Patent Application
20220307119
The present disclosure relates to methods of cold forming aluminum lithium alloys and unrecrystallized products made therefrom.
Aluminum-lithium alloys are known to be produced as wrought products by hot working, followed by solution heat treatment and natural or artificial aging. Forming such aluminum-lithium products into final product forms (e.g., aerospace components) without disrupting the microstructure is problematic.
Broadly, the present patent application relates to methods of producing cold formed, unrecrystallized, extruded aluminum-lithium alloy products. The new methods disclosed herein may facilitate, for instance, production of products having improved cold formed properties, such as by facilitating retention of and/or production of extruded aluminum lithium alloy product having a predominately unrecrystallized microstructure in areas of high strain. The new methods may also facilitate more efficient production of such products, such as by facilitating a restricted number of cold forming operations and/or thermal treatment operations. Accordingly, more cost-effective products may be produced, and such products may realize improved properties.
One embodiment of a method for producing cold formed, unrecrystallized, extruded aluminum-lithium alloy products is illustrated in
i. Unrecrystallized Extruded Aluminum-Lithium Products
Referring now to
The unrecrystallized extruded aluminum-lithium product may be made from any suitable aluminum alloy having lithium. In one embodiment, an aluminum-lithium alloy comprises from 0.2 to 5.0 wt. % Li (120). In one embodiment, the aluminum-lithium alloy is one of a 2xxx, 5xxx, 7xxx, or 8xxx aluminum alloy having lithium (130). Definitions of 2xxx, 5xxx, 7xxx, and 8xxx aluminum alloy products are per the document “International Alloy Designations and Chemical Composition Limits for Wrought Aluminum and Wrought Aluminum Alloys,” January 2015, published by the Aluminum Association, a.k.a. “the Teal Sheets.” In one embodiment, the aluminum-lithium alloy is a 2xxx-Li alloy, i.e., a 2xxx aluminum alloy having lithium. In another embodiment, the aluminum-lithium alloy is a 5xxx-Li alloy, i.e., a 5xxx aluminum alloy having lithium. In another embodiment, the aluminum-lithium alloy is a 8xxx-Li alloy, i.e., a 8xxx aluminum alloy having lithium.
In one embodiment, the unrecrystallized extruded aluminum-lithium product is a 2xxx-Li product. In one embodiment, a 2xxx-Li product comprises from 2.0-5.0 wt. % Cu, 0.2-2.0 wt. % Li, up to 1.5 wt. % Mg, up to 1.0 wt. % Ag, up to 1.0 wt. % Mn, up to 1.5 wt. % Zn, up to 0.25 wt. % each of Zr, Ti, Sc, and Hf, the balance being aluminum, optional incidental elements, and impurities. In one embodiment, a 2xxx-Li product is a 2×55-style aluminum alloy product having 3.2-4.2 wt. % Cu, 0.10-0.50 wt. % Mn, 0.20-0.6 wt. % Mg, 0.30-0.7 wt. % Zn, 0.20-0.7 wt. % Ag, 1.0-1.3 wt. % Li, 0.05-0.15 wt. % Zr, up to 0.10 wt. % Ti, up to 0.10 wt. % Fe, and up to 0.07 wt. % Si, the balance being aluminum, optional incidental elements, and impurities.
ii. Heating Step
Referring now to
To reach the treatment temperature, the product heat-up rate should be suitably high. The product heat-up rate is the amount of time it takes the product (as a whole) to be within 10° F. of the treatment temperature. Thermocouples may be used to determine when a product has reached the treatment temperature. For instance, if it takes 43 minutes for a product (as a whole) to go from a temperature of 75° F. to a treatment temperature of 925° F., the heat-up rate would be 19.76° F. per minute ((925° F.-75° F.)/43 minutes=19.76° F. per minute).
In one embodiment, the heat-up rate is at least 1° F. per minute (150). In another embodiment, the heat-up rate is at least 3° F. per minute. In yet another embodiment, the heat-up rate is at least 5° F. per minute. In another embodiment, the heat-up rate is at least 8° F. per minute. In yet another embodiment, the heat-up rate is at least 10° F. per minute. In another embodiment, the heat-up rate is at least 15° F. per minute. In yet another embodiment, the heat-up rate is at least 20° F. per minute. In another embodiment, the heat-up rate is at least 25° F. per minute. In yet another embodiment, the heat-up rate is at least 35° F. per minute. In another embodiment, the heat-up rate is at least 45° F. per minute. In yet another embodiment, the heat-up rate is at least 55° F. per minute. In another embodiment, the heat-up rate is at least 65° F. per minute. In yet another embodiment, the heat-up rate is at least 75° F. per minute. In another embodiment, the heat-up rate is at least 85° F. per minute. In one embodiment, the heat-up rate is not greater than 100° F. per minute (155).
Once the product has reached the treatment temperature, it may be held at the treatment temperature for any suitable amount of time. In one embodiment, the product is held for a time sufficient to dissolve at least some precipitate phase particles. In another embodiment, the product is held for a time sufficient to dissolve a majority of, or nearly all, precipitate phase particles. Non-limiting examples of precipitate phase particles that may be dissolved in the aluminum-lithium alloy product include Al2CuLi (T1), Al3Li (delta prime), Al2Cu (theta prime), AlLi (delta), Al2CuMg (S prime) and Al2Cu (omega), among others. In one embodiment, the holding time at the treatment temperature is at least 5 minutes. In another embodiment, the holding time is at least 30 minutes. In one embodiment, the holding time is not greater than 10 hours. In another embodiment, the holding time is not greater than 5 hours. In another embodiment, the holding time is not greater than 3 hours. In another embodiment, the holding time is not greater than 2 hours. In one particular embodiment, the holding time is about 1 hour. Thus, the heating step (100) may comprises holding the unrecrystallized extruded aluminum-lithium product at the treatment temperature for a period of time sufficient to dissolve a predominate amount of precipitate phase particles but without recrystallizing the unrecrystallized extruded aluminum-lithium product.
Referring now to
iii. Cooling Step
Referring now to
As noted above, in one embodiment, the cooling rate from the treatment temperature to the post-treatment temperature is not greater than 500° F./minute. For instance, if a material was cooled from a treatment temperature of 965° F. to a post-treatment temperature of 75° F. in 118 minutes, the cooling rate would be 7.5° F. per minute. In one embodiment, the cooling rate is not greater than 400° F. per minute. In another embodiment, the cooling rate is not greater than 300° F. per minute. In yet another embodiment, the cooling rate is not greater than 200° F. per minute. In another embodiment, the cooling rate is not greater than 100° F. per minute. In yet another embodiment, the cooling rate is not greater than 50° F. per minute, or less.
The cooling rate should also be sufficiently fast to restrict production of large precipitate phase particles. Thus, in one embodiment, the cooling rate is at least 1° F. per minute. Accordingly, one acceptable cooling rate range may be a cooling rate of from at least 1° F. per minute to not greater than 500° F. per minute (210). In one embodiment, the cooling rate is at least 5° F. per minute. In another embodiment, the cooling rate is at least 10° F. per minute.
In one embodiment, the cooling step (200) comprises air cooling (215). In one embodiment, the air cooling (215) comprises removing the product from a furnace (or other heating apparatus) and allowing the product to naturally cool to room temperature. In another embodiment, the air cooling comprises forced air cooling, wherein the product is removed from a furnace (or other heating apparatus) and air (or another gas) is forced around the outer surface of the product, facilitating convective cooling.
After conclusion of the cooling step (200), the unrecrystallized extruded aluminum-lithium product may wholly or partially maintain its unrecrystallized microstructure (220) and due to, at least in part, use of the processing conditions described herein. Generally, after conclusion of the cooling step (200), the unrecrystallized extruded aluminum-lithium product is predominately unrecrystallized. In one embodiment, after conclusion of the cooling step (200), the unrecrystallized extruded aluminum-lithium product is at least 60% unrecrystallized. In another embodiment, after conclusion of the cooling step (200), the unrecrystallized extruded aluminum-lithium product is at least 70% unrecrystallized. In yet another embodiment, after conclusion of the cooling step (200), the unrecrystallized extruded aluminum-lithium product is at least 80% unrecrystallized. In another embodiment, after conclusion of the cooling step (200), the unrecrystallized extruded aluminum-lithium product is at least 90% unrecrystallized. In yet another embodiment, after conclusion of the cooling step (200), the unrecrystallized extruded aluminum-lithium product is at least 95% unrecrystallized, or more.
Referring now to
iv. Cold Forming Step
Referring now to
In one embodiment, a non-final cold forming step induces 3-20% strain in at least portions of the product (310). Higher strain amounts may facilitate fewer cold forming cycles. However, too much strain may result in recrystallizing minor portions or even significant portions of the product. Thus, the induced strain should be controlled. In one embodiment, the maximum induced strain of a non-final cold forming step is not greater than 18%. In another embodiment, the maximum induced strain of a non-final cold forming step is not greater than 15%. In yet another embodiment, the maximum induced strain of a non-final cold forming step is not greater than 12%. In another embodiment, the maximum induced strain of a non-final cold forming step is not greater than 10%. In yet another embodiment, the maximum induced strain of a non-final cold forming step is not greater than 8%, or less. In one embodiment, the maximum induced strain of a non-final cold forming step is at least 3.5%. In another embodiment, the maximum induced strain of a non-final cold forming step is at least 4%. In yet another embodiment, the maximum induced strain of a non-final cold forming step is at least 4.5%. In another embodiment, the maximum induced strain of a non-final cold forming step is at least 5%. In yet another embodiment, the maximum induced strain of a non-final cold forming step is at least 5.5%, or more.
As noted above, the cold forming (300) may comprise non-uniformly deforming the unrecrystallized extruded aluminum-lithium product (320). In one embodiment, the cold forming (300) results in a first portion (322) of the second product form realizing a first strain amount and a second portion (324) of the second product form realizing a second strain amount, wherein the first strain amount is at least 1% different than the second strain amount (326). In one embodiment, the difference in strain is at least 2%. In another embodiment, the difference in strain is at least 3%. In another embodiment, the difference in strain is at least 5%. In another embodiment, the difference in strain is at least 6%, or higher.
The cold forming (300) may be initiated at any suitable cold forming temperature. Generally, cold forming is initiated when products will be strain hardened, mainly through dislocation glide processes and dislocation interactions, resulting in dislocation multiplication and an overall increase in dislocation density in the metal. Accordingly, in one embodiment, the cold forming step (300) is initiated when the unrecrystallized extruded aluminum-lithium product has a temperature of not greater than 400° F. In another embodiment, the cold forming step (300) is initiated when the unrecrystallized extruded aluminum-lithium product has a temperature of not greater than 300° F. In yet another embodiment, the cold forming step (300) is initiated when the unrecrystallized extruded aluminum-lithium product has a temperature of not greater than 200° F. In another embodiment, the cold forming step (300) is initiated when the unrecrystallized extruded aluminum-lithium product has a temperature of not greater than 150° F. In yet another embodiment, the cold forming step (300) is initiated when the unrecrystallized extruded aluminum-lithium product has a temperature of not greater than 125° F. In another embodiment, the cold forming step (300) is initiated when the unrecrystallized extruded aluminum-lithium product has a temperature of not greater than 100° F. In yet another embodiment, the cold forming step (300) is initiated when the unrecrystallized extruded aluminum-lithium product has a temperature of not greater than 90° F., or less. In one embodiment, the cold forming step (300) is initiated when the unrecrystallized extruded aluminum-lithium product is at ambient temperature.
After conclusion of the cold forming step (300), the second product form may wholly or partially maintain the unrecrystallized microstructure (340) of the prior unrecrystallized extruded aluminum-lithium product, and due to, at least in part, use of the processing conditions described herein. Generally, after conclusion of the cold forming step (300), the second product is predominately unrecrystallized. In one embodiment, after conclusion of the cold forming step (300), the second product form is at least 60% unrecrystallized. In another embodiment, after conclusion of the cold forming step (300), the second product form is at least 70% unrecrystallized. In yet another embodiment, after conclusion of the cold forming step (300), the second product form is at least 80% unrecrystallized. In another embodiment, after conclusion of the cold forming step (300), the second product form is at least 90% unrecrystallized. In yet another embodiment, after conclusion of the cold forming step (300), the second product form is at least 95% unrecrystallized, or more.
Referring now to
In one embodiment, the second product form comprises precipitate phase particles and the D90 of these precipitate phase particles is not greater than 2.0 micrometers. In another embodiment, the D90 of these precipitate phase particles is not greater than 1.5 micrometers. In yet another embodiment, the D90 of these precipitate phase particles is not greater than 1.25 micrometers. In another embodiment, the D90 of these precipitate phase particles is not greater than 1.10 micrometers, or less. The initial unrecrystallized extruded aluminum-lithium product may also realize any of these precipitate phase particles sizes and particle size distributions.
In one embodiment, the second product form comprises precipitate phase particles and the D10 of these precipitate phase particles is not greater than 0.125 micrometers. In another embodiment, the D10 of these precipitate phase particles is not greater than 0.10 micrometers. In yet another embodiment, the D10 of these precipitate phase particles is not greater than 0.075 micrometers. In another embodiment, the D10 of these precipitate phase particles is not greater than 0.050 micrometers. In yet another embodiment, the D10 of these precipitate phase particles is not greater than 0.025 micrometers, or less. The initial unrecrystallized extruded aluminum-lithium product may also realize any of these precipitate phase particles sizes and particle size distributions.
Referring now to
v. Repeating of Steps
Still referring to
Irrespective of the number of times steps (100)-(300) are conducted, the final product form may realize a predominately unrecrystallized microstructure. In one embodiment, the final product form is at least 60% unrecrystallized. In another embodiment, the final product form is at least 70% unrecrystallized. In yet another embodiment, the final product form is at least 80% unrecrystallized. In another embodiment, the final product form is at least 90% unrecrystallized. In yet another embodiment, the final product form is at least 95% unrecrystallized, or more.
As noted above, the final product may be used in a variety of aerospace and other applications. Non-limiting examples of cold formed, unrecrystallized, extruded aluminum-lithium final products useful in aerospace applications include fuselage frames, fuselage stringers, fuselage skins, wing stringers, wing spars, winglets, chords, and keel beams, among others. The final products may also be used in other applications, such as in automotive, ground transportation, and industrial applications, for instance.
Finally, it is noted that steps (100), (200) and (300) have inventive merit on their own. For instance, it is believed that step (100) is novel and inventive and may patentably stand on its own. It is believed that step (200) is novel and inventive and may patentably stand on its own. It is believed that step (300) is novel and inventive and may patentably stand on its own. The same applies to final steps (100f), (200f), and (300f).
vi. Optional Additional Processing of the Final Product
Referring now to
Referring now to
As noted above, the final product may be used in a variety of aerospace and other applications. Non-limiting examples of cold formed, unrecrystallized, extruded aluminum-lithium final products useful in aerospace applications include fuselage frames, fuselage stringers, fuselage skins, wing stringers, wing spars, winglets, chords, and keel beams, among others.
vii. Application to Other Alloys and Product Forms
Although the methods described in the preceding sections were described relative to aluminum-lithium alloy products (e.g., a 2xxx-Li product; a 5xxx-Li product; a 8xxx-Li product), the methods described herein may also find utility with other heat treatable aluminum alloys, such as with any of the lithium-free versions of the 2xxx, 6xxx, 7xxx, and heat treatable 8xxx aluminum alloys, and it is expressly contemplated that the inventive methods described herein may have utility with such aluminum alloys. Further, although the methods described in the preceding sections were described relative to extruded aluminum alloy products, the methods described herein may also find utility with other wrought product forms, such as unrecrystallized rolled aluminum alloy products and unrecrystallized forged aluminum alloy products, and it is it is expressly contemplated that the inventive methods described herein may have utility with such unrecrystallized rolled aluminum alloy products and such unrecrystallized forged aluminum alloy products.
viii. Procedures
The below procedure is to be used to determine whether one or more cold formed portions of an extruded aluminum alloy product made in accordance with the present patent application are recrystallized or an unrecrystallized. A similar analysis may be done to determine the degree of recrystallization of a product.
Step 1—Obtain Three Specimens from Area with Highest Cold Forming Strain
Three specimens from the extruded product are to be taken from the area of highest strain due to cold forming in the extruded product. Cold forming strain is the strain induced by cold forming (defined above). For instance, if the cold forming results in portions of the product having 8%, 6% and 4% strain due to cold forming, the three specimens would be taken from the portion have the 8% strain due to cold forming. Other strain within the extruded product (e.g., induced by the extrusion process) is to be disregarded. Only the cold forming strain is to be considered. Strain may be measured using various known methods such as, but not limited to the following: gage marks, strain gauges and digital speckle pattern correlation.
Step 2—Prepare Optical Micrographs of the Three Specimens
Optical micrographs of the three specimens obtained in Step 1 are to be obtained. First, the samples are to be prepared by standard metallographic sample preparation methods. For example, the samples may be polished with Buehler Si—C paper by hand for 3 minutes, followed by polishing by hand with a Buehler diamond liquid polish having an average particle size of about 3 microns. The samples may then be anodized in an aqueous fluoric-boric solution for 30-45 seconds. The samples may then be stripped using an aqueous phosphoric acid solution containing chromium trioxide, and then rinsed and dried. These procedures are in accordance with ASTM E3, Standard Guide for Preparation of Metallographic Specimens.
After preparation, optical micrographs of each of the three samples in the LT-ST plane are to be obtained at either 50× or 100× magnification. The optical micrographs are to show the entire thickness of the sample. One example of a suitable optical micrograph of an invention alloy is shown in
In some embodiments, EBSD imaging and corresponding computer analysis may be used to determine whether cold formed portions of a product are unrecrystallized. In these embodiments, the specimens obtained in Step 1 and the optical micrographs from Step 2 are to be used. Using the optical micrographs from Step 2, areas with large grains are to be identified. For instance, in
The obtained SEMs are to be subject to computerized analysis wherein grain sizes are calculated per the Grain Size Computer Analysis Procedure, shown below. The numerical grain size data from the three SEM is to be collated in an appropriate data analysis program (e.g., MICROSOFT EXCEL) and analyzed via a histogram analysis. The histogram shall allocate grains of less than 7.5 micrometers to the first bin, with subsequent bins being increments of 10 micrometers in grain size, up to 67.4 micrometers. The final bin shall be for grains having a size of at least 67.5 micrometers. The analysis shall calculate the number of grains per bin and determine the area fraction (%) for those bins. An example is shown in
Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) mapping measurements are to be carried out using a Thermo Fisher Scientific Apreo S scanning electron microscope (SEM), or equivalent, equipped with an EBSD camera, an EDAX Hikari Super camera, or equivalent. Measurements should be undertaken using SEM imaging conditions utilizing a spot size of 16 (or equivalent), an acceleration voltage of 20 kV, with a sample tilt angle of 65° and a working distance of 17 mm. EBSD is to be performed using EDAX OIM Data Collection software version 7.3.1 in conjunction with an EDAX Hikari Super camera, or equivalent. EBSD patterns are to be collected using 4×4 binning and enhanced image processing, including static background subtraction with subsequent normalized intensity histogram), or equivalent. EBSD scans are to be carried out with dimensions of 500 μm×500 μm using a square grid scanning pattern with a step size of 0.5 μm.
The software used to analyze the acquired data should be an EDAX TSL OIM™ 8 data analysis package or similar. Data analysis is to include a 2-step clean-up procedure. The first step is a Neighbor Orientation Correlation level 2 clean up applied to data with a minimum confidence index (CI) of 0.1 and grain tolerance angle of 5 degrees. The second step is a Grain Dilation using a grain tolerance angle of 5 degrees and a minimum of 5 points per grain for a single iteration.
Grains are defined to have a minimum of 5 points per grain with a grain tolerance angle of 5 degrees. The grain sizes are determined by the area-weighted average grain size using the software. The software first calculates the individual grain area by counting the number of points within each grain and multiplying by the size of each point (step size squared). The area-weighted average is then determined by summing the individual grain sizes multiplied by their area, divided by the total area. In all cases, the grain size results represent the equivalent diameter (in micrometers) if the grain was a perfect circle in the planar view. The grain size diameters are then binned and plotted against the area fraction.
Back Scatter Electron (BSE) imaging should be performed with a scanning electron microscope FEG-SEM such as a Thermo-Scientific Apreo S or equivalent. The SEM image conditions are to be a spot size of 10 (or equivalent), an accelerating voltage of 2 kV, and a working distance of 3 mm. The images are to be acquired at a magnification of 1000× (horizontal field width of 127 micrometers) using a in-lens T1 backscatter detector, or equivalent. A gamma correction of 1.5 is to be applied to help the particles stand out from the channeling contrast of the brighter grains.
Image analysis is to be carried out using three of the obtained 1000× images using an appropriate software program, such as the ImageJ software provided by the National Institute of Health, https://imagej.nih.gov/ij/. The software is to calculate the number, size, and area percent of particles based off the user inputs of 0.0413 μm/pixel, 6 minimum pixels to define a particle, and a minimum brightness threshold of from 80-100 (usually 91), or equivalent, in the range of 0 and 255, or equivalent. Using a threshold of 80-100 (usually 91), or equivalent, will facilitate detection of the small and large particles within the images to determine their amount, and, accordingly the D10, D50, and D90 of the material. (See Section iv.) The threshold of 80-100 (usually 91), or equivalent, will also avoid detection of nano-scale particles, which would inappropriately skew the small particle and large particle results.
ix. Representative Clauses
Below are some non-limiting, representative clauses that define one or more inventions. These clauses are non-limiting examples, and are not intended to restrict, and do not restrict, the inventions disclosed herein to the matters described. Indeed, any of the subject matter described in this specification may be used to define one or more inventions.
Clause 1. A method comprising:
cold forming an unrecrystallized extruded aluminum-lithium product into a second product form;
Clause 2. The method of clause 1, wherein, prior to the cold forming step, the method comprises:
heating the unrecrystallized extruded aluminum-lithium product to a treatment temperature, wherein the treatment temperature is at least 750° F.; and then
cooling the unrecrystallized extruded aluminum-lithium product from the treatment temperature to a post-treatment temperature and at a cooling rate of not greater than 500° F./minute.
Clause 3. The method of any of the preceding clauses, comprising:
second heating the second product form to a second treatment temperature, wherein the second treatment temperature is at least 750° F.;
second cooling the second product form from the second treatment temperature to a second post-treatment temperature;
second cold forming the second product form into another product form, wherein the another product form is predominately unrecrystallized.
Clause 4. The method of any of the preceding clauses, wherein the second product form is an intermediate product form, wherein the another product form is a final product form, and wherein the second cooling comprises cooling the second product form from the second treatment temperature to the second post-treatment temperature at a rate of at least 1000° F./minute.
Clause 5. The method of any of the preceding clauses, wherein the unrecrystallized extruded aluminum-lithium product is a 2xxx-Li product, and wherein the 2xxx-Li product comprises from 2.0-5.0 wt. % Cu, 0.2-2.0 wt. % Li, up to 1.5 wt. % Mg, up to 1.0 wt. % Ag, up to 1.0 wt. % Mn, up to 1.5 wt. % Zn, up to 0.25 wt. % each of Zr, Ti, Sc, and Hf, the balance being aluminum, optional incidental elements and impurities.
Clause 6. The method of clause 5, wherein the 2xxx-Li product is a 2×55 aluminum alloy product.
Clause 7. The method of any of the preceding clauses, wherein the unrecrystallized extruded aluminum-lithium product is at least 60% unrecrystallized, or at least 70% unrecrystallized, or at least 80% unrecrystallized, or at least 90% unrecrystallized, or at least 95% unrecrystallized.
Clause 8. The method of clause 1, wherein the treatment temperature is at least 800° F., or at least 850° F., or at least 900° F., or at least 925° F.
Clause 9. The method of any of the preceding clauses, wherein the treatment temperature is below a solidus temperature of the unrecrystallized extruded aluminum-lithium product.
Clause 10. The method of any of the preceding clauses, wherein the treatment temperature is from 85° F. below a solidus temperature of the unrecrystallized extruded aluminum-lithium product to 15° F. below a solidus temperature of the unrecrystallized extruded aluminum-lithium product.
Clause 11. The method of any of the preceding clauses, wherein the heating comprises heating the unrecrystallized extruded aluminum-lithium product from the pretreatment temperature to the treatment temperature at a heating rate of at least 1° F. per minute, or at least 3° F. per minute, or at least 5° F. per minute, or at least 8° F. per minute, or at least 10° F. per minute, or at least 15° F. per minute, or at least 20° F. per minute, or at least 25° F. per minute, or at least 35° F. per minute, or at least 45° F. per minute, or at least 55° F. per minute, or at least 65° F. per minute, or at least 75° F. per minute, or at least 85° F. per minute.
Clause 12. The method of any of the preceding clauses, wherein the heating comprises heating the unrecrystallized extruded aluminum-lithium product from the pretreatment temperature to the treatment temperature at a heating rate of not greater than 100° F. per minute.
Clause 13. The method of any of the preceding clauses, wherein the heating comprises holding the unrecrystallized extruded aluminum-lithium product at the treatment temperature for a period of time sufficient to dissolve a predominate amount of precipitate phase particles but without recrystallizing the unrecrystallized extruded aluminum-lithium product.
Clause 14. The method of any of the preceding clauses, wherein the cooling comprises cooling the unrecrystallized extruded aluminum-lithium product from the treatment temperature to the post-treatment temperature at a cooling rate of not greater than 400° F./minute, or at a cooling rate of not greater than 300° F./minute, or at a cooling rate of not greater than 200° F./minute, or at a cooling rate of not greater than 100° F./minute, or not greater than 50° F. per minute.
Clause 15. The method of any of the preceding clauses, wherein the cold forming comprising including from 3% to 20% strain in the second product form.
Clause 16. The method of clause 15, wherein the cold forming comprising including not greater than 18% strain, or not greater than 15% strain, or not greater than 12% strain, or not greater than 10% strain, or not greater than 8 strain in the second product form.
Clause 17. The method of any of clauses 15-16, wherein the cold forming comprising inducing at least 3.5% strain, or at least 4% strain, or at least 4.5% strain, or at least 5% strain, or at least 5.5% in the second product form.
Clause 18. The method of any of the preceding clauses, wherein the cold forming comprises initiating the cold forming when the unrecrystallized extruded aluminum-lithium product has a temperature of not greater than 300° F., or not greater than 200° F., or not greater than 150° F., or not greater than 125° F., or not greater than 100° F.
Clause 19. The method of any of the preceding clauses, wherein the cold forming comprises initiating the cold forming when the unrecrystallized extruded aluminum-lithium product is at ambient temperature.
Clause 20. The method of any of the preceding clauses, wherein the second product form is predominately unrecrystallized, or at least 60% unrecrystallized, or at least 70% unrecrystallized, or at least 80% unrecrystallized, or at least 90% unrecrystallized, or at least 95% unrecrystallized.
Clause 21. The method of any of the preceding clauses, wherein the cold forming is stretch forming.
x. Miscellaneous
These and other aspects, advantages, and novel features of this new technology are set forth in part in the description that follows and will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon examination of the following description and figures or may be learned by practicing one or more embodiments of the technology provided for by the present disclosure.
The figures constitute a part of this specification and include illustrative embodiments of the present disclosure and illustrate various objects and features thereof. In addition, any measurements, specifications and the like shown in the figures are intended to be illustrative, and not restrictive. Therefore, specific structural and functional details disclosed herein are not to be interpreted as limiting, but merely as a representative basis for teaching one skilled in the art to variously employ the present invention.
Among those benefits and improvements that have been disclosed, other objects and advantages of this invention will become apparent from the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying figures. Detailed embodiments of the present invention are disclosed herein; however, it is to be understood that the disclosed embodiments are merely illustrative of the invention that may be embodied in various forms. In addition, each of the examples given in connection with the various embodiments of the invention is intended to be illustrative, and not restrictive.
Throughout the specification and claims, the following terms take the meanings explicitly associated herein, unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. The phrases “in one embodiment” and “in some embodiments” as used herein do not necessarily refer to the same embodiment(s), though they may. Furthermore, the phrases “in another embodiment” and “in some other embodiments” as used herein do not necessarily refer to a different embodiment, although they may. Thus, various embodiments of the invention may be readily combined, without departing from the scope or spirit of the invention.
In addition, as used herein, the term “or” is an inclusive “or” operator and is equivalent to the term “and/or,” unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. The term “based on” is not exclusive and allows for being based on additional factors not described, unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. In addition, throughout the specification, the meaning of “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural references, unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. The meaning of “in” includes “in” and “on”, unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.
While a number of embodiments of the present invention have been described, it is understood that these embodiments are illustrative only, and not restrictive, and that many modifications may become apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art. Further still, unless the context clearly requires otherwise, the various steps may be carried out in any desired order, and any applicable steps may be added and/or eliminated.
A 2055-style aluminum alloy was extruded into a Z-shaped extrusion, resulting in an unrecrystallized aluminum-lithium extrusion. The material was cold formed into a final product shape by stretch forming. The material was then solution heat treated and cold water quenched. The final material was recrystallized as shown in
Given conventional processing (Example 1) yielded a recrystallized product, an intermediate thermal treatment practice was developed to stop/restrict transformation of the unrecrystallized extruded product into a recrystallized product. Specifically, a 2055-style aluminum alloy was extruded into a rectangular bar, resulting in a unrecrystallized aluminum-lithium extrusion. The rectangular bar was then thermally treated by rapidly heating to a 720° F. treatment temperature in a furnace. The material was held at the 720° F. treatment temperature (+/−10° F.) for 1 hour (the soak time started when the material reached a temperature of 690° F.). The material was then slowly cooled by changing the temperature of the furnace to 450° F. The material cooled from the 720° F. treatment temperature to the 450° F. treatment temperature at a rate of 50° F./hour. The material was held at the 450° F. treatment temperature (+/−10° F.) for 4 hours (the soak time started when the material reached a temperature of 465° F.). The material was then removed from the furnace and allowed to air cool. The material was then cold formed by uniaxially stretching the material to yield 8% permanent strain. The material was then solution heat treated and then quenched in cold water. Despite the intermediate thermal practice, the final material was still recrystallized, as shown in
Additional efforts to produce final unrecrystallized products surrounded the use of a post cold-forming recovery anneal. Specifically, a 2055-style aluminum alloy was extruded into a rectangular bar, resulting in a unrecrystallized aluminum-lithium extrusion. The rectangular bar was then thermally treated as per Example 2, i.e., treated at both 720° F. and 450° F., and then allowed to air cool. The material was then cold formed by uniaxially stretching the material to yield 6% permanent strain. The material was then thermally treated by heating to 215° F. (3 hours), and then 400° F. (2 hours), and then 500° F. (3 hours), and then 600° F. (4 hours). The material was then solution heat treated and then quenched in cold water, as per Example 2. The final material was also recrystallized as shown in
Building on the efforts of Example 3, additional recovery anneal tests were completed. Specifically, a 2055-style aluminum alloy was prepared and thermally treated prior to cold forming, as per Example 3. The material was then cold formed by uniaxially straining to yield 7% stretch. Various samples of this material were then rapidly heated to various anneal temperatures (525° F., 575° F., 675° F., 725° F., 775° F., and 875° F.). The materials were then solution heat treated and then quenched in cold water, as per Example 2. All final materials were recrystallized as shown in
In Example 5, a 2055-style aluminum alloy was prepared and thermally treated, as per Example 2, except the material was extruded into a Z-shape. This time, the thermal treatment cycle was repeated three times (i.e., 3× at 720° F. and 450° F. as per Example 2). No cold forming operation was employed in this Example 5. Instead, after the three thermal cycle operations, the material was solution heat treated and then quenched in cold water, as per Example 2. Despite receiving no cold forming, the final material was still recrystallized as shown in
In Example 6, a 2055-style aluminum alloy was extruded into a rectangular bar, resulting in a unrecrystallized aluminum-lithium extrusion. The rectangular bar was then thermally treated by rapidly heating to a 945° F. treatment temperature in a furnace. The material was held at the 945° F. treatment temperature (+/−10° F.) for 1 hour (the soak time started when the material reached a temperature of 935° F.). Upon conclusion of the soak, the material was removed from the furnace and allowed to air cool to ambient temperature. The cooling rate for this cooling step was about 25° F. per minute. The material was then cold formed by uniaxially straining to yield 6% permanent strain. The material was then solution heat treated and quenched in cold water, as per Example 2. This time, the final material remained unrecrystallized.
To test the robustness of this process, the same process as Example 6 was performed on an unrecrystallized 2055 extruded product, but with 4 thermal treatment cycles at 945° F. and with 4 corresponding strain operations following each thermal treatment cycles, each strain operation applying 6% permanent strain to the prior product. After the 4th strain operation, the material was solution heat treated and quenched in cold water, as per Example 2. Even after four strain operations, the final material remained unrecrystallized, as shown in
In Example 8, an unrecrystallized 2055 extruded product was thermally treated as per Example 2, i.e., treated at both 720° F. and 450° F., and then allowed to air cool. The material was not cold formed after this thermal treatment. Instead, an additional thermal treatment cycle was employed as per Example 6, i.e., treated by rapidly heating to a 945° F. treatment temperature in a furnace, holding at the 945° F. treatment temperature (+/−10° F.) for 1 hour (the soak time started when the material reached a temperature of 935° F.), and then removing the material from the furnace and allowing to air cool to ambient temperature. The material was then cold formed by uniaxially straining to yield 8% permanent strain. The material was then solution heat treated and quenched in cold water, as per Example 2. Again, the final material remained unrecrystallized as shown in
SEMs of several alloys made by the invention process and one alloy made by a non-invention process were obtained as per the Microstructure Determination Procedure. The grain sizes of these SEMs were calculated as per the Grain Size Computer Analysis Procedure. The SEMs are provided in
Given the foregoing examples, and without being bound to any particular theory, it is believed that the high temperature thermal treatment practice in combination with reasonable amounts of strain allows for the production of cold formed aluminum-lithium extruded products that retain unrecrystallized grains. Indeed, the final products generally contain a significant amount of unrecrystallized grains and relative to the starting products in the as-extruded condition.
Thus, in some embodiments, a “recrystallized” cold formed product is one who, based on the EBSD data and SEMs gathered above, realizes a microstructure (as per the SEMs) having an area fraction of at least 0.20% of large grains (≥67.5 micrometers (i.e., greater than or equal to 67.5 micrometers)) and in any one of the obtained samples. That is, if even one of the samples realizes these criteria, the material is categorized as recrystallized. In one embodiment, a recrystallized cold formed product realizes a microstructure having an area fraction of at least 25% of large grains. In another embodiment, a recrystallized cold formed product realizes a microstructure having an area fraction of at least 30% of large grains. In yet another embodiment, a recrystallized cold formed product realizes a microstructure having an area fraction of at least 35% of large grains. In another embodiment, a recrystallized cold formed product realizes a microstructure having an area fraction of at least 40% of large grains. In yet another embodiment, a recrystallized cold formed product realizes a microstructure having an area fraction of at least 45% of large grains, or higher.
In some embodiments, an unrecrystallized cold formed product is any product that is outside the above definition of a “recrystallized” cold formed product. In one embodiment, an unrecrystallized cold formed product also realizes or alternatively realizes a microstructure (as per the SEM and EBSD data) having an area fraction of not greater than 0.2% of grains of a size of from ≥57.5 to 67.4 micrometers. In another embodiment, an unrecrystallized cold formed product also realizes or alternatively realizes a microstructure having an area fraction of not greater than 0.15% of grains of a size of from ≥57.5 to 67.4 micrometers. In another embodiment, an unrecrystallized cold formed product also realizes or alternatively realizes a microstructure having an area fraction of not greater than 0.10% of grains of a size of from ≥57.5 to 67.4 micrometers.
In one embodiment, an unrecrystallized cold formed product also realizes or alternatively realizes a microstructure having an area fraction of not greater than 0.2% of grains of a size of from ≥47.5 to 57.4 micrometers. In another embodiment, an unrecrystallized cold formed product also realizes or alternatively realizes a microstructure having an area fraction of not greater than 0.15% of grains of a size of from ≥47.5 to 57.4 micrometers. In another embodiment, an unrecrystallized cold formed product also realizes or alternatively realizes a microstructure having an area fraction of not greater than 0.10% of grains of a size of from ≥47.5 to 57.4 micrometers.
In one embodiment, an unrecrystallized cold formed product also realizes or alternatively realizes a microstructure having an area fraction of not greater than 0.22% of grains of a size of from ≥37.5 to 47.4 micrometers. In another embodiment, an unrecrystallized cold formed product also realizes or alternatively realizes a microstructure having an area fraction of not greater than 0.17% of grains of a size of from ≥37.5 to 47.4 micrometers. In another embodiment, an unrecrystallized cold formed product also realizes or alternatively realizes a microstructure having an area fraction of not greater than 0.12% of grains of a size of from ≥37.5 to 47.4 micrometers.
Various samples were obtained from materials processed consistent with the practices of Examples 2 (non-inventive) and Examples 6-8 (inventive). All samples were thermally treated and then air quenched in accordance with, or similar to, these examples. Backscattered SEM images of the sample were obtained and the images were then computer analyzed to determine the particle distributions/sizes for the various materials as per the
The particle size distributions for the various samples are shown in
Given the foregoing examples, and without being bound to any particular theory, it is believed that the high temperature thermal treatment practice in combination with the post-thermal treatment cooling rates and appropriate amounts of post-cooling strain produces unique unrecrystallized products having a distribution of small precipitate phase particles. As explained above in Section iii, higher concentrations of smaller precipitate phase particles (e.g., within the D10, D50, and D90 amounts described in Section iv) may facilitate grain boundary pinning while also reducing the amount of solute present during cold forming operations. The grain boundary pinning may restrict/prevent recrystallization. Further having a relatively low amount of nano-scale precipitate phases (e.g., <20 nanometers) may facilitate working of the material. Larger particles may also act as nucleation sites for recrystallization. Accordingly, the methods described herein seek to restrict/avoid the production of large scale and nano-scale particles, while having an appropriate amount of small precipitate phase particles. Thus, shape forming may be completed in a low number of cycles to achieve the final part geometry and in the unrecrystallized condition, followed by appropriate post-cold forming operations (e.g., solution heat treatment, post-SHT stretch to facilitate nucleation of aging precipitates, aging (natural and/or artificial), and machining, to name a few). Significant costs reductions may accordingly be realized.
While various embodiments of the present disclosure have been described in detail, it is apparent that modifications and adaptations of those embodiments will occur to those skilled in the art. However, it is to be expressly understood that such modifications and adaptations are within the spirit and scope of the present disclosure.
This application is a continuation of International Patent Application No. PCT/US2020/026443, filed Apr. 2, 2020, which claims benefit of priority of U.S. Patent Application No. 62/829,799, filed Apr. 5, 2019, entitled “METHODS OF COLD FORMING ALUMINUM LITHIUM ALLOYS”, each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 62829799 | Apr 2019 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | PCT/US2020/026443 | Apr 2020 | US |
| Child | 17449856 | US |
