Methods involving artificial intelligence

Abstract

One aspect of the present invention relates to methods of generating a profile data set. In an exemplary embodiment, data is accessed and the accessed data is processed using a dynamic cluster method, mobile center method, and/or a k-means algorithm, each using neighborhood data. Other aspects relate to methods of generating a diagnosis, advice, and/or other information. Further aspects relate to dynamic surveying and systems.

Description

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

[0002] Aspects of the present invention relate to methods, combinations, apparatus, systems, and articles of manufacture for generating a profile data set and/or for generating a diagnosis, advice, and/or other information. In another aspect, the invention may include dynamic surveying. Certain exemplary embodiments may involve data organized by an artificial intelligence engine.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0003] Traditional diagnostic methods are often inconvenient, labor intensive, and expensive because they require in-depth analysis by trained experts. In the realm of personal diagnosis, for example, a subject suffering from an illness or other health condition typically has to visit a medical professional to diagnose his/her condition. This may require scheduling an appointment with the professional, traveling to the professional's office, waiting to be seen by the professional, finally being examined, and possibly returning to the office for subsequent examinations. The examination itself may require the subject to answer many questions and perform a large battery of tests before a proper diagnosis is obtained. Many times this process may require more effort and be more expensive than the subject is willing to accept. Accordingly, the subject may choose to not bother with the diagnosis. Thus, a convenient means for the subject to obtain a preliminary diagnosis from a remote location without answering an overwhelming number questions would be beneficial.

[0004] In aspects outside of personal diagnosis, traditional analysis typically involves collecting empirical data, distilling the data, and drawing conclusions from the data, wherein the conclusions may be used in the future for diagnostic purposes. In order to make correct diagnoses from these conclusions, often a large quantity of initial empirical data may be required. Large amounts of data compound the problem of distilling and analyzing the data. As a result, highly skilled individuals must spend valuable time collecting, organizing, and interpreting the data to glean useful information from it.

[0005] In another diagnosis example in the field of chemical analysis, a researcher searching for unique properties of chemical compounds (or chemical compounds having such properties) may conduct numerous experiments and collect a massive quantity of data. In order for the researcher to extract useful information from the data, he/she has to perform the tedious task of organizing and evaluating the experimental results. Therefore, it would be beneficial to provide a means to organize data quickly and accurately. Once data is properly organized, the researcher may find the data useful, in at least the chemical analysis example, to diagnose properties of additional samples.

[0006] Although the foregoing background discussion is directed primary to diagnostics, it will become apparent in the following description that many aspects of the present invention have applicability in fields other than those involving a diagnosis. Accordingly, the background discussion should be considered to be exemplary of a few of many possible background issues that could be addressed.

SUMMARY OF A FEW EXEMPLARY ASPECTS OF THE INVENTION

[0007] Methods, combinations, apparatus, systems, and articles of manufacture consistent with features and principles of the present invention may generate a profile data set; generate a diagnosis, advice, and/or other information; and/or perform dynamic surveying.

[0008] One exemplary aspect of the present invention may include a method of generating a profile data set. The method may comprise accessing data and processing the accessed data using at least one of a dynamic cluster method and a k-means algorithm to generate profiles for the profile data set. The accessed data may comprise qualitative data. The dynamic clustering method and/or k-means algorithm may use neighborhood data.

[0009] A second exemplary aspect of the present invention may include a diagnostic method. The diagnostic method may comprise accessing data organized by an artificial intelligence engine, receiving information reflecting that a sample exhibits a first group of characteristics, and processing the received information and the accessed data. The accessed data may be about a plurality of groups of characteristics and may comprise at least one link between at least the first group of the plurality of groups and a second group of the plurality of groups. The processing may generate a diagnosis reflecting the sample's predisposition to exhibit the second group of characteristics.

[0010] A third exemplary aspect of the present invention may include a dynamic survey method. The method may comprise accessing data organized by an artificial intelligence engine, accessing queries, and presenting to a subject a subset of queries from the accessed queries. The answers to at least some of the queries may be used to process at least some of the accessed data. For at least some of the queries presented, the method may further comprise selecting a next query as a function of the subject's answer to a previous query.

[0011] A fourth exemplary aspect of the present invention may include a method of generating a profile data set. The method may comprise accessing data about a plurality of groups of characteristics, processing the accessed data to generate binary encoded data representing modalities of the characteristics, processing the binary encoded data to generate profiles for the profile data set, and assigning at least some of at least one of the plurality of groups, the accessed data, and the binary encoded data to the profiles to generate the profile data set. Accessing, processing, and/or assigning may use an artificial intelligence engine.

[0012] A fifth exemplary aspect of the present invention may include a diagnostic method comprising accessing a plurality of queries, presenting to a subject a subset of queries from the accessed queries, receiving information reflecting the subject's answer to each presented query, accessing data about a plurality of groups of characteristics exhibited by a plurality of individuals, and processing the received information and the accessed data. The data may comprise at least one link between at least a first group of the plurality of groups and a second group of the plurality of groups. At least one query answer of the subject may reflect that the subject exhibits the first group of characteristics. For at least some of the queries presented, the method may further comprise selecting a next query as a function of the subject's answer to a previous query. The processing may generate a diagnosis reflecting the subject's predisposition to exhibit the second group of characteristics.

[0013] A sixth exemplary aspect of the present invention may include a method of generating advice. The method may comprise accessing data organized by an artificial intelligence engine, receiving information reflecting that a subject exhibits the first group of characteristics, and processing the received information and the accessed data. The data may be about a plurality of groups of characteristics and may comprise at least one link between at least a first group of the plurality of groups and a second group of the plurality of groups. The processing may generate advice related to the subject's predisposition to exhibit the second group of characteristics.

[0014] A seventh exemplary aspect of the present invention may include a method of generating information related to at least one blood characteristic. The method may comprise accessing data comprising blood characteristic data and hair characteristic data for a plurality of respective individuals, receiving information reflecting at least one hair characteristic of a subject, and processing the received information and the accessed data. The processing may generate information related to the subject's predisposition to exhibit at least one blood characteristic.

[0015] A further aspect may relate to systems including structure configured to perform one or more methods disclosed herein.

[0016] Additional aspects of the invention are set forth in the description which follows and, in part, are obvious from the description, or may be learned by practice of methods, combinations, devices, systems, and articles of manufacturer consistent with features of the present invention. It is understood that both the foregoing description and the following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory only and are not restrictive of the invention as claimed.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0017] The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, illustrate several aspects of the invention and, together with the description, serve to explain exemplary principles of the invention. In the drawings,

[0018] FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplary flow chart for a diagnostic method consistent with features and principles of the present invention;

[0019] FIG. 2 illustrates an exemplary survey consistent with features and principles of the present invention;

[0020] FIG. 3A illustrates a first exemplary list of queries and query answers consistent with features and principles of the present invention;

[0021] FIG. 3B illustrates a first exemplary diagnosis for a first subject consistent with features and principles of the present invention;

[0022] FIG. 3C illustrates a second exemplary diagnosis for the first subject consistent with features and principles of the present invention;

[0023] FIG. 3D illustrates a second exemplary list of queries and query answers consistent with features and principles of the present invention;

[0024] FIG. 3E illustrates a first exemplary diagnosis for a second subject consistent with features and principles of the present invention;

[0025] FIG. 3F illustrates a second exemplary diagnosis for the second subject consistent with features and principles of the present invention;

[0026] FIG. 4 illustrates an exemplary flow chart for a method of generating a profile data set consistent with features and principles of the present invention;

[0027] FIG. 5 illustrates an exemplary table of modalities using additive binary coding consistent with features and principles of the present invention;

[0028] FIG. 6 illustrates an exemplary table of modalities using disjunctive binary coding consistent with features and principles of the present invention;

[0029] FIG. 7A illustrates an exemplary table of modalities for a group of characteristics consistent with features and principles of the present invention;

[0030] FIG. 7B illustrates an exemplary binary encoded data consistent with features and principles of the present invention;

[0031] FIG. 7C illustrates exemplary binary encoded data of a plurality of individuals consistent with features and principles of the present invention;

[0032] FIG. 8 illustrates an exemplary grid of profiles consistent with features and principles of the present invention;

[0033] FIG. 9 illustrates an exemplary arrangement of profiles consistent with features and principles of the present invention;

[0034] FIG. 10 illustrates an exemplary center median calculation consistent with features and principles of the present invention;

[0035] FIG. 11 illustrates an exemplary indicator function consistent with features and principles of the present invention;

[0036] FIG. 12 illustrates an exemplary Gaussian function consistent with features and principles of the present invention;

[0037] FIG. 13 illustrates an exemplary grid of profiles with assigned binary encoded data consistent with features and principles of the present invention;

[0038] FIG. 14 illustrates exemplary merged profiles consistent with features and principles of the present invention;

[0039] FIG. 15 illustrates an exemplary flow chart for a method of dynamic surveying; and

[0040] FIG. 16 illustrates an exemplary system implementing features and principles of the present invention.

DESCRIPTION OF EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS

[0041] Reference is now made in detail to exemplary embodiments of the invention, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings. Wherever possible, the same reference numbers may be used in the drawings to refer to the same or like parts.

[0042] The exemplary embodiments described herein are primarily related to diagnostic methods involving subject individuals and certain individual characteristics relating to beauty, personal habits, blood chemistry, etc. However, it should be understood that the method, in a broader sense, could involve numerous other types of individual characteristics, and, furthermore the invention could be practiced to provide diagnoses of samples other than individuals. In addition, it should be understood that certain aspects of the invention have applicability in fields other than those involving a diagnosis.

[0043] One embodiment of the invention may include a diagnostic method. The method may be used to generate a diagnosis reflecting a sample's predisposition to exhibit a group of characteristics. The sample may be at least one of a subject individual, chemical, molecule, item, location, idea, and/or any other subject of interest to be diagnosed. Characteristics may include physical, medical, physiological, biological, chemical, molecular, beauty, situational, and/or any other characteristic. A group of characteristics may include one or more characteristics. The diagnosis of the sample's predisposition may include a likelihood (and/or unlikelihood) that the sample currently exhibits, has exhibited in the past, and/or will exhibit in the future, one or more characteristics in the group.

[0044] Examples of characteristics that could be involved in a diagnosis of a subject individual may include fashion preferences, demographic, nutrition, cosmetic usage, medical history, environment, beauty product usage, lifestyle, name, age, birth date, height, weight, ethnicity, eating habit, blood (e.g., type, chemistry, etc.), hair condition, vacation pattern, geographic location of the individual's residence, location, work, work habit, sleep habit, toiletries used, exercise habit, relaxation habit, beauty care habit, smoking habit, drinking habit, sun exposure habit, use of sunscreen, propensity to tan, number of sunburns and serious sunburns, dietary restriction, dietary supplement or vitamin used, diagnosed condition affecting the external body, such as melanoma, facial feature, family history, such as physical characteristics about relatives of the individual (e.g., premature balding, graying, wrinkles, etc.), external body condition, color preference, clothing style preference, travel habit, entertainment preference, fitness information, adverse reaction to products, adverse reaction to compounds, adverse reaction to elements (e.g., sun exposure), body chemistry, purchasing habit, shopping habit, browsing habit, hobby, marital status, parental status, number of children, country of residence, region of residence, birth country and region, religious affiliation, political affiliation, whether the individual is an urban dweller, suburban dweller, or rural area dweller, size of urban area in which the subject lives, whether the individual is retired, annual income, sexual preference, or any other characteristic.

[0045] Blood characteristics may include any condition related to the circulatory system of a living being (e.g., heart attack, stroke, blood pressure, anemia, blood chemistry, blood type, etc.).

[0046] According to features and principles consistent with the invention, an embodiment of the invention may access data about a plurality of groups of characteristics, as illustrated at step 102 in the flow chart of FIG. 1. Accessing data may include receiving/obtaining data from a database, data structure, storage medium, survey, and/or any other mechanism or combination of mechanisms. The accessed data may be raw data, such as data entries from a database, preprocessed data, such as encoded raw data, or any other form of data. “Accessing” data may include at least one of acquisition via a network, via verbal communication, via electronic transmission, via telephone transmission, in hard-copy form, or through any other mechanism enabling acquisition or reception of data. In addition, “accessing” may occur either directly or indirectly. For example, receipt may occur through a third party acting on another party's behalf, as an agent of another, or in concert with another. Regardless, all such indirect and direct actions are intended to be covered by the term “accessing” as used herein.

[0047] Accessed data, for example, may take one of many forms. It may simply be a checked box, clicked button, submitted form, or oral affirmation. Or it might be typed or handwritten textual data. Accessing may occur through an on-line form, e-mail, facsimile, telephone, interactive voice response system, or file transfer protocol transmitted electronically over a network at a web site, an Internet Protocol address, or a network account. Data may be accessed from a subject for whom information is sought, or an entity acting on the subject's behalf. Receipt may occur physically such as in hard copy form, via mail delivery, or other courier delivery. “Accessing” may involve receipt directly or indirectly through one or more networks and/or storage mediums. Examples of storage media may include magnetic storage devices such as floppy disks and hard drives, optical storage devices, such as compact discs and digital video discs, organic storage devices, electronic storage devices, random access memory, virtual memory, permanent memory, printed media, and/or any other medium for storing information.

[0048] The term “network” may include a public network such as the Internet or a telephony network, a private network, a virtual private network, or any other mechanism for enabling communication between two or more nodes or locations. The network may include one or more of wired and wireless connections. Wireless communications may include radio transmission via the airwaves, however, those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that various other communication techniques can be used to provide wireless transmission including infrared line of sight, cellular, microwave, satellite, blue-tooth packet radio and spread spectrum radio. Wireless data may include, but is not limited to, paging, text messaging, e-mail, Internet access and other specialized data applications specifically excluding, or including voice transmission.

[0049] In some instances consistent with the invention, a network may include a courier network (e.g. postal service, United Parcel Service, Federal Express, etc.). Other types of networks that are to be considered within the scope of the invention include local area networks, metropolitan area networks, wide area networks, ad hoc networks, or any mechanism for facilitating communication between two nodes or remote locations.

[0050] It should be noted that the terms “network” and “neural network”, as used herein, have distinct meanings. A “neural network” may be any organization of “neurons” associated with one or more algorithms, and/or may have any other configuration known in the art of artificial intelligence. Accordingly, a “neural network” may or may not be associated with a “network”.

[0051] The data accessed in step 102 of FIG. 1 may be data that has been organized as a result of processing using an artificial intelligence engine. As described in more detail below, one example of a data organization includes a profile data set resulting from a neural network using one or more types of algorithms. However, it should be understood that there are many other alternative ways in which the data may be organized.

[0052] The accessed data may be based on information previously collected in any known manner. For example, when the method involves diagnosis of one or more individuals, FIG. 2 illustrates an exemplary survey that may be used to collect characteristic information for a plurality of individuals. Results of the survey for a plurality of individuals may be optionally encoded, organized using an artificial intelligence engine, and stored in a database or other storage mechanism that may be accessed, as described above. The survey may contain queries about many characteristics of an individual and may be completed over the Internet. The characteristics for a particular individual may include any characteristic as described above. In this example, the survey may contain queries about gender, smoking habit, occurrence of hair loss, occurrence of white hair (i.e., senescent hair, such as whitened or gray hair), occurrence of dandruff, concern about hair loss, concern about white hair, concern about dandruff, concern about baldness, coarseness of hair, color of hair, frequency of use of fingernail hardener, frequency of use of fingernail multivitamin treatment, frequency of use of nail polish, frequency of use of hair treatments, etc.

[0053] For each individual completing the survey of FIG. 2, there could be additional information collected about the individual. Such additional information could be information that is not normally known by an individual and/or information that is only known after performing a particular test, examination, and/or analysis. For example, for each of the individuals completing the survey of FIG. 2, there could be a collection of additional information relating to blood chemistry, anxiety test score, depression test score, and/or any other information normally requiring some form of test, examination, and/or analysis in order to be revealed. The additional information could optionally be encoded and stored in a database or other storage medium that may be accessed, as described above.

[0054] Some of the characteristics may be grouped into a first group of characteristics (e.g., the first group of characteristics may include gender, concern about hair loss, concern about white hair, concern about dandruff, smoking habit, concern about baldness, coarseness of hair, and color of hair). The grouping may be performed through an expert determination, algorithm, artificial intelligence, or other mechanism. The grouping may be performed prior to accessing data, wherein accessing receives data reflecting previously grouped characteristics. Alternatively, the grouping may take place, at least partially, after the data is accessed. The grouping may be used to isolate characteristics that may predict the exhibition of other characteristics by the individual. For example, the grouping may be performed by an analyst wishing to diagnose a subject individual based on the first group of characteristic information from other individuals.

[0055] Other characteristics may be grouped into a second group of characteristics (e.g., the second group of characteristics may include occurrence of hair loss and frequency of use of a fingernail multivitamin treatment) as previously described. Additional groups of characteristics may be formed and any group of characteristics may contain the same characteristic as another group of characteristics.

[0056] As stated previously, the data about the characteristics may be from many sources other than or in conjunction with the survey response (e.g., the data may include blood characteristics from a medical databank) and the accessed data may be partially processed using some mechanism, such as an artificial intelligence engine. Partial processing may include binary encoding as described later.

[0057] The accessed data may include at least one link between at least the first group of a plurality of groups and the second group of the plurality of groups. The link may indicate exhibition of the first group of characteristics by a sample implies likely or unlikely exhibition of the second group of characteristics by the sample. For example, a link may exist between a first group of characteristics listed in FIG. 3A and a second group of characteristics listed in FIGS. 3B and 3C, such that a subject individual exhibiting the characteristics in FIG. 3A may be diagnosed to exhibit the characteristics in FIGS. 3B and 3C. Alternatively, the link may indicate exhibition of the first group of characteristics by a sample implies unlikely exhibition of the second group of characteristics by the sample. For example, a link may exist between a first group of characteristics listed in FIG. 3A and a second group of characteristics listed in FIGS. 3B and 3C, such that a subject individual exhibiting the characteristics in FIG. 3A may be diagnosed to not exhibit all the characteristics in FIGS. 3B and 3C. Further, the link may indicate that any one group or combination of groups of characteristics implies likely or unlikely exhibition of any other group or groups of characteristics. Also, the link may be accessed via any of the mechanisms described above, previously generated, generated at a time data is accessed, and/or stored via any of the storage media listed above. As described later herein, the link may be generated using artificial intelligence.

[0058] An embodiment consistent with features and principles of the invention may receive information reflecting a sample exhibiting the first group of characteristics, as illustrated at step 104 in the flow chart of FIG. 1. The information may be received in any manner as described above in association with data accessing. For example, FIG. 3A illustrates an exemplary list of answers supplied by a subject individual in response to a plurality of queries relating to the subject individual's exhibition of some characteristics. The queries may be generated using a dynamic surveying method described later. The query answers could be received in electronic form or the query answers may be received in paper form.

[0059] As illustrated at step 106 in the flow chart of FIG. 1, the diagnostic method may further involve processing the received information (from step 104) and/or the accessed data (from step 102). The processing may be performed in any known manner compatible with the present invention. For example, the processing may be performed according to one or more algorithms, and/or the processing might involve use of an artificial intelligence engine.

[0060] Processing in step 106 may generate a diagnosis reflecting a sample's predisposition to exhibit the second group of characteristics. For example, the diagnosis may be that an individual who exhibits a first group of characteristics (e.g., male gender, not concerned about hair loss, concerned about white hair, not concerned about dandruff, no smoking habit, not concerned about baldness, fine hair, and red hair) is likely to have previously exhibited in the past, to be exhibiting at the present time, and/or will be exhibiting in the future a second group of characteristics (e.g., hair loss and often use of a fingernail multivitamin treatment). Such a diagnosis may be presented to the individual, to a health care professional, beauty care professional or any other individual or entity.

[0061] Based on the diagnosis, one exemplary method may provide a prompt for a further diagnostic examination of a subject individual by a practitioner. Examples of practitioners may include a health care provider, beauty consultant, beauty care provider, dietician, medical care provider, etc.

[0062] Alternatively (or additionally), the method may provide a prompt for an individual to alter some habit, lifestyle, personal care, etc. In another alternative (or additional) feature, the method may include informing the subject about at least one product for use by the subject. The product may be chosen from beauty products, health products, and medical products. Further, the product may be offered for sale to the subject. If the diagnosis reflects a predisposition for the subject to exhibit a condition (e.g., cosmetic condition, health condition, medical condition, etc.), then the product may include a product for treating the condition.

[0063] The term “product”, as used herein, generically refers to tangible merchandise, goods, services, and actions performed. The term “beauty product” includes any product used for beauty, any beauty care product, any cosmetic product, and any similar product. A beauty product may be a product as defined above for affecting one or more external body conditions, such as conditions of the skin, hair and/or nails. Examples of tangible merchandise forms of beauty products include cosmetic goods, such as treatment products, personal cleansing products, and makeup products, in any form (e.g., ointments, creams, gels, sprays, supplement, ingesta, inhalants, lotions, cakes, liquids, and powders.)

[0064] Examples of service forms of beauty products include hair styling, hair cutting, hair coloring, hair removal, skin treatment, make-up application, and any other offering for aesthetic enhancement. Examples of other actions performed include massages, facial rubs, deep cleansings, applications of beauty product, exercise, therapy, or any other action effecting the external body condition whether performed by a professional, the subject, or an acquaintance of the subject.

[0065] The following is exemplary and non-exhaustive listing of a few beauty products: scrubs, rinses, washes, moisturizers, wrinkle removers, exfoliates, toners, cleansers, conditioners, shampoos, cuticle creams, oils, and antifungal substances, anti-aging products, anti-wrinkle products, anti-freckle products, skin conditioners, skin toners, skin coloring agents, tanners, bronzers, skin lighteners, hair coloring, hair cleansing, hair styling, elasticity enhancing products, agents, blushes, mascaras, eyeliners, lip liners, lipsticks, lip glosses, eyebrow liners, eye shadows, nail polishes, foundations, concealers, dental whitening products, cellulite reduction products, hair straighteners and curlers, and weight reduction products.

[0066] “Advice” includes one or more of product recommendations (e.g., product recommendations for products to treat conditions), remedial measures, preventative measures, predictions, prognoses, price and availability information, application and use information, suggestions for complementary products, lifestyle or dietary recommendations, or any other information intended to aid a subject in a course of future conduct, to aid a subject in understanding past occurrences, to reflect information about some future occurrences related to the subject or to aid a subject in understanding one or more products, as defined above.

[0067] One example of the method illustrated in the flow chart of FIG. 1 may involve accessing data from a database of individuals' characteristics, wherein there may be links between groups in the characteristics. Information about characteristics of a subject individual may be received by obtaining the subject individual's answers to a series of questions about the subject, such as those illustrated in FIG. 3A. The answers may represent information known by the subject. For example, the answers may indicate the subject, hypothetically named Durant Laurent, does not smoke, has fine, red hair, is male, is not concerned about hair loss, dandruff, or baldness, and is concerned about white hair. Processing of the accessed data and the received information may cause a diagnosis to be generated (and optionally presented to the subject and/or someone else), wherein the diagnosis may include one or more characteristics known by the subject (e.g., characteristics the subject is actually aware of and/or characteristics the subject could become aware of readily without undergoing any sophisticated analysis), but not previously provided by the subject. For example, the diagnosis may indicate that Durant Laurent exhibits the characteristics illustrated in FIG. 3B, even though none of those characteristics was provided in the answers of FIG. 3A.

[0068] In addition to (or rather than) generating a diagnosis including one or more characteristics “known” by the subject, the diagnosis may include one or more characteristics not “known” by the subject (e.g., characteristics that the subject could not become aware of without undergoing a relatively sophisticated analysis). For example, the diagnosis may also indicate that Durant Laurent has a cholesterol level between 493 to 743 millimoles per liter, tryglyceride level between 0.62 and 2.47, glycemia level greater than 61.0 millimoles per liter, iron level greater than 90, mean systolic arterial pressure level in the year 1996 (M_tas96) greater than 123.6, mean dystolic arterial pressure level (M_tad) of 79.6, above average anxiety score, and above average depression, as illustrated in FIG. 3C, even though Mr. Laurent did not “know” those characteristics. Note that the diagnosis of FIG. 3B and/or FIG. 3C contains relatively large amounts of somewhat specific information derived from a relatively small amount of somewhat general data provided by Mr. Laurent in FIG. 3A.

[0069] In another example, another subject, hypothetically named Yolanda Lauex, may provide answers to questions, as illustrated in FIG. 3D, in a manner similar to that described above for Durant Laurent. From the information provided in the answers, Yolanda Lauex may be diagnosed with characteristics illustrated in FIGS. 3E and 3F. FIG. 3E illustrates characteristics “known” and not provided by Yolanda. FIG. 3F illustrates characteristics not “known” and not provided by Yolanda. Again, note that the diagnosis in FIG. 3E and/or FIG. 3F contains a relatively large amount of somewhat specific information derived from a relatively small amount of somewhat general data provided by Yolanda in FIG. 3D.

[0070] As mentioned above, the data accessed in step 102 of FIG. 1 may be data organized by an artificial intelligence engine. “Artificial intelligence” (AI) is used herein to broadly describe any computationally intelligent system that combines knowledge, techniques, and methodologies. An AI engine may be any system that is configured to apply knowledge and that can adapt itself and learn to do better in changing environments. Thus, the AI engine may employ any one or combination of the following computational techniques: neural network (e.g., Kohonen map, multi-layer perceptron, etc.), constraint program, fuzzy logic, classification, conventional artificial intelligence, symbolic manipulation, fuzzy set theory, evolutionary computation, cybernetics, data mining, approximate reasoning, derivative-free optimization, decision trees, or soft computing. Employing any computationally intelligent technique, the AI engine may learn to adapt to unknown or changing environment for better performance. AI engines may be implemented or provided with a wide variety of components or systems, including one or more of the following: central processing units, co-processors, memories, registers, or other data processing devices and subsystems.

[0071] The AI engine may be trained based on input such as characteristic information, expert advice, user profile, or data based on sensory perceptions. Using the input, the AI engine may implement an iterative training process. Training may be based on a wide variety of learning rules or training algorithms. For example, the learning rules may include one or more of the following: back-propagation, real-time recurrent learning, pattern-by-pattern learning, supervised learning, interpolation, weighted sum, reinforced learning, temporal difference learning, unsupervised learning, or recording learning. As a result of the training, the AI engine may learn to modify its behavior in response to its environment, and obtain knowledge. Knowledge may represent any information upon which the AI engine may determine an appropriate response to new data or situations. Knowledge may represent, for example, relationship information between two or more characteristics. Knowledge may be stored in any form at any convenient location, such as a database.

[0072] In another method in accordance with features and principles of the present invention, an AI engine, such as that described above, may be used to generate a profile data set from accessed data. The profile data set may be used to generate links from the accessed data. Or the generated profile data set may contain the links. For example, a large quantity of data may be accessed as described above (step 102) and processed using an AI engine to organize the data. The AI engine may be configured to organize the data based on a predetermined group of characteristics. The group of characteristics may be predetermined by the AI engine, an expert, algorithm, or other mechanism. Links may be drawn from the organized data or the organized data may contain links as described below.

[0073] Consistent with features and principles of the invention, the method may include accessing data about a plurality of groups of characteristics, as illustrated at step 402 in the flow chart of FIG. 4. Accessing may be performed via any of mechanisms described above for step 102 in FIG. 1.

[0074] Also consistent with the invention, the method may include processing the accessed data, using an artificial intelligence engine, to generate binary encoded data representing modalities of the characteristics, as illustrated at step 404 in the flow chart of FIG. 4. A characteristic may contain qualitative information. Qualitative information (i.e., qualitative data) may include any information relating to or concerning one or more qualities. The modalities of the characteristic may be qualitative ordinal variables of the characteristic. For example, many characteristics are by definition limited to a finite number of values (so-called discrete variables) that may be qualitative. Take, for example, the characteristic of marital status, which may be single, widow, divorced, married, or separated. This kind of characteristic is referred to as a nominal qualitative variable, and the different possibilities of the characteristic called modalities. When a characteristic only has two modalities, it is referred to as a binary characteristic. For instance, a certain characteristic may be present or absent in an individual, (e.g., whether the individual has ever worn an earring) thus the characteristic is a binary characteristic. In accordance with step 404 of FIG. 4, regardless of the number of modalities associated with a characteristic, the characteristic may be encoded into a binary form suitable for processing using an artificial intelligence engine.

[0075] Forms of binary encoding may include unconstrained binary encoding, additive binary encoding, disjunctive binary encoding, and/or any other encoding consistent and compatible with features and principles of the invention. Unconstrained binary encoding may be used for characteristics with two modalities. In general, these characteristics may be encoded with values of 0 or 1. For example, the gender characteristic may have only two modalities, so the first modality (e.g., male) may be encoded as 1 and the second modality (e.g., female) may be encoded as 0.

[0076] FIG. 5 illustrates an exemplary table of modalities using additive binary encoding for a characteristic on the frequency of usage of a temporary hair color treatment, for example. As illustrated at question forty-three in the survey of FIG. 2, the characteristic may have three modalities (rare, often, not at all). The characteristic may be binary encoded as indicated in the exemplary table of FIG. 5. For example, if an individual filling out the survey indicates often usage of the treatment, then the corresponding modality two, may be binary encoded to 110. Such a table may be extended or shortened for characteristics with different number of modalities. For example, a characteristic with N modalities may be encoded into a binary code with N binary digits. If a characteristic exhibits the qualitative information associated with the Ith modality, then the first to Ith binary digits may be 1 and the (I+1)th to Nth binary digits may be 0.

[0077] FIG. 6 illustrates an exemplary table of modalities using disjunctive binary encoding. The table has four modalities with their corresponding binary encoding. Again, the table may be extended or shortened for characteristics with different number of modalities. For example, a characteristic with N modalities may be encoded into a binary code with N binary digits. If a characteristic exhibits the qualitative information associated with the Ith modality, then the all the binary digits except for the Ith binary digit may be 0 and the Ith binary digit may be 1.

[0078] A group of characteristics with their corresponding modalities may be encoded using one or a combination of binary encoding routines. FIGS. 7A and 7B show an example of how a group of characteristics may be encoded using a combination of encoding routines. FIG. 7A shows an exemplary table with a group of characteristics and their corresponding modalities. Gender, concern about hair loss, concern about white hair, concern about dandruff, concern about baldness, and smoke characteristics have modalities encoded using unconstrained binary encoding. Hair coarseness and natural hair color characteristics have modalities encoded using disjunctive and additive binary encoding, respectively. Using the information shown in FIG. 7A, FIG. 7B shows an example of a group of characteristics in the form of binary encoded data 704 for a person, hypothetically named John, who is male, not concerned about hair loss, dandruff, or baldness, concerned about white hair, does not have a smoking habit, and has fine, red hair characteristics. Labels 702 in FIGS. 7A and 7B illustrate which of the binary digits in the binary encoded data 704 correspond to which characteristic. Thus, label ‘a’ indicates the first binary digit in the binary encoded data 704 is the encoded gender characteristic; label ‘b’ indicates the second binary digit in the binary encoded data 704 is the encoded concern about hair loss characteristic; and the remaining labels indicate which remaining characteristics correspond to the remaining binary digits.

[0079] For purposes of the present invention, binary encoding may be performed in any feasible format and is not necessarily restricted to the examples described above. For example, the number of binary digits and the encoding scheme may be modified based on system design or requirements.

[0080] The data accessed in step 402 of FIG. 4 may comprise characteristics of a plurality of individuals. For example, in addition to John in the above example, the binary encoded data 704 generated at step 404 in FIG. 4 may include encoded information for a plurality of individuals, hypothetically named John, Mary, Lisa, . . . , Kenie, and Mike, as illustrated in FIG. 7C.

[0081] According to features and principles consistent with the invention, the method may include processing the binary encoded data, using an artificial intelligence engine, to generate profiles for a profile data set, as illustrated at step 406 in the flow chart of FIG. 4. The artificial intelligence engine may generate a virtual grid 800 representing a profile data set of profiles as illustrated in an exemplary manner in FIG. 8. The grid 800 may comprise profiles 802 and connections 804 linking adjacent pairs of profiles 802. The connections 804 may be used to determine distance (e.g., proximity) between profiles 802. A distance of “one” between two profiles may be defined to be when the two profiles have a path with a single connection between them. A distance of “two” between two profiles may be defined to be when any path of connections between the two profiles has a minimum number of two connections. In a similar manner, a distance of M between two profiles may be defined to be when any path between the two profiles has a minimum number of M connections. The connections 804 may be used to define a set of profiles within a certain proximity of a particular, individual profile. For example, the connections 804 may be used to specify a neighborhood of a particular profile such as profile 806. A neighborhood of “one” for profile 806 would comprise a set of all profiles within one connection of profile 806. For example, all profiles in dotted box 808 are in the neighborhood of “one” for profile 806. All profiles in dotted box 810 are in a neighborhood of “two” for profile 806. Analogous neighborhoods exist for the other profiles. All or some information associated with profiles in a neighborhood may be referred to as neighborhood data.

[0082] Configurations of profiles are not limited to two-dimensional spaces (e.g., Cartesian plane). The profiles may be arranged in one-dimensional space, three-dimensional space, four-dimensional space, etc. Also, the neighborhood of a profile may be defined using distances besides the Euclidean distance, such as Hamming distance or any other metric known in the art and compatible with the present invention.

[0083] Any number of profiles may be in a profile data set. The profiles may be arranged in any configuration compatible with the invention. Further, the neighborhoods of the profiles may be defined in any way compatible with the invention. For example, FIG. 9 illustrates an exemplary arrangement 900 of profiles wherein the profiles 902 are situated on a Cartesian plane 904 with corresponding locations defined by Cartesian coordinates. The Cartesian coordinates of a profile in this example are defined to be the coordinates of the center of the profile. In this arrangement 900, a neighborhood of a profile may be defined to be all profiles whose Cartesian coordinates are within a given Euclidean distance, d, of the profile's Cartesian coordinates. For example, all profiles with Cartesian coordinates within the dotted circle 908 of radius d are within the neighborhood of d of profile 906.

[0084] All profiles may contain a referent. The referent may be a binary code and may define the characteristics for its respective profile using any of the binary encoding methods previously described. For example, the referent for profile 806 in FIG. 8 may be 101000010001000000 (the example represented in FIG. 7b). According to the exemplary table in FIG. 7A, this referent would indicate a profile with male gender, unconcerned about hair loss, concerned about white hair, unconcerned about dandruff, unconcerned about baldness, no smoking habit, and fine, red hair. The referent for each profile may be determined during the processing step 406 of FIG. 4. This may involve using a neural clustering algorithm such as a dynamic cluster method, a k-means clustering algorithm, a hierarchical clustering algorithm, a mobile center method, and/or a topology map method. (Other algorithms may also be used.) As described in more detail later, the neural clustering algorithm may use neighborhood data.

[0085] Neural clustering algorithms may include methods described by Thiria, S., Lechevallier, Y., Gascuel O., and Canu, S. in Statistique et methodes neuronales, Dunod, Paris, 1997, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

[0086] A dynamic cluster method may begin by initializing the referent for each profile. The referent may be initialized randomly, pseudo-randomly, using an algorithm, and/or using any technique compatible with the invention. After initialization, the referent may be trained using binary encoded data representing characteristics from a plurality of groups. In the above example, FIG. 7C illustrates a plurality of binary encoded data for a plurality of respective individuals. Each one of the plurality of binary encoded data may be assigned to a profile with the closest matching referent. The profile with the closest matching referent may be determined using a metric that compares a degree the referent matches the binary encoded data of an individual. One metric, known as the hamming distance, inter alia, may be defined as 1$d\left(z_i,p\right)=\sum _{j=1}^B\&LeftBracketingBar;z_i\left(j\right)-r_p\left(j\right)\&RightBracketingBar;,$

[0087] wherein d(zi, p) is the degree the referent rp of profile p matches the binary encoded data zi of the ith individual, zi(j) is the jth binary digit in zi, rp(j) is the jth binary digit in rp, and B is the number of binary digits in the binary encoded data. For this metric, a degree of lower value indicates a closer match. For example, the degree of match between binary encoded data 101000010001000000 and referent 101100010000100000 would be three and the degree of match between binary encoded data 101100010000100000 and referent 101100010000100000 would be zero. Binary encoded data that matches the referents of more than one profile with equal degree may be arbitrarily assigned to one of the profiles. A profile may have more than one binary encoded data assigned to it.

[0088] Once all the binary encoded data from the plurality of individuals are assigned to a profile, the referent of each profile may be optimized. Optimization for the referent of a given profile may be performed by calculating a center median of all the binary encoded data assigned to profiles within a neighborhood of the given profile and then replacing the referent of the given profile with the center median. More particularly, the referent for the given profile may be optimized by 2$r_c\left(j\right)=\underset{z_i\in N_c}{\mathrm{median}}\left(z_i\left(j\right)\right),$

[0089] wherein rc(j) is the jth binary digit of the optimized referent rc for the given profile c, and Nc is the set containing all binary encoded data zi assigned to profiles within a neighborhood of the given profile c. In the above example, if profile 806 in FIG. 8 is assigned binary encoded data z5 and z7, profile 812 is assigned binary encoded data z4 and z13, and profile 814 is assigned binary encoded data z6, z10, and z21, then the optimized referent r for profile 806 using binary encoded data within a neighborhood of one may be determined as illustrated in the table of FIG. 10. The jth binary digit of the referent r in profile 806 is the median of the jth binary digit of all the binary encoded data in the neighborhood (i.e. z4, z5, z6, z7, z10, z13, and z21).

[0090] In optimizing the referent of a given profile, the binary encoded data may be weighted as function of the proximity between the given profile and the profile to which the binary encoded data are assigned. FIG. 10 illustrates a center median calculated using uniform weighting because the binary encoded data used to determine the center median were all weighted with one. However, the center median in FIG. 10 was only calculated using binary encoded data from profiles within a neighborhood of one, so binary encoded data from profiles outside the neighborhood of one may be viewed as having a weight of zero. This may be characterized by the indicator function in FIG. 11, wherein the x-axis represents the distance of a neighboring profile from the given profile and the y-axis represents the weight applied to the binary encoded data in the neighboring profile. Other forms of weighting may include the Gaussian function illustrated in FIG. 12 or any other function compatible with features and principles of the present invention. Example of other functions may include, but are not limited to, discrete functions, continuous functions, probabilistic functions, etc.

[0091] After optimizing the referents of all the profiles, the binary encoded data in the profiles may be re-assigned to the profiles with the closest matching optimized referent. Referents of all the profiles may be optimized again using the re-assigned binary encoded data in the manner described above. The assignment of the binary encoded data and optimization of the referents may be repeated for a predetermined number iterations or until the referents converge (i.e., no longer change from one iteration to the next). The weighting applied to the binary encoded data during optimization may change for each iteration. For example, the weighting may decrease the number of binary encoded data used to optimize a referent by assigning a weight of zero to profiles beyond a certain distance from the profile having its referent optimized and decreasing the distance at each iteration. Decreasing this distance effectively shrinks the neighborhood of profiles used to optimize a referent.

[0092] The dynamic cluster method is finished once the assignment of binary encoded data and optimization of the referents are complete. FIG. 13 illustrates an example where the binary encoded data for individuals may be assigned in grid 800 of FIG. 8 after the dynamic cluster method is completed. For example, profile 1302 in grid 1300 has the binary encoded data of Mac and Kenie assigned to it because the profile 1302 contains the referent with the closest match to their binary encoded data. Further, profiles that are within proximity of each other may contain referents that are similar to each other because neighborhoods are used with the dynamic cluster method in optimizing referents. Therefore, profiles 1304 and 1306 may contain referents similar to the referent in profile 1302 and all the binary encoded data (i.e., Mike, Sean, Lewis, Greg) assigned to profiles 1304 and 1306 may be similar to the binary encoded data (i.e., Mac and Kenie) assigned to profile 1302. As a result, Mac and. Kenie may have characteristics similar to characteristics exhibited by Mike, Sean, Lewis, and Greg.

[0093] The above description of dynamic clustering may use the center median and/or Hamming distance for determining and optimizing the referent of each profile. Alternatively, the mobile center method may also be used for the same purpose. Instead of the center median and/or Hamming distance, the mobile center method may use a center of gravity (i.e., center mean) and/or Euclidean distance.

[0094] The above description for generating the clustered profiles in FIG. 13 uses a dynamic cluster method, but other methods compatible with the present invention may also be used. For instance, a k-means clustering algorithm may be used instead or in combination with the dynamic cluster method. Unlike the dynamic cluster method, which may optimize the referent of each profile when all the binary encoded data are assigned to the profiles, the k-means clustering algorithm may optimize the referent of a profile when less than all the binary encoded data have been assigned to the profiles. The k-means clustering algorithm may optimize the referent of each profile after each assignment of binary encoded data to a given profile. In the k-means clustering algorithm, the selection of at least one binary encoded data to be re-assigned may be performed randomly, pseudo-randomly, or using a prescribed method.

[0095] For example, at least one, but not all, of the binary encoded data assigned to the profiles may be selected and re-assigned to the profiles. After re-assigning, the referents of all of the profiles may be optimized. The referents may be optimized by calculating the center median of the binary encoded data in each profile. The assignment of at least one, but not necessarily all of, the binary encoded data and optimization of the referents may be repeated for a predetermined number iterations or until the referents converge (i.e. no longer change from one iteration to the next).

[0096] Alternatively, the optimization of the referents may use the dynamic cluster method at one iteration and the k-means clustering algorithm at another iteration. For example, at one iteration all the binary encoded data may be re-assigned and then the referents may be optimized. At another iteration, at least one, but not necessarily all of, the binary encoded data may be re-assigned and then some or all the referents may be optimized.

[0097] A hierarchical clustering algorithm may be applied to the dynamic clustered profiles in FIG. 13 (or k-means-clustered profiles or combined dynamic clustered and k-means-clustered profiles). The hierarchical clustering algorithm may reduce the number of profiles in grid 1300 by agglomerating the profiles in grid 1300. The first profile may be merged with a second profile, wherein a clustering index indicates the referent of the first profile matches closer to the referent of the second profile than a referent in any other profile in grid 1300. The clustering index may be a Ward index, pseudo-Ward index, a distance index, an index taking total number of binary encoded data, or any other index.

[0098] The Ward index is defined to be 3${\Delta }_{\mathrm{Ward}}=\frac{n_a{n}_b}{n_a+n_b}\sum _{j=1}^B\&LeftBracketingBar;r_a\left(j\right)-r_b\left(j\right)\&RightBracketingBar;,$

[0099] wherein na is the number of binary encoded data assigned to profile a, nb is the number of binary encoded data assigned to profile b, ra is the referent of profile a, rb is the referent of profile b, B is the number of binary digits in the referent, ra(j) is the jth binary digit in referent ra, and rb(j) is the jth binary digit in referent rb. For example, the referents of profiles 1302 and 1304 in FIG. 13 may be 100000001001111111 and 100000010001111110, respectively ra and rb. The numbers of binary encode data in profiles 1302 and 1304 are two and one, respectively na and nb. Therefore, the Ward index between the two profiles is calculated to be two.

[0100] The pseudo-Ward index is defined to be

ΔPseudo(Pa, Pb)=Φ(Pa∪Pb)−Φ(Pa)−Φ(Pb),

[0101] wherein Pa and Pb are sets of binary encoded data contained in the profiles a and b, respectively, and Φ(S) is the inertia of a given set S. For example, Φ(Pa) is defined to be 4$\Phi \left(P_a\right)=\sum _{i=1}^{n_a}\sum _{j=1}^B\&LeftBracketingBar;z_{a,i}\left(j\right)-r_a\left(j\right)\&RightBracketingBar;,$

[0102] wherein za,i is the ith binary encoded data in profile a, and za,i(j) is the jth binary digit in za,i.

[0103] The distance index is defined to be 5${\Delta }_{\mathrm{Dist}}=\sum _{j=1}^B\&LeftBracketingBar;r_a\left(j\right)-r_b\left(j\right)\&RightBracketingBar;.$

[0104] In the above example, the distance index between profiles 1302 and 1304 would be three.

[0105] The index taking total number of binary encoded data is defined to be 6${\Delta }_{\mathrm{Total}}\left(P_a,P_b\right)=\frac{\Phi \left(P_a\bigcup P_b\right)}{B\left(n_a+n_b\right)}.$

[0106] The referent for the merged profile of two merging profiles may be set to the referent of the merging profile with more binary encoded data assigned to it. For example, if profiles 1302 and 1304 are merged, the referent of the merged profile may be the referent of profile 1304 because profile 1304 has more binary encoded data assigned to it than profile 1302. Alternatively, the referent of the merged profile may be set using any other criteria or algorithm compatible with the invention. Profiles in the grid may continue to be merged together until only a predetermined number of profiles remain, until the combined profiles contain a certain number of binary encoded data, or until any other criteria for final clustering is achieved.

[0107] After hierarchical clustering, an exemplary set of merged profiles may look like the example shown in FIG. 14. Since the clustering algorithm described above may organize individuals in the grid 1400 by placing individuals with similar binary encoded data in the same profile, the individuals in a given profile may have similar characteristics. Further, the referent of any profile may be binary data and can be decoded using the table in FIG. 7A to a corresponding referent group of characteristics. The referent group of characteristics of a profile may be substantially representative of the characteristics exhibited by individuals in the profile. For example, the referent of profile 1402 may be 011001001001111100. Using FIG. 7A, the group of characteristics corresponding to the referent is female gender, concerned about hair loss, white hair, and baldness, not concerned about dandruff, smoking habit, and average, dark chestnut blonde hair. Therefore, all individuals in profile 1402 may substantially exhibit the characteristics of the referent group.

[0108] According to features and principles of the present invention, as illustrated at step 408 in the flow chart of FIG. 4, the method may include assigning at least some of the plurality of groups of characteristics, the accessed data, and/or the binary encoded data using the artificial intelligence engine, to the profiles to generate a profile data set. With reference to the example shown in FIG. 14 and as described above, the binary encoded data assigned to the profiles in the figure reflect a group of characteristics (e.g., gender, concern about hair loss, concern about white hair, concern about dandruff, concern about baldness, smoking habits, coarseness of hair, and color of hair) for a plurality of individuals. Additional groups of characteristics of the individuals not used to organize the individuals in grid 1400 may be assigned to the profiles containing the individual. For example, an additional group of characteristics of individuals in a profile, including characteristics such as whether there is occurrence of hair loss and usage of fingernail multivitamin treatment, may be assigned to the profile containing the respective individual. If the individuals in a profile substantially exhibit the same characteristics in the additional group of characteristics, then a link may be made between the characteristics reflected in the referent of the profile and the additional group of characteristics. However, a link may also be made within the characteristics reflected in a referent of the profile by virtue of the fact that the generation of the profiles at step 406 uses binary encoded data reflecting characteristics to generate the profiles.

[0109] For example, if individuals in profile 1402 in FIG. 14 substantially exhibit hair loss and frequent usage of fingernail multivitamin treatment, then a link may be made indicating a subject individual exhibiting characteristics reflected in the referent of profile 1402 has likely exhibited in the past, is likely exhibiting at the present time, or will likely exhibit in the future, hair loss and frequent usage of fingernail multivitamin treatment.

[0110] Once the profile data set is generated it may be updated. Additional data from other individuals may be collected to train the referents in the profile data set. The additional data may be added to previous characteristic data and processed as described above to generate a new profile data set.

[0111] With reference to FIG. 1 and FIG. 4, the diagnostic method as illustrated in the flow chart of FIG. 1 may use a profile data set, for example to diagnose a subject individual. In such an example, at step 102 in FIG. 1, the accessed data about the plurality of groups of characteristics may include a first group of characteristics from a plurality of individuals. The first group may comprise gender, concern about hair loss, concern about white hair, concern about dandruff, smoking habit, concern about baldness, coarseness of hair, and color of hair characteristics. At step 106 in FIG. 1, the group of characteristics from the plurality of individuals may be used to organize the individuals into a profile data set. The plurality of individuals may be assigned to profiles in the profile data set based on their respective characteristics from the first group or other characteristics in the plurality of characteristics. The individuals may be assigned to profiles according to how close their characteristics match the characteristics reflected in the referent of each profile.

[0112] Further, the received information at step 104 in FIG. 1 may reflect the exhibition of the first group of characteristics of a subject individual. The received information may be binary encoded or already binary encoded. The profile with the referent matching closest to the binary encoded data may contain individuals displaying characteristics substantially similar to the subject individual. The profile may also contain additional characteristics (e.g., a second group of characteristics) not used to organize the individuals in the profile data set. Therefore, the subject individual may be diagnosed to have a predisposition to exhibit the additional characteristics of the individuals in the profile.

[0113] A third embodiment of the invention may include a dynamic surveying method. According to features and principles of the present invention, the method may include accessing data organized by an AI engine as illustrated at step 1502 in the flow chart of FIG. 15. Accessing may be performed using mechanisms as previously described. For example, the accessed data may include personal information such as information identifying characteristics and information for predicting evolution of the identified characteristics. Information for predicting the evolution of the identified characteristics may include links derived using the artificial intelligence as previously described. The accessed data may include a profile data set generated as previously described.

[0114] Consistent with the present invention, the dynamic surveying method may include accessing queries and presenting to a subject a subset of queries from the accessed queries, as illustrated at steps 1504 and 1506 in the flow chart of FIG. 15. The accessed queries may be stored in some form using any storage medium described above or generated. The queries may include questions that elicit one or more answers that may be used to process at least some of the data accessed in step 1502. For example, one or more answers to the queries may reflect whether a group of characteristics are exhibited by the individual. Additionally (or alternatively), the group of characteristics may be different from the one or more characteristics being diagnosed and may be linked with the characteristics being diagnosed. Presenting of the query subset to the subject may include direct or indirect actions. Direct actions of presenting may include displaying queries on a video screen, orally posing the queries to the subject, providing a printed document containing the queries, etc. Indirect actions may include preparing queries for subsequent actions directly presenting the queries, such as sending queries to a third party to pose the queries to the subject, converting queries into digital form for presenting over a network, etc.

[0115] Consistent with the present invention, the dynamic survey method may include selecting, for at least some of the queries presented, a next query as a function of the subject's answer to a previous query, as illustrated at step 1508 in the flow chart of FIG. 15. The selecting could be performed using an algorithm, an artificial intelligence engine, and/or any other techniques. Selecting may include determining queries that elicit answers reflecting whether the subject exhibits a first group of characteristics. The queries may be selected to present the fewest number of queries to the subject before providing at least one of a diagnostic, advice, and/or information to the subject. Alternatively (or additionally), the queries may be selected linearly or sequentially until the subject's answers to the selected queries supply enough information to provide at least one of a diagnostic, advice, and/or information to the subject. A next query in a series of queries may be selected based on the answer to a previous query.

[0116] For example, one embodiment of the present invention may involve accessing a profile data set, such as one illustrated in FIG. 13 or 14. The profile data set may be generated using information from a survey (or other mechanism), such as the exemplary survey illustrated in FIG. 2, as previously described. Queries used to determine which characteristics are exhibited by a subject may be accessed and presented to the subject. The answers to the queries may be used to determine which profile in the profile data set best describes or is most suitable to the subject. For example, the queries may ask the subject whether the subject is a man or a woman, whether the subject is concerned about hair loss, white hair, or dandruff, whether the subject smokes, whether the subject has certain degrees of oiliness of hair, etc. A profile in the profile data set that most closely resembles answers provided by the subject may be selected. Additional information (e.g., Body Mass Index (BMI), blood characteristics, etc.) in the selected profile and not provided in the answers of the subject may be presented to the subject (or to another entity, such as a practitioner) as a diagnosis. In addition (or in the alternative), certain embodiments of the method may involve generating advice and/or information based on the processing of the accessed data.

[0117] In selecting the profile that most closely resembles answers provided by the subject, portions of the profile data set may be narrowed (e.g., reduced, excluded, etc.) until a suitable profile remains for presenting to the subject. Prior to finding a suitable remaining profile, the queries may also be used to indicate whether the subject resembles at least some characteristics and/or aspects in a particular profile in the profile data set. The queries may be selected to efficiently exclude portions of the profile data set. For example, if half of the profiles in a profile data set have male gender for a gender characteristic and half have female gender, and if a third of the profiles have oily hair, a third have non-oily hair, and a third have very oily hair, then a query asking whether the subject has non-oily, oily, or very oily hair would narrow a portion of the profile data set more efficiently than a query asking whether the subject is male or female. More particularly, once a subject answers a query about oiliness of hair, two-thirds of the profiles in the profile data set may be excluded because those profiles do not apply to the subject. Whereas, once a subject answers a query about gender, the profile data set is merely reduced by one-half. According to such an example, one embodiment of the method includes presenting a query relating to oiliness of hair before considering presenting a query relating to gender.

[0118] As one of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate, various algorithms (e.g., tree-searching algorithms, shortest-path algorithms, network algorithms, etc.) for selecting queries to efficiently exclude profiles of a profile data set based on the answers from the subject and characteristics contained in the profiles may be used with the present invention. Further, besides algorithms, various artificial intelligence engines, as described above, may be used to select the queries to efficiently reduce the profile data set.

[0119] Alternatively, the queries may be selected sequentially through a sequence of queries about characteristics in the profiles. For example, a list of queries asking the subject about gender, concern about hair loss, concern about white hair, concern about dandruff, smoking habits, etc. may be presented to the subject sequentially or in a prescribed order regardless of how efficient the queries and answers are in narrowing portions of the profile data set. Once the subject answers enough queries to identify a profile in the profile data set that best matches the characteristics exhibited by the subject, then no additional queries may need to be presented to the subject.

[0120] As mentioned above, whether the queries are selected efficiently or inefficiently, according to an exemplary embodiment at least one next query selected and presented to the subject may be based on at least one answer to a previous query. For instance, in the previous example, a profile data set may contain an equal number of profiles with non-oily, oily, and very oily hair characteristics. However, all the profiles with the non-oily hair characteristic may contain the concerned about dry hair characteristic, all the profiles with the oily hair characteristic may contain the not concerned about dry hair characteristic, half the profiles with the very oily hair characteristic may contain the concerned about dry hair characteristic and the remaining half of the profiles with the very oily hair characteristic may contain the not concerned about dry hair characteristic.

[0121] If the subject's answer to a previous query about oiliness of hair is that the subject exhibits the non-oily hair characteristic, then a next query may not ask about the subject's concern about dry hair characteristic because the answer to such a query either won't further narrow the reduced profile data set containing the oily hair characteristic or will completely exclude all profiles in the reduced profile data set containing the oily hair characteristic. Instead, the next query may be selected to more effectively narrow portions of the reduced profile data set containing the non-oily hair characteristic. If the subject's answer to a previous query about oiliness of hair is that the subject has very oily hair, then the next query may ask the subject whether the subject is concerned about dry hair.

[0122] Features and principles of the present invention may be implemented in a system comprising a data processor (or data processors) and a storage medium (or storage media). The data processor and storage medium may be functionally coupled. The storage medium may contain instructions to be executed by the data processor for performing methods consistent with the present invention. Data processors may include desktops, mainframes, computers, application specific integrated circuits, electronic devices, mechanical devices, and/or any other mechanism for executing instructions. The storage medium may include any storage media as previously described.

[0123] For example, features and principles of the present invention may be implemented in system 1600 of FIG. 16. The system 1600 may comprise a computer kiosk 1602, a computer terminal 1604, a network 1606, a mainframe 1608, and a database 1610. A plurality of individuals may fill out a survey containing data about characteristics of the individuals at the computer kiosk 1602. The mainframe 1608 may access the data via the network 1606. A subject individual may send information via the network 1606, in response to a series of queries, reflecting that the subject exhibits some of the characteristics. The queries may be selected using the dynamic surveying method described above. The mainframe 1608 may receive the information and process the received information and accessed data to generate a diagnosis, advice, and/or any other information. The mainframe 1608 may be configured to generate a profile data set by accessing data, processing the accessed data to produce binary encoded data, processing the binary encoded data using an artificial intelligence engine to generate profiles, and assigning the characteristics to the profiles to generate the profile data set.

[0124] The computer kiosk 1602, computer terminal 1604, and mainframe 1608 may be any computing platform, including a stand-alone personal computer or networked computers. Alternatively, the system may be implemented in a single computer or a group of computers in a LAN or WAN.

[0125] As used herein, the words “may” and “may be” are to be interpreted in an open-ended, non-restrictive manner. At minimum, “may” and “may be” are to be interpreted as definitively including structure or acts recited.

[0126] Further, while flow charts presented herein illustrate a series of sequential blocks for exemplary purposes, the order of blocks is not critical to the invention in its broadest sense. Additionally, blocks may be omitted and others added without departing from the spirit of the invention. The invention may include combinations of features described in connection with differing embodiments.

[0127] For example, in the exemplary method, illustrated in flow chart 400 of FIG. 4, for generating a profile data set, step 408 may be removed. The profiles generated at step 406 may together form a profile data set. This profile data set may be used with a diagnostic method, dynamic surveying method, or other features and principles consistent with the present invention.

[0128] In another example, the profiles generated at step 406 may not include using a hierarchical clustering algorithm. The profiles, as illustrated in FIG. 13, generated before agglomeration by the hierarchical clustering algorithm may together form another profile data set. This profile data set may also be used with a diagnostic method, dynamic surveying method, or other features and principles consistent with the present invention.

[0129] In the foregoing description, various features are grouped together in various embodiments for purposes of streamlining the disclosure. This method of disclosure is not to be interpreted as reflecting an intention that the claimed invention requires more features than are expressly recited in each claim. Rather, as the following claims reflect, inventive aspects may lie in less than all features of a particular embodiment described above. Thus, the following claims are hereby incorporated into this description, with each claim standing on its own as a separate embodiment of the invention.

Claims

1. A method of generating a profile data set, comprising: accessing data, wherein the accessed data comprises qualitative data; and processing the accessed data using at least one of a dynamic cluster method and a k-means algorithm to generate profiles for the profile data set, wherein the at least one dynamic cluster method and k-means algorithm uses neighborhood data.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein processing uses the dynamic cluster method.

3. The method of claim 1, wherein processing uses the k-means algorithm.

4. The method of claim 1, wherein processing uses the dynamic cluster method and the k-means algorithm.

5. The method of claim 1, wherein processing uses a neural network.

6. The method of claim 5, wherein the neural network comprises a Kohonen map.

7. The method of claim 1, wherein processing the accessed data comprises generating binary encoded data representing modalities of the accessed data.

8. The method of claim 7, wherein the binary encoded data is generated from the accessed data using at least one of unconstrained binary encoding, additive binary encoding, and disjunctive binary encoding.

9. The method of claim 1, wherein the accessed data is in binary encoded form.

10. The method of claim 1, wherein the accessed data comprises a plurality of groups of characteristics.

11. The method of claim 10, wherein processing the accessed data comprises generating binary encoded data representing modalities of the characteristics.

12. The method of claim 1, wherein the neighborhood data is determined using at least one distance.

13. The method of claim 1, wherein at least some of the generated profiles each contain a referent.

14. The method of claim 13, wherein the neighborhood data comprises accessed data within at least one calculated distance of the referent.

15. The method of claim 13, wherein the accessed data is binary encoded into binary encoded data and wherein the neighborhood data comprises binary encoded data within at least one calculated distance of the referent.

16. The method of claim 1, wherein the neighborhood data comprises accessed data within at least one calculated distance of the profiles.

17. The method of claim 16, wherein the accessed data is binary encoded into binary encoded data and wherein the neighborhood data comprises binary encoded data within at least one calculated distance of the profiles.

18. The method of claim 1, wherein the dynamic cluster method comprises iteratively optimizing the profile data set with the accessed data.

19. The method of claim 18, wherein optimizing uses a center median.

20. The method of claim 18, wherein the profile data set is optimized when all the accessed data are assigned at each iteration.

21. The method of claim 1, wherein the accessed data is accessed over a network.

22. The method of claim 1, wherein the accessed data comprise at least one of physical, medical, physiological, biological, chemical, molecular, and beauty data.

23. A diagnostic method comprising: accessing data organized by an artificial intelligence engine, the data being about a plurality of groups of characteristics, wherein the data comprises at least one link between at least a first group of the plurality of groups and a second group of the plurality of groups; receiving information reflecting that a sample exhibits the first group of characteristics; and processing the received information and the accessed data, wherein the processing generates a diagnosis reflecting the sample's predisposition to exhibit the second group of characteristics.

24. The method of claim 23, wherein the artificial intelligence engine comprises a neural network.

25. The method of claim 24, wherein the neural network comprises a Kohonen map.

26. The method of claim 24, wherein the neural network comprises a neural clustering algorithm.

27. The method of claim 26, wherein the neural clustering algorithm is chosen from a dynamic cluster method, a k-means clustering algorithm, and a hierarchical clustering algorithm.

28. The method of claim 27, wherein the neural clustering algorithm comprises the dynamic cluster method.

29. The method of claim 28, wherein the neural clustering algorithm uses neighborhood data.

30. The method of claim 27, wherein the neural clustering algorithm is the k-means clustering algorithm.

31. The method of claim 30, wherein the neural clustering algorithm uses neighborhood data.

32. The method of claim 26, wherein the neural clustering algorithm uses neighborhood data.

33. The method of claim 23, wherein at least one of the first group and the second group comprises only a single characteristic.

34. The method of claim 23, wherein the diagnosis reflects at least one second group characteristic already exhibited by the sample.

35. The method of claim 23, wherein the received information comprises qualitative information.

36. The method of claim 35, further comprising binary encoding the qualitative information

37. The method of claim 36, wherein the artificial intelligence engine performs the binary encoding.

38. The method of claim 37, wherein the artificial intelligence engine comprises a neural network.

39. The method of claim 36, wherein the binary encoding comprises at least one of unconstrained binary encoding, additive binary encoding, and disjunctive binary encoding.

40. The method of claim 36, wherein the accessed data comprises binary encoded data, and wherein the processing comprises selecting a portion of the binary encoded accessed data most closely resembling the binary encoded qualitative information.

41. The method of claim 23, wherein the received information is in binary encoded form.

42. The method of claim 41, wherein the accessed data comprises binary encoded data, and wherein the processing comprises selecting a portion of the binary encoded accessed data most closely resembling the binary encoded received information.

43. The method of claim 23, further comprising binary encoding the received information.

44. The method of claim 43, wherein the artificial intelligence engine performs the binary encoding.

45. The method of claim 44, wherein the artificial intelligence engine comprises a neural network.

46. The method of claim 43, wherein the binary encoding comprises at least one of unconstrained binary encoding, additive binary encoding, and disjunctive binary encoding.

47. The method of claim 43, wherein the accessed data comprises binary encoded data, and wherein the processing comprises selecting a portion of the binary encoded accessed data most closely resembling the binary encoded received information.

48. The method of claim 23, wherein the accessed data comprises qualitative data.

49. The method of claim 48, wherein the qualitative data is binary encoded qualitative data.

50. The method of claim 49, wherein the binary encoded qualitative data has been binary encoded by the artificial intelligence engine.

51. The method of claim 49, wherein the binary encoded qualitative data is binary encoded using at least one of unconstrained binary encoding, additive binary encoding, and disjunctive binary encoding.

52. The method of claim 23, wherein the accessed data comprises binary encoded data.

53. The method of claim 52, wherein the binary encoded accessed data has been binary encoded by the artificial intelligence engine.

54. The method of claim 53, wherein the binary encoded accessed data is binary encoded using at least one of unconstrained binary encoding, additive binary encoding, and disjunctive binary encoding.

55. The method of claim 23, wherein the artificial intelligence engine comprises a neural network, and wherein the accessed data comprises binary encoded data organized by the neural network using a neural clustering algorithm.

56. The method of claim 55, wherein the accessed data is in the form of a profile data set representative of the plurality of groups.

57. The method of claim 55, wherein the neural clustering algorithm is chosen from a dynamic cluster method, a k-means clustering algorithm, and a hierarchical clustering algorithm.

58. The method of claim 57, wherein the neural clustering algorithm is a dynamic cluster method.

59. The method of claim 58, wherein the neural clustering algorithm uses neighborhood data.

60. The method of claim 57, wherein the neural clustering algorithm is a k-means clustering algorithm.

61. The method of claim 60, wherein the neural clustering algorithm uses neighborhood data.

62. The method of claim 55, wherein the neural clustering algorithm uses neighborhood data.

63. The method of claim 56, wherein the processing comprises comparing the received information with the profile data set.

64. The method of claim 24, wherein the at least one link is generated, from the plurality of groups of characteristics, using the neural network.

65. The method of claim 23, wherein the characteristics comprise at least one of physical, medical, physiological, biological, chemical, molecular, and beauty characteristics.

66. The method of claim 23, wherein the diagnosis is a prediction that the sample is likely to exhibit the second group of characteristics.

67. The method of claim 23, wherein the diagnosis is a prediction that the sample is unlikely to exhibit the second group of characteristics.

68. The method of claim 24, further comprising updating the accessed data.

69. The method of claim 68, further comprising training the neural network with the updated data.

70. The method of claim 23, wherein the plurality of groups of characteristics are exhibited by a plurality of respective individuals and the sample is a subject individual.

71. The method of claim 70, wherein the subject knows the first group of characteristics is exhibited by the subject and the subject's exhibition of the second group of characteristics is unknown to the subject.

72. The method of claim 70, wherein the plurality of groups of characteristics comprise hair and blood characteristics.

73. The method of claim 72, wherein the received information comprises information relating to at least one hair characteristic of the subject and wherein the diagnosis comprises information reflecting the subject's predisposition to exhibit at least one blood characteristic.

74. The method of claim 70, further comprising providing, based on the diagnosis, at least one of beauty advice, health advice, and medical advice.

75. The method of claim 70, further comprising informing the subject about at least one product for use by the subject.

76. The method of claim 75, wherein the product is chosen from beauty products, health products, and medical products.

77. The method of claim 75, offering the at least one product for sale to the subject.

78. The method of claim 75, wherein the diagnosis reflects the subject's predisposition to exhibit a condition, and wherein the at least one product comprises a product for treating the condition.

79. The method of claim 78, wherein the condition is chosen from cosmetic conditions, health conditions, and medical conditions.

80. The method of claim 70, further comprising accessing a plurality of queries, and presenting to the subject a subset of queries from the accessed queries, wherein for at least some of the queries presented, the method further comprises selecting a next query as a function of at least one answer to a previous query.

81. The method of claim 80, wherein the receiving information comprises receiving at least one answer to the queries presented.

82. The method of claim 80, wherein at least one of the queries prompts the subject to indicate whether at least some aspects of an initial profile resemble at least some aspects of the subject.

83. The method of claim 70, wherein the method further comprises presenting at least one query to the subject and wherein the receiving information comprises receiving at least one answer from the subject.

84. The method of claim 70, further comprising informing the subject about the diagnosis.

85. The method of claim 23, wherein the plurality of the groups of characteristics are exhibited by a plurality of respective chemicals and the sample is a subject chemical.

86. The method of claim 23, wherein the plurality of groups of characteristics are exhibited by a plurality of respective molecules and wherein the diagnosis reflects the likelihood of at least one of the molecules being one of present in the sample and not present in the sample.

87. The method of claim 23, wherein at least one of accessing data about the plurality of groups of characteristics and receiving information reflecting that the sample exhibits the first group of characteristics is performed over a network.

88. The method of claim 23, wherein the artificial intelligence engine comprises at least one of a neural network, constraint program, fuzzy logic program, classification program, and logic program.

89. A dynamic survey method, comprising: accessing data organized by an artificial intelligence engine; accessing queries; and presenting to a subject a subset of queries from the accessed queries, wherein, for at least some of the queries presented, the method further comprises selecting a next query as a function of at least one answer to a previous query.

90. The method of claim 89, wherein the artificial intelligence engine is at least one of a neural network, constraint program, fuzzy logic program, classification program, and logic program.

91. The method of claim 89, wherein the accessed data comprises information identifying characteristics and information for predicting evolution of the characteristics.

92. The method of claim 89, wherein the accessed data comprises a profile data set.

93. The method of claim 92, wherein at least one member in the profile data set is excluded based on the at least one answer to the previous query and the next query is selected to exclude at least one additional member in the profile data set.

94. The method of claim 93, wherein at least one member remaining in the profile data set is used to provide a diagnostic of the subject.

95. The method of claim 93, wherein at least one member remaining in the profile data set is used to provide advice to the subject.

96. The method of claim 93, wherein at least one member remaining in the profile data set is used to provide information to the subject.

97. The method of claim 89, wherein the next query is selected sequentially through a sequence of queries.

98. The method of claim 92, wherein the next query is selected to narrow a portion of the profile data set.

99. The method of claim 98, wherein the next query is selected to present the fewest number of queries to the subject before using at least one member remaining in the profile data set to provide at least one of a diagnostic, advice, and information to the subject.

100. The method of claim 92, wherein during organization of the accessed data by the artificial intelligence engine, the artificial intelligence engine produces data representing modalities of characteristics in the accessed data.

101. The method of claim 100, wherein the data representing modalities of the characteristics is binary data.

102. The method of claim 101, wherein the data representing modalities is produced by the artificial intelligence engine using at least one of an unconstrained binary coding, additive binary coding, and disjunctive binary coding.

103. The method of claim 92, wherein during organization of the accessed data by the artificial intelligence engine, the artificial intelligence engine uses neighborhood data.

104. The method of claim 92, wherein the artificial intelligence engine uses at least one of a dynamic cluster method, k-means algorithm, and hierarchical clustering algorithm.

105. The method of claim 104, wherein the artificial intelligence engine uses neighborhood data.

106. The method of claim 91, wherein during organization of the accessed data by the artificial intelligence engine, the artificial intelligence engine produces data representing modalities of characteristics in the accessed data.

107. The method of claim 106, wherein the data representing modalities of the characteristics is binary data.

108. The method of claim 106, wherein the data representing modalities is produced by the artificial intelligence engine using at least one of an unconstrained binary coding, additive binary coding, and disjunctive binary coding.

109. The method of claim 89, wherein at least one of accessing the data, accessing the queries, and presenting the subset to the subject is performed over a network.

110. The method of claim 89, wherein the accessed data is organized using neighborhood data.

111. The method of claim 89, wherein the accessed data is organized using at least one of a dynamic cluster method, k-means algorithm, and hierarchical clustering algorithm.

112. The method of claim 111, wherein the accessed data is organized using neighborhood data.

113. The method of claim 89, wherein the next query is selected sequentially.

114. The method of claim 113, wherein at least one answer to at least one query is used to narrow a portion of the accessed data, and wherein the next query is selected sequentially and presented to the subject such that at least a portion of remaining accessed data is used to provide at least one of a diagnostic, advice, and information to the subject.

115. The method of claim 89, wherein the next query is selected to narrow a portion of the accessed data.

116. The method of claim 115, wherein the next query is selected to present the fewest number of queries to the subject before using at least one member remaining in the profile data set to provide at least one of a diagnostic, advice, and information to the subject.

117. The method of claim 89, wherein at least one of the queries is selected using an additional artificial intelligence engine.

118. The method of claim 89, wherein at least one of the queries is selected using the artificial intelligence engine.

119. The method of claim 89, wherein at least one answer to at least some of the queries are used to process at least some of the accessed data.

120. A method of generating a profile data set, the method comprising: accessing data about a plurality of groups of characteristics; processing the accessed data, using an artificial intelligence engine, to generate binary encoded data representing modalities of the characteristics; processing the binary encoded data, using the artificial intelligence engine, to generate profiles for the profile data set; and assigning at least some of at least one of the plurality of groups, the accessed data, and the binary encoded data, using the artificial intelligence engine, to the profiles to generate the profile data set.

121. The method of claim 120, further comprising, calculating at least one distance between the binary encoded data and referents of the profiles.

122. The method of claim 121, wherein the at least one distance is calculated using at least one of a Hamming distance and Euclidean distance.

123. The method of claim 120, wherein at least one distance between the binary encoded data and referents of the profiles is used to assign binary encoded data to the profiles.

124. The method of claim 123, wherein the at least one distance is calculated using at least one of a Hamming distance and Euclidean distance.

125. The method of claim 121, wherein the referents of the profiles are generated using a center median.

126. The method of claim 120, wherein assigning the plurality of groups is based on at least one distance between the binary encoded data.

127. The method of claim 120, wherein at least one profile comprises a referent.

128. The method of claim 127, wherein the referent is generated using neighborhood data.

129. The method of claim 127, wherein the referent is generated using a center median.

130. The method of claim 120, wherein initial profiles of the profile data set are randomly generated.

131. The method of claim 120, wherein initial profiles of the profile data set are pseudo-randomly generated.

132. The method of claim 120, wherein initial profiles of the profile data set are generated using a prescribed deterministic method.

133. The method of claim 120, wherein the artificial intelligence engine comprises a neural network.

134. The method of claim 133, wherein processing the accessed data comprises encoding the accessed data using at least one of an unconstrained binary code, additive binary code, and disjunctive binary code.

135. The method of claim 133, wherein the neural network uses a clustering algorithm.

136. The method of claim 135, wherein the clustering algorithm is at least one of a dynamic cluster method, a binary k-means clustering algorithm, and a hierarchical clustering algorithm.

137. The method of claim 136, wherein the clustering algorithm comprises the dynamic cluster method, and wherein the dynamic cluster method comprises iteratively optimizing the profile data set with the characteristics of the plurality of groups.

138. The method of claim 137, wherein optimizing uses a center median.

139. The method of claim 137, wherein the profile data set is optimized when all the plurality of groups are assigned at each iteration.

140. The method of claim 136, wherein the clustering algorithm comprises the binary k-means clustering algorithm, and wherein the binary k-means clustering algorithm comprises iteratively optimizing the profile data set with the characteristics of the plurality of groups.

141. The method of claim 140, wherein optimizing uses a center median.

142. The method of claim 140, wherein the profile data set is optimized when at least one of the plurality of groups is assigned at each iteration.

143. The method of claim 142, wherein said at least one of the plurality of groups is randomly selected for assignment at each iteration.

144. The method of claim 142, wherein said at least one of the plurality of groups is pseudo-randomly selected for assignment at each iteration.

145. The method of claim 133, wherein the profile data set is generated to minimize a cost function reflecting a degree the profile data set represents the plurality of groups.

146. The method of claim 120, wherein the accessed data comprises qualitative data.

147. The method of claim 120, wherein the binary encoded data comprises binary encoded qualitative data.

148. The method of claim 120, wherein the data about a plurality of groups is accessed over a network.

149. The method of claim 120, further comprising storing the profile data set in a storage medium.

150. A diagnostic method comprising: accessing a plurality of queries; presenting to a subject a subset of queries from the accessed queries; receiving information reflecting at least one answer to each presented query, wherein, for at least some of the queries presented, the method further comprises selecting a next query as a function of the at least one answer to a previous query; accessing data about a plurality of groups of characteristics exhibited by a plurality of individuals, wherein the data comprises at least one link between at least a first group of the plurality of groups and a second group of the plurality of groups, and wherein at least one query answer of the subject reflects that the subject exhibits the first group of characteristics; and processing the received information and the accessed data, wherein the processing generates a diagnosis reflecting the subject's predisposition to exhibit the second group of characteristics.

151. The method of claim 150, wherein the accessed data comprises data organized by an artificial intelligence engine.

152. The method of claim 151, wherein the artificial intelligence engine comprises a neural network.

153. The method of claim 152, wherein the neural network comprises a Kohonen map.

154. The method of claim 152, wherein the neural network comprises a neural clustering algorithm.

155. The method of claim 154, wherein the neural clustering algorithm is chosen from a dynamic cluster method, a k-means clustering algorithm, and a hierarchical clustering algorithm.

156. The method of claim 155, wherein the neural clustering algorithm comprises the dynamic cluster method.

157. The method of claim 155, wherein the neural clustering algorithm uses neighborhood data.

158. The method of claim 150, wherein at least one of the first group and the second group comprises only a single characteristic.

159. The method of claim 150, wherein the received information comprises qualitative information.

160. The method of claim 150, further comprising binary encoding the received information.

161. The method of claim 160, wherein the binary encoding comprises at least one of unconstrained binary encoding, additive binary encoding, and disjunctive binary encoding.

162. The method of claim 160, wherein the accessed data comprises binary encoded data, and wherein the processing comprises selecting a portion of the binary encoded accessed data most closely resembling the binary encoded received information.

163. The method of claim 150, wherein the received information is in binary encoded form.

164. The method of claim 163, wherein the accessed data comprises binary encoded data, and wherein the processing comprises selecting a portion of the binary encoded accessed data most closely resembling the binary encoded received information.

165. The method of claim 150, wherein the diagnosis is a prediction that the subject is likely to exhibit the second group of characteristics.

166. The method of claim 150, wherein the diagnosis is a prediction that the subject is unlikely to exhibit the second group of characteristics.

167. The method of claim 150, wherein the plurality of groups of characteristics comprise hair and blood characteristics.

168. The method of claim 150, wherein the received information comprises information relating to at least one hair characteristic of the subject and wherein the diagnosis comprises information reflecting the subject's predisposition to exhibit at least one blood characteristic.

169. The method of claim 150, further comprising providing, based on the diagnosis, at least one of beauty advice, health advice, and medical advice.

170. The method of claim 150, further comprising informing the subject about at least one product for use by the subject.

171. The method of claim 170, wherein the product is chosen from beauty products, health products, and medical products.

172. The method of claim 170, offering the at least one product for sale to the subject.

173. The method of claim 170, wherein the diagnosis reflects the subject's predisposition to exhibit a condition, and wherein the at least one product comprises a product for treating the condition.

174. The method of claim 173, wherein the condition is chosen from cosmetic conditions, health conditions, and medical conditions.

175. The method of claim 150, wherein at least one of the queries prompts the subject to indicate whether at least some aspects of an initial profile resemble at least some aspects of the subject.

176. The method of claim 150, further comprising informing the subject about the diagnosis.

177. The method of claim 150, wherein at least one of accessing queries, receiving information, and accessing data is performed over a network.

178. A method of generating advice, the method comprising: accessing data organized by an artificial intelligence engine, the data being about a plurality of groups of characteristics, wherein the data comprises at least one link between at least a first group of the plurality of groups and a second group of the plurality of groups; receiving information reflecting that a subject exhibits the first group of characteristics; and processing the received information and the accessed data, wherein the processing generates advice related to the subject's predisposition to exhibit the second group of characteristics.

179. The method of claim 178, wherein the artificial intelligence engine comprises a neural network.

180. The method of claim 179, wherein the neural network comprises a Kohonen map.

181. The method of claim 179, wherein the neural network comprises a neural clustering algorithm.

182. The method of claim 181, wherein the neural clustering algorithm is chosen from a dynamic cluster method, a k-means clustering algorithm, and a hierarchical clustering algorithm.

183. The method of claim 181, wherein the neural clustering algorithm comprises the dynamic cluster method.

184. The method of claim 183, wherein the neural clustering algorithm uses neighborhood data.

185. The method of claim 181, wherein the neural clustering algorithm uses neighborhood data.

186. The method of claim 178, wherein at least one of the first group and the second group comprises only a single characteristic.

187. The method of claim 178, wherein the received information comprises qualitative information.

188. The method of claim 178, further comprising binary encoding the received information.

189. The method of claim 188, wherein the binary encoding comprises at least one of unconstrained binary encoding, additive binary encoding, and disjunctive binary encoding.

190. The method of claim 188, wherein the accessed data comprises binary encoded data, and wherein the processing comprises selecting a portion of the binary encoded accessed data most closely resembling the binary encoded received information.

191. The method of claim 178, wherein the received information is in binary encoded form.

192. The method of claim 191, wherein the accessed data comprises binary encoded data, and wherein the processing comprises selecting a portion of the binary encoded accessed data most closely resembling the binary encoded received information.

193. The method of claim 178, wherein the accessed data comprises qualitative data.

194. The method of claim 178, wherein the accessed data comprises binary encoded data.

195. The method of claim 194, wherein the binary encoded data has been binary encoded by the artificial intelligence engine.

196. The method of claim 194, wherein the binary encoded data is binary encoded using at least one of unconstrained binary encoding, additive binary encoding, and disjunctive binary encoding.

197. The method of claim 178, wherein the artificial intelligence engine comprises a neural network, and wherein the accessed data comprises binary encoded data organized by the neural network using a neural clustering algorithm.

198. The method of claim 197, wherein the accessed data is in the form of a profile data set representative of the plurality of groups.

199. The method of claim 197, wherein the neural clustering algorithm is chosen from a dynamic cluster method, a k-means clustering algorithm, and a hierarchical clustering algorithm.

200. The method of claim 197, wherein the neural clustering algorithm uses neighborhood data.

201. The method of claim 178, wherein the characteristics comprise at least one of physical, medical, physiological, biological, chemical, molecular, and beauty characteristics.

202. The method of claim 178, wherein the advice is related to the subject being likely to exhibit the second group of characteristics.

203. The method of claim 178, wherein the advice is related to the subject being unlikely to exhibit the second group of characteristics.

204. The method of claim 178, wherein the plurality of groups of characteristics are exhibited by a plurality of respective individuals.

205. The method of claim 178, wherein the plurality of groups of characteristics comprise hair and blood characteristics.

206. The method of claim 205, wherein the received information comprises information relating to at least one hair characteristic of the subject and wherein the advice is related to the subject's predisposition to exhibit at least one blood characteristic.

207. The method of claim 178, wherein the advice comprises at least one of beauty advice, health advice, and medical advice.

208. The method of claim 178, further comprising informing the subject about the advice.

209. The method of claim 178, wherein the advice comprises information about at least one product.

210. The method of claim 209, wherein the product is chosen from beauty products, health products, and medical products.

211. The method of claim 209, offering the at least one product for sale to the subject.

212. The method of claim 209, wherein the processing comprises determining that the subject has a predisposition to exhibit a condition, and wherein the at least one product comprises a product for treating the condition.

213. The method of claim 212, wherein the condition is chosen from cosmetic conditions, health conditions, and medical conditions.

214. The method of claim 178, further comprising accessing a plurality of queries, and presenting to the subject a subset of queries from the accessed queries, wherein for at least some of the queries presented, the method further comprises selecting a next query as a function of the subject's answer to a previous query.

215. The method of claim 214, wherein the receiving information comprises receiving at least one answer to the queries presented.

216. The method of claim 214, wherein at least one of the queries prompts the subject to indicate whether at least some aspects of an initial profile resemble at least some aspects of the subject.

217. The method of claim 178, wherein the method further comprises presenting at least one query to the subject and wherein the receiving information comprises receiving at least one answer from the subject.

218. The method of claim 178, wherein at least one of accessing data and receiving information is performed over a network.

219. The method of claim 178, wherein the advice comprises a recommendation that the subject consult with a practitioner.

220. The method of claim 219, wherein practitioner comprises at least one of a health care provider, a beauty consultant, a beauty care provider, a dietician, and a medical care provider.

221. The method of claim 178, wherein the artificial intelligence engine comprises at least one of a neural network, constraint program, fuzzy logic program, classification program, and logic program.

222. A method of generating information related to at least one blood characteristic, the method comprising: accessing data comprising blood characteristic data and hair characteristic data for a plurality of respective individuals; receiving information reflecting at least one hair characteristic of a subject; and processing the received information and the accessed data, wherein the processing generates information related to the subject's predisposition to exhibit at least one blood characteristic.

223. The method of claim 222, wherein the accessed data is data organized by a neural network.

224. The method of claim 223, wherein the neural network comprises a Kohonen map.

225. The method of claim 223, wherein the neural network comprises a neural clustering algorithm.

226. The method of claim 225, wherein the neural clustering algorithm is chosen from a dynamic cluster method, a k-means clustering algorithm, and a hierarchical clustering algorithm.

227. The method of claim 225, wherein the neural clustering algorithm uses neighborhood data.

228. The method of claim 223, wherein the received information comprises qualitative information.

229. The method of claim 223, wherein the accessed data comprises qualitative data.

230. The method of claim 222, wherein the accessed data is in the form of a profile data set.

231. The method of claim 222, wherein the processing generates advice.

232. The method of claim 231, wherein the advice is related to the subject being likely to exhibit the at least one blood characteristic.

233. The method of claim 231, wherein the advice is related to the subject being unlikely to exhibit the at least one blood characteristics.

234. The method of claim 231, wherein the advice comprises at least one of beauty advice, health advice, and medical advice.

235. The method of claim 231, further comprising informing the subject about the advice.

236. The method of claim 231, wherein the advice comprises advice about at least one product.

237. The method of claim 236, wherein the product is chosen from beauty products, health products, and medical products.

238. The method of claim 236, offering the at least one product for sale to the subject.

239. The method of claim 236, wherein the processing comprises determining that the subject has a predisposition to exhibit a condition, and wherein the at least one product comprises a product for treating the condition.

240. The method of claim 239, wherein the condition is chosen from cosmetic conditions, health conditions, and medical conditions.

241. The method of claim 222, wherein the information generated by the processing comprises at least one of cosmetic information, health information, and medical information.

242. The method of claim 222, further comprising accessing a plurality of queries, and presenting to the subject a subset of queries from the accessed queries, wherein for at least some of the queries presented, the method further comprises selecting a next query as a function of at least one answer to a previous query.

243. The method of claim 242, wherein the receiving information comprises receiving the at least one answer to the queries presented.

244. The method of claim 242, wherein at least one of the queries prompts the subject to indicate whether at least some aspects of an initial profile resemble at least some aspects of the subject.

245. The method of claim 222, wherein the method further comprises presenting at least one query to the subject and wherein the receiving information comprises receiving at least one answer from the subject.

246. The method of claim 222, wherein at least one of accessing data and receiving information is performed over a network.

247. The method of claim 222, wherein the information comprises a recommendation that the subject consult with a practitioner.

248. The method of claim 247, wherein practitioner comprises at least one of a health care provider, a beauty consultant, a beauty care provider, a dietician, and a medical care provider.

249. The method of claim 222, wherein the accessed data is data organized by an artificial intelligence engine.

250. The method of claim 249, wherein the artificial intelligence engine comprises at least one of a neural network, constraint program, fuzzy logic program, classification program, and logic program.

251. A system, comprising: a data processor; and a storage medium functionally coupled to the data processor, wherein the storage medium contains instructions to be executed by the data processor for performing the method of claim 1.

252. A system, comprising: a data processor; and a storage medium functionally coupled to the data processor, wherein the storage medium contains instructions to be executed by the data processor for performing the method of claim 23.

253. A system, comprising: a data processor; and a storage medium functionally coupled to the data processor, wherein the storage medium contains instructions to be executed by the data processor for performing the method of claim 89.

254. A system, comprising: a data processor; and a storage medium functionally coupled to the data processor, wherein the storage medium contains instructions to be executed by the data processor for performing the method of claim 120.

255. A system, comprising: a data processor; and a storage medium functionally coupled to the data processor, wherein the storage medium contains instructions to be executed by the data processor for performing the method of claim 150.

256. A system, comprising: a data processor; and a storage medium functionally coupled to the data processor, wherein the storage medium contains instructions to be executed by the data processor for performing the method of claim 178.

257. A system, comprising: a data processor; and a storage medium functionally coupled to the data processor, wherein the storage medium contains instructions to be executed by the data processor for performing the method of claim 222.

258. A computer program product, comprising a computer-readable medium, wherein the computer-readable medium contains instructions for executing the method of claim 1.

259. A computer program product, comprising a computer-readable medium, wherein the computer-readable medium contains instructions for executing the method of claim 23.

260. A computer program product, comprising a computer-readable medium, wherein the computer-readable medium contains instructions for executing the method of claim 89.

261. A computer program product, comprising a computer-readable medium, wherein the computer-readable medium contains instructions for executing the method of claim 120.

262. A computer program product, comprising a computer-readable medium, wherein the computer-readable medium contains instructions for executing the method of claim 150.

263. A computer program product, comprising a computer-readable medium, wherein the computer-readable medium contains instructions for executing the method of claim 178.

264. A computer program product, comprising a computer-readable medium, wherein the computer-readable medium contains instructions for executing the method of claim 222.