Patent Application
20220016271
This invention relates to treating cancer, and more specifically to using a combination of p53-encoding mRNA and an mTOR inhibitor, a platinum-based anticancer agent, or an AMPK activator, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
Cancer is one of the leading causes of death in contemporary society. The numbers of new cancer cases and deaths is increasing each year. Currently, cancer incidence is 454.8 cases of cancer per 100,000 men and women per year, while cancer mortality is 71.2 cancer deaths per 100,000 men and women per year. Pharmacological interventions that are safe over the long term may improve cancer treatment and decrease cancer mortality.
Loss of function in tumor suppressor genes is commonly associated with the onset/progression of cancer and treatment resistance. The p53 tumor suppressor gene, a master regulator of diverse cellular pathways, is frequently altered in various cancers, for example in ˜36% of hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) and ˜68% of non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLCs). Current methods for restoration of p53 expression, including small molecules and DNA therapies, have yielded progressive success but each has formidable drawbacks. In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a redox-responsive nanoparticle (NP) platform for effective delivery of p53-encoding synthetic messenger RNA (mRNA). The experimental results provided herein demonstrate that the synthetic p53-mRNA NPs drastically delay the growth of p53-null HCC and NSCLC cells by inducing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. In addition, p53 restoration markedly improves the sensitivity of these tumor cells to everolimus, a mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor that failed to show clinical benefits in advanced HCC and NSCLC. Moreover, co-targeting of tumor-suppressing p53 and tumorigenic mTOR signaling pathways results in marked anti-tumor effects in vitro and in multiple animal models of HCC and NSCLC.
In one general aspect, the present disclosure provides a method of treating a cancer, the method comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of an mRNA encoding tumor suppressor protein p53 in combination with an anticancer therapeutic agent, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the anticancer therapeutic agent is selected from an mTOR inhibitor, a platinum-based antineoplastic agent, and an AMPK activating agent.
In some embodiments, the p53-encoding mRNA is within a delivery vehicle capable of providing release of the p53-encoding mRNA in the cancer cell.
In some embodiments, the delivery vehicle is a particle comprising:
In some embodiments, the particle further comprises a shell comprising at least one amphiphilic material surrounding the water-insoluble polymeric core.
In some embodiments, the water-insoluble polymeric core comprises one or more polymers selected from a poly(lactic acid), a poly(glycolic acid), and a copolymer of lactic acid and glycolic acid.
In some embodiments, the water-insoluble polymer comprises at least one repeating unit according to Formula (I) or Formula (II):
wherein:
X1 is a bond or C1-100 alkylene;
X2 is C1-100 alkylene;
X3 is a bond or C1-100 alkylene;
X4 is a bond or C1-100 alkylene;
X5 is C1-100 alkylene;
X6 is a bond or C1-100 alkylene;
RA is OR1 or NR3R4;
RB is OR2 or NR2R4;
R1 is H, C1-100 alkyl, C2-100 alkenyl, C2-100 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C6-10 aryl, 5-10-membered heteroaryl, or 4-10-membered heterocycloalkyl, wherein the C1-100 alkyl, C1-100 alkenyl, C2-100 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C6-10 aryl, 5-10-membered heteroaryl, and 4-10-membered heterocycloalkyl forming R1 is optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of: halo, —CN, OR3, NR3R4, —(C═O)R4, —(C═O)OR4, —(C═O)NR4R5, —S(O)mR4, and C6-10 aryl;
R2 is H, C1-100 alkyl, C2-100 alkenyl, C2-100 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C6-10 aryl, 5-10-membered heteroaryl, or 4-10-membered heterocycloalkyl, wherein the C1-100 alkyl, C1-100 alkenyl, C2-100 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C6-10 aryl, 5-10-membered heteroaryl, and 4-10-membered heterocycloalkyl forming R2 is optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of: halo, —CN, OR3, NR3R4, —(C═O)R4, —(C═O)OR4, —(C═O)NR4R5, —S(O)mR4, and C6-10 aryl;
each R3 is independently H, C1-100 alkyl or C(═O)R6;
each R4 is independently H or C1-100 alkyl;
each R5 is independently H or C1-100 alkyl;
each R6 is independently H or C1-100 alkyl;
W1 is O, S, or NH;
W2 is O, S, or NH;
X is C1-100 alkylene, C2-100 alkenylene, or C2-100 alkynylene;
provided that when W1 and W2 are both O, then X is C3-100 alkylene, C2-100 alkenylene, or C2-100 alkynylene;
each m is 0, 1 or 2;
X11 is a bond or C1-100 alkylene;
X12 is C1-100 alkylene;
X13 is a bond or C1-100 alkylene;
X14 is a bond or C1-100 alkylene;
X15 is C1-100 alkylene;
X16 is a bond or C1-100 alkylene;
R11 is H, C1-100 alkyl, C2-100 alkenyl, C2-100 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C6-10 aryl, 5-10-membered heteroaryl, or 4-10-membered heterocycloalkyl, wherein the C1-100 alkyl, C2-100 alkenyl, C2-100 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C6-10 aryl, 5-10-membered heteroaryl, and 4-10-membered heterocycloalkyl forming R11 is optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of: halo, —CN, OR13, NR13R14, —(C═O)R14, —(C═O)OR14, —(C═O)NR14R15, —S(O)nR14, and C6-10 aryl;
R12 is H, C1-100 alkyl, C2-100 alkenyl, C2-100 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C6-10 aryl, 5-10-membered heteroaryl, or 4-10-membered heterocycloalkyl, wherein the C1-100 alkyl, C2-100 alkenyl, C2-100 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C6-10 aryl, 5-10-membered heteroaryl, and 4-10-membered heterocycloalkyl forming R12 is optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of: halo, —CN, OR13, NR13R14, —(C═O)R14, —(C═O)OR14, —(C═O)NR14R15, —S(O)nR14, and C6-10 aryl;
each R13 is independently H, C1-100 alkyl or C(═O)R16;
each R14 is independently H or C1-100 alkyl;
each R15 is independently H or C1-100 alkyl;
each R16 is independently H or C1-100 alkyl;
each Q is independently O or NR17;
each R17 is H or C1-100 alkyl;
T is C2-100 alkylene, C4-100 alkenylene, or C4-100 alkynylene; and
each n is 0, 1 or 2.
In some embodiments, the water-insoluble polymer comprises at least one repeating unit according to Formula (I), wherein:
X1 is a bond or C1-4 alkylene;
X2 is C1-4 alkylene;
X3 is a bond or C1-4 alkylene;
X4 is a bond or C1-4 alkylene;
X5 is C1-4 alkylene;
X6 is a bond or C1-4 alkylene;
RA is OR1 or NR3R4;
RB is OR2 or NR2R4;
R1 is H, C1-20 alkyl, C2-20 alkenyl, C2-20 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C6-10 aryl, 5-10-membered heteroaryl, or 4-10-membered heterocycloalkyl, wherein the C1-20 alkyl, C1-20 alkenyl, C2-20 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C6-10 aryl, 5-10-membered heteroaryl, and 4-10-membered heterocycloalkyl forming R1 is optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of: halo, —CN, OR3, NR3R4, —(C═O)R4, —(C═O)OR4, —(C═O)NR4R5, —S(O)mR4, and C6-10 aryl;
R2 is H, C1-20 alkyl, C2-20 alkenyl, C2-20 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C6-10 aryl, 5-10-membered heteroaryl, or 4-10-membered heterocycloalkyl, wherein the C1-20 alkyl, C1-20 alkenyl, C2-20 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C6-10 aryl, 5-10-membered heteroaryl, and 4-10-membered heterocycloalkyl forming R2 is optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of: halo, —CN, OR3, NR3R4, —(C═O)R4, —(C═O)OR4, —(C═O)NR4R5, —S(O)mR4, and C6-10 aryl;
each R3 is independently H, C1-6 alkyl or C(═O)R6;
each R4 is independently H or C1-6 alkyl;
each R5 is independently H or C1-6 alkyl;
each R6 is independently H or C1-6 alkyl;
W1 is O, S, or NH;
W2 is O, S, or NH;
X is C2-20 alkylene, C2-20 alkenylene, or C2-20 alkynylene;
provided that when W1 and W2 are both O, then X is C3-20 alkylene, C2-20 alkenylene, or C2-20 alkynylene; and
each m is 0, 1 or 2.
In some embodiments, the water-insoluble polymer comprises at least one repeating unit according to Formula (Ia):
wherein:
R1 is H, C1-20 alkyl, C2-20 alkenyl, C2-20 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C6-10 aryl, 5-10-membered heteroaryl, or 4-10-membered heterocycloalkyl, wherein the C1-20 alkyl, C1-20 alkenyl, C2-20 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C6-10 aryl, 5-10-membered heteroaryl, and 4-10-membered heterocycloalkyl forming R1 is optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of: halo, —CN, OR3, NR3R4, —(C═O)R4, —(C═O)OR4, —(C═O)NR4R5, —S(O)mR4, and C6-10 aryl;
R2 is H, C1-20 alkyl, C2-20 alkenyl, C2-20 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C6-10 aryl, 5-10-membered heteroaryl, or 4-10-membered heterocycloalkyl, wherein the C1-20 alkyl, C1-20 alkenyl, C2-20 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C6-10 aryl, 5-10-membered heteroaryl, and 4-10-membered heterocycloalkyl forming R2 is optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of: halo, —CN, OR3, NR3R4, —(C═O)R4, —(C═O)OR4, —(C═O)NR4R5, —S(O)mR4, and C6-10 aryl;
each R3 is independently H, C1-6 alkyl or C(═O)R6;
each R4 is independently H or C1-6 alkyl;
each R5 is independently H or C1-6 alkyl;
each R6 is independently H or C1-6 alkyl;
X is C3-20 alkylene, C2-20 alkenylene, or C2-20 alkynylene; and
each m is 0, 1 or 2.
In some embodiments:
R1 is H, C1-20 alkyl, C2-20 alkenyl, C2-20 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, or C6-10 aryl;
R2 is H, C1-20 alkyl, C2-20 alkenyl, C2-20 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, or C6-10 aryl; and
X is C3-20 alkylene.
In some embodiments:
R1 is H or C1-6 alkyl;
R2 is H or C1-6 alkyl; and
X is C4-10 alkylene.
In some embodiments, the at least one repeating unit has the structure selected from:
In some embodiments, the complexing agent is a cationic lipid or a cationic lipid-like material such as lipophilic moiety-modified amino dendrimer.
Suitable examples of lipophilic moieties with which an amino dendrimer may be modified include fatty acids and glycerides. Examples of fatty acids include saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, such as linolenic acid, linoleic acid, myristic acid, stearic acid, palmitic acid, eicosanoic acid, and margaric acid. Examples of fatty glycerides include 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine, 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine, 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine, and 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine.
In some embodiments, the cationic lipid is selected from 1,2-dioleoyl-3-trimethylammonium-propane (DOTAP) and 1,2-di-O-octadecenyl-3-trimethylammonium propane (DOTMA); and the lipophilic moiety-modified amino dendrimer is selected from polypropylenimine tetramine dendrimer generation 1 modified with a lipophilic moiety, ethylenediamine core-poly (amidoamine) (PAMAM) generation 0 dendrimer (G0) modified with C14 (G0-C14 dendrimer); and ethylenediamine branched polyethyleneimine modified with lipophilic moiety.
In some embodiments, the weight ratio of the complexing agent to the p53-encoding mRNA in the core of the particle is from about 5 to about 20.
In some embodiments, the amphiphilic material comprises one or more compounds selected from neutral, cationic and anionic lipids, PEG-phospholipid, and a PEG-ceramide.
In some embodiments, the amphiphilic material comprises 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[methoxy(polyethylene glycol)] (DMPE-PEG) or 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[methoxy(polyethylene glycol)] (DSPE-PEG), or a combination thereof.
In some embodiments, the mTOR inhibitor is everolimus, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the platinum-based antineoplastic agent is cisplatin, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the AMPK activating agent is metformin, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
In some embodiments, the cancer is selected from lung cancer and liver cancer.
Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which the present application belongs. Methods and materials are described herein for use in the present application; other, suitable methods and materials known in the art can also be used. The materials, methods, and examples are illustrative only and not intended to be limiting. All publications, patent applications, patents, sequences, database entries, and other references mentioned herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety. In case of conflict, the present specification, including definitions, will control.
Other features and advantages of the present application will be apparent from the following detailed description and figures, and from the claims.
The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a serine/threonine kinase that regulates major cell functions such as growth and proliferation in physiological and pathological conditions (1). Dysregulation of the mTOR signaling pathway has been reported for a wide range of cancers including liver and lung cancers (2-4). Everolimus (RAD001) is an effective mTOR inhibitor that has been clinically approved for several types of cancers, such as advanced kidney cancer and pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor. However, everolimus failed to improve survival in patients with other advanced cancers, such as hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) or non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) (5-8). Previous studies have proposed several mechanisms underlying the variable response or resistance to everolimus in different tumor cells (9, 10), including the activation of pro-survival autophagy (11-13) and the dysregulation of apoptotic pathways (for example, upregulation of anti-apoptotic protein BCL-2) (14). Combining everolimus with autophagy or BCL-2 inhibitors improved anti-tumor efficacy, but these inhibitors could also induce undesired toxicities by interfering with physiological processes in normal cells (15-17).
In parallel to the gain of pro-tumorigenic functions such as the mTOR signaling pathway, cancer is also frequently associated with the inactivation of tumor suppressors. p53 is one of the most widely altered tumor suppressor genes in numerous cancers. For example, the loss of p53 function has been widely detected in ˜36% of HCC and ˜68% of NSCLC, according to The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database in the cBio Cancer Genomics Portal (18). p53 regulates many important cellular pathways. As a transcription factor, p53 can activate its downstream genes in response to oncogenic signals (19), such as pro-apoptotic proteins BAX (BCL-2 associated X protein) and PUMA (p52 up-regulated modulator of apoptosis) (20). p53 also acts as a cell cycle checkpoint guard to induce cell cycle arrest (21) and participates in DNA replication and repair to protect genomic integrity (22). In addition, cytoplasmic (but not nuclear) p53 inhibits the activation of protective autophagy that may contribute to the tolerance to chemotherapies (23, 24). Therefore, the restoration of p53 expression could potentially not only inhibit tumor growth by inducing cell apoptosis and cell cycle arrest, but also sensitize p53-deficient cancers to the mTOR inhibitor (e.g., everolimus) and other anti-cancer agents, such as AMPK activators and DNA alkylating agents.
Two different strategies have been widely explored for p53 reactivation: i) the use of small molecules to disrupt the p53-MDM2 (mouse double minute 2 homolog) interaction and release p53 or to restore wild-type function to mutant p53 by covalent modification of its core domain (25-28), and ii) the restoration of a functional copy via viral or non-viral DNA transfection (29-31). Although these attempts have exhibited some successes, each has formidable limitations. For instance, small-molecular compounds are likely ineffective when the tumor suppressor gene has been deleted, and p53-DNA-based gene therapies have the potential risk of genomic integration and mutagenesis (32, 33). The present application provides a method of use of messenger RNA (mRNA) to reconstitute p53 expression inp53-deficient HCC and NSCLC with redox-responsive lipid-polymer hybrid nanoparticles (NPs) engineered for effective delivery of synthetic mRNA (
Methods of Treating
The compounds, particles, combinations, and methods of the present disclosure may be used to treat a pathology, disease, or condition in a subject (e.g., a subject in need thereof). The subject may be in need of treatment when diagnosed with the disease, pathology, or condition by a competent physician (e.g., oncologist).
In some embodiments, the disease or condition is cancer. Suitable examples of cancer include bladder cancer, brain cancer, breast cancer, colorectal cancer (e.g., colon cancer), rectal cancer, cervical cancer, gastrointestinal cancer, genitourinary cancer, head and neck cancer, lung cancer, oral cancer, ovarian cancer, pancreatic cancer (e.g., pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor), prostate cancer, endometrial cancer, renal cancer (kidney cancer) (e.g., advanced kidney cancer), skin cancer, liver cancer, thyroid cancer, leukemia, and testicular cancer.
In some embodiments, cancer is selected from sarcoma, angiosarcoma, fibrosarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, liposarcoma, myxoma, rhabdomyoma, fibroma, lipoma, teratoma, lung cancer, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), bronchogenic carcinoma squamous cell, undifferentiated small cell, undifferentiated large cell, adenocarcinoma, alveolar bronchiolar carcinoma, bronchial adenoma, sarcoma, chondromatous hamartoma, mesothelioma, gastrointestinal cancer, cancer of the esophagus, squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, leiomyosarcoma, cancer of the stomach, carcinoma, lymphoma, leiomyosarcoma, cancer of the pancreas, ductal adenocarcinoma, insulinoma, glucagonoma, gastrinoma, carcinoid tumor, vipoma, cancer of the small bowel, adenocarcinoma, carcinoid tumors, Kaposi's sarcoma, leiomyoma, hemangioma, lipoma, neurofibroma, fibroma, cancer of the large bowel or colon, tubular adenoma, villous adenoma, hamartoma, leiomyoma, genitourinary tract cancer, cancer of the kidney adenocarcinoma, Wilm's tumor (nephroblastoma), lymphoma, leukemia, cancer of the bladder, cancer of the urethra, squamous cell carcinoma, transitional cell carcinoma, cancer of the prostate, cancer of the testis, seminoma, teratoma, embryonal carcinoma, teratocarcinoma, choriocarcinoma, sarcoma, interstitial cell carcinoma, fibroma, fibroadenoma, adenomatoid tumors, lipoma, liver cancer, hepatoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, cholangiocarcinoma, hepatoblastoma, angiosarcoma, hepatocellular adenoma, hemangioma, bone cancer, osteogenic sarcoma (osteosarcoma), fibrosarcoma, malignant fibrous histiocytoma, chondrosarcoma, Ewing's sarcoma, malignant lymphoma (reticulum cell sarcoma), multiple myeloma, malignant giant cell tumor, chordoma, osteochrondroma (osteocartilaginous exostoses), benign chondroma, chondroblastoma, chondromyxofibroma, osteoid osteoma giant cell tumor, nervous system cancer, cancer of the skull, osteoma, hemangioma, granuloma, xanthoma, osteitis deformans, cancer of the meninges meningioma, meningiosarcoma, gliomatosis, brain cancer, astrocytoma, medulloblastoma, glioma, ependymoma, germinoma (pinealoma), glioblastoma multiforme, oligodendroglioma, schwannoma, retinoblastoma, congenital tumors, cancer of the spinal cord, neurofibroma, meningioma, glioma, sarcoma, gynecological cancer, cancer of the uterus, endometrial carcinoma, cancer of the cervix, cervical carcinoma, pre tumor cervical dysplasia, cancer of the ovaries, ovarian carcinoma, serous cystadenocarcinoma, mucinous cystadenocarcinoma, unclassified carcinoma, granulosa-theca cell tumor, Sertoli Leydig cell tumor, dysgerminoma, malignant teratoma, cancer of the vulva, squamous cell carcinoma, intraepithelial carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, fibrosarcoma, melanoma, cancer of the vagina, clear cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, botryoid sarcoma, embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma, cancer of the fallopian tubes, hematologic cancer, cancer of the blood, acute myeloid leukemia (AML), chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), chronic lymphoblastic leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, myeloproliferative diseases, multiple myeloma, myelodysplastic syndrome, Hodgkin's lymphoma, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (malignant lymphoma), Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia, skin cancer, basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, Kaposi's sarcoma, moles dysplastic nevi, lipoma, angioma, dermatofibroma, keloids, psoriasis, adrenal gland cancer, and neuroblastoma.
In some embodiments, the cancer is p53-deficient or has a mutant p53 gene (e.g., having a mutation that mutes a p53 function). Main p53 functions consist of cell cycle arrest, DNA repair, senescence, and apoptosis induction. Hence, the cancer that is p53-deficient or has a mutant p53 gene lack these cellular functions. In one example, the p53-deficient cancer or cancer that has a p53-mutated gene does not undergo apoptotic cell death and continue to proliferate, despite, e.g., serious DNA damaging events. In some embodiments, the method of treating a patient includes a step of determining that the cancer contains a mutation or an alteration in the p53 gene or that the cancer is p53-deficient (the cancer is lacking at least one molecular function associated with p53 gene). In one example, this step can be carried out without obtaining a cancer cell from a subject. For example, a p53 mutation or deficiency can be identified by analyzing blood sample of the subject, or a sample of hair, urine, saliva, or feces of the subject for an appropriate biomarker. In some embodiments, a p53 mutation or deficiency can be identified by obtaining a cancer cell from a subject. For example, a cancer cell for analysis of a p53 mutation can be obtained from the subject by surgical means (e.g., laparoscopically), by image-guided biopsy, using a fine needle aspiration (FNA), a surgical tissue harvesting, a punch biopsy, a liquid biopsy, a brushing, a swab, or a touch-prep.
Any of the methods, reagents, protocols and devices generally known in the art can be used to identify a p53 mutation or deficiency. For example, next generation sequencing, immunohistochemistry, fluorescence microscopy, break apart FISH analysis, Southern blotting, Western blotting, FACS analysis, Northern blotting, ELISA or ELISPOT, antibodies microarrays, or immunohistochemistry, and PCR-based amplification (e.g., RT-PCR and quantitative real-time RT-PCR) techniques can be used to identify the mutation or a POLQ status of cancer. As is well-known in the art, the assays are typically performed, e.g., with at least one labelled nucleic acid probe or at least one labelled antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof. Assays can utilize other detection methods known in the art for detecting a mutation in a p53-associated gene. Any DNA sequencing platform for somatic mutations can be used. For example, Illumina MiSeq platform (Illumina TruSeq Amplicon Cancer Hotspot panel, 47 gene), or NextSeq (Agilent SureSelect XT, 592 gene selected based on COSMIC database) can be used to identify a p53 mutation or deficiency. The sample can be a biological sample or a biopsy sample (e.g., a paraffin-embedded biopsy sample) from the patient. In some embodiments, the patient is a patient suspected of having a cancer having a mutation or deficiency in a p53-associated gene.
Active Ingredients
mRNA Encoding p53 Protein
The present methods include delivering mRNA encoding a tumor suppressor p53 to a cell (e.g., a cancer cell). Exemplary sequences of the p53 mRNA are shown in
In some embodiments, the nucleotide sequences are at least 85%, 90%, 95%, 99% or 100% identical to those described in
The comparison of sequences and determination of percent identity between two sequences can be accomplished using a mathematical algorithm. For example, the percent identity between two amino acid sequences can be determined using the Needleman and Wunsch ((1970) J. Mol. Biol. 48:444-453) algorithm which has been incorporated into the GAP program in the GCG software package, using a Blossum 62 scoring matrix with a gap penalty of 12, a gap extend penalty of 4, and a frameshift gap penalty of 5.
A mature mRNA is generally comprised of five distinct portions (see FIG. 1a of Islam et al., Biomater Sci. 2015 December; 3(12):1519-33): (i) a cap structure, (ii) a 5′ untranslated region (5′ UTR), (iii) an open reading frame (ORF), (iv) a 3′ untranslated region (3′ UTR) and (v) a poly(A) tail (a tail of 100-250 adenosine residues). Typically, the mRNA will be in vitro transcribed using methods known in the art. The mRNA will typically be modified, e.g., to extend half-life or to reduce immunogenicity. For example, the mRNA can be capped with an anti-reverse cap analog (ARCA), in which OCH3 is used to replace or remove natural 3′ OH cap groups to avoid inappropriate cap orientation. Tetraphosphate ARCAs or phosphorothioate ARCAs can also be used (Islam et al. 2015). The mRNA is preferably enzymatically polyadenylated (addition of a poly adenine (A) tail to the 3′ end of mRNA), e.g., to comprise a poly-A tail of at least 100 or 150 As. Typically poly(A) polymerase is used; E. coli poly(A) polymerase (E-PAP) I has been optimized to add a poly(A) tail of at least 150 adenines to the 3′ terminal of in vitro transcribed mRNA. Preferably, any adenylate-uridylate rice elements (AREs) are removed or replaced with 3′ UTR of a stable mRNA species such as β-globin mRNA. Iron responsive elements (IREs) can be added in the 5′ or 3′ UTR. In some embodiments, the mRNAs include full or partial (e.g., at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, or 90%) substitution of cytidine triphosphate and uridine triphosphate with naturally occurring 5-methylcytidine and pseudouridine (ψ) triphosphate. See Islam et al., 2015, and references cited therein.
mTOR Inhibitors
In some embodiments, the methods within the present claims include administering to a patient an inhibitor of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). mTOR is the catalytic subunit of two structurally distinct complexes: mTORC1 and mTORC2. mTOR Complex 1 (mTORC1) is composed of mTOR, regulatory-associated protein of mTOR (Raptor), mammalian lethal with SEC13 protein 8 (mLST8) and the non-core components PRAS40 and DEPTOR. This complex functions as a nutrient, energy, and redox sensor and controls protein synthesis. mTOR Complex 2 (mTORC2) is composed of MTOR, rapamycin-insensitive companion of MTOR (RICTOR), MLST8, and mammalian stress-activated protein kinase interacting protein 1 (mSIN1). mTORC2 has been shown to function as an important regulator of the actin cytoskeleton through its stimulation of F-actin stress fibers, paxillin, RhoA, Rac1, Cdc42, and protein kinase C α (PKCα). mTORC2 also phosphorylates the serine/threonine protein kinase Akt/PKB on serine residue Ser473, thus affecting metabolism and survival. Phosphorylation of Akt's serine residue Ser473 by mTORC2 stimulates Akt phosphorylation on threonine residue Thr308 by PDK1 and leads to full Akt activation. In addition, mTORC2 exhibits tyrosine protein kinase activity and phosphorylates the insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-IR) and insulin receptor (InsR) on the tyrosine residues Tyr1131/1136 and Tyr1146/1151, respectively, leading to full activation of IGF-IR and InsR. In some embodiments, the mTOR inhibitor within the present claims inhibits mTOR1 (e.g., any of the subunits of mTOR1). In some embodiments, the mTOR inhibitor within the present claims inhibits mTOR2 (e.g., any of the subunits of mTOR2).
Suitable examples of mTOR inhibitors include rapamycin, everolimus, sirolimus, temsirolimus, ridaforolimus, deforolimus, dactolisib, BGT226, SF1126, PKI-587, NVPBE235, sapanisertib, AZD8055, AZD2014, XL765, and OSI027, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
Platinum-Based Antineoplastic Agents
Platinum-based antineoplastic agents typically are coordination complexes of platinum (II or IV). Platinum-based antineoplastic agents cause crosslinking of DNA. Mostly they act on the adjacent N-7 position of guanine, forming a 1,2 intrastrand crosslink. The resultant crosslinking inhibits DNA repair and/or DNA synthesis in a cancer cell, and causes the death of the cancer cell. The platinum-based antineoplastic agents are commonly used to treat testicular cancer, ovarian cancer, cervical cancer, breast cancer, bladder cancer, head and neck cancer, esophageal cancer, lung cancer, mesothelioma, brain tumors and neuroblastoma, and are usually administered to the subject by an injection. Suitable examples of platinum-based antineoplastic agents include cisplatin, oxaliplatin, carboplatin, nedaplatin, triplatin tridentate, phenanthriplatin, picoplatin, eptaplatin, dicycloplatin, miriplatin, and satraplatin, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
AMPK Activating Agent
5′ AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is typically activated by biguanide drugs (metformin and phenformin). This enzyme plays a role in cellular energy homeostasis, typically to activate glucose and fatty acid uptake and oxidation when cellular energy is low. It consists of three proteins (subunits) that together make a functional enzyme. In response to binding AMP and ADP, the net effect of AMPK activation is stimulation of hepatic fatty acid oxidation, ketogenesis, stimulation of skeletal muscle fatty acid oxidation and glucose uptake, inhibition of cholesterol synthesis, lipogenesis, and triglyceride synthesis, inhibition of adipocyte lipogenesis, and activation of adipocyte lipolysis. Activated AMPK adjusts its downstream channels through the cascade (e.g. acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), tuberous sclerosis 1/2 (TSC1/2) to induce the cancer cell death by producing material and energy situation. In some embodiments, the AMPK activating agent is a direct AMPK activator. In other embodiments, the AMPK activating agent is an indirect AMPK activator. Suitable examples of AMPK activating agents include metformin, phenformin, 2-Deoxy-D-glucose (2DG), 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide (AICAR), resveratrol, biguanides, curcumin, salicylate, A-769662, Compound 991, MT 63-78, PT-1, OSU-53, Compound-13, and CNX-012-570, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. The AMPK activator may be any one of the AMPK activator compounds described in Chen et al., Oncotarget, 2017 8, 56, 96089-96102, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
mRNA Delivery Vehicles
In some embodiments of the present methods and compositions, the mRNA encoding a tumor suppressor is within a delivery vehicle. The delivery vehicle can include, inter alia, protamine complexes and particles such as lipid nanoparticles, polymeric nanoparticles, lipid-polymer hybrid nanoparticles, and inorganic (e.g., gold) nanoparticles, e.g., as described in Islam et al., 2015.
Particles may be microparticles or nanoparticles. Nanoparticles are preferred for intertissue application, penetration of cells, and certain routes of administration. The nanoparticles may have any desired size for the intended use. The nanoparticles may have any diameter from 10 nm to 1,000 nm. The nanoparticle can have a diameter from 10 nm to 900 nm, from 10 nm to 800 nm, from 10 nm to 700 nm, from 10 nm to 600 nm, from 10 nm to 500 nm, from 20 nm from 500 nm, from 30 nm to 500 nm, from 40 nm to 500 nm, from 50 nm to 500 nm, from 50 nm to 400 nm, from 50 nm to 350 nm, from 50 nm to 300 nm, or from 50 nm to 200 nm. In preferred embodiments the nanoparticles can have a diameter less than 400 nm, less than 300 nm, or less than 200 nm. The preferred range is between 50 nm and 300 nm.
Nanoparticles can be polymeric particles, non-polymeric particles (e.g., a metal particle, quantum dot, ceramic, inorganic material, bone, etc.), liposomes, micelles, polymeric micelles, viral particles, hybrids thereof, and/or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the nanoparticles are, but not limited to, one or a plurality of lipid-based nanoparticles, polymeric nanoparticles, metallic nanoparticles, surfactant-based emulsions, dendrimers, buckyballs, nanowires, virus-like particles, peptide or protein-based particles (such as albumin nanoparticles) and/or nanoparticles that are developed using a combination of nanomaterials such as lipid-polymer nanoparticles. In some embodiments, nanoparticles can comprise one or more polymers or co-polymers.
Nanoparticles may be a variety of different shapes, including but not limited to spheroidal, cubic, pyramidal, oblong, cylindrical, toroidal, and the like. Nanoparticles can comprise one or more surfaces.
In some embodiments, the nanoparticles present within a population, e.g., in a composition, can have substantially the same shape and/or size (i.e., they are “monodisperse”). For example, the particles can have a distribution such that no more than about 5% or about 10% of the nanoparticles have a diameter greater than about 10% greater than the average diameter of the particles, and in some cases, such that no more than about 8%, about 5%, about 3%, about 1%, about 0.3%, about 0.1%, about 0.03%, or about 0.01% have a diameter greater than about 10% greater than the average diameter of the nanoparticles.
In some embodiments, the diameter of no more than 25% of the nanoparticles varies from the mean nanoparticle diameter by more than 150%, 100%, 75%, 50%, 25%, 20%, 10%, or 5% of the mean nanoparticle diameter. It is often desirable to produce a population of nanoparticles that is relatively uniform in terms of size, shape, and/or composition so that most of the nanoparticles have similar properties. For example, at least 80%, at least 90%, or at least 95% of the nanoparticles produced using the methods described herein can have a diameter or greatest dimension that falls within 5%, 10%, or 20% of the average diameter or greatest dimension. In some embodiments, a population of nanoparticles can be heterogeneous with respect to size, shape, and/or composition. In this regard, see, e.g., WO 2007/150030, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
Liposomes
In some embodiments, nanoparticles may optionally comprise one or more lipids. In some embodiments, a nanoparticle may comprise a liposome. In some embodiments, a nanoparticle may comprise a lipid bilayer. In some embodiments, a nanoparticle may comprise a lipid monolayer. In some embodiments, a nanoparticle may comprise a micelle.
In these delivery vehicles, the p53 mRNA is in the hollow core of the liposome or the micelle.
Hybrid Particles
In some embodiments, the delivery vehicle is a particle (e.g., a nanoparticle) comprising a water-insoluble polymeric core.
The water-insoluble polymeric core can comprise a variety of materials. The water-insoluble polymer can comprise homopolymers (i.e., synthesized from hydrophobic monomers (e.g., styrene, methyl methacrylate, glycidyl methacrylate, DL-lactide, and the like)), random copolymers (i.e., synthesized from two or more monomers (e.g., styrene, methyl methacrylate, glycidyl methacrylate, DL-lactide, acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate, and the like)), block polymers (i.e., synthesized from two or more monomers (e.g., styrene, methyl methacrylate, glycidyl methacrylate, DL-lactide, acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate, and the like)), graft polymers (e.g., synthesized from artificial polymers (polyacrylic acid, polyglycidyl methacrylate, and the like) and/or natural polymers (e.g., dextran, starch, chitosan, and the like) with functional pendent groups (e.g., amino, carboxylate, hydroxyl, epoxy groups, and the like)), and/or branched polymers (e.g., a hyperbranched polyester with multifunctional alcohol building block and 2,2-bis(methylol)propionic acid branching units, such as Boltorn™ H40).
Non-limiting exemplary polymers that can be included in the polymeric core include polymer systems that are approved for use in humans, e.g., poly(glycolic acid), poly(lactic acid), poly(caprolactone), poly(lactide-co-glycolide), poly(ortho ester) II, poly(alkyl cyanoacrylate), desaminotyrosyl octyl ester, polyphosphoesters, polyester amides, polyurethanes, and lipids. Other non-limiting examples of polymers that the core can comprise include: chitosan; acrylates copolymer; acrylic acid-isooctyl acrylate copolymer; ammonio methacrylate copolymer; ammonio methacrylate copolymer type A; ammonio methacrylate copolymer type B; butyl ester of vinyl methyl ether/maleic anhydride copolymer (125,000 molecular weight); carbomer homopolymer type A (allyl pentaerythritol crosslinked); carbomer homopolymer type B (allyl sucrose crosslinked); cellulosic polymers; dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate-butyl methacrylate-methyl methacrylate copolymer; dimethylsiloxane/methylvinylsiloxane copolymer; divinylbenzene styrene copolymer; ethyl acrylate-methacrylic acid copolymer; ethyl acrylate and methyl methacrylate copolymer (2:1; 750,000 molecular weight); ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer; ethylene-propylene copolymer; ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (28% vinyl acetate); glycerin polymer solution i-137; glycerin polymer solution im-137; hydrogel polymer; ink/polyethylene terephthalate/aluminum/polyethylene/sodium polymethacrylate/ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer; isooctyl acrylate/acrylamide/vinyl acetate copolymer; Kollidon® VA 64 polymer; methacrylic acid-ethyl acrylate copolymer (1:1) type A; methacrylic acid-methyl methacrylate copolymer (1:1); methacrylic acid-methyl methacrylate copolymer (1:2); methacrylic acid copolymer; methacrylic acid copolymer type A; methacrylic acid copolymer type B; methacrylic acid copolymer type C; octadecene-1/maleic acid copolymer; PEG-22 methyl ether/dodecyl glycol copolymer; PEG-45/dodecyl glycol copolymer; Polyester polyamine copolymer; poly(ethylene glycol) 1,000; poly(ethylene glycol) 1,450; poly(ethylene glycol) 1,500; poly(ethylene glycol) 1,540; poly(ethylene glycol) 200; poly(ethylene glycol) 20,000; poly(ethylene glycol) 200,000; poly(ethylene glycol) 2,000,000; poly(ethylene glycol) 300; poly(ethylene glycol) 300-1,600; poly(ethylene glycol) 300-1,600; poly(ethylene glycol) 3,350; poly(ethylene glycol) 3,500; poly(ethylene glycol) 400; poly(ethylene glycol) 4,000; poly(ethylene glycol) 4,500; poly(ethylene glycol) 540; poly(ethylene glycol) 600; poly(ethylene glycol) 6,000; poly(ethylene glycol) 7,000; poly(ethylene glycol) 7,000,000; poly(ethylene glycol) 800; poly(ethylene glycol) 8,000; poly(ethylene glycol) 900; polyvinyl chloride-polyvinyl acetate copolymer; povidone acrylate copolymer; povidone/eicosene copolymer; polyoxy(methyl-1,2-ethanediyl), alpha-hydro-omega-hydroxy-, polymer with 1,1′-methylenebis[4-isocyanatocyclohexane] copolymer; polyvinyl methyl ether/maleic acid copolymer; styrene/isoprene/styrene block copolymer; vinyl acetate-crotonic acid copolymer; {poly[(9,9-di-n-octylfluorenyl-2,7-diyl)-alt-(benzo[2,1,3]thiadiazol-4,8-diyl)]}, and {poly[2,6-(4,4-bis-(2-ethylhexyl)-4H-cyclopenta [2,1-b;3,4-b′]dithiophene)-alt-4,7(2,1,3-benzothiadiazole)]}.
In some embodiments, the water-insoluble core comprises a hydrophobic polymer. Non-limiting examples of hydrophobic polymers include, but are not limited to: polylactic acid (PLA), polypropylene oxide, poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA), poly(epsilon-caprolactone), poly(ethylethylene), polybutadiene, polyglycolide, polymethylacrylate, polyvinylbutylether, polystyrene, polycyclopentadienyl-methylnorbornene, polyethylenepropylene, polyethylethylene, polyisobutylene, polysiloxane, a polymer of any of the following: methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, propyl acrylate, n-butyl acrylate, isobutyl acrylate, 2-ethyl acrylate, t-butyl acrylate, methacrylates (e.g., ethyl methacrylate, n-butyl methacrylate, and isobutyl methacrylate), acrylonitriles, methacrylonitrile, vinyls (e.g., vinyl acetate, vinylversatate, vinylpropionate, vinylformamide, vinylacetamide, vinylpyridines, and vinyllimidazole), aminoalkyls (e.g., aminoalkylacrylates, aminoalkylsmethacrylates, aminoalkyl(meth)acrylamides), styrenes, and lactic acids.
In some embodiments, the water-insoluble core comprises an amphipathic polymer. Amphipathic polymers contain a molecular structure containing one or more repeating units (monomers) connected by covalent bonds and the overall structure includes both hydrophilic (polar) and lipophilic (apolar) properties, e.g., at opposite ends of the molecule. In some embodiments, the amphipathic polymers are copolymers containing a first hydrophilic polymer and a first hydrophobic polymer. Several methods are known in the art for identifying an amphipathic polymer. For example, an amphipathic polymer (e.g., an amphipathic copolymer) can be identified by its ability to form micelles in an aqueous solvent and/or Langmuir Blodgett films.
In some embodiments, the amphipathic polymer (e.g., an amphipathic copolymer) contains a polymer selected from the group of: polyethylene glycol (PEG), polyethylene oxide, polyethyleneimine, diethyleneglycol, triethyleneglycol, polyalkylene glycol, polyalkyline oxide, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyvinylmethylether, polymethyloxazoline, polyethyloxazoline, polyhydroxypropyl-oxazoline, polyhydroxypropylmethacrylamide, polymethacrylamide, polydimethylacryl-amide, polyhydroxypropylmethacrylate, polyhydroxyethylacrylate, hydroxymethylcellulose, hydroxyethylcellulose, polyglycerine, polyaspartamide, polyoxyethlene-polyoxypropylene copolymer (poloxamer), a polymer of any of lecithin or carboxylic acids (e.g., acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, itaconic acid, and maleic acid), polyoxyethylenes, polyethyleneoxide, and unsaturated ethylenic monocarboxylic acids. In some embodiments, the amphipathic polymer contains a polymer selected from the group of: polylactic acid (PLA), polypropylene oxide, poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA), poly(epsilon-caprolactone), poly(ethylethylene), polybutadiene, polyglycolide, polymethylacrylate, polyvinylbutylether, polystyrene, polycyclopentadienylmethylnorbornene, polyethylenepropylene, polyethylethylene, polyisobutylene, polysiloxane, and a polymer of any of the following: methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, propyl acrylate, n-butyl acrylate, isobutyl acrylate, 2-ethyl acrylate, t-butyl acrylate, methacrylates (e.g., ethyl methacrylate, n-butyl methacrylate, and isobutyl methacrylate), acrylonitriles, methacrylonitrile, vinyls (e.g., vinyl acetate, vinylversatate, vinylpropionate, vinylformamide, vinylacetamide, vinylpyridines, and vinyllimidazole), aminoalkyls (e.g., aminoalkylacrylates, aminoalkylsmethacrylates, and aminoalkyl(meth)acrylamides), styrenes, and lactic acids.
In some embodiments, the amphipathic polymer contains poly(ethylene glycol)-co-poly(D,L-lactic acid) (PLA-PEG), poly(ethylene glycol)-co-(poly(lactide-co-glycolide)) (PLGA-PEG) (e.g., the amphipathic polymer is PLGA-PEG), polystyrene-b-polyethylene oxide, polybutylacrylate-b-polyacrylic acid, or polybutylmethacrylate-b-polyethyleneoxide. Additional examples of amphipathic copolymers are described in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2004/0091546 (incorporated herein by reference in its entirety). Additional examples of amphipathic polymers (e.g., amphipathic copolymers) are known in the art.
In some embodiments, the water-insoluble core comprises a polymer comprising an aliphatic polyester polymer, e.g., polycaprolactone (PCL), polybutylene succinate (PBS), or a polyhydroxylalkanoate (PHA), such as polyhydroxybutyrate. Other examples include polylactic acid (PLA) and polyglycolic acid (PGA). In some embodiments, the aliphatic polyester polymer is selected from polylactic acids, polyglycolic acids, and copolymers of lactic acid and glycolic acid (PLGA). A copolymer of lactic acid and glycolic acid can comprise a range of ratios of lactic acid to glycolic acid monomers, for example, from about 1:9 to about 9:1, from about 1:4 to about 4:1, from about 3:7 to about 7:3, or from about 3:2 to about 2:3. In some embodiments, the ratio of lactic acid to glycolic acid monomers can be about 1:9; about 1:8; about 1:7; about 1:6; about 1:5; about 1:4; about 3:7; about 2:3; about 1:1; about 3:2; about 7:3; about 4:1; about 5:1; about 6:1; about 7:1; about 8:1; or about 9:1.
In some embodiments, the water-insoluble core comprises a fluorescent polymer. The fluorescent polymer can be one or more polymers selected from polyphenylenevinylenes (e.g., poly[(2-methoxy-5-(2-ethylhexyloxy)-1,4-phenylene-vinylene)-co-(4,4′-biphenylene-vinylene)]), polyfluorenes (e.g., poly(fluorene-co-phenylene) (PFP), poly(9,9-dioctylfluorenyl-2,7-diyl); copolymers such as poly[{9,9-dioctyl-2,7-divinylene-fluorenylene}-alt-co-{2-methoxy-5-(2-ethylhexyloxy)-1,4-phenylene}]), polythiophenes (e.g., poly(3-butylthiophene-2,5-diyl), poly(3-decyl-thiophene-2,5-diyl), poly[3-(2-ethyl-isocyanato-octadecanyl)thiophene], poly(3,3′″-didodecyl quarter thiophene), copolymers such as poly[(9,9-dihexylfluorenyl-2,7-diyl)-alt-co-(bithiophene)] and poly[(9,9-dioctylfluorenyl-2,7-diyl)-alt-co-(bithiophene)]), poly(p-phenyleneethylene)s (PPE), polydiacetylenes (PDA), and their derivatives. Additional non-limiting examples of fluorescent polymers include F8BT {poly[(9,9-di-n-octylfluorenyl-2,7-diyl)-alt-(benzo[2,1,3]thiadiazol-4,8-diyl)]} and PCPDTBT {poly[2,6-(4,4-bis-(2-ethylhexyl)-4H-cyclopenta [2,1-b;3,4-b′]dithiophene)-alt-4,7(2,1,3-benzothiadiazole)]}.
In some embodiments, the water-insoluble polymeric core consists essentially of, or consists of, one or more polymers described herein.
In certain embodiments, the hydrophobic polymer is a polymer comprising at least one repeating unit according to Formula (I):
X1 is a bond or C1-100 alkylene;
X2 is C1-100 alkylene;
X3 is a bond or C1-100 alkylene;
X4 is a bond or C1-100 alkylene;
X5 is C1-100 alkylene;
X6 is a bond or C1-100 alkylene;
RA is OR1 or NR1R4;
RB is OR2 or NR2R4;
R1 is H, C1-100 alkyl, C2-100 alkenyl, C2-100 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C6-10 aryl, 5-10-membered heteroaryl, or 4-10-membered heterocycloalkyl, wherein the C1-100 alkyl, C1-100 alkenyl, C2-100 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C6-10 aryl, 5-10-membered heteroaryl, and 4-10-membered heterocycloalkyl forming R1 is optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of: halo, —CN, OR3, NR3R4, —(C═O)R4, —(C═O)OR4, —(C═O)NR4R5, —S(O)mR4, and C6-10 aryl;
R2 is H, C1-100 alkyl, C2-100 alkenyl, C2-100 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C6-10 aryl, 5-10-membered heteroaryl, or 4-10-membered heterocycloalkyl, wherein the C1-100 alkyl, C1-100 alkenyl, C2-100 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C6-10 aryl, 5-10-membered heteroaryl, and 4-10-membered heterocycloalkyl forming R2 is optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of: halo, —CN, OR3, NR3R4, —(C═O)R4, —(C═O)OR4, —(C═O)NR4R5, —S(O)mR4, and C6-10 aryl;
each R3 is independently H, C1-100 alkyl or C(═O)R6;
each R4 is independently H or C1-100 alkyl;
each R5 is independently H or C1-100 alkyl;
each R6 is independently H or C1-100 alkyl;
W1 is O, S, or NH;
W2 is O, S, or NH;
X is C1-100 alkylene, C2-100 alkenylene, or C2-100 alkynylene;
provided that when W1 and W2 are both O, then X is C3-100 alkylene, C2-100 alkenylene, or C2-100 alkynylene; and
each m is 0, 1 or 2.
In some embodiments, X1 is a bond or C1-4 alkylene.
In some embodiments, X2 is C1-4 alkylene.
In some embodiments, X3 is a bond or C1-4 alkylene.
In some embodiments, X4 is a bond or C1-4 alkylene.
In some embodiments, X5 is C1-4 alkylene.
In some embodiments, X6 is a bond or C1-4 alkylene.
In some embodiments, R1 is H, C1-20 alkyl, C2-20 alkenyl, C2-20 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C6-10 aryl, 5-10-membered heteroaryl, or 4-10-membered heterocycloalkyl, wherein the C1-20 alkyl, C1-20 alkenyl, C2-20 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C6-10 aryl, 5-10-membered heteroaryl, and 4-10-membered heterocycloalkyl forming R1 is optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of: halo, —CN, OR3, NR3R4, —(C═O)R4, —(C═O)OR4, —(C═O)NR4R5, —S(O)mR4, and C6-10 aryl.
In some embodiments, R2 is H, C1-20 alkyl, C2-20 alkenyl, C2-20 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C6-10 aryl, 5-10-membered heteroaryl, or 4-10-membered heterocycloalkyl, wherein the C1-20 alkyl, C1-20 alkenyl, C2-20 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C6-10 aryl, 5-10-membered heteroaryl, and 4-10-membered heterocycloalkyl forming R2 is optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of: halo, —CN, OR3, NR3R4, —(C═O)R4, —(C═O)OR4, —(C═O)NR4R5, —S(O)mR4, and C6-10 aryl.
In some embodiments, each R3 is independently H, C1-6 alkyl or C(═O)R6.
In some embodiments, each R4 is independently H or C1-6 alkyl.
In some embodiments, each R5 is independently H or C1-6 alkyl.
In some embodiments, each R6 is independently H or C1-6 alkyl.
In some embodiments, X is C2-20 alkylene, C2-20 alkenylene, or C2-20 alkynylene.
In some embodiments,
X1 is a bond or C1-4 alkylene;
X2 is C1-4 alkylene;
X3 is a bond or C1-4 alkylene;
X4 is a bond or C1-4 alkylene;
X5 is C1-4 alkylene;
X6 is a bond or C1-4 alkylene;
RA is OR1 or NR3R4;
RB is OR2 or NR2R4;
R1 is H, C1-20 alkyl, C2-20 alkenyl, C2-20 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C6-10 aryl, 5-10-membered heteroaryl, or 4-10-membered heterocycloalkyl, wherein the C1-20 alkyl, C1-20 alkenyl, C2-20 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C6-10 aryl, 5-10-membered heteroaryl, and 4-10-membered heterocycloalkyl forming R1 is optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of: halo, —CN, OR3, NR3R4, —(C═O)R4, —(C═O)OR4, —(C═O)NR4R5, —S(O)mR4, and C6-10 aryl;
R2 is H, C1-20 alkyl, C2-20 alkenyl, C2-20 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C6-10 aryl, 5-10-membered heteroaryl, or 4-10-membered heterocycloalkyl, wherein the C1-20 alkyl, C1-20 alkenyl, C2-20 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C6-10 aryl, 5-10-membered heteroaryl, and 4-10-membered heterocycloalkyl forming R2 is optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of: halo, —CN, OR3, NR3R4, —(C═O)R4, —(C═O)OR4, —(C═O)NR4R5, —S(O)mR4, and C6-10 aryl;
each R3 is independently H, C1-6 alkyl or C(═O)R6;
each R4 is independently H or C1-6 alkyl;
each R5 is independently H or C1-6 alkyl;
each R6 is independently H or C1-6 alkyl;
W1 is O, S, or NH;
W2 is O, S, or NH;
X is C2-20 alkylene, C2-20 alkenylene, or C2-20 alkynylene; and
each m is 0, 1 or 2.
In some embodiments, when W1 is O and W2 is O, X is C3-20 alkylene, C2-20 alkenylene, or C2-20 alkynylene. For example, X can be C3-20 alkylene.
In some embodiments, when W1 is O and W2 is O, X is C4-20 alkylene, C2-20 alkenylene, or C2-20 alkynylene. For example, X can be C4-20 alkylene.
In some embodiments, X1 is a bond.
In some embodiments, X2 is C1-4 alkylene. For example, X2 can be CH2.
In some embodiments, X3 is a bond.
In some embodiments, X4 is a bond.
In some embodiments, X5 is C1-4 alkylene. For example, X5 can be CH2.
In some embodiments, X6 is a bond.
In some embodiments, RA is OR1.
In some embodiments, RB is OR2.
In some embodiments, W1 is O.
In some embodiments, W2 is O.
In some embodiments, a polymer of Formula (I) has at least one repeating unit with a structure according to Formula (Ia):
wherein:
R1 is H, C1-20 alkyl, C2-20 alkenyl, C2-20 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C6-10 aryl, 5-10-membered heteroaryl, or 4-10-membered heterocycloalkyl, wherein the C1-20 alkyl, C1-20 alkenyl, C2-20 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C6-10 aryl, 5-10-membered heteroaryl, and 4-10-membered heterocycloalkyl forming R1 is optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of: halo, —CN, OR3, NR3R4, —(C═O)R4, —(C═O)OR4, —(C═O)NR4R5, —S(O)mR4, and C6-10 aryl;
R2 is H, C1-20 alkyl, C2-20 alkenyl, C2-20 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C6-10 aryl, 5-10-membered heteroaryl, or 4-10-membered heterocycloalkyl, wherein the C1-20 alkyl, C1-20 alkenyl, C2-20 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C6-10 aryl, 5-10-membered heteroaryl, and 4-10-membered heterocycloalkyl forming R2 is optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of: halo, —CN, OR3, NR3R4, —(C═O)R4, —(C═O)OR4, —(C═O)NR4R5, —S(O)mR4, and C6-10 aryl;
each R3 is independently H, C1-6 alkyl or C(═O)R6;
each R4 is independently H or C1-6 alkyl;
each R5 is independently H or C1-6 alkyl;
each R6 is independently H or C1-6 alkyl;
X is C3-20 alkylene, alkenylene, or alkynylene; and
each m is 0, 1 or 2.
In some embodiments, R1 is H, C1-20 alkyl, C2-20 alkenyl, C2-20 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, or C6-10 aryl. For example, R1 can be H. In some embodiments, R1 is C1-20 alkyl. In some embodiments, R1 is C1-6 alkyl. For example, R1 can be CH3. In some embodiments, R1 is CH2CH3.
In some embodiments, R2 is H, C1-20 alkyl, C2-20 alkenyl, C2-20 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, or C6-10 aryl. For example, R2 can be H. In some embodiments, R2 is C1-20 alkyl. In some embodiments, R2 is C1-6 alkyl. For example, R2 can be CH3. In some embodiments, R2 is CH2CH3.
In some embodiments, R3 is C1-6 alkyl. For example, R3 can be CH3. In some embodiments, R3 is H.
In some embodiments, R4 is C1-6 alkyl. For example, R4 can be CH3.
In some embodiments, R5 is C1-6 alkyl. For example, R5 can be CH3.
In some embodiments, R6 is C1-6 alkyl. For example, R6 can be CH3.
In some embodiments, m is 0. In some embodiments, m is 2.
The length and nature of the X group can be used to modulate the hydrophobicity of a polymer of Formula (I) and/or Formula (Ia). X groups may include alkylenes, including C3-20 alkylenes (e.g, (CH2)3-20) and C4-10 alkylenes (e.g, (CH2)4-10). Specific alkyl ene groups include C4 alkylenes (e.g, (CH2)4), C5 alkylenes (e.g, (CH2)5), C6 alkylenes (e.g, (CH2)6), C7 alkylenes (e.g, (CH2)7), C8 alkylenes (e.g, (CH2)8), C9 alkylenes (e.g, (CH2)9), C10 alkylenes (e.g., (CH2)10), C11 alkylenes (e.g., (CH2)11), and C12 alkylenes (e.g., (CH2)12).
Examples of a repeating unit in a polymer of Formula (I) and/or Formula (Ia) where X is (CH2)4 include:
Examples of a repeating unit in a polymer of Formula (I) and/or Formula (Ia) where X is (CH2)6 include:
Examples of a repeating unit in a polymer of Formula (I) and/or Formula (Ia) where X is (CH2)8 include:
Examples of a repeating unit in a polymer of Formula (I) and/or Formula (Ia) where X is (CH2)10 include:
In some embodiments, the hydrophobic polymer comprises at least one repeating unit according to Formula (II):
wherein:
X11 is a bond or C1-100 alkylene;
X12 is C1-100 alkylene;
X13 is a bond or C1-100 alkylene;
X14 is a bond or C1-100 alkylene;
X15 is C1-100 alkylene;
X16 is a bond or C1-100 alkylene;
R11 is H, C1-10o alkyl, C2-100 alkenyl, C2-100 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C6-10 aryl, 5-10-membered heteroaryl, or 4-10-membered heterocycloalkyl, wherein the C1-100 alkyl, C2-100 alkenyl, C2-100 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C6-10 aryl, 5-10-membered heteroaryl, and 4-10-membered heterocycloalkyl forming R11 is optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of: halo, —CN, OR13, NR13R14, —(C═O)R14, —(C═O)OR14, —(C═O)NR14R15, —S(O)nR14, and C6-10 aryl;
R12 is H, C1-100 alkyl, C2-100 alkenyl, C2-100 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C6-10 aryl, 5-10-membered heteroaryl, or 4-10-membered heterocycloalkyl, wherein the C1-100 alkyl, C2-100 alkenyl, C2-100 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C6-10 aryl, 5-10-membered heteroaryl, and 4-10-membered heterocycloalkyl forming R12 is optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of: halo, —CN, OR13, NR13R14, —(C═O)R14, —(C═O)OR14, —(C═O)NR14R15, —S(O)nR14, and C6-10 aryl;
each R13 is independently H, C1-100 alkyl or C(═O)R16;
each R14 is independently H or C1-100 alkyl;
each R15 is independently H or C1-100 alkyl;
each R16 is independently H or C1-100 alkyl;
each Q is independently O or NR17;
each R17 is H or C1-100 alkyl;
T is C2-100 alkylene, C4-100 alkenylene, or C4-100 alkynylene; and
each n is 0, 1 or 2.
In some embodiments, X11 is a bond or C1-4 alkylene.
In some embodiments, X12 is C1-4 alkylene.
In some embodiments, X13 is a bond or C1-4 alkylene.
In some embodiments, X14 is a bond or C1-4 alkylene.
In some embodiments, X15 is C1-4 alkylene.
In some embodiments, X16 is a bond or C1-4 alkylene.
In some embodiments, R11 is H, C1-20 alkyl, C2-20 alkenyl, C2-20 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C6-10 aryl, 5-10-membered heteroaryl, or 4-10-membered heterocycloalkyl, wherein the C1-20 alkyl, C2-20 alkenyl, C2-20 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C6-10 aryl, 5-10-membered heteroaryl, and 4-10-membered heterocycloalkyl forming R1 is optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of: halo, —CN, OR3, NR3R4, —(C═O)R4, —(C═O)OR4, —(C═O)NR4R5, —S(O)mR4, and C6-10 aryl.
In some embodiments, R12 is H, C1-20 alkyl, C2-20 alkenyl, C2-20 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C6-10 aryl, 5-10-membered heteroaryl, or 4-10-membered heterocycloalkyl, wherein the C1-20 alkyl, C2-20 alkenyl, C2-20 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C6-10 aryl, 5-10-membered heteroaryl, and 4-10-membered heterocycloalkyl forming R2 is optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of: halo, —CN, OR3, NR3R4, —(C═O)R4, —(C═O)OR4, —(C═O)NR4R5, —S(O)mR4, and C6-10 aryl.
In some embodiments, each R13 is independently H, C1-6 alkyl or C(═O)R6.
In some embodiments, each R14 is independently H or C1-6 alkyl.
In some embodiments, each R15 is independently H or C1-6 alkyl.
In some embodiments, each R16 is independently H or C1-6 alkyl.
In some embodiments, T is C2-20 alkylene, C2-20 alkenylene, or C2-20 alkynylene.
In some embodiments,
X11 is a bond or C1-4 alkylene;
X12 is C1-4 alkylene;
X13 is a bond or C1-4 alkylene;
X14 is a bond or C1-4 alkylene;
X15 is C1-4 alkylene;
X16 is a bond or C1-4 alkylene;
R11 is H, C1-20 alkyl, C2-20 alkenyl, C2-20 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C6-10 aryl, 5-10-membered heteroaryl, or 4-10-membered heterocycloalkyl, wherein the C1-20 alkyl, C1-20 alkenyl, C2-20 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C6-10 aryl, 5-10-membered heteroaryl, and 4-10-membered heterocycloalkyl forming R11 is optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of: halo, —CN, OR313, NR13R14, —(C═O)R14, —(C═O)OR14, —(C═O)NR14R15, —S(O)nR14, and C6-10 aryl;
R12 is H, C1-20 alkyl, C2-20 alkenyl, C2-20 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C6-10 aryl, 5-10-membered heteroaryl, or 4-10-membered heterocycloalkyl, wherein the C1-20 alkyl, C1-20 alkenyl, C2-20 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C6-10 aryl, 5-10-membered heteroaryl, and 4-10-membered heterocycloalkyl forming R12 is optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of: halo, —CN, OR13, NR13R14, —(C═O)R14, —(C═O)OR14, —(C═O)NR14R15, —S(O)nR14, and C6-10 aryl;
each R13 is independently H, C1-6 alkyl or C(═O)R16;
each R14 is independently H or C1-6 alkyl;
each R15 is independently H or C1-6 alkyl;
each R16 is independently H or C1-6 alkyl;
each Q is independently O or NR17;
each R17 is independently H or C1-6 alkyl;
T is C2-20 alkylene, C4-20 alkenylene, or C4-20 alkynylene; and
each n is 0, 1 or 2.
In some embodiments, X11 is a bond.
In some embodiments, X12 is C1-4 alkylene. For example, X12 can be CH2.
In some embodiments, X13 is a bond.
In some embodiments, X14 is a bond.
In some embodiments, X15 is C1-4 alkylene. For example, X15 can be CH2.
In some embodiments, X16 is a bond.
In some embodiments, R11 is H, C1-20 alkyl, C2-20 alkenyl, C2-20 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, or C6-10 aryl. For example, R11 can be H. In some embodiments, R11 is C1-20 alkyl. In some embodiments, R11 is C1-6 alkyl. For example, R11 can be CH3. In some embodiments, R11 is CH2CH3.
In some embodiments, R12 is H, C1-20 alkyl, C2-20 alkenyl, C2-20 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, or C6-10 aryl. For example, R12 can be H. In some embodiments, R12 is C1-20 alkyl. In some embodiments, R12 is C1-6 alkyl. For example, R12 can be CH3. In some embodiments, R12 is CH2CH3.
In some embodiments, R13 is C1-6 alkyl. For example, R13 can be CH3. In some embodiments, R13 is H.
In some embodiments, R14 is C1-6 alkyl. For example, R14 can be CH3.
In some embodiments, R15 is C1-6 alkyl. For example, R15 can be CH3.
In some embodiments, R16 is C1-6 alkyl. For example, R16 can be CH3.
In some embodiments, n is 0. In some embodiments, n is 2.
In some embodiments, Q is O.
The length and nature of the T group can be used to modulate the hydrophobicity of a polymer of Formula (II). T groups may include alkylenes, including C3-20 alkylenes (e.g, (CH2)3-20) and C4-10 alkylenes (e.g, (CH2)4-10). Specific alkylene groups include C4 alkylenes (e.g., (CH2)4), C5 alkylenes (e.g., (CH2)5), C6 alkylenes (e.g., (CH2)6), C7 alkylenes (e.g., (CH2)7), C8 alkylenes (e.g, (CH2)8), C9 alkylenes (e.g, (CH2)9), C10 alkylenes (e.g, (CH2)10), C11 alkylenes (e.g, (CH2)11), and C12 alkylenes (e.g, (CH2)12).
Examples of a repeating unit of a polymer of Formula (II) include:
wherein x is an integer from 2 to 100.
In some embodiments, a polymer of Formula (I), Formula (Ia), and/or Formula (II) is a homopolymer comprising only the repeating unit according to the Formula. In some embodiments, a polymer of Formula (I), Formula (Ia), and/or Formula (II) is a copolymer comprising at least one repeating unit according to the Formula. For example, a polymer of Formula (I), Formula (Ia), and/or Formula (II) can be a copolymer comprising at least one repeating unit according to the Formula and PLGA (poly lactic (co-glycolic) acid).
In some embodiments, a polymer of Formula (I), Formula (Ia), and/or Formula (II) is a linear polymer. In some embodiments, a polymer of Formula (I), Formula (Ia), and/or Formula (II) is a branched polymer. In some embodiments, a polymer of Formula (I), Formula (Ia), and/or Formula (II) is a cross-linked polymer.
Terminal end groups for a polymer of Formula (I), Formula (Ia), and/or Formula (II) are known in the art, and can be any protecting groups, drugs, dyes, imaging reagents, targeting ligands, biological molecules which may terminate the polymerization process. For example, an N-terminal end group can be H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, amide, sulfonamide, sulfamate, sulfinamide, or carbamate. A C-terminal end group can be carboxylic acid, ester, amide, or ketone of alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl. For example, a drug molecule having an alcohol function, such as docetaxel, may be used as a C-terminal end group by attachment as an ester.
The molecular weight of a polymer of Formula (I), Formula (Ia), and/or Formula (II) can be determined by any means known in the art. In some embodiments, the number average molecular weight (Ma) of a polymer of Formula (I), Formula (Ia), and/or Formula (II) is determined by gel permeation chromatography (GPC). Typically, a polymer of Formula (I), Formula (Ia), and/or Formula (II) has from about 2 to about 100,000 repeating units. In some embodiments, the Mn of the polymer is in the range from about 600 to about 10,000,000 daltons, about 600 to about 150,000 daltons, about 600 to about 140,000 daltons, about 600 to about 130,000 daltons, about 600 to about 120,000 daltons, about 600 to about 110,000 daltons, about 600 to about 100,000 daltons, from about 600 to about 90,000 daltons, from about 600 to about 80,000 daltons, from about 600 to about 70,000 daltons, from about 600 to about 60,000 daltons, from about 600 to about 50,000 daltons, from about 600 to about 40,000 daltons, from about 600 to about 30,000 daltons, from about 600 to about 20,000 daltons, from about 600 to about 10,000 daltons, from about 600 to about 9,000 daltons, from about 600 to about 8,000 daltons, from about 600 to about 7,000 daltons, from about 600 to about 6,000 daltons, from about 600 to about 5,000 daltons, from about 600 to about 4,000 daltons, and/or from about 600 to about 3,000 daltons.
The polydispersity of a polymer of Formula (I), Formula (Ia), and/or Formula (II) can be determined by means known in the art. As used herein, the polydispersity or dispersity of a polymer measures the degree of uniformity in size of the polymer. In some embodiments, the polydispersity of a polymer of Formula (I), Formula (Ia), and/or Formula (II) is determined by gel permeation chromatography (GPC).
Without being limited to the following procedures, general schemes for the synthesis of a polymer of Formula (I), Formula (Ia), and/or Formula (II) include a polycondensation method that involves a cysteine monomer and a bis-activated ester or diacid chloride, as shown in the non-limiting example of Scheme 1, where x is the length of the methylene linker (e.g., x=1-100), and n is the number of repeating units (e.g., n=2-100,000).
The polymers can also be synthesized by a polycondensation method that forms the cystine —S—S— bond simultaneous with polymerization, as illustrated in Scheme 2, where x is the length of the methylene linker (e.g., x=1-100), and n is the number of repeating units (e.g., n=2-100,000).
In some embodiments, the hydrophobic polymer is Cys-poly(disulfide amide) (Cys-PDSA) polymers were prepared by one-step polycondensation of (H-Cys-OMe)2×2HCl and bis-fatty acid nitrophenol ester or dichloride of fatty acid in a variety of combinations. Prepared PDSAs are labeled as Cys-OMe-x or, equivalently Cys-xE, where x represents the number of methylene groups in the diacid repeating unit. Accordingly, the cysteine dimethyl ester copolymer with the respective blocks are coded as follows: succinyl chloride (Cys-OMe-2 or Cys-2E), adipoyl chloride (Cys-OMe-4 or Cys-4E), suberoyl chloride (Cys-OMe-6 or Cys-6E), sebacoyl chloride (Cys-OMe-8, or Cys-8E), and dodecanedioyl dichloride (Cys-OMe-10 or Cys-10E). The corresponding carboxylic acid polymers are coded with the cysteine carboxylic acid copolymer with the respective blocks as follows: succinyl chloride (Cys-OH-2), adipoyl chloride (Cys-OH-4), suberoyl chloride (Cys-OH-6), sebacoyl chloride (Cys-OH-8), and dodecanedioyl dichloride (Cys-OH-10).
In some embodiments, the core of the particle comprises a complexing agent. The complexing agent has a positive charge that is complementary to the overall negative charge of the p53 mRNA. The complexation allows the mRNA to self-assemble with the complexing agent, and that assembly is then successfully encapsulated in the hydrophobic polymeric core of the particle. In some embodiments, the complexing agent is amphiphilic (i.e., it contains both lipophilic and hydrophilic properties in the same molecule). The complexing agent can therefore comprise a segment that is hydrophobic and a segment that is hydrophilic.
A hydrophobic segment of an amphiphile can comprise, e.g., a hydrocarbon or a hydrocarbon that is substituted exclusively or predominantly with hydrophobic substituents such as halogen atoms. Typically, the hydrophobic segment can comprise a chain of 10, or more (e.g., 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20 or more) carbon atoms. In some embodiments, the hydrophobic segment comprises an aliphatic chain, which in some embodiments can be branched and in some embodiments can be unbranched. In some embodiments, the hydrophobic segment comprises an aliphatic chain that is saturated. In some embodiments, the hydrophobic segment comprises an aliphatic chain that is unsaturated.
A hydrophilic segment of an amphiphile can comprise, e.g., one or more polar groups such as hydroxyl or ether groups. A hydrophilic segment of an amphiphile can comprise, e.g., one or more charged groups. A charged group can include a cation, e.g., ammonium or phosphonium groups. A charged group can include an anion, e.g., phosphate or sulfate groups.
A complexing agent within the core comprises a hydrophilic region and a hydrophobic region, and can comprise a variety of materials. In some embodiments, the complexing agent is negatively charged. In some embodiments, the complexing agent is positively charged. In some embodiments, the complexing agent comprises a phospholipid. In some embodiments, the complexing agent comprises a dendrimer. Dendrimers (also known as dendrons, arborols or cascade molecules) are repetitively branched molecules which can be classified by generation, which refers to the number of repeated branching cycles performed during synthesis. For example, poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) is ethylenediamine reacted with methyl acrylate, and then another ethylenediamine to make a generation 0 (G0) PAMAM.
In some embodiments, the complexing agent is a cationic lipid or a cationic lipid-like material such as lipophilic moiety-modified amino dendrimer.
Suitable examples of lipophilic moieties with which an amino dendrimer may be modified include CnH2n−1 alkyl chains where n is 8-22 (e.g., C8, C10, C12, C14, C16, or C18 groups), fatty acids and glycerides, and phospholipids. Examples of fatty acids include saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, such as linolenic acid, linoleic acid, myristic acid, stearic acid, palmitic acid, eicosanoic acid, and margaric acid. Examples of fatty glycerides and phospholipids include 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine, 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine, 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine, and 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine.
In some embodiments, the cationic lipid is selected from 1,2-dioleoyl-3-trimethylammonium-propane (DOTAP) and 1,2-di-O-octadecenyl-3-trimethylammonium propane (DOTMA); and the lipophilic moiety-modified amino dendrimer is selected from polypropylenimine tetramine dendrimer generation 1 modified with a lipophilic moiety, ethylenediamine core-poly (amidoamine) (PAMAM) generation 0 dendrimer (G0) modified with C14 (G0-C14 dendrimer); and ethylenediamine branched polyethyleneimine modified with lipophilic moiety.
In some embodiments, the weight ratio of the complexing agent to the p53-encoding mRNA in the core of the particle is from about 5 to about 20 (e.g., from 10 to 15).
In some embodiments, the complexing agent comprises one or more selected from the group consisting of: lecithin, an amino dendrimer (e.g., ethylenediamine core-poly (amidoamine) (PAMAM) generation 0 dendrimer (G0), ethylenediamine branched polyethylenimine (Mw˜ 800) (PEI), polypropylenimine tetramine dendrimer, generation 1 (DAB), and derivatives thereof, e.g., amino derivatives formed by reacting an amine group with an alkyl epoxide, e.g., G0-C14 dendrimer described in Xu, X. et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2013; 110:18638-43, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety), a PEG-phospholipid (e.g., 14:0 PEG350 PE (1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[methoxy(polyethylene glycol)-350]), 14:0 PEG350 PE (1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[methoxy(polyethylene glycol)-350]), 18:0 PEG350 PE (1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[methoxy(polyethylene glycol)-350]), 18:1 PEG350 PE (1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[methoxy(polyethylene glycol)-350]), 14:0 PEG550 PE (1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[methoxy(polyethylene glycol)-550]), 14:0 PEG550 PE (1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[methoxy(polyethylene glycol)-550]), 18:0 PEG550 PE (1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[methoxy(polyethylene glycol)-550]), 18:1 PEG550 PE (1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[methoxy(polyethylene glycol)-550]), 14:0 PEG750 PE (1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[methoxy(polyethylene glycol)-750]), 14:0 PEG750 PE (1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[methoxy(polyethylene glycol)-750]), 18:0 PEG750 PE (1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[methoxy(polyethylene glycol)-750]), 18:1 PEG750 PE (1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[methoxy(polyethylene glycol)-750]), 14:0 PEG1000 PE (1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[methoxy(polyethylene glycol)-1000]), 14:0 PEG1000 PE (1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[methoxy(polyethylene glycol)-1000]), 18:0 PEG1000 PE (1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[methoxy(polyethylene glycol)-1000]) (DSPE-PEG1K), 18:1 PEG1000 PE (1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[methoxy(polyethylene glycol)-1000]), 14:0 PEG2000 PE (1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[methoxy(polyethylene glycol)-2000]), 14:0 PEG2000 PE (1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[methoxy(polyethylene glycol)-2000]), 18:0 PEG2000 PE (1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[methoxy(polyethylene glycol)-2000]) (DSPE-PEG2K), 18:1 PEG2000 PE (1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[methoxy(polyethylene glycol)-2000]), 14:0 PEG3000 PE (1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[methoxy(polyethylene glycol)-3000]), 14:0 PEG3000 PE (1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[methoxy(polyethylene glycol)-3000]), 18:0 PEG3000 PE (1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[methoxy(polyethylene glycol)-3000]) (DSPE-PEG3K), 18:1 PEG3000 PE (1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[methoxy(polyethylene glycol)-3000]), 14:0 PEG5000 PE (1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[methoxy(polyethylene glycol)-5000]), 14:0 PEG5000 PE (1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[methoxy(polyethylene glycol)-5000]), 18:0 PEG5000 PE (1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[methoxy(polyethylene glycol)-5000]) (DSPE-PEG5K), 18:1 PEG5000 PE (1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[methoxy(polyethylene glycol)-5000])), a PEG-ceramide (e.g., C8 PEG750 ceramide (N-octanoyl-sphingosine-1-{succinyl[methoxy(polyethylene glycol)750]}), C16 PEG750 ceramide (N-palmitoyl-sphingosine-1-{succinyl[methoxy(polyethylene glycol)750]}), C8 PEG2000 ceramide (N-octanoyl-sphingosine-1-{succinyl[methoxy(polyethylene glycol)2000]}), C16 PEG2000 ceramide (N-palmitoyl-sphingosine-1-{succinyl[methoxy(polyethylene glycol)2000]}), C8 PEG5000 ceramide (N-octanoyl-sphingosine-1-{succinyl[methoxy(polyethylene glycol)5000]}), C16 PEG5000 ceramide (N-palmitoyl-sphingosine-1-{succinyl[methoxy(polyethylene glycol)5000]}), an anionic lipid (e.g., 1,2-di-O-tetradecyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1′-rac-glycerol), 1,2-dihexadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1′-sn-glycerol)), and a cationic lipid (e.g., DC-cholesterol (38-[N-(N′,N′-dimethylaminoethane)-carbamoyl]cholesterol), 18:1 TAP (DOTAP) (1,2-dioleoyl-3-trimethylammonium-propane), 1-oleoyl-2-[6-[(7-nitro-2-1,3-benzoxadiazol-4-yl)amino]hexanoyl]-3-trimethylammonium propane, 14:0 TAP (1,2-dimyristoyl-3-trimethylammonium-propane), 16:0 TAP (1,2-dipalmitoyl-3-trimethylammonium-propane), 18:0 TAP (1,2-stearoyl-3-trimethylammonium-propane), DOTMA (1,2-di-O-octadecenyl-3-trimethylammonium propane), a phosphatidylcholine (e.g., 12:0 EPC (1,2-dilauroyl-sn-glycero-3-ethylphosphocholine), 14:0 EPC (1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-ethylphosphocholine), 14:1 EPC (1,2-dimyristoleoyl-sn-glycero-3-ethylphosphocholine), 16:0 EPC (1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-ethylphosphocholine), 18:0 EPC (1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-ethylphosphocholine), 18:1 EPC (1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-ethylphosphocholine), 16:0-18:1 EPC (1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-ethylphosphocholine)). In some embodiments, the complexing agent consists essentially of, or consists of, one or more materials described herein.
The proportion of the complexing agent within the water-insoluble core in the particle depends on the characteristics of the complexing agent, the properties of the remainder of the core, and the application. In some embodiments, the complexing agent is in the core in an amount from about 1% by weight to about 50.0% by weight. The complexing agent is in the core in an amount from about 1% by weight to about 45% by weight, from about 1% by weight to about 40% by weight, from about 1% by weight to about 35% by weight, from about 1% by weight to about 30% by weight, from about 1% by weight to about 25% by weight, from about 1% by weight to about 20% by weight, from about 1% by weight to about 15% by weight, from about 10% by weight to about 45% by weight, from about 10% by weight to about 40% by weight, from about 10% by weight to about 35% by weight, from about 10% by weight to about 30% by weight, from about 10% by weight to about 25% by weight, from about 10% by weight to about 20% by weight, from about 10% by weight to about 15% by weight, from about 1% by weight to about 10% by weight, and/or from about 1% by weight to about 5% by weight. For example, the complexing agent can be present in about 2% by weight, about 5% by weight, about 10% by weight, about 15% by weight, about 20% by weight, about 25% by weight, about 30% by weight, about 35% by weight, about 40% by weight, about 45% by weight, or about 50% by weight.
In some embodiments, the particle comprises a shell attached to the core (e.g., covalently or non-covalently attached through electrostatic interactions, hydrophobic interactions, or Van der Waals forces). In some embodiments, the shell comprises an amphiphilic material. In some embodiments, the amphiphilic material can comprise a phospholipid and/or a poly(ethylene glycol). In some embodiments, the amphiphilic material comprises one or more selected from the group consisting of: lecithin, a neutral lipid (e.g., a diacyl glycerol (e.g., 8:0 DG (1,2-dioctanoyl-sn-glycerol), 10:0 DG (1,2-didecanoyl-sn-glycerol)), a sphingolipid (e.g., D-erythro-sphingosine and D-glucosyl-8-1,1′ N-octanoyl-D-erythro-sphingosine), a ceramide (e.g., N-butyroyl-D-erythro-sphingosine, N-octanoyl-D-erythro-sphingosine, N-stearoyl-D-erythro-sphingosine (C17 base))), a PEG-phospholipid (e.g., 14:0 PEG350 PE (1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[methoxy(polyethylene glycol)-350]), 14:0 PEG350 PE (1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[methoxy(polyethylene glycol)-350]), 18:0 PEG350 PE (1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[methoxy(polyethylene glycol)-350]), 18:1 PEG350 PE (1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[methoxy(polyethylene glycol)-350]), 14:0 PEG550 PE (1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[methoxy(polyethylene glycol)-550]), 14:0 PEG550 PE (1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[methoxy(polyethylene glycol)-550]), 18:0 PEG550 PE (1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[methoxy(polyethylene glycol)-550]), 18:1 PEG550 PE (1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[methoxy(polyethylene glycol)-550]), 14:0 PEG750 PE (1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[methoxy(polyethylene glycol)-750]), 14:0 PEG750 PE (1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[methoxy(polyethylene glycol)-750]), 18:0 PEG750 PE (1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[methoxy(polyethylene glycol)-750]), 18:1 PEG750 PE (1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[methoxy(polyethylene glycol)-750]), 14:0 PEG1000 PE (1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[methoxy(polyethylene glycol)-1000]), 14:0 PEG1000 PE (1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[methoxy(polyethylene glycol)-1000]), 18:0 PEG1000 PE (1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[methoxy(polyethylene glycol)-1000]) (DSPE-PEG1K), 18:1 PEG1000 PE (1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[methoxy(polyethylene glycol)-1000]), 14:0 PEG2000 PE (1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[methoxy(polyethylene glycol)-2000]), 14:0 PEG2000 PE (1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[methoxy(polyethylene glycol)-2000]), 18:0 PEG2000 PE (1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[methoxy(polyethylene glycol)-2000]) (DSPE-PEG2K), 18:1 PEG2000 PE (1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[methoxy(polyethylene glycol)-2000]), 14:0 PEG3000 PE (1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[methoxy(polyethylene glycol)-3000]), 14:0 PEG3000 PE (1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[methoxy(polyethylene glycol)-3000]), 18:0 PEG3000 PE (1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[methoxy(polyethylene glycol)-3000]) (DSPE-PEG3K), 18:1 PEG3000 PE (1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[methoxy(polyethylene glycol)-3000]), 14:0 PEG5000 PE (1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[methoxy(polyethylene glycol)-5000]), 14:0 PEG5000 PE (1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[methoxy(polyethylene glycol)-5000]), 18:0 PEG5000 PE (1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[methoxy(polyethylene glycol)-5000]) (DSPE-PEG5K), 18:1 PEG5000 PE (1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[methoxy(polyethylene glycol)-5000])), a PEG-ceramide (e.g., C8 PEG750 ceramide (N-octanoyl-sphingosine-1-{succinyl[methoxy(polyethylene glycol)750]}), C16 PEG750 ceramide (N-palmitoyl-sphingosine-1-{succinyl[methoxy(polyethylene glycol)750]}), C8 PEG2000 ceramide (N-octanoyl-sphingosine-1-{succinyl[methoxy(polyethylene glycol)2000]}), C16 PEG2000 ceramide (N-palmitoyl-sphingosine-1-{succinyl[methoxy(polyethylene glycol)2000]}), C8 PEG5000 ceramide (N-octanoyl-sphingosine-1-{succinyl[methoxy(polyethylene glycol)5000]}), C16 PEG5000 ceramide (N-palmitoyl-sphingosine-1-{succinyl[methoxy(polyethylene glycol)5000]}), an anionic lipid (e.g., 1,2-di-O-tetradecyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1′-rac-glycerol), 1,2-dihexadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1′-sn-glycerol)), and a cationic lipid (e.g., DC-cholesterol (38-[N-(N′,N′-dimethylaminoethane)-carbamoyl]cholesterol), 18:1 TAP (DOTAP) (1,2-dioleoyl-3-trimethylammonium-propane), 1-oleoyl-2-[6-[(7-nitro-2-1,3-benzoxadiazol-4-yl)amino]hexanoyl]-3-trimethylammonium propane, 14:0 TAP (1,2-dimyristoyl-3-trimethylammonium-propane), 16:0 TAP (1,2-dipalmitoyl-3-trimethylammonium-propane), 18:0 TAP (1,2-stearoyl-3-trimethylammonium-propane), DOTMA (1,2-di-O-octadecenyl-3-trimethylammonium propane), a phosphatidylcholine (e.g., 12:0 EPC (1,2-dilauroyl-sn-glycero-3-ethylphosphocholine), 14:0 EPC (1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-ethylphosphocholine), 14:1 EPC (1,2-dimyristoleoyl-sn-glycero-3-ethylphosphocholine), 16:0 EPC (1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-ethylphosphocholine), 18:0 EPC (1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-ethylphosphocholine), 18:1 EPC (1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-ethylphosphocholine), 16:0-18:1 EPC (1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-ethylphosphocholine)). In some embodiments, the amphiphilic material comprises 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[methoxy(polyethylene glycol)-2000]. In some embodiments, the amphiphilic material comprises 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[methoxy(polyethylene glycol)-5000]. In some embodiments, the amphiphilic material comprises lecithin. In some embodiments, the amphiphilic material comprises 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[methoxy(polyethylene glycol)] (DMPE-PEG) or 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[methoxy(polyethylene glycol)] (DSPE-PEG), or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the amphiphilic material consists essentially of, or consists of, one or more materials described herein.
The proportion of the amphiphilic material relative to the core in the particle depends on the characteristics of the amphiphilic material, the properties of the core, and the application. In some embodiments, the amphiphilic material is in the range from about 1% by weight to about 50.0% by weight compared with the weight of the core. The amphiphilic material can be in the range from about 1% by weight to about 45% by weight, from about 1% by weight to about 40% by weight, from about 1% by weight to about 35% by weight, from about 1% by weight to about 30% by weight, from about 1% by weight to about 25% by weight, from about 1% by weight to about 20% by weight, from about 1% by weight to about 15% by weight, from about 1% by weight to about 10% by weight, and/or from about 1% by weight to about 5% by weight compared with the weight of the core. For example, the amphiphilic material can be about 2% by weight, about 5% by weight, about 10% by weight, about 15% by weight, about 20% by weight, about 25% by weight, about 30% by weight, about 35% by weight, about 40% by weight, about 45% by weight, or about 50% by weight compared with the weight of the core.
In some embodiments, the particles of the present disclosure can be prepared according to the methods similar to those described in WO 2018/089688, US20170362388, and US20170304213, which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
Pharmaceutical Compositions and Formulations
The present application also provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising an effective amount of an active ingredient as disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. The carrier(s) are “acceptable” in the sense of being compatible with the other ingredients of the formulation and, in the case of a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, not deleterious to the recipient thereof in an amount used in the medicament.
Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, adjuvants and vehicles that may be used in the pharmaceutical compositions of the present application include, but are not limited to, ion exchangers, alumina, aluminum stearate, lecithin, serum proteins, such as human serum albumin, buffer substances such as phosphates, glycine, sorbic acid, potassium sorbate, partial glyceride mixtures of saturated vegetable fatty acids, water, salts or electrolytes, such as protamine sulfate, disodium hydrogen phosphate, potassium hydrogen phosphate, sodium chloride, zinc salts, colloidal silica, magnesium trisilicate, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, cellulose-based substances, polyethylene glycol, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, polyacrylates, waxes, polyethylene-polyoxypropylene-block polymers, polyethylene glycol, and wool fat.
The compositions or dosage forms may contain any one of the compounds and therapeutic agents described herein in the range of 0.005% to 100% with the balance made up from the suitable pharmaceutically acceptable excipients. The contemplated compositions may contain 0.001%-100% of any one of the compounds and therapeutic agents provided herein, in one embodiment 0.1-95%, in another embodiment 75-85%, in a further embodiment 20-80%, wherein the balance may be made up of any pharmaceutically acceptable excipient described herein, or any combination of these excipients.
Routes of Administration and Dosage Forms
The pharmaceutical compositions of the present application include those suitable for any acceptable route of administration. Acceptable routes of administration include, but are not limited to, buccal, cutaneous, endocervical, endosinusial, endotracheal, enteral, epidural, interstitial, intra-abdominal, intra-arterial, intrabronchial, intrabursal, intracerebral, intracisternal, intracoronary, intradermal, intraductal, intraduodenal, intradural, intraepidermal, intraesophageal, intragastric, intragingival, intraileal, intralymphatic, intramedullary, intrameningeal, intramuscular, intranasal, intraovarian, intraperitoneal, intraprostatic, intrapulmonary, intrasinal, intraspinal, intrasynovial, intratesticular, intrathecal, intratubular, intratumoral, intrauterine, intravascular, intravenous, nasal, nasogastric, oral, parenteral, percutaneous, peridural, rectal, respiratory (inhalation), subcutaneous, sublingual, submucosal, topical, transdermal, transmucosal, transtracheal, ureteral, urethral and vaginal.
Compositions and formulations described herein may conveniently be presented in a unit dosage form, e.g., tablets, sustained release capsules, and in liposomes, and may be prepared by any methods well known in the art of pharmacy. See, for example, Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, Md. (20th ed. 2000). Such preparative methods include the step of bringing into association with the molecule to be administered ingredients such as the carrier that constitutes one or more accessory ingredients. In general, the compositions are prepared by uniformly and intimately bringing into association the active ingredients with liquid carriers, liposomes or finely divided solid carriers, or both, and then, if necessary, shaping the product.
In some embodiments, any one of the compounds and therapeutic agents disclosed herein are administered orally. Compositions of the present application suitable for oral administration may be presented as discrete units such as capsules, sachets, granules or tablets each containing a predetermined amount (e.g., effective amount) of the active ingredient; a powder or granules; a solution or a suspension in an aqueous liquid or a non-aqueous liquid; an oil-in-water liquid emulsion; a water-in-oil liquid emulsion; packed in liposomes; or as a bolus, etc. Soft gelatin capsules can be useful for containing such suspensions, which may beneficially increase the rate of compound absorption. In the case of tablets for oral use, carriers that are commonly used include lactose, sucrose, glucose, mannitol, and silicic acid and starches. Other acceptable excipients may include: a) fillers or extenders such as starches, lactose, sucrose, glucose, mannitol, and silicic acid, b) binders such as, for example, carboxymethylcellulose, alginates, gelatin, polyvinylpyrrolidinone, sucrose, and acacia, c) humectants such as glycerol, d) disintegrating agents such as agar-agar, calcium carbonate, potato or tapioca starch, alginic acid, certain silicates, and sodium carbonate, e) solution retarding agents such as paraffin, f) absorption accelerators such as quaternary ammonium compounds, g) wetting agents such as, for example, cetyl alcohol and glycerol monostearate, h) absorbents such as kaolin and bentonite clay, and i) lubricants such as talc, calcium stearate, magnesium stearate, solid polyethylene glycols, sodium lauryl sulfate, and mixtures thereof. For oral administration in a capsule form, useful diluents include lactose and dried corn starch. When aqueous suspensions are administered orally, the active ingredient is combined with emulsifying and suspending agents. If desired, certain sweetening and/or flavoring and/or coloring agents may be added. Compositions suitable for oral administration include lozenges comprising the ingredients in a flavored basis, usually sucrose and acacia or tragacanth; and pastilles comprising the active ingredient in an inert basis such as gelatin and glycerin, or sucrose and acacia.
Compositions suitable for parenteral administration include aqueous and non-aqueous sterile injection solutions or infusion solutions which may contain antioxidants, buffers, bacteriostats and solutes which render the formulation isotonic with the blood of the intended recipient; and aqueous and non-aqueous sterile suspensions which may include suspending agents and thickening agents. The formulations may be presented in unit-dose or multi-dose containers, for example, sealed ampules and vials, and may be stored in a freeze dried (lyophilized) condition requiring only the addition of the sterile liquid carrier, for example water for injections, saline (e.g., 0.9% saline solution) or 5% dextrose solution, immediately prior to use. Extemporaneous injection solutions and suspensions may be prepared from sterile powders, granules and tablets. The injection solutions may be in the form, for example, of a sterile injectable aqueous or oleaginous suspension. This suspension may be formulated according to techniques known in the art using suitable dispersing or wetting agents and suspending agents. The sterile injectable preparation may also be a sterile injectable solution or suspension in a non-toxic parenterally-acceptable diluent or solvent, for example, as a solution in 1,3-butanediol. Among the acceptable vehicles and solvents that may be employed are mannitol, water, Ringer's solution and isotonic sodium chloride solution. In addition, sterile, fixed oils are conventionally employed as a solvent or suspending medium. For this purpose, any bland fixed oil may be employed including synthetic mono- or diglycerides. Fatty acids, such as oleic acid and its glyceride derivatives are useful in the preparation of injectables, as are natural pharmaceutically-acceptable oils, such as olive oil or castor oil, especially in their polyoxyethylated versions. These oil solutions or suspensions may also contain a long-chain alcohol diluent or dispersant.
The pharmaceutical compositions of the present application may be administered in the form of suppositories for rectal administration. These compositions can be prepared by mixing a compound of the present application with a suitable non-irritating excipient which is solid at room temperature but liquid at the rectal temperature and therefore will melt in the rectum to release the active components. Such materials include, but are not limited to, cocoa butter, beeswax, and polyethylene glycols.
The pharmaceutical compositions of the present application may be administered by nasal aerosol or inhalation. Such compositions are prepared according to techniques well-known in the art of pharmaceutical formulation and may be prepared as solutions in saline, employing benzyl alcohol or other suitable preservatives, absorption promoters to enhance bioavailability, fluorocarbons, and/or other solubilizing or dispersing agents known in the art. See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 6,803,031. Additional formulations and methods for intranasal administration are found in Ilium, L., J Pharm Pharmacol, 56:3-17, 2004 and Ilium, L., Eur J Pharm Sci 11:1-18, 2000.
The topical compositions of the present disclosure can be prepared and used in the form of an aerosol spray, cream, emulsion, solid, liquid, dispersion, foam, oil, gel, hydrogel, lotion, mousse, ointment, powder, patch, pomade, solution, pump spray, stick, towelette, soap, or other forms commonly employed in the art of topical administration and/or cosmetic and skin care formulation. The topical compositions can be in an emulsion form. Topical administration of the pharmaceutical compositions of the present application is especially useful when the desired treatment involves areas or organs readily accessible by topical application. In some embodiments, the topical composition comprises a combination of any one of the compounds and therapeutic agents disclosed herein, and one or more additional ingredients, carriers, excipients, or diluents including, but not limited to, absorbents, anti-irritants, anti-acne agents, preservatives, antioxidants, coloring agents/pigments, emollients (moisturizers), emulsifiers, film-forming/holding agents, fragrances, leave-on exfoliants, prescription drugs, preservatives, scrub agents, silicones, skin-identical/repairing agents, slip agents, sunscreen actives, surfactants/detergent cleansing agents, penetration enhancers, and thickeners.
The compounds and therapeutic agents of the present application may be incorporated into compositions for coating an implantable medical device, such as prostheses, artificial valves, vascular grafts, stents, or catheters. Suitable coatings and the general preparation of coated implantable devices are known in the art and are exemplified in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,099,562; 5,886,026; and 5,304,121. The coatings are typically biocompatible polymeric materials such as a hydrogel polymer, polymethyldisiloxane, polycaprolactone, polyethylene glycol, polylactic acid, ethylene vinyl acetate, and mixtures thereof. The coatings may optionally be further covered by a suitable topcoat of fluorosilicone, polysaccharides, polyethylene glycol, phospholipids or combinations thereof to impart controlled release characteristics in the composition. Coatings for invasive devices are to be included within the definition of pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, adjuvant or vehicle, as those terms are used herein.
Pharmaceutically Acceptable Salts
In some embodiments, a salt of any one of the compounds described herein (e.g., a small-molecule anticancer agent) is formed between an acid and a basic group of the compound, such as an amino functional group, or a base and an acidic group of the compound, such as a carboxyl functional group. According to another embodiment, the compound is a pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salt.
In some embodiments, acids commonly employed to form pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds of the present disclosure include inorganic acids such as hydrogen bisulfide, hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, hydroiodic acid, sulfuric acid and phosphoric acid, as well as organic acids such as para-toluenesulfonic acid, salicylic acid, tartaric acid, bitartaric acid, ascorbic acid, maleic acid, besylic acid, fumaric acid, gluconic acid, glucuronic acid, formic acid, glutamic acid, methanesulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, lactic acid, oxalic acid, para-bromophenylsulfonic acid, carbonic acid, succinic acid, citric acid, benzoic acid and acetic acid, as well as related inorganic and organic acids. Such pharmaceutically acceptable salts thus include sulfate, pyrosulfate, bisulfate, sulfite, bisulfite, phosphate, monohydrogenphosphate, dihydrogenphosphate, metaphosphate, pyrophosphate, chloride, bromide, iodide, acetate, propionate, decanoate, caprylate, acrylate, formate, isobutyrate, caprate, heptanoate, propiolate, oxalate, malonate, succinate, suberate, sebacate, fumarate, maleate, butyne-1,4-dioate, hexyne-1,6-dioate, benzoate, chlorobenzoate, methylbenzoate, dinitrobenzoate, hydroxybenzoate, methoxybenzoate, phthalate, terephthalate, sulfonate, xylene sulfonate, phenylacetate, phenylpropionate, phenylbutyrate, citrate, lactate, β-hydroxybutyrate, glycolate, maleate, tartrate, methanesulfonate, propanesulfonate, naphthalene-1-sulfonate, naphthalene-2-sulfonate, mandelate and other salts. In one embodiment, pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts include those formed with mineral acids such as hydrochloric acid and hydrobromic acid, and especially those formed with organic acids such as maleic acid.
In some embodiments, bases commonly employed to form pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds of the present disclosure include hydroxides of alkali metals, including sodium, potassium, and lithium; hydroxides of alkaline earth metals such as calcium and magnesium; hydroxides of other metals, such as aluminum and zinc; ammonia, organic amines such as unsubstituted or hydroxyl-substituted mono-, di-, or tri-alkylamines, dicyclohexylamine; tributyl amine; pyridine; N-methyl, N-ethylamine; diethylamine; triethylamine; mono-, bis-, or tris-(2-OH—(C1-C6)-alkylamine), such as N,N-dimethyl-N-(2-hydroxyethyl)amine or tri-(2-hydroxyethyl)amine; N-methyl-D-glucamine; morpholine; thiomorpholine; piperidine; pyrrolidine; and amino acids such as arginine, lysine, and the like.
Dosages and Regimens
Any of the compositions of the present disclosure contain the active ingredient (e.g., p53 mRNA, small-molecule therapeutic agent) in an effective amount (e.g., a therapeutically effective amount).
Effective doses may vary, depending on the diseases treated, the severity of the disease, the route of administration, the sex, age and general health condition of the subject, excipient usage, the possibility of co-usage with other therapeutic treatments such as use of other agents and the judgment of the treating physician (e.g., oncologist).
In some embodiments, an effective amount (e.g., therapeutically effective amount) of any one of the active ingredients of the present application (e.g., p53 mRNA, small-molecule therapeutic agent), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, can range, for example, from about from about 0.001 mg/kg to about 500 mg/kg (e.g., from about 0.001 mg/kg to about 200 mg/kg; from about 0.01 mg/kg to about 200 mg/kg; from about 0.01 mg/kg to about 150 mg/kg; from about 0.01 mg/kg to about 100 mg/kg; from about 0.01 mg/kg to about 50 mg/kg; from about 0.01 mg/kg to about 10 mg/kg; from about 0.01 mg/kg to about 5 mg/kg; from about 0.01 mg/kg to about 1 mg/kg; from about 0.01 mg/kg to about 0.5 mg/kg; from about 0.01 mg/kg to about 0.1 mg/kg; from about 0.1 mg/kg to about 200 mg/kg; from about 0.1 mg/kg to about 150 mg/kg; from about 0.1 mg/kg to about 100 mg/kg; from about 0.1 mg/kg to about 50 mg/kg; from about 0.1 mg/kg to about 10 mg/kg; from about 0.1 mg/kg to about 5 mg/kg; from about 0.1 mg/kg to about 2 mg/kg; from about 0.1 mg/kg to about 1 mg/kg; or from about 0.1 mg/kg to about 0.5 mg/kg).
In some embodiments, an effective amount of mTOR inhibitor (e.g., everolimus), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is from about 0, 25 mg to about 10 mg, e.g., about 0.25 mg, about 0.5 mg, about 0.75 mg, about 2 mg, about 2.5 mg, about 3 mg, about 5 mg, about 7.5 mg, or about 10 mg.
In some embodiments, an effective amount of a DMA alkylating agent (e.g., cisplatin), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is about 1 mg/kg to about 10 mg/kg (e.g., 1 mg/kg, 3 mg/kg, or 8 mg/kg).
In some embodiments, an effective amount of AMPK activator (e.g., metformin), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is from about 250 mg to about 1,000 mg, e.g., about 500 mg, about 750 mg, about 850 mg, or about 1,000 mg.
The foregoing dosages can be administered on a daily basis (e.g., as a single dose or as two or more divided doses, e.g., once daily, twice daily, thrice daily) or non-daily basis (e.g., every other day, every two days, every three days, once weekly, twice weekly, once every two weeks, once a month).
In the method of treating cancer, the p53 mRNA-containing vehicle (e.g., nanoparticle composition) and the small-molecule anticancer agent (e.g., mTOR inhibitor, DNA alkylating agent, or AMPK activator) may be administered to the subject simultaneously (e.g., in the same dosage form or in separate dosage forms), or consecutively (e.g., before or after one another, in separate dosage forms).
Additional Therapeutic Agents
In some embodiments, at least one additional therapeutic agent can be administered to the patient. In some embodiments, the therapeutic agent is an anticancer agent. Suitable examples of the anticancer agents include abarelix, ado-trastuzumab emtansine, aldesleukin, alemtuzumab, alitretinoin, allopurinol, altretamine, anastrozole, arsenic trioxide, asparaginase, azacitidine, bevacizumab, bexarotene, bleomycin, bortezombi, bortezomib, busulfan intravenous, busulfan, calusterone, capecitabine, carboplatin, carmustine, cetuximab, chlorambucil, cladribine, clofarabine, cyclophosphamide, cytarabine, dacarbazine, dactinomycin, dalteparin sodium, dasatinib, daunorubicin, decitabine, denileukin, denileukin diftitox, dexrazoxane, docetaxel, doxorubicin, dromostanolone propionate, eculizumab, emtansine, epirubicin, eribulin, erlotinib, estramustine, etoposide phosphate, etoposide, everolimus, exemestane, fentanyl citrate, filgrastim, floxuridine, fludarabine, fluorouracil, fruquintinib, fulvestrant, gefitinib, gemcitabine, gemtuzumab ozogamicin, goserelin acetate, histrelin acetate, ibritumomab tiuxetan, idarubicin, ifosfamide, imatinib mesylate, interferon α2a, irinotecan, ixabepilone, lapatinib ditosylate, lenalidomide, letrozole, leucovorin, leuprolide acetate, levamisole, lomustine, meclorethamine, megestrol acetate, melphalan, mercaptopurine, methotrexate, methoxsalen, mitomycin C, mitotane, mitoxantrone, nandrolone phenpropionate, nelarabine, nofetumomab, paclitaxel, paclitaxel albumin-stabilized nanoparticle formulation, pamidronate, panitumumab, pegaspargase, pegfilgrastim, pemetrexed disodium, pentostatin, pertuzuma, pipobroman, plicamycin, procarbazine, quinacrine, rasburicase, rituximab, sorafenib, streptozocin, sulfatinib, sunitinib, sunitinib maleate, tamoxifen, temozolomide, teniposide, testolactone, thalidomide, thioguanine, thiotepa, topotecan, toremifene, tositumomab, trastuzumab, tretinoin, uracil mustard, valrubicin, vinblastine, vincristine, vinorelbine, volitinib, vorinostat, and zoledronate, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the anticancer agent is a proteasome inhibitor (e.g., bortezomib, carfilzomib, or ixazomib).
In some embodiments, the additional therapeutic agent includes a pain relief agent (e.g., a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug such as celecoxib or rofecoxib), an antinausea agent, a cardioprotective drug (e.g., dexrazoxane, ACE-inhibitors, diuretics, cardiac glycosides), a cholesterol lowering drug, a revascularization drug, a beta-blocker (e.g., acebutolol, atenolol, bisoprolol, metoprolol, nadolol, nebivolol, or propranolol), or an angiotensin receptor blocker (also called ARBs or angiotensin II inhibitors) (e.g., azilsartan, candesartan, eprosartan, irbesartan, losartan, olmesartan, telmisartan, or valsartan), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
In the method of treating cancer, the combination within the present claims and the additional therapeutic agent may be administered to the subject simultaneously (e.g., in the same dosage form or in separate dosage forms), or consecutively (e.g., before or after one another).
In some embodiments, the combination within the present claims may be administered to the subject in combination with one or more additional anti-cancer therapies selected from: surgery, biological therapy, radiation therapy, anti-angiogenesis therapy, immunotherapy, adoptive transfer of effector cells, gene therapy, and hormonal therapy.
For the terms “e.g.” and “such as,” and grammatical equivalents thereof, the phrase “and without limitation” is understood to follow unless explicitly stated otherwise.
As used herein, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.
As used herein, the term “about” means “approximately” (e.g., plus or minus approximately 10% of the indicated value).
As used herein, “alkyl” refers to a saturated hydrocarbon chain that may be a straight chain or a branched chain. An alkyl group formally corresponds to an alkane with one C—H bond replaced by the point of attachment of the alkyl group to the remainder of the polymer. The term “(Cx-y)alkyl” (wherein x and y are integers) by itself or as part of another substituent means, unless otherwise stated, an alkyl group containing from x to y carbon atoms. For example, a (C1-6)alkyl group may have from one to six (inclusive) carbon atoms in it. Examples of (C1-6)alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, n-butyl, n-pentyl, n-hexyl, isopropyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, isopentyl, neopentyl and isohexyl. The (Cx-y)alkyl groups include (C1-6)alkyl, (C1-4)alkyl and (C1-3)alkyl. The term “(Cx-y)alkylene” (wherein x and y are integers) refers to an alkylene group containing from x to y carbon atoms. An alkylene group formally corresponds to an alkane with two C—H bonds replaced by points of attachment of the alkylene group to the remainder of the polymer. Examples are divalent straight hydrocarbon groups consisting of methylene groups, such as, —CH2—, —CH2CH2—, —CH2CH2CH2—. The (Cx-y)alkylene groups include (C1-6)alkylene and (C1-3)alkylene.
As used herein, “alkenyl” refers to an unsaturated hydrocarbon chain that includes a C═C double bond. An alkenyl group formally corresponds to an alkene with one C—H bond replaced by the point of attachment of the alkenyl group to the remainder of the polymer. The term “(Cx-y)alkenyl” (wherein x and y are integers) denotes a radical containing x to y carbons, wherein at least one carbon-carbon double bond is present (therefore x must be at least 2). Some embodiments are 2 to 4 carbons, some embodiments are 2 to 3 carbons and some embodiments have 2 carbons. Alkenyl groups may include both E and Z stereoisomers. An alkenyl group can include more than one double bond. Examples of alkenyl groups include vinyl, allyl, 2-butenyl, 3-butenyl, 2-pentenyl, 3-pentenyl, 4-pentenyl, 2-hexenyl, 3-hexenyl, 4-hexenyl, 5-hexanyl, 2,4-hexadienyl, and the like.
The term “(Cx-y)alkenylene” (wherein x and y are integers) refers to an alkenylene group containing from x to y carbon atoms. An alkenylene group formally corresponds to an alkene with two C—H bonds replaced by points of attachment of the alkenylene group to the remainder of the polymer. Examples are divalent straight hydrocarbon groups consisting of alkenyl groups, such as —HC═CH— and —HC═CH—CH2—. The (Cx-y)alkenylene groups include (C2-6)alkenylene and (C2-4)alkenylene.
The term “(Cx-y)heteroalkylene” (wherein x and y are integers) refers to a heteroalkylene group containing from x to y carbon atoms. A heteroalkylene group corresponds to an alkylene group wherein one or more of the carbon atoms have been replaced by a heteroatom. The heteroatoms may be independently selected from the group consisting of O, N and S. A divalent heteroatom (e.g., O or S) replaces a methylene group of the alkylene —CH2—, and a trivalent heteroatom (e.g., N) replaces a methine group. Examples are divalent straight hydrocarbon groups consisting of methylene groups, such as, —CH2—, —CH2CH2—, —CH2CH2CH2—. The (Cx-y)alkylene groups include (C1-6)heteroalkylene and (C1-3)heteroalkylene.
As used herein, “alkynyl” refers to an unsaturated hydrocarbon chain that includes a C≡C triple bond. An alkynyl group formally corresponds to an alkyne with one C—H bond replaced by the point of attachment of the alkyl group to the remainder of the polymer. The term “(Cx-y)alkynyl” (wherein x and y are integers) denotes a radical containing x to y carbons, wherein at least one carbon-carbon triple bond is present (therefore x must be at least 2). Some embodiments are 2 to 4 carbons, some embodiments are 2 to 3 carbons and some embodiments have 2 carbons. Examples of an alkynyl include ethynyl, 1-propynyl, 2-propynyl, 1-butynyl, 2-butynyl, 3-butynyl, 1-pentynyl, 2-pentynyl, 3-pentynyl, 4-pentynyl, 1-hexynyl, 2-hexynyl, 3-hexynyl, 4-hexynyl, 5-hexynyl and the like. The term “alkynyl” includes di- and tri-ynes.
The term “(Cx-y)alkynylene” (wherein x and y are integers) refers to an alkynylene group containing from x to y carbon atoms. An alkynylene group formally corresponds to an alkyne with two C—H bonds replaced by points of attachment of the alkynylene group to the remainder of the polymer. Examples are divalent straight hydrocarbon groups consisting of alkynyl groups, such as —C≡C— and —C≡C—CH2—. The (Cx-y)alkylene groups include (C2-6)alkynylene and (C2-3)alkynylene.
The term “alkoxy” refers to an alkyl group having an oxygen attached thereto. Representative alkoxy groups include methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, tert-butoxy and the like. An “ether” is two hydrocarbons covalently linked by an oxygen. Accordingly, the substituent of an alkyl that renders that alkyl an ether is or resembles an alkoxy.
The term “cycloalkyl”, employed alone or in combination with other terms, refers to a non-aromatic, saturated, monocyclic, bicyclic or polycyclic hydrocarbon ring system, including cyclized alkyl and alkenyl groups. The term “Cn-m cycloalkyl” refers to a cycloalkyl that has n to m ring member carbon atoms. Cycloalkyl groups can include mono- or polycyclic (e.g., having 2, 3 or 4 fused rings) groups and spirocycles. Cycloalkyl groups can have 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7 ring-forming carbons (C30.7). In some embodiments, the cycloalkyl group has 3 to 6 ring members, 3 to 5 ring members, or 3 to 4 ring members. In some embodiments, the cycloalkyl group is monocyclic. In some embodiments, the cycloalkyl group is monocyclic or bicyclic. In some embodiments, the cycloalkyl group is a C3-6 monocyclic cycloalkyl group. Ring-forming carbon atoms of a cycloalkyl group can be optionally substituted by oxo or sulfido. Cycloalkyl groups also include cycloalkylidenes. Example cycloalkyl groups include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclohexenyl, cyclohexadienyl, norbornyl, norpinyl, bicyclo[2.1.1]hexanyl, bicyclo[1.1.1]pentanyl and the like. In some embodiments, cycloalkyl is cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl or cyclohexyl. Also included in the definition of cycloalkyl are moieties that have one or more aromatic rings fused (i.e., having a bond in common with) to the cycloalkyl ring, e.g., benzo or thienyl derivatives of cyclopentane, cyclohexane and the like, e.g., indanyl or tetrahydronaphthyl. A cycloalkyl group containing a fused aromatic ring can be attached through any ring-forming atom including a ring-forming atom of the fused aromatic ring.
The term “heterocycloalkyl”, employed alone or in combination with other terms, refers to non-aromatic ring or ring system, which may optionally contain one or more alkenylene groups as part of the ring structure, which has at least one heteroatom ring member independently selected from nitrogen, sulfur, oxygen and phosphorus, and which has 4-10 ring members, 4-7 ring members or 4-6 ring members. Included in heterocycloalkyl are monocyclic 4-, 5-, 6- and 7-membered heterocycloalkyl groups. Heterocycloalkyl groups can include mono- or bicyclic (e.g., having two fused or bridged rings) ring systems. In some embodiments, the heterocycloalkyl group is a monocyclic group having 1, 2 or 3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, sulfur and oxygen. Examples of heterocycloalkyl groups include azetidine, pyrrolidine, piperidine, piperazine, morpholine, thiomorpholine, pyran, azepane, tetrahydropyran, tetrahydrofuran, dihydropyran, dihydrofuran and the like. Ring-forming carbon atoms and heteroatoms of a heterocycloalkyl group can be optionally substituted by oxo or sulfido (e.g., C(═O), S(═O), C(S) or S(═O)2, etc.) or a nitrogen atom can be quaternized. The heterocycloalkyl group can be attached through a ring-forming carbon atom or a ring-forming heteroatom. In some embodiments, the heterocycloalkyl group contains 0 to 3 double bonds. In some embodiments, the heterocycloalkyl group contains 0 to double bonds. Also included in the definition of heterocycloalkyl are moieties that have one or more aromatic rings fused (i.e., having a bond in common with) to the heterocycloalkyl ring, e.g., benzo or thienyl derivatives of piperidine, morpholine, azepine, etc. A heterocycloalkyl group containing a fused aromatic ring can be attached through any ring-forming atom including a ring-forming atom of the fused aromatic ring. Examples of heterocycloalkyl groups include 1, 2, 3, 4-tetrahydroquinoline, dihydrobenzofuran, azetidine, azepane, diazepan (e.g., 1,4-diazepan), pyrrolidine, piperidine, piperazine, morpholine, thiomorpholine, pyran, tetrahydrofuran and di- and tetra-hydropyran.
As used herein, “halo” or “halogen” refers to —F, —Cl, —Br and —I.
As used herein, “aryl,” employed alone or in combination with other terms, refers to an aromatic hydrocarbon group. The aryl group may be composed of, e.g., monocyclic or bicyclic rings and may contain, e.g., from 6 to 12 carbons in the ring, such as phenyl, biphenyl and naphthyl. The term “(Cx-y)aryl” (wherein x and y are integers) denotes an aryl group containing from x to y ring carbon atoms. Examples of a (C6-14)aryl group include, but are not limited to, phenyl, α-naphthyl, β-naphthyl, biphenyl, anthryl, tetrahydronaphthyl, fluorenyl, indanyl, biphenylenyl and acenanaphthyl. Examples of a C6-10 aryl group include, but are not limited to, phenyl, α-naphthyl, β-naphthyl, biphenyl and tetrahydronaphthyl.
An aryl group can be unsubstituted or substituted. A substituted aryl group can be substituted with one or more groups, e.g., 1, 2 or 3 groups, including: (C1-6)alkyl, (C2-6)alkenyl, (C2-6)alkynyl, halogen, (C1-6)haloalkyl, —CN, —NO2, —C(═O)R, —C(═O)OR, —C(═O)NR2, —C(═NR)NR2, —NR2, —NRC(═O)R, —NRC(═O)O(C1-6)alkyl, —NRC(═O)NR2, —NRC(═NR)NR2, —NRSO2R, —OR, —O(C1-6)haloalkyl, —OC(═O)R, —OC(═O)O(C1-6)alkyl, —OC(═O)NR2, —SR, —S(O)R, —SO2R, —OSO2(C1-6)alkyl, —SO2NR2, —(C1-6)alkylene-CN, —(C1-6)alkylene-C(═O)OR, —(C1-6)alkylene-C(═O)NR2, —(C1-6)alkylene-OR, —(C1-6)alkylene-OC(═O)R, —(C1-6)alkylene-NR2, —(C1-6)alkylene-NRC(═O)R, —NR(C1-6)alkylene-C(═O)OR, —NR(C1-6)alkylene-C(═O)NR2, —NR(C2-6)alkylene-OR, —NR(C2-6)alkylene-OC(═O)R, —NR(C2-6)alkylene-NR2, —NR(C2-6)alkylene-NRC(═O)R, —O(C1-6)alkylene-C(═O)OR, —O(C1-6)alkylene-C(═O)NR2, —O(C2-6)alkylene-OR, —O(C2-6)alkylene-OC(═O)R, —O(C2-6)alkylene-NR2 and —O(C2-6)alkylene-NRC(═O)R, wherein each R group is hydrogen or (C1-6 alkyl).
The terms “heteroaryl” or “heteroaromatic” as used herein refer to an aromatic ring system having at least one heteroatom in at least one ring, and from 2 to 9 carbon atoms in the ring system. The heteroaryl group has 1 or 2 oxygen atoms, 1 or 2 sulfur atoms, and/or 1 to 4 nitrogen atoms in the ring, and may be bonded to the remainder of the molecule through a carbon or heteroatom. Exemplary heteroaryls include furyl, thienyl, pyridyl, oxazolyl, pyrrolyl, indolyl, quinolinyl or isoquinolinyl, and the like. The heteroatoms of the heteroaryl ring system can include heteroatoms selected from one or more of nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur.
Examples of heteroaryl groups include: pyridyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, particularly 2- and 4-pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, thienyl, furyl, pyrrolyl, particularly 2-pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, thiazolyl, oxazolyl, pyrazolyl, particularly 3- and 5-pyrazolyl, isothiazolyl, 1,2,3-triazolyl, 1,2,4-triazolyl, 1,3,4-triazolyl, tetrazolyl, 1,2,3-thiadiazolyl, 1,2,3-oxadiazolyl, 1,3,4-thiadiazolyl and 1,3,4-oxadiazolyl.
Examples of polycyclic heteroaryls include: indolyl, particularly 3-, 4-, 5-, 6- and 7-indolyl, indolinyl, quinolyl, tetrahydroquinolyl, isoquinolyl, particularly 1- and 5-isoquinolyl, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolyl, cinnolinyl, quinoxalinyl, particularly 2- and 5-quinoxalinyl, quinazolinyl, phthalazinyl, 1, 5-naphthyridinyl, 1, 8-naphthyridinyl, 1,4-benzodioxanyl, coumarin, dihydrocoumarin, benzofuryl, particularly 3-, 4-, 5-, 6- and 7-benzofuryl, 2, 3-dihydrobenzofuryl, 1,2-benzisoxazolyl, benzothienyl, particularly 3-, 4-, 5-, 6- and 7-benzothienyl, benzoxazolyl, benzthiazolyl, purinyl, benzimidazolyl, and benztriazolyl.
A heteroaryl group can be unsubstituted or substituted. A substituted heteroaryl group can be substituted with one or more groups, e.g., 1, 2 or 3 groups, including: (C1-6)alkyl, (C2-6)alkenyl, (C2-6)alkynyl, halogen, (C1-6)haloalkyl, —CN, —NO2, —C(═O)R, —C(═O)OR, —C(═O)NR2, —C(═NR)NR2, —NR2, —NRC(═O)R, —NRC(═O)O(C1-6)alkyl, —NRC(═O)NR2, —NRC(═NR)NR2, —NRSO2R, —OR, —O(C1-6)haloalkyl, —OC(═O)R, —OC(═O)O(C1-6)alkyl, —OC(═O)NR2, —SR, —S(O)R, —SO2R, —OSO2(C1-6)alkyl, —SO2NR2, —(C1-6)alkylene-CN, —(C1-6)alkylene-C(═O)OR, —(C1-6)alkylene-C(═O)NR2, —(C1-6)alkylene-OR, —(C1-6)alkylene-OC(═O)R, —(C1-6)alkylene-NR2, —(C1-6)alkylene-NRC(═O)R, —NR(C1-6)alkylene-C(═O)OR, —NR(C1-6)alkylene-C(═O)NR2, —NR(C2-6)alkylene-OR, —NR(C2-6)alkylene-OC(═O)R, —NR(C2-6)alkylene-NR2, —NR(C2-6)alkylene-NRC(═O)R, —O(C1-6)alkylene-C(═O)OR, —O(C1-6)alkylene-C(═O)NR2, —O(C2-6)alkylene-OR, —O(C2-6)alkylene-OC(═O)R, —O(C2-6)alkylene-NR2 and —O(C2-6)alkylene-NRC(═O)R, wherein each R group is hydrogen or (C1-6 alkyl).
The term “Encapsulation efficiency” (EE) as used herein is the ratio of the amount of drug that is encapsulated by the particles (e.g., nanoparticles) to the initial amount of drug used in preparation of the particle.
The term “Loading capacity” (LC) or “loading efficiency” (LE) as used herein is the mass fraction of drug that is encapsulated to the total mass of the particles (e.g., nanoparticles).
A “polymer,” as used herein, is given its ordinary meaning as used in the art, i.e., a molecular structure including one or more repeat units (monomers), connected by covalent bonds. The polymer may be a copolymer. The repeat units forming the copolymer may be arranged in any fashion. For example, the repeat units may be arranged in a random order, in an alternating order, or as a “block” copolymer, i.e., including one or more regions each including a first repeat unit (e.g., a first block), and one or more regions each including a second repeat unit (e.g., a second block), etc. Block copolymers may have two (a diblock copolymer), three (a triblock copolymer), or more numbers of distinct blocks.
A “copolymer” herein refers to more than one type of repeat unit present within the polymer defined below.
A “particle” refers to any entity having a diameter of less than 10 microns (m). Typically, particles have a longest dimension (e.g., diameter) of 1000 nm or less. In some embodiments, particles have a diameter of 300 nm or less. Particles include microparticles, nanoparticles, and picoparticles. In some embodiments, particles can be a polymeric particle, non-polymeric particle (e.g., a metal particle, quantum dot, ceramic, inorganic material, bone, etc.), liposomes, micelles, hybrids thereof, and/or combinations thereof. As used herein, the term “nanoparticle” refers to any particle having a diameter of less than 1000 nm. In preferred embodiments, a nanoparticle is a polymeric particle that can be formed using a solvent emulsion, spray drying, or precipitation in bulk or microfluids, wherein the solvent is removed to no more than an insignificant residue, leaving a solid (which may, or may not, be hollow or have a liquid filled interior) polymeric particle, unlike a micelle whose form is dependent upon being present in an aqueous solution.
The term “particle size” (or “nanoparticle size” or “microparticle size”) as used herein refers to the median size in a distribution of nanoparticles or microparticles. The median size is determined from the average linear dimension of individual nanoparticles, for example, the diameter of a spherical nanoparticle. Size may be determined by any number of methods in the art, including dynamic light scattering (DLS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) techniques.
As used herein, the term “carrier” or “excipient” refers to an organic or inorganic ingredient, natural or synthetic inactive ingredient in a formulation, with which one or more active ingredients are combined.
As used herein, the term “pharmaceutically acceptable” means a non-toxic material that does not interfere with the effectiveness of the biological activity of the active ingredients.
As used herein, the terms “effective amount” or “therapeutically effective amount” means a dosage sufficient to alleviate one or more symptoms of a disorder, disease, or condition being treated, or to otherwise provide a desired pharmacologic and/or physiologic effect. The precise dosage will vary according to a variety of factors such as subject-dependent variables (e.g., age, immune system health, etc.), the disease or disorder being treated, as well as the route of administration and the pharmacokinetics of the agent being administered.
The term “modulate” as used herein refers to the ability of a compound to change an activity in some measurable way as compared to an appropriate control. As a result of the presence of compounds in the assays, activities can increase or decrease as compared to controls in the absence of these compounds. Preferably, an increase in activity is at least 25%, more preferably at least 50%, most preferably at least 100% compared to the level of activity in the absence of the compound. Similarly, a decrease in activity is preferably at least 25%, more preferably at least 50%, most preferably at least 100% compared to the level of activity in the absence of the compound.
The terms “inhibit” and “reduce” means to reduce or decrease in activity or expression. This can be a complete inhibition or reduction of activity or expression, or a partial inhibition or reduction. Inhibition or reduction can be compared to a control or to a standard level. Inhibition can be 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, or 100%.
As used herein, the term “individual”, “patient”, or “subject” used interchangeably, refers to any animal, including mammals, preferably mice, rats, other rodents, rabbits, dogs, cats, swine, cattle, sheep, horses, or primates, and most preferably humans.
As used herein the term “treating” or “treatment” refers to 1) inhibiting the disease; for example, inhibiting a disease, condition or disorder in an individual who is experiencing or displaying the pathology or symptomatology of the disease, condition or disorder (i.e., arresting further development of the pathology and/or symptomatology), or 2) ameliorating the disease; for example, ameliorating a disease, condition or disorder in an individual who is experiencing or displaying the pathology or symptomatology of the disease, condition or disorder (i.e., reversing the pathology and/or symptomatology).
As used herein, the term “preventing” or “prevention” of a disease, condition or disorder refers to decreasing the risk of occurrence of the disease, condition or disorder in a subject or group of subjects (e.g., a subject or group of subjects predisposed to or susceptible to the disease, condition or disorder). In some embodiments, preventing a disease, condition or disorder refers to decreasing the possibility of acquiring the disease, condition or disorder and/or its associated symptoms. In some embodiments, preventing a disease, condition or disorder refers to completely or almost completely stopping the disease, condition or disorder from occurring.
Materials and Methods
Experimental design. This experiment aimed to explore a mRNA-based strategy for restoring tumor suppressor p53 in p53-null HCC and NSCLC cells, and to evaluate whether p53 reactivation would sensitize these tumor cells to mTOR inhibition for more effective combination treatment. We addressed this objective by i) developing a redox-responsive p53-mRNANP platform that showed the feasibility of p53 restoration in p53-deficient Hep3B and H1299 cells; ii) demonstrating anti-tumor effects of the p53-mRNANPs that can induce cell apoptosis and G1-phase cell cycle arrest; and iii) revealing that p53 reactivation can sensitize tumor cells to mTOR inhibitor everolimus. The therapeutic efficacy and safety of the combination of p53-mRNA NPs with everolimus were thoroughly evaluated in vivo. Four animal models, including xenograft models of p53-null HCC and NSCLC, orthotopic model of p53-null HCC, and disseminated model of p53-null NSCLC, were used to evaluate anti-tumor effects of this combinatorial strategy. The animals were randomly assigned to the study groups. The experimentalists were not blinded during the study.
Animals. All the in vivo studies were conducted following the animal protocols approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees on animal care (Brigham and Women's Hospital and Hangzhou Normal University). The animal studies were performed under strict regulations and pathogen-free conditions in the animal facilities of Brigham and Women's Hospital or Hangzhou Normal University. Female athymic nude mice (4-6 weeks old), wild-type BALB/c mice (6 weeks old), and female C57BL/6 mice (4 weeks old) were purchased from Charles River Laboratories or Zhejiang Medical Academy Animal Center. Mice were raised for at least one week before the start of the experiments to acclimatize them to the environment and food of the animal facilities.
Pharmacokinetic (PK) and biodistribution (BioD) studies. For the in vivo PK study, healthy BALB/c mice (6 weeks old, n=3 per group) were injected intravenously with naked Cy5-mRNA, Cy5-mRNANP25, Cy5-mRNANP50, or Cy5-mRNANP75 via tail vein. At predetermined time intervals (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, and 24 hours), retro-orbital vein blood was obtained in a heparin-coated capillary tube. The wound was gently pressed for one minute to stop the bleeding. Fluorescence intensity of Cy5-mRNA was measured by a microplate reader. PK was assessed by measuring the percentage of Cy5-mRNA in blood at these time points after getting rid of the background and normalization to the initial time point (0 h). For the BioD study, p53-null Hep3B xenograft-bearing athymic nude mice were injected intravenously with naked Cy5-mRNA, Cy5-mRNANP25, Cy5-mRNANP50, or Cy5-mRNA NP7s (at an mRNA dose of 750 μg per kg of animal weight) via tail vein (n=3 per group). After 24 hours, all the mice were sacrificed, and the dissected organs and tumors were visualized using a Syngene PXi imaging system (Synoptics Ltd).
In vivo therapeutic efficacy in p53-null HCC xenograft tumor model. To establish the HCC xenograft tumor model, ˜1×107 p53-null Hep3B liver cancer cells in 100 μl of PBS mixed with 100 μl of Matrigel (BD Biosciences) were implanted subcutaneously (s.c.) on the right flank (near the liver) of female athymic nude mice. Mice were monitored for tumor growth every other day according to the animal protocol. When the tumor volume reached about ˜100 mm3, the mice were randomly divided into five groups (n=5), which received treatment with PBS, EGFP-mRNA NPs, everolimus, p53-mRNA NPs, or p53-mRNA NPs+everolimus. The mRNANPs used for the in vivo therapeutic studies had 75% (w/w %) of DSPE-PEG in lipid-PEG layer. The human p53-mRNA sequence is shown in
In vivo therapeutic efficacy in p53-null NSCLC xenograft tumor model. To establish the xenograft tumor mouse model, ˜5×106 H1299 lung cancer cells in 100 μl of PBS mixed with 100 μl of Matrigel (BD Biosciences) were implanted s.c. on the left fore (near lung) of female athymic nude mice. Mice were monitored for tumor growth every other day according to the animal protocol. When the tumor volume reached about −100 mm3, the mice were randomly divided into five groups (n=5), which received treatment with PBS, EGFP-mRNANPs, everolimus, p53-mRNANPs, or p53-mRNANPs together with everolimus. The engineered mRNA NPs used for the in vivo therapeutic studies have 75% (w/w %) of DSPE-PEG in lipid-PEG layer. The EGFP-mRNA NPs or p53-mRNA NPs were injected via tail vein at an mRNA dose of 750 μg/kg, whereas the everolimus was orally administered at 5 mg/kg every three days for six treatments. The day that first treatment performed was designated as Day 0. Tumor size was measured using a caliper every three days from Day 0 to Day 18, and the average tumor volume (mm3) was calculated as: 4π/3×(tumor length/2)×(tumor width/2)2. Relative tumor volume (%) was calculated and presented according to a reported method (96). The largest tumor volume from the mouse at the end of this study was defined as 100%.
In vivo therapeutic efficacy of murine p53-mRNA NPs in immunocompetent mice. To establish the immunocompetent mouse tumor model, ˜1×106 of p53-null RIL-175 mouse HCC cells in 100 μl of PBS mixed with 100 μl of Matrigel (BD Biosciences) were implanted s.c. on the right flank (near the liver) of female C57BL/6 mice. Mice were monitored for tumor growth every other day according to the animal protocol. When the tumor volume reached about −100 mm3, the mice were randomly divided into three groups (n=5), which received treatment with PBS, EGFP-mRNANPs, or murine p53-mRNANPs. The mRNA NPs used for the in vivo therapeutic studies had 75% (w/w %) of DSPE-PEG in lipid-PEG layer. The mouse p53-mRNA sequence is shown in
In vivo mechanisms underlying the p53-mRNA NP-mediated sensitization to everolimus. To verify the in vivo mechanisms underlying this p53-mRNA NP-mediated strategy, mice bearing p53-null Hep3B liver xenografts were treated with p53-mRNA NPs via tail vein injection at an mRNA dose of 750 μg/kg every three days for three rounds of treatment. The mice were sacrificed at 12, 24, 48, or 60 hours after the last injection of p53-mRNANPs, and the tumors were harvested for sections. Mice bearing p53-null Hep3B liver xenografts and intravenously injected with PBS were used as controls and sacrificed at 60 hours after the last injection. The expression of p53 and C-CAS3 was monitored via IF detection. Moreover, tumor sections from both the PBS group and p53-mRNANP group (60 hours after the last injection) were analyzed by IHC. The expression of p53, tumor cell apoptosis markers (BAX, C-CAS3), and proliferation markers (Ki67 and PCNA) was further assessed. In addition, tumors obtained from all the groups (control, EGFP-mRNANPs, everolimus, p53-mRNA NPs, or p53-mRNA NPs+everolimus) in the above-mentioned therapeutic study using p53-null Hep3B liver xenograft model were further sectioned for a TUNEL apoptosis assay and lysed for WB studies to detect the expression of p53, LC3B-2, BECN1, p62, p-4EBP1, C-CAS9, and C-CAS3.
In vivo therapeutic efficacy in p53-null orthotopic HCC model. To establish the orthotopic HCC model, luciferase-expressing Hep3B (Hep3B-Luc) cells were used. Six-week-old female athymic nude mice were obtained from Zhejiang Medical Academy Animal Center. Animal studies were conducted following the protocol approved by the Institutional Animal Ethics Committee of Hangzhou Normal University. First, anterior abdominal exposure was made and a cotton swab with iodine volts was used to sterilize this area. A one-centimeter-long midline incision was made along the anterior abdominal wall below the xiphoid after anesthesia by isoflurane, and ˜5×106 p53-null Hep3B-Luc cells in 50 μl of PBS were injected into the left lobe of the livers of the athymic nude mice (30 in total). The injection depth was not deeper than 2 mm. The inner and outer layers of the abdominal cavity were sutured one by one after tumor cell inoculation. Three weeks later, 15 mice (incidence rate of orthotopic HCC model: 50%) were randomly assigned to five groups (n=3 per group), which received treatment with PBS, EGFP-mRNANPs, everolimus, p53-mRNANPs, or p53-mRNA NPs together with everolimus. The EGFP-mRNA NPs or p53-mRNA NPs were injected via tail vein at an mRNA dose of 750 μg/kg, whereas everolimus was orally administered at 5 mg/kg every three days for four rounds of treatment. The first treatment was performed at Day 0. On Day 12, all the mice were sacrificed. Mice were monitored for tumor growth by bioluminescent in vivo imaging every 6 days (Day 0, 6, and 12). To do this, these mice were injected intraperitoneally with 150 mg/kg D-luciferin substrate (PerkinElmer, Catalog #122799) and imaged by an IVIS Lumina S5 (PerkinElmer) imaging system.
In vivo therapeutic efficacy in p53-null disseminated NSCLC model. To establish the experimental disseminated metastatic model, ˜1×106p53-null H1299 cells in 100 μl of PBS were injected via tail vein into female athymic nude mice. Four weeks after the IV injection of tumor cells, mice were randomly divided into five groups (n=5), which received treatment with PBS, EGFP-mRNA NPs, everolimus, p53-mRNA NPs, or p53-mRNA NPs together with everolimus. The EGFP-mRNA NPs or p53-mRNA NPs were injected via tail vein at an mRNA dose of 750 μg/kg, whereas everolimus was orally administered at 5 mg/kg every three days for five rounds of treatment. The first treatment was performed at Day 0. On Day 15, all the mice were sacrificed, and one liver was randomly selected from each group for H&E staining. The liver section from each group was divided into four regions for calculation of the metastasis numbers (
Immune response detection by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) assay. Female BALB/c mice (6 weeks old, n=3 per group) were intravenously injected with PBS, empty NPs, or p53-mRNANPs (750 μg mRNA/kg). Serum samples were collected after 24 hours of treatment. Representative cytokines (TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-6, and IL-12) were detected by ELISA (PBL Biomedical Laboratories and BD Biosciences) according to the manufacturers' instructions.
In vivo toxicity evaluation. To evaluate in vivo toxicity, major organs were harvested at the end point of different tumor models (p53-null Hep3B liver xenograft tumor model, liver metastases of p53-null H1299 lung tumor model), followed by section and H&E staining to evaluate the histological differences. In addition, blood was drawn retro-orbitally and serum was isolated from p53-null Hep3B liver xenograft tumor model at the end of the efficacy experiment. Various parameters including ALT, AST, BUN, RBC, WBC, Hb, MCHC, MCH, HCT, and LY were tested to assess for toxicity.
Statistical analysis. Statistical analysis was carried out by GraphPad Prism 7 software to perform two-tailed t test or one-way ANOVA. All studies were performed at least in triplicate unless otherwise stated. Error bars indicate standard error of the mean (S.E.M). A P<0.05 value is considered statistically significant, where all statistically significant values shown in the figures are indicated as: *P<0.05, **P<0.01, and ***P<0.001.
Materials. L-Cystine dimethyl ester dihydrochloride ((H-Cys-OMe)2. 2HCl), trimethylamine, cationic ethylenediamine core-poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) generation 0 dendrimer (G0), and fatty acid dichloride were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich. DMPE-PEG with PEG molecular weight (MW) 2000 and DSPE-PEG with PEG molecular weight (MW) were purchased from Avanti Polar Lipids. Lipofectamine 2000 (Lip2k) was purchased from Invitrogen. EGFP-mRNA (modified with 5-methylcytidine and pseudouridine) and CleanCap Cyanine 5 FLuc mRNA (control Cy5-labeled Luc-mRNA) were purchased from TriLink Biotechnologies. Everolimus (RAD001) was obtained from Sigma-Aldrich. Primary antibodies used for western blot experiments and immunofluorescent and immunohistochemistry staining: anti-p53 (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, sc-126; 1:1,000 dilution), anti-BCL-2 (Abcam, ab59348; 1:1,000 dilution), anti-BAX (Cell Signaling Technology, #2774; 1:1,000 dilution), anti-PUMA (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, H-136; 1:1,000 dilution), anti-Cleaved Caspase3 (Cell Signaling Technology, #9661; 1:1,000 dilution), anti-Cleaved Caspase9 (Abcam, ab2324; 1:1,000 dilution), anti-p21 (Abcam, ab109520; 1:2,000 dilution), anti-Cyclin E1 (Abcam, ab3927; 1:2,000 dilution), anti-mTOR (Cell Signaling Technology, #2972; 1:1,000 dilution), anti-p-mTOR (Cell Signaling Technology, #5536; 1:1,000 dilution), anti-p-p70S6K (Cell Signaling Technology, #9205; 1:2,000 dilution), anti-p-4EBP1 (Cell Signaling Technology, #13443; 1:2,000 dilution), anti-LC3B (ABclonal, A7198; 1:1000 dilution), anti-SQSTM1/p62 (Abcam, ab56416; 1:2,000 dilution), anti-mouse p53 (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, sc-393031; 1:1000 dilution), anti-p-AMPKα (Cell Signaling Technology, #2535S; 1:1000 dilution), anti-p-ACCα (Cell Signaling Technology, #11818S; 1:1000 dilution), anti-TIGAR (Abcam, ab37910; 1:1000 dilution), anti-BECLIN1 (Cell Signaling Technology, #3495; 1:2000 dilution), anti-CD31 (Servicebio, GB11063-3; 1:250 dilution). Anti-GAPDH (Cell Signaling Technology, #5174; 1:2,000 dilution), anti-beta-Actin (Cell Signaling Technology; 1:2,000 dilution). Anti-rabbit and anti-mouse horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-conjugated secondary antibodies were obtained from Cell Signaling Technology. Secondary antibodies used for CLSM experiments included: Alexa Fluor 488 Goat-anti Rabbit IgG (Life Technologies, A-11034) and Alexa Fluor 647 Goat-anti Mouse IgG (Life Technologies, A-28181). The cationic lipid-like compound G0-C14 was prepared through a ring opening reaction of 1,2 epoxytetradecane with G0 according to previously described methods (38). The hydrophobic PDSA polymers were synthesized by one-step polycondensation of (H-Cys-OMe)2.2HCl and the fatty acid dichloride as described (41), and characterized with the 1HNMR spectra using a Mercury VX-300 spectrometer at 400 MHz.
Cell lines. The p53-null human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell line Hep3B (Hep 3B2.1-7, ATCC #HB-8064) and the p53-null human non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell line H1299 (ATCC #CRL-5803) were purchased from American Type Culture Collection (ATCC). The p53-null murine hepatocellular carcinoma cell line RIL-175 was obtained from Prof Dan G. Duda's lab at Massachusetts General Hospital. Eagle's Minimum Essential Medium (EMEM; ATCC) was used to culture Hep3B cells, and Roswell Park Memorial Institute 1640 (RPMI-1640; ATCC) was used to maintain H1299 cells. Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium (DMEM; ATCC) was used to culture RIL-175 cells. The cell culture medium was supplemented with 1% penicillin/streptomycin (Thermo-Fisher Scientific) and 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS; Gibco).
Synthesis of chemically modified p53-mRNA. The plasmid carrying the open-reading frame (ORF) of p53 with a T7 promoter was purchased from Addgene. Linearized DNA was digested with endonuclease HindIII/ApaI. Then, p53 ORF containing T7 promoter was amplified by PCR reaction and purified according to the manufacturer's protocol. For in vitro transcription (IVT), the MEGAscript T7 Transcription kit (Ambion) was used together with 1-2 μg purified PCR products (templates), 6 mM 3′-O-Me-m7G(5′)ppp(5′)G (anti-reverse cap analog, ARCA), 1.5 mM GTP, 7.5 mM 5-methyl-CTP, 7.5 mM ATP, and 7.5 mM pseudo-UTP (TriLink Biotechnologies). Reactions were conducted at 37° C. for 4 h and followed by DNase treatment. Afterwards, a poly(A) tailing kit (Ambion) was used for adding 3′ poly(A)-tails to IVT RNA transcripts. The p53-mRNA was purified by the MEGAclear kit (Ambion), followed by treatment with Antarctic Phosphatase (New England Biolab) at 37° C. for 30 min. Large amounts of p53-mRNA were custom-synthesized by TriLink Biotechnologies with 100-150 μg template containing p53 ORF and T7 promoter.
Electrostatic complexation between G0-C14 and mRNA. To evaluate the complexation of cationic compound G0-C14 with mRNA, we performed an electrophoresis study with E-Gel 2% agarose gels (Invitrogen) with naked p53-mRNA or p53-mRNA complexed with G0-C14 (weight ratios of G0-C14/mRNA: 0.1, 1, 5, 10, 15, and 20). To assess the stability of mRNA in organic solvent (DMF), naked mRNA was incubated with DMF for 30 min and then loaded into agarose gels. The gel was imaged under UV light, and the bands from all groups were analyzed.
Formulation of the lipid-polymer hybrid mRNA NPs. A modified self-assembly method was adopted to prepare the mRNA-encapsulated lipid-polymer hybrid NPs. This method included the following steps: G0-C14, PDSA, and lipid-PEGs were dissolved separately in DMF to form a homogeneous solution at concentrations of 2.5 mg/ml, 20 mg/ml, and 20 mg/ml, respectively. 24 μg of mRNA (in 24 μl of water) and 360 μg of G0-C14 (in 144 μl of DMF) were mixed gently (at a G0-C14/mRNA weight ratio of 15) to enable the electrostatic complexation. Afterwards, 4 mg of PDSA polymers (in 200 μl of DMF) and 2.8 mg of hybrid lipid-PEGs (in 140 μl of DMF) were added to the mixture successively and further mixed together. The final mixture was added dropwise to 10 ml of DNase/RNase-free HyClone HyPure water (Molecular Biology Grade) under magnetic stirring (800 rpm) for 30 min. An ultrafiltration device (EMD Millipore, MWCO 100 kDa) was used to remove the organic solvent and free compounds in the formed NP dispersion via centrifugation. After washing 3 times with HyPure water, the mRNANPs were collected and dispersed in pH 7.4 PBS buffer for further use or stored at −80° C. We prepared the engineered mRNANPs with three different DSPE-PEG/DMPE-PEG ratios (NP25: 25% of DSPE-PEG in lipid-PEG layer; NP50: 50% of DSPE-PEG in lipid-PEG layer; NP75: 75% of DSPE-PEG in lipid-PEG layer; w/w %). Two Cy5-labelled mRNAs with different molecular properties (EGFP-mRNA with a length of 996 nucleotides and Luc-mRNA with a length of 1,921 nucleotides) were chosen as model mRNAs to verify their potential effects on encapsulation and NP properties. As shown in
Characterization of the synthetic mRNA NPs. We used dynamic light scattering (DLS, Brookhaven Instruments Corporation) to determine the size of the engineered mRNA NPs and their stability in PBS (containing 10% serum) at 37° C. over a span of 72 h. JEOL 1200EX-80 kV transmission electron microscope (TEM) was used to visualize the morphology of mRNA NPs. To test the mRNA encapsulation efficiency (EE %), Cy5-mRNA NPs were prepared according to the aforementioned method. In brief, 100 μl of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) was used to treat 5 μl of the NP solution, and fluorescence intensity of Cy5-mRNA was tested by a Synergy HT multi-mode microplate reader. The amount of loaded mRNA in the engineered NPs was calculated to be ˜50% in this study.
Evaluation of the redox-responsive property of the mRNA NPs. The prepared Cy5-mRNA NPs were suspended in 1 ml of PBS (pH 7.4) containing DTT at the concentration of 10 mM. The morphology of the NPs was visualized by TEM after 2 or 4 hours of incubation. In addition, to verify the influence of redox on the mRNA release, Cy5-mRNA NPs were suspended in 1 ml of PBS and added in a Float-a-lyzer G2 dialysis device (MWCO=100 kDa, Spectrum), which was immersed in PBS or PBS containing DTT at different concentrations (1 mM and 10 mM) at 37° C. At different time points (1, 2, 4, 8, 12, and 24 h), 5 μl of the NP solution was taken and mixed with 100 μl of DMSO. The fluorescence intensity of Cy5-mRNA was tested by a microplate reader.
Cell viability and transfection efficiency of EGFP-mRNA NPs. The p53-null Hep3B cells or H1299 cells were plated in 96-well plates at a density of 3×103 cells per well. After 24 hours of cell adherence, cells were transfected with EGFP-mRNA at various mRNA concentrations (0.102, 0.207, 0.415, or 0.830 μg/ml) for 24 hours, followed by the addition of 0.1 ml fresh complete medium and further incubation for another 24 hours to evaluate cell viability as well as the transfection efficiency. Lip2k was used as a positive control for transfection efficiency comparison with the NPs. Cell viability was tested by AlamarBlue assay, which is a non-toxic assay that can continuously check real-time cell proliferation through a microplate reader (TECAN, Infinite M200 Pro). Absorbance was examined by a 96-well SpectraMax plate reader (Molecular Devices) at 545 nm and 590 nm. To measure the transection efficiency, cells were treated with EGFP-mRNA by NPs or Lip2k for 24 hours, detached with 2.5% EDTAtrypsin, and collected in PBS solution, followed by evaluating GFP expression using flow cytometry (BD Biosystems). The percentages of EGFP-positive cells were calculated and analyzed by Flowjo software.
In vitro cell viability of p53-mRNA NPs or their combination with everolimus. The p53-null Hep3B or H1299 cells were plated in a 96-well plate at a density of 5×103 cells per well. After 24 hours of cell adherence, cells were transfected with EGFP-mRNA NPs (control NPs), p53-mRNA NPs, everolimus, or p53-mRNANPs together with everolimus. The concentration of mRNA used was 0.415 μg/ml, whereas the concentration of everolimus was 32 nM in Hep3B cells or 16 nM in H1299 cells. After 24 hours of incubation followed by addition of 0.1 ml fresh complete medium for another 24 hours, the AlamarBlue cell viability assay mentioned above was used to verify the in vitro efficacy of p53-mRNANPs and their ability to sensitize cells to everolimus.
Colony formation assay. The cells' proliferation ability was measured by a soft agar colony formation assay. Cells were treated with p53-mRNA NPs or empty NPs for 48 hours. Then, cells were suspended in 0.36% agarose (Invitrogen) diluted in the complete medium, then reseeded into 6-well plates at low density (˜1000 cells per well) containing a 0.75% preformed layer of agarose and incubated for 2 weeks. The plates were then washed with PBS and fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde for 20 min and then stained with 0.005% crystal violet. The images of all the wells were scanned and analyzed.
Apoptosis and cell cycle detection in vitro. We used an FITC Annexin V/Propidium iodide (PI) apoptosis detection kit (BD Biosciences) to detect apoptosis. In brief, 1×106 cells were seeded into 6-well plates. After attachment overnight, cells were treated with p53-mRNA NPs for 24 hours before being mixed with 1 ml fresh medium and continuing to culture for another 24 h. All the attached cells together with the floating cells in the medium were harvested, washed with PBS twice, and dispersed in 1× binding buffer solution (ice-cold) at a concentration of 1×106 cells/ml. 5 μl of FITC Annexin V and 5 μl of PI were further mixed with 100 μl of the cell suspension. We then incubated the mixture at room temperature for 15 min in a dark environment and performed analysis using the FACS Calibur Flow Cytometer (BD Biosystems). Cells were incubated for 48 hours with empty NPs, naked p53-mRNA, or p53-mRNANPs washed in PBS and fixed with 70% ethanol overnight, then washed in PBS twice and incubated with PI for 30 minutes at 37° C.; cell-cycle fractions (percentage of cells with fractional DNA content in G1, S, and G2/M phases of the cycle) were estimated by flow cytometry and analyzed by Flowjo software.
Western blot assay. Cells or dissected tumors in each group were lysed in a lysis buffer (1 mM EDTA, 20 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.6, 140 mM NaCl, 1% aprotinin, 1% NP-40, 1 mM phenylmethylsulphonyl fluoride, and 1 mM sodium vanadate), and supplemented with protease inhibitor cocktail (Cell Signaling Technology). Protein concentration was detected by a bicinchoninic acid (BCA) Protein Assay Kit (Pierce). 25 μg of proteins were loaded on 6-12% precast gels (Invitrogen), and then transferred to Immobilon PVDF membranes (Bio-Rad, 162-0176 and 162-0177). The transferred membranes were blocked with 5% bovine serum albumin (BSA) in TBST (150 mM NaCl, 50 mM Tris-HCl at pH 7.4, and 0.1% Tween 20) for 1 hour at room temperature, and were further incubated with primary antibodies overnight at 4° C. The immunoreactive bands were detected with appropriate HRP-conjugated secondary antibodies. Band density was detected by enhanced chemiluminescence (ECL) detection system (Amersham/GE Healthcare).
Gene expression via quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). qRT-PCR was used to quantify the expression of autophagy-related genes (DRAM1, ISG20L1, ULK1, ATG7, BECN1, ATG12, and SESN1) and p53 target gene TIGAR in Hep3B and H1299 cell lines. Total RNA was isolated using TRIzol (Invitrogen Life Technology) according to the protocol. RNA was quantitated by UV absorbance at 260 nm. cDNA was reverse-transcribed (RT) using a complementary DNA synthesis kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific, SuperScript III First-Strand Synthesis System). The qRT-PCR was performed in Real-Time PCR Detection instrument (Qiagen, Rotor Gene Q Series) using SYBR Green dye (Qiagen, Rotor-Gene SYBR Green PCR Kit). 25 μl of mixture containing 100 ng cDNA, 1 M primer dilution, and 12.5 μl 2×Roter-Gene SYBR Green PCR Master Mix was used in each PCR reaction. Fluorescence signal was recorded at the endpoint of each cycle during the cycles (denaturizing 15 sec at 95° C., annealing 45 sec at 60° C., and extension 20 sec at 72° C.). GAPDH was used as internal control gene for normalization. Relative gene expression was calculated by the comparative threshold cycle (CT), which represents the inverse of the amount of mRNA in the initial sample.
Design of the primers for qRT-PCR. Primers were designed via National Center for Biotechnology Information website. Primers were selected according to following criteria: (1) length between 18 and 24 bases; (2) melting temperature (Tm) between 57° C. and 60° C. (optimal Tm 58° C.); and (3) G+C content between 40% and 60% (optimal 50%). Primer sequences are listed in
Immunofluorescent staining and TEM detection. Cells or tumor tissues were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde (Electron Microscopy Sciences) at room temperature for 15 min, followed by permeabilization in 0.2% Triton X-100-PBS for 10 min. Samples were further incubated with PBS blocking buffer (containing 2% BSA, 2% normal goat serum, and 0.2% gelatin) at room temperature for 30 min. Afterwards, the samples were incubated with primary antibody overnight at 4° C., washed with PBS, and incubated in goat anti-rat-Alexa Fluor 647 (Molecular Probes) in blocking buffer (1:1000 dilution) at room temperature for 60 min. Stained samples were washed with PBS, nuclei were stained using Hoechst 33342 (Molecular Probes-Invitrogen, H1399, 1:2000 dilution in PBS), and the samples were mounted on slides with Prolong Gold antifade mounting medium (Life Technologies). For TEM detection, treated cells were washed and fixed by 2.5% glutaraldehyde solution (Sigma-Aldrich, G5882) overnight. After treatment with 1.5% osmium tetroxide, the samples were dehydrated in graded ethanol, and then embedded in 812 resin (Ted Pella, 18109). Thin sections were sliced and poststained with 2% uranyl acetate, then imaged with the TECNAI TEM (Philips).
Quantification of GFP-LC3B puncta. For GFP-LC3B autophagy assays, prepackaged viral particles expressing recombinant GFP-LC3B (LentiBrite GFP-LC3B Lentiviral Biosensor; Millipore, 17-10193) were used to generate GFP-LC3B stable cell lines. Then, GFP-LC3B stable cells were treated with everolimus or p53-mRNANPs and incubated for 24 hours at 37° C. A confocal fluorescence microscope was used to observe the fluorescence of GFP-LC3B. To quantify the extent of autophagy, cells showing accumulation of GFP-LC3B in vacuoles or dots were counted. Cells showing several intense punctate GFP-LC3B aggregates but no nuclear GFP-LC3B were defined as autophagic, whereas those presenting diffuse distributions of GFP-LC3B positive puncta (green) in both the cytoplasm and nucleus were considered as non-autophagic.
Immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining. Samples were obtained from different tumor models (p53-null Hep3B liver xenograft tumor model and liver metastases of p53-null H1299 lung tumor model). Sections were fixed in 4% buffered formaldehyde solution for 24 hours and embedded in paraffin, then sectioned into thin slices (5 μm thick) to be further deparaffinized, rehydrated in a graded ethanol series, and washed in distilled water. To retrieve the antigen, tumor tissue sections were incubated in 10 mM citrate buffer (pH=6) for 30 min, washed in PBS, and immersed in 0.3% hydrogen peroxide (H202) for 20 min, then incubated in blocking buffer (5% normal goat serum and 1% BSA) for 60 min. Tissue sections were then incubated with primary antibodies (PBS solution supplemented with 0.3% Triton X-100) at 4° C. overnight in a humid chamber. After being rinsed with PBS, the samples were incubated with biotinylated secondary antibody at room temperature for 30 min, washed again with PBS, followed by incubation with the avidin-biotin-horseradish peroxidase complex (ABC kit, Vector Laboratories, Inc). After being washed again, stains were processed with the diaminobenzidine peroxidase substrate kit (Impact DAB, Vector Laboratories, Inc) for 3 min. Sections were evaluated under a Leica Microsystem microscope after being counterstained with hematoxylin (Sigma), dehydrated, and mounted.
TUNEL apoptosis assay. Apoptotic cells in tumor tissues were measured by TUNEL staining using a detection kit (In Situ Cell Death Detection Kit, TMR red; Roche, #12-156-792-910) according to the manufacturer's protocol. Tumor sections were extracted and fixed in formalin, embedded in paraffin, and sectioned at a thickness of 5 μm. DAPI stain was used to assess total cell number. TUNEL-positive cells had a pyknotic nucleus with red fluorescent staining, representative of apoptosis. Images of the sections were taken by a fluorescence microscope (Olympus).
Combination index (CI) calculation. A reported method was used to calculate the CI value (51, 52). Briefly, the expected value of combination effect (Vexp) between treatment of everolimus and p53-mRNA NPs was calculated using formula (1) as follows:
where Vctrl is the observed value of control group (cell viability for in vitro studies and tumor volume for in vivo studies), VI is the observed value of everolimus treatment, and V2 is the observed value of p53-mRNA NPs treatment. The CI was then calculated using formula (2) as follows:
where Vobs is the observed value of combination effect between treatments with everolimus and p53-mRNA NPs. The combination effect was evaluated by the value of CI, with CI>1 indicating a synergistic effect.
In vitro transcription (IVT) was used to synthesize enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) mRNA and p53 mRNA (
The cytosolic delivery of mRNA was examined using the engineered NPs in vitro. As shown in
To further check the transfection efficacy in vitro, EGFP-mRNA was chosen as a model mRNA. The high transfection efficiency of the EGFP-mRNA NPs can be directly visualized by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), with considerable green fluorescence detected in both NP-transfected and commercial transfection agent lipofectamine 2000 (Lip2k)-transfected cells (
To examine the mRNANP strategy for restoration of tumor suppressor p53 in p53-null Hep3B and H1299 cells, immunofluorescence (IF) staining and western blot (WB) were performed to check the p53 protein expression in both cell lines after treatment with p53-mRNANPs. The IF results showed that p53 proteins were mainly expressed in the cytoplasm of both cell lines (
In addition, the cell-cycle phase distribution was studied upon treatment with p53-mRNANPs in Hep3B and H1299 cells.
To further assess the in vitro anti-tumor mechanisms of the p53-mRNANPs in p53-null Hep3B and H1299 cells, WB studies were performed to verify the effects of p53 on the apoptosis pathway. As shown in
To examine the effects of p53 restoration on everolimus activity, the cytotoxicity of this mTOR inhibitor was measured inp53-null Hep3B and H1299 cells and explored its effect on the mTOR pathway.
Next, it was examined whether the p53-mRNA NPs could inhibit the autophagy induced by everolimus. Both the CLSM and WB results in
Motivated by the results showing inhibition of the autophagy pathway and activation of the apoptotic pathway, it was next determined whether the p53-mRNA NPs could sensitize Hep3B and H1299 cells to everolimus. As measured by AlamarBlue assay (
Furthermore, the possible mechanisms of how p53 restoration inhibits the protective autophagy were explored. As shown in the quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) results (
The lipid-PEG layer plays a critical role in controlling the cell uptake, pharmacokinetics (PK), and tumor accumulation of the hybrid lipid-polymer NPs (38, 39). The hybrid mRNA NPs were prepared with three different DSPE-PEG/DMPE-PEG ratios (NP25, NP50, and NP75 shown in rig. 56). PK of the three Cy5-labeled mRNANPs delivered by intravenous (IV) injection into healthy BALB/c mice were evaluated. Naked Cy5-mRNA was used as a control.
To validate the therapeutic efficacy of the p53-mRNA NPs and their ability to sensitize tumors to everolimus, in vivo studies were performed in immunocompromised athymic nude mice bearing p53-null Hep3B xenografts (
To better understand the in vivo mechanisms underlying this anti-tumor effect, p53 expression inp53-null Hep3B tumor sections obtained at different time points (12, 24, 48, and 60 hours) was tested after three injections of p53-mRNANPs by IF analysis (PBS treatment was used as control).
To further evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of p53-mRNA NPs in combination with everolimus, a p53-null orthotopic model of HCC was established by injecting luciferase-expressing Hep3B (Hep3B-Luc) cells into the left lobe of the livers of immunodeficient nude mice. Tumor growth was monitored by detecting the average radiance of the tumor sites through bioluminescence imaging. Twenty-one days later, mice were randomly divided into different groups and treated with PBS, EGFP-mRNANPs, everolimus, p53-mRNANPs, or p53-mRNA NPs+everolimus every three days (
An experimental liver metastasis was also used as a model to evaluate this combination strategy by IV injection of the H1299 NSCLC cells into immunodeficient mice via the tail vein. Four weeks later, all the mice were randomly assigned to different groups and treated with PBS, EGFP-mRNA NPs, everolimus, p53-mRNA NPs, or p53-mRNA NPs+everolimus every three days (
To evaluate the in vivo safety of p53-mRNANPs and their combination with everolimus, various organs (heart, kidneys, liver, lungs, and spleen) were harvested at the end point (day 33) of the Hep3B xenograft study, followed by section and H&E staining (
The p53 gene is a critical tumor suppressor gene involved in the majority of cancers (59, 60). The clinical data from TCGA show that both HCC and NSCLC patients with high expression of p53 have much longer overall survival and/or progression-free survival than those with low p53 expression (61, 62). With its diverse functions (such as regulation of cell cycle checkpoints, apoptosis, senescence, and DNA repair), p53 restoration has long been considered an attractive anti-cancer strategy (63-65). Various methods have been developed to reactivate p53 functions, which can be summarized in the two categories of small molecular compounds (25-27) and DNA therapeutics (29, 30). Small molecular inhibitors, such as RITA (Reactivation of p53 and Induction of Tumor cell Apoptosis), Nutlin, and MI-319, have shown high binding potency and selectivity for MDM2 in the treatment of HCC and other cancers (66-68). Other small molecules like CP-31398 have also been developed to target mutant p53 and reactivate its normal functions (69, 70). Encouraging clinical outcomes are being continually generated with compounds such as RG7112, MI-773, and APR-246 in different cancers. For example, the Phase I trial of RG7112 (an MDM2 antagonist) has demonstrated clinical responses in hematologic malignancies (71). MI-773 (SAR405838; an HDM2 antagonist) was shown to be safe with preliminary anti-tumour activity in locally advanced or metastatic solid tumours (72). In addition, combination treatment with APR-246 and azacitidine (AZA) resulted in responses in all patients with TP53-mutant myelodysplastic syndromes and acute myeloid leukemia in a Phase Ib/II study (73). Despite these efforts and the progress in clinical trials (32), this method is likely to be ineffective when the suppressor gene has been deleted. For DNA therapeutics, several candidates using adenoviral vectors are in clinical trials, with Gendicine approved in China in 2003 (74). Advexin, another Adp53 vector, however, failed in the Phase III trials (75). Considering the low transduction rate of p53 gene via Adp53 (76), some tumor-specific, replication-competent CRAdp53 vectors (AdDelta24-p53, SG600-p53, ONYX 015, OBP-702, and H101) have been developed to induce higher p53 expression and anti-tumor effect. SGT-53, a cationic liposome encapsulating p53 plasmid, is also in clinical trials for solid tumors (31). Although Gendicine and H101 have been approved for head and neck cancers in China (76), they are not widely used, presumably due to the limitations of intratumoral injection. Furthermore, gene therapy for systemic cancer treatment still has several potential risks, including i) host immune responses and pre-existing anti-viral immunity resulting in the neutralization of efficacy, modification of PK and pharmacodynamics, and allergic responses; and ii) potential genotoxicity owing to integration in the host genome (33).
The use of synthetic mRNA has recently attracted considerable attention owing to its distinctive features. For example, it does not require nuclear entry for transfection activity and has a negligible chance of integrating into the host genome, thus avoiding potentially detrimental genotoxicity (34, 35). Chemical modification of mRNA molecules has also enhanced their stability and decreased activation of innate immune responses (37). Whereas the use of mRNA to restore tumor suppressors seems straightforward and highly promising, effective systemic delivery of mRNA to tumors remains a major challenge. Nanotechnology has shown promise to improve cytosolic delivery of various RNA therapeutics into tumor cells (77, 78), and different NP systems have been developed for systemic mRNA delivery (79-81), particularly to the liver for genetic and infectious diseases (82-88). However, little efforts have been reported on systemic delivery of mRNA for restoration of tumor suppressors.
A lipid-polymer hybrid mRNA NP platform composed of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) was developed and successfully applied it for in vivo restoration of tumor suppressor PTEN in prostate cancer (40). Considering the fact that the concentration of reductive agent GSH in tumor cells could be approximately 100- to 1000-fold higher than that in the extracellular fluids (89), redox-responsive NP platforms have emerged for effective intracellular delivery (41-47), which may be particularly beneficial for biomacromolecules that need to be released into the cytoplasm for therapeutic effects.
The methods within the present claims include, among other things, a redox-responsive polymer PDSA in the hybrid NP platform, which showed a fast mRNA release in the presence of reductive agent DTT and resulted in excellent mRNA transfection. In addition, the reduced EGFP protein expression after the quenching of intracellular GSH by Nem also suggested that redox-responsive NPs might be more potent for mRNA delivery than non-responsive NPs. In addition to the polymer core, the surface lipid-PEG layer also plays an important role in controlling the performance (cellular uptake and PK) of the hybrid NPs for delivery of RNA therapeutics by serum albumin-mediated de-PEGylation (38, 39). For instance, DSPE-PEG contributes to a long circulation life and high tumor circulation due to its slow dissociation from NPs, whereas DMPE-PEG contributes to a high cellular uptake and excellent in vitro performance of the hybrid NPs due to its quick de-PEGylation kinetics. The methods within the present claims use, e.g., two lipid-PEG molecules by changing the DSPE-PEG/DMPE-PEG ratio for different in vitro or in vivo applications. To maximize the tumor accumulation, the lipid-PEG layer of NPs needs to be relatively stable (with a slow de-PEGylation kinetic profile) to enable a relatively long circulation time. Therefore, a high ratio of DSPE-PEG (75%, w/w) to the total lipid-PEGs on the surface layer was designed for systemic delivery of mRNA. Compared with the PLGA-based NPs coated with a layer of single lipid-PEG (40), the PDSA-based NPs coated with a layer of hybrid lipid-PEGs are more adjustable for on-demand applications.
Previous studies (11-13) have shown that activation of autophagy by mTOR inhibitors including everolimus may be an undesired effect because it acts as a resistance mechanism that limits drug efficacy. The incorporation of autophagy inhibitors could prevent resistance to mTOR inhibitors and enhance their therapeutic efficacy. For example, a dual mTORC1 and mTORC2 inhibitor, OSI-027, was reported to induce protective autophagy, whereas disruption of this pathway with chloroquine (autophagy inhibitor) contributed to apoptotic cell death (90). Both selective knockdown of autophagy genes (ATG3, ATG5, and ATG7) and pre-treatment with hydroxychloroquine (autophagy inhibitor) also contributed to activating the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway and improving everolimus activity, sensitizing mantle cell lymphoma to everolimus (10). Interestingly, p53 plays a dual role in control of autophagy. (i) nuclear p53 can induce autophagy through transcriptional effects, whereas (ii) cytoplasmic p53 can act as a master repressor of autophagy (57, 91). In this work, we observed that the p53 proteins restored by mRNA NPs are mainly located in the cytoplasm of both Hep3B and H1299 cells in vitro and in vivo. In addition, we observed that everolimus-induced autophagy activation was effectively inhibited by mRNA NP-based restoration of p53, further demonstrating the expression of p53 proteins mainly in the cytoplasm.
In summary, the experiments of the present disclosure demonstrate that p53 restoration by synthetic mRNA NPs can inhibit autophagy, thus providing a strategy for sensitizing p53-null tumor cells to everolimus, and simultaneously activate apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. The redox-responsive p53-mRNA NPs enhanced the therapeutic responses to everolimus in p53-null HCC and NSCLC in vitro and in vivo. A synergistic anti-tumor effect was also observed in multiple animal models of both HCC and NSCLC with the combinatorial treatment, which might be explained by (i) the mild therapeutic effect of everolimus, (ii) cytoplasmic p53-mediated inhibition of autophagy and sensitization to the mTOR inhibitor, and (iii) the simultaneous activation of apoptosis by p53 restoration. The synthetic mRNA NP-based p53 restoration strategy might therefore revive this FDA-approved mTOR inhibitor for clinical translation in p53-deficient HCC and NSCLC patients.
Experimental Methods. Three lung cancer cell lines, including A549 (p53 wild type), H1299 (p53 deficiency), and H1975 (p53 mutation), were cultured with RPMI 1640 media and plated in 96-well plates with the cell density of 6000 cells/mL. After 24 h incubation, the cells were treated with cisplatin, human p53 mRNA NPs, control NPs (without p53), or the combination of p53 mRNA NPs with cisplatin for 24 h and then 100 μL fresh media were added to the treated cells for another 24 h incubation. Then, the cell viabilities of these cells were measured by Alamar blue assay. The concentration of p53 mRNA was 1 μg/mL, while the concentrations of cisplatin were set at 10 or 20 μg/mL (for A549 cells), 5 or 10 μg/mL (for H1299 cells), and 10 or 15 μg/mL (for H1975 cells). In cisplatin treatment groups, the lower concentration was denoted as “Cis-1” and the higher concentration was denoted as “Cis-2”. The cells without receiving any treatments were labeled as the “Control”.
For the cell viability evaluation of human p53 mRNA and metformin, the procedures were same as those described above, except for the metformin concentrations. The concentrations of metformin were set at 4 or 6 mg/mL (for A549 cells), 6 or 8 mg/mL (for H1299 cells), and 3 or 4 mg/mL (for H1975 cells).
Experimental Results. As shown in
For the combination of metformin with p53 mRNA NPs (
Rev. Clin. Oncol. 8, 25 (2010).
It is to be understood that while the present application has been described in conjunction with the detailed description thereof, the foregoing description is intended to illustrate and not limit the scope of the present application, which is defined by the scope of the appended claims. Other aspects, advantages, and modifications are within the scope of the following claims.
This application claims priority to U.S. Patent Application Ser. No. 62/778,215, filed on Dec. 11, 2018, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference.
This invention was made with government support under Grant No. CA200900 awarded by the National Institutes of Health. The government has certain rights in the invention.
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/US2019/065740 | 12/11/2019 | WO | 00 |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 62778215 | Dec 2018 | US |
