177-1185 (1993). |
| Petersen, Timothy W., et al, Stability of the Breakoff Point in a High-Speed Cell Sorter The Journal of the international society for Analytical Cytology, vol. 56A Num.2, Dec. 2003. |
| Pinkel Dan, Flow Cytometry and Sorting Analytical Chemistry, Mar. 1982 vol. 54 No. 3. |
| Pinkel Dan, Cytometric Analysis of Mammalian Sperm for Induced Morphologic and DNA Content Errors; Biological Dosimetry (Cytometric Approaches to Mammalian Systems) 1984. |
| Pinkel, D. et al; Radiation-Induced DNA Content Variability in Mouse Sperm. Radiation Research an International Journal, vol. 95, Num.3, Sep. 1983. |
| Piumi, F. et al., Specific cytogenetic labeling of bovine spermatozoa bearing X or Y chromosomes using florescent in situ hybridization (FISH), Genet, Sel. vol. 33: 89-98 (2001). |
| Edited by Bell-Prince, C. , NFCR Newsletter, http://www.ls.lanl.gov/NFCR/newsletter-Oc98/oct98.html Jan. 6, 2004. |
| Zahid, R.et al., Changes in motion characteristics, plasma membrane integrity, and acrosome morphology during cryopreservation of buffalo spermatozoa, Journal of Andrology, vol. 22 Num.2, Mar. 4, 2001. |
| Rees, William A., et al,Betaine Can Eliminate the Base Pair Composition Dependence of DNA Melting; Biochemistry 1993, 32, pp. 137-144. |
| Rens, W.et al.,An X-Y paint set and sperm FISH protocol that can be used for validation of cattle sperm separation procedures, Journals of Reproduction and Fertility, 121: 541-546 (2001). |
| Reyes, C.et al., Characterization of Secretory Proteins from cultured Cauda Epididymal Cells that significantly sustain bovine sperm motility, Molecular Reproduction and Development 63: 500-509 (2002). |
| Rippel,N.et al., Transcervical insemination: Effects of variation in total sperm number/dose on fertility, 83rd Annual Fall Conference for Veterinarians, Oct. 2002. |
| Rizzo, W. et al.,Liposome-mediated transfer of simian virus 40 DNA and minichromosome into mammalian cells, J. Gen. Virol 64:911-919 (1983). |
| Ruch, F., Determination of DNA content by microfluorometry, Introduction to Quanitative Cytochemistry, pp. 281-294 (1966). |
| Saacke, R.et al., Semen Quality test and their relationship to fertility, 4th National Association of Animal Breeders, (1972). |
| Salisbury, G.W.,et al.“Preservation of Bovine Spermatozoa in Yolk-Citrate Diluent and Field Results from its Use”, Journal of Dairy Science, 1941, vol. 24(11),pp. 905-910. |
| Schroter, S.et al., The glycocalyx of the sperm surface, Human Reproduction Update: vol. 5, Num.4, pp. 302-313 (1999). |
| Schuster, T. et al., Isolation of motile spermatozoa from semen samples using microfluidics, Reproductive BioMedicine Online,vol. 7 Num.1 75-81,www.rbmonline.com/Article/847, Apr. 16, 2003. |
| Seidel, George E. Jr. “What about sexed semen?” Hoard's Dairyman, The National Dairy Farm Magazine, May 10, 2001. |
| Sexing Technologies, Welcome to sexing Technologies, http://www.sexingtechnologies.com/ Dec. 11, 2003. |
| Sharp, J. et al., Radially symmetric excitation and collection optics for flow cytometric sorting of aspherical cells, Cytometry. 29:363-370 (1997). |
| Shapiro, H., Re: cheap laser idea??, http://www.cyto.purdue.edu/hmarchiv/1998/1015.htm Feb. 3, 2004. |
| Smith, P.et al., Characteristics of a Novel Deep Red/ Infrared Fluorescent Cell-Permeant DNA Probe, DRAQ5, in Intact human Cells Analyzed by Flow Cytometry, Confocal and Multiphoton Microscopy, Cytometry 40:280-291 (2000). |
| Stanger, J.et al, The Relationship between motility and the FITC-BSA binding Properties of Mouse epididymal spermatozoa, The Journal of Experimental Zoology 227: 323-327 (1983). |
| Stanic,P. et al.,Comparison of protective media and freezing techniques for cryopreservation of human semen, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?CMD=search&DB=pubmed , Jul. 11, 2000. |
| Stewart,R., Georgia Beef Challenge, Livestock Newsletter Jan. 2, 2002. |
| Takacs, T.et al.,Flow Cytometric determination of the sperm cell number in diluted bull semen samples by DNA staining method, Acta Biochim.Biophys.Hung. vol. 22 Num.1, pp. 45-57 (1987). |
| Thurston,L. et al., Identification of Amplified restriction fragment length polymorphism markers linked to genes controlling boar sperm viability following cryopreservation, Biology of Reproduction 66: 545-554 (2002). |
| Tone,S.et al., A method of vital staining of mouse eggs using Hoechst dye, Department of Developmential Biology (1986). |
| Tubman,L.et al., Abstract:Normality of calves resulting from sexed sperm, http://www.cvmbs.colostate.edu/bms/abstract/ges12.html Mar. 16, 2004. |
| Tucker,K.et al., Sperm separation techniques:Comparison of gradient products, Proceedings 2ed International workshop for Embryologists: Troubleshooting activities in the ART lab. (2002). |
| Van Dilla, M.et al., Measurement of Mammalian Sperm Deoxyribonucleic acid by Flow Cytometry, The journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry vol. 25 Num.7 pp. 763-773 (1977). |
| Vazquez, J.et al., Nonsurgical Uterotubal Insemination in the Mare, Reproduction: Mare vol. 44 (1998). |
| Vishwanath,R.et al., Storage of bovine semen in liquid and frozen state, Animal Reproduction Science 62: 23-53 (2000). |
| Washburn, S., Sex-Sorted Semen; Still several steps short of sensational, http://www.cals.ncsu.edu/an sci/extention/animal/news/apri196/april1965.html Mar. 16, 2004. |
| Welch,G.et al., Sex preselection: Laboratory Validation of the sperm sex ratio of Flow sorted X- and Y-sperm by sort reanal ysis for DNA, Theriogenology 52:1343-1352 (1999). |
| Welch, G.et al., Fluidic and optical modification to a facs IV for flow sorting of X&Y Chromosomes bearing sperm based on DNA, International Society for Analytical Cytology (1994). |
| Wiltshire, M.et al., A Novel Deep Red/ Low infrared fluorescent flow cytometric probe DRAQ5NO, For the Discrimination of intact nucleated cells in apoptotic cell populations, Cytometry 39: 217-223 (2000). |
| Woelders, H. et al., Effects of Trehalose and Sucrose, Osmolality oh the freezing medium, and cooling Rate on Viability and intactness of bull sperm after freezing and thawing, Cryobiology 35: 93-105 (1997). |
| Wolf, D., Lipid domains in sperm plasma membranes, Molecular Membrane Biology 12: 101-104 (1995). |
| Wolf, D.et al., Changes in sperm plasma membrane lipid diffusibility after hyperactivation during In vitro capacitation in the mouse, The Journal of Cell Biology, vol. 102: 1372-1377(1986). |
| Wolf, D.et al., Diffusion and regionalization in membranes of maturing ram spermatozoa,The Journal of Cell Biology, vol. 98:1678-1684 (1984). |
| XY Files, Issue 1 Jun. 1999. |
| X Y, Inc. , Sex selection Procedure, http://www.xyinc.com/sex select.html, Feb. 21, 2003. |
| XY Files, Issue 4 Aug. 2000. |
| XY Files, Issue 2 Oct. 1999. |
| XY Files, Issue 3 Mar. 2000. |
| XY Files, Issue 5 Mar. 2001. |
| XY Files, Issue 6 Mar. 2002. |
| Zilli, L., et al. Adenosine Triphosphate Concentration and -D-Glucuron idase Activity as Indicators of Sea Bass Semen Quality; Biology of Reproduction 70,1679-1684 (2004). |
| Fattouh, El-S.M. et al., Effect of Caffine on the Post-Thaw Motility of Buffalo Spermatozoa; Theriogenology, Jul. 1991, vol. 36 No. 1. |
| Koh-ichi Hamano, et al., Gender Preselection in Cattle with Intracytoplasmically injected, flow cytometrically sorted sperm heads, Biology of Reporduction 60, 1194-1197 (1990). |
| Hollinshead, F.K. et al., Birth of lambs of pre-determined sex after in vitro production of embryos using frozen-thawed sex-sorted and re-frozen-thawed ram spermatozoa, Reproduction (Cambridge, England) May 2004, vol. 127, o. 5, pp. 557-568. |
| Nikkei Biotech, Supplement, Latest Information of Biological Instruments and Reagents, 1988, pp. 93-94. |
| Pursley, J.R. et al., Reproductive Management of Lactating Dairy Cows Using Synchronization of Ovulation; 1997 J. Dairy Sci 80:301-306. |
| Bagnato, A., Genetic and Breeding; Phenotypic Evaluation of Fertility Traits and Their Association with Milk Production of Italian Friesian Cattle; 1994 J. Dairy Sci 77:874-882. |
| Panskowski, J., A., et al. Use of Prostaglandin F2a as a Postpartum Reproductive Management Tool for Lactating Dairy Cows; 1995 J. Dairy Sci 78:1477-1488. |
| Scipioni, R. L., et al., Short Communication: An Electronic Probe Versus Milk Protesterone as Aids for Reproductive Management of Small Dairy Herds; 1999 J. Dairy Sci 82:1742-1745. |
| Grant, V. J., et al., Sex-Sorted Sperm and Fertility: An Alternative View; Biology of Reproduction 76, 184-188 (2007). |
| Garner, D. L., Sex-Sorting Mamallian Sperm: Concept to Application in Aminals; Journal of Andrology, vol. 22, No. 4 Jul./Aug. 2001. |
| Tubman, L.M. et al., Characteristics of calves produced with sperm sexed by flow cytometry/cell sorting; 2004 Amer. Society of Animal Sciences; 82:1029-1036. |
| U.S. Appl. No. 60/253,787, filed Nov. 29, 2000. |
| U.S. Appl. No. 60/253,785, filed Nov. 29, 2000. |
| Parallel Australian Application No. 2002237689, Office Action dated Jan. 9, 2006. |
| Rath, D, et al., In Vitro Production of Sexed Embryos for Gender Preselection: High-speed sorting of X-Chromosome-Bearing Sperm to Produce Pigs After Embryo Transfer, J. Anim. Sci. 1999, 77:3346-3352. |
| Auchtung, T.L., et al., Effects of Photoperiod During the Dry Period on Prolactin, Prolactin Receptor, and Milk Production of Dairy Cows; Journal of Dairy Sci. 88: 121-127; American Dairy Sci. Assoc., 2005. |
| Bailey, Tom and Currin, John Milk Production Evaluation in First Lactation Heifers; 1999 Virginia Cooperation Extension/Dairy Science Publication 404-285. |
| Belloin, J.C., Milk and Dairy products: prduction and processing costs Food and Agriculture Organization of United Nations Rome 1988 FAO; web page where found: www.fao.org/docrep/003/x6931e/X6931E00.htm. |
| Lopez, H.,Caraviello, D.Z., Satter, L.D. ,Fricke, P.M. and Wiltbank, M.C.; Relationship Between Level of Milk Production and Multiple Ovulation in Lactating Dairy Cows Journal of Dairy Sci. 88:2783-2793; American Dairy Science Association, 2005. |
| Milk Production Released Jul. 18, 2006, by the National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS), Agri. Stats. Board, US Dept of Agri. |
| De Vries, A. Economic Value of Pregnancy in Dairy Cattle Journal of Dairy Sci. 89:3876-3885/American Dairy Sci. Assoc. 2006. |
| Chile Office Action issued in corresponding Chilean Application No. 3017-2001 (3 pages). |
| Defendants Disclosure of Invalidity Contentions, XY, LLC v. Trans Ova Genetics, L.C., Case No. 5:12-CV-208-OLG, U.S. Dist. Ct., W.D. Texas, dated Aug. 20, 2012, 45 total pages. |
| Defendant's Answer, Affirmative Defenses and Jury Demand, XY, LLC v. Trans Ova Genetics, L.C., Case No. 5:12-CV-208-OLG, U.S. Dist. Ct., W.D. Texas, dated Aug. 1, 2012, 64 total pages. |
| Amblard. Method to Assess the Strength of Cell-Cell Adhesion Using a Modified Flow Cytometer; Chapter 7 in “Studying Cell Adhesion,” P. Bongrand, P.M. Claesson, A.S.G. Curtis, eds., Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1994, pp. 93-108. |
| Amblard, et al. New Chamber for Flow Cytometric Analysis Over an Extended Range of Stream Velocity and Application to Cell Adhesion Measurements; Cytometry, 1992, 13:15-22. |
| Kay, et al. Experimental Findings on Gynecologic Cell Orientation and Dynamics for Three Flow Nozzle Geometries; J. of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry, Jul. 1977, vol. 25, No. 7, pp. 870-874. |
| Lorton, et al., A New Antibiotic Combination for Frozen Bovine Semen: 2. Evaluation of Seminal Quality; Theriogenology, Mar. 1988, vol. 29, No. 3, pp. 593-607. |
| Shin, et al. A New Antibiotic Combination for Frozen Bovine Semen: 1. Control of Mycoplasmas, Ureaplasmas, Campylobacter fetus subsp. venerealis and Haemophilus somnus; Theriogenology, Mar. 1988, vol. 29, No. 3, pp. 577-591. |
| Watkins, et al. Analysis of the flow Cytometer Stain Hoechst 33342 on Human Spermatozoa; Molecular Human Reproduction, 1996, vol. 2, No. 9, pp. 709-712. |
| Januskauskas, A. et al.; “Effect of Cooling Rates on Post-Thaw Sperm Motility, Membrane Integrity, Capacitation Status and Fertility of Dairy Bull Semen Used for Artificial Insemination in Sweden”; Article, Apr. 26, 1999, pp. 641-658, vol. 52, Theriogenology (7 pages). |
| Canadian Office Action dated Mar. 29, 2012 issued in corresponding CA Application No. 2,468,772 (3 pages). |
| Fugger, E.F., et al.; “Births of Normal Daughters After MicroSort Sperm Separation and Intrauterine Insemination, in-vitro Fertilization, or Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection”; Article, 1998, pp. 2367-2370; vol. 13, No. 9, European Society for Human Reproduction and Embryology (4 pages). |
| AU Examiner's Report dated Sep. 2, 2010, issued in corresponding Australian Application No. 2008200810 (2 pages). |
| AU Notice of Acceptance dated Dec. 14, 2010, issued in corresponding Australian Application No. 2008200810 (3 pages). |
| AU Examiner's Report dated Oct. 4, 2011, issued in corresponding Australian Application No. 2011201281. (2 pages). |
| AU Notice of Acceptance dated Dec. 16, 2011, issued in corresponding Australian Application No. 2011201281 (3 pages). |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20100304354 A1 | Dec 2010 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 60253785 | Nov 2000 | US | |
| 60253787 | Nov 2000 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 11536576 | Sep 2006 | US |
| Child | 12853196 | US | |
| Parent | 10433183 | US | |
| Child | 11536576 | US |
