Wear-resistant, polycrystalline diamond compacts (“PDCs”) are utilized in a variety of mechanical applications. For example, PDCs are used in drilling tools (e.g., cutting elements, gage trimmers, etc.), machining equipment, bearing apparatuses, wire-drawing machinery, and in other mechanical apparatuses.
PDCs have found particular utility as superabrasive cutting elements in rotary drill bits, such as roller-cone drill bits and fixed-cutter drill bits. A PDC cutting element typically includes a superabrasive diamond layer commonly known as a diamond table. The diamond table is formed and bonded to a substrate using a high-pressure/high-temperature (“HPHT”) process. The PDC cutting element may also be brazed directly into a preformed pocket, socket, or other receptacle formed in a bit body. The substrate may often be brazed or otherwise joined to an attachment member, such as a cylindrical backing. A rotary drill bit typically includes a number of PDC cutting elements affixed to the bit body. It is also known that a stud carrying the PDC may be used as a PDC cutting element when mounted to a bit body of a rotary drill bit by press-fitting, brazing, or otherwise securing the stud into a receptacle formed in the bit body.
Conventional PDCs are normally fabricated by placing a cemented carbide substrate into a container with a volume of diamond particles positioned on a surface of the cemented carbide substrate. A number of such containers may be loaded into an HPHT press. The substrate(s) and volume of diamond particles are then processed under HPHT conditions in the presence of a catalyst material that causes the diamond particles to bond to one another to form a matrix of bonded diamond grains defining a polycrystalline diamond (“PCD”) table. The catalyst material is often a metallic catalyst (e.g., cobalt, nickel, iron, or alloys thereof) that is used for promoting intergrowth of the diamond particles.
In one conventional approach, a constituent of the cemented carbide substrate, such as cobalt from a cobalt-cemented tungsten carbide substrate, liquefies and sweeps from a region adjacent to the volume of diamond particles into interstitial regions between the diamond particles during the HPHT process. The cobalt acts as a metal-solvent catalyst to promote intergrowth between the diamond particles, which results in the formation of a matrix of bonded diamond grains having diamond-to-diamond bonding therebetween, with interstitial regions between the bonded diamond grains being occupied by the metal-solvent catalyst.
The presence of the metal-solvent catalyst in the PCD table is believed to reduce the thermal stability of the PCD table at elevated temperatures. For example, some of the diamond grains can undergo a chemical breakdown or back-conversion to a non-diamond form of carbon via interaction with the metal-solvent catalyst. At elevated high temperatures, portions of diamond grains may transform to carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, graphite, or combinations thereof, causing degradation of the mechanical properties of the PCD table.
Despite the availability of a number of different PDCs, manufacturers and users of PDCs continue to seek PDCs that exhibit improved toughness, wear resistance, thermal stability, or combinations of the foregoing.
Embodiments of the invention relate to a PDC comprising a PCD table including bonded-together diamond grains having aluminum carbide disposed interstitially between the bonded-together diamond grains, and methods of fabricating such PDCs. The presence of the aluminum carbide enhances the wear resistance and/or thermal stability of the PCD table compared to if cobalt or other metal-solvent catalyst were present. The PDCs disclosed herein may be used in a variety of applications, such as rotary drill bits, bearing apparatuses, wire-drawing dies, machining equipment, and other articles and apparatuses.
In an embodiment, a PDC includes a substrate, and a PCD table bonded to the substrate. The PCD table includes a plurality of bonded-together diamond grains defining a plurality of interstitial regions. The PCD table further includes aluminum carbide disposed in at least a portion of the plurality of interstitial regions between the bonded-together diamond grains.
In an embodiment, a method of manufacturing a PDC in a single-step HPHT process is disclosed. The method includes forming an assembly including an aluminum material and a plurality of diamond particles. The method further includes subjecting the assembly to an HPHT process to form a PCD table including a plurality of bonded-together diamond grains defining a plurality of interstitial regions. The act of subjecting the assembly to the HPHT process includes sintering at least a portion of the plurality of diamond particles in the presence of the aluminum material to form aluminum carbide disposed in at least a portion of the plurality of interstitial regions of the PCD table.
In an embodiment, a method of manufacturing a PDC includes forming an assembly including an at least partially leached PCD table including a plurality of interstitial regions therein positioned at least proximate to an aluminum-material layer exhibiting a thickness of about 10 μm to about 750 μm. The method further includes infiltrating aluminum material from the aluminum-material layer into at least a portion of the interstitial regions of a selected region of the at least partially leached PCD table.
Other embodiments include applications utilizing the disclosed PDCs in various articles and apparatuses, such as rotary drill bits, bearing apparatuses, wire-drawing dies, machining equipment, and other articles and apparatuses.
Features from any of the disclosed embodiments may be used in combination with one another, without limitation. In addition, other features and advantages of the present disclosure will become apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art through consideration of the following detailed description and the accompanying drawings.
The drawings illustrate several embodiments of the invention, wherein identical reference numerals refer to identical elements or features in different views or embodiments shown in the drawings.
Embodiments of the invention relate to a PDC comprising a PCD table including bonded-together diamond grains having aluminum carbide disposed interstitially between the bonded-together diamond grains, and methods of fabricating such PDCs. The presence of the aluminum carbide enhances the wear resistance and/or thermal stability of the PCD table compared to if cobalt or other metal-solvent catalyst were present. The PDCs disclosed herein may be used in a variety of applications, such as rotary drill bits, bearing apparatuses, wire-drawing dies, machining equipment, and other articles and apparatuses.
The interfacial surface 106 of the PCD table 102 is bonded to an aluminum-based substrate 112. For example, the aluminum-based substrate 112 may comprise any suitable aluminum material, such as a commercially pure aluminum or an aluminum alloy (e.g., ASTM standard alloys) such as aluminum-magnesium-silicon alloys, aluminum-zinc-magnesium alloys, aluminum-zinc-magnesium-copper alloys, or another suitable aluminum alloy. For example, one suitable aluminum-magnesium-silicon alloy is 6061 aluminum having a composition of about 1.0 weight % magnesium, 0.6 weight % silicon, 0.2 weight % chromium, 0.27 weight % copper, with the balance being aluminum. Although the interfacial surface 106 of the PCD table 102 is depicted in
The PCD table 102 includes a plurality of bonded-together diamond grains defining a plurality of interstitial regions. A portion of, or substantially all of, the interstitial regions includes the aluminum carbide disposed therein. In some embodiments, the aluminum carbide is formed by infiltration of aluminum from the aluminum-based substrate 112 during an HPHT process that reacts with the diamond grains and/or another carbon source to form aluminum carbide. In other embodiments, aluminum material may be mixed with the diamond particles to be HPHT processed, which reacts with the diamond grains and/or another carbon source during HPHT processing to form aluminum carbide.
Depending on the amount of aluminum carbide in the PCD table 102, the diamond grains may be directly bonded-together via diamond-to-diamond bonding (e.g., sp3 bonding) therebetween, may be bonded together by the aluminum carbide without direct bonding therebetween, or combinations thereof. For example, when relatively low amounts of the aluminum carbide are present in the PCD table 102, the bonded-together diamond grains may exhibit a significant amount of diamond-to-diamond bonding, while the bonded-together diamond grains may exhibit less or significantly no diamond-to-diamond bonding when relatively greater amounts of the aluminum carbide are present in the PCD table 102. In an embodiment, the PCD table 102 may be integrally formed on the aluminum-based substrate 112 (i.e., diamond particles are sintered on or near the aluminum-based substrate 112 to form the PCD table 102). In another embodiment, the PCD table 102 is a pre-sintered PCD table 102 that is infiltrated with aluminum material from the aluminum-based substrate 112 and attached to the aluminum-based substrate 112.
In the embodiment(s) where diamond particles are sintered in the presence of aluminum and/or aluminum carbide, the aluminum carbide may be present in the resulting PCD table 102 in an amount of about 1 weight % to about 20 weight %, about 2 weight % to about 20 weight %, about 6 weight % to about 15 weight %, about 8 weight % to about 18 weight %, about 10 weight % to about 20 weight %, about 12 weight % to about 18 weight %, or about 15 weight % to about 18 weight % of the PCD table 102, with the balance substantially being diamond grains. In the embodiment(s) where aluminum is introduced into a pre-sintered diamond table (i.e., a diamond table sintered with a solvent catalyst) and reacts to form aluminum carbide, the aluminum carbide may be present in the PCD table 102 in an amount of about 1 weight % to about 10 weight %, about 1 weight % to about 8 weight %, about 2 weight % to about 5 weight %, about 3 weight % to about 8 weight %, about 4 weight % to about 8 weight %, about 4 weight % to about 6 weight %, or about 4 weight % to about 5 weight % of the PCD table 102, with the balance substantially being diamond grains. As aluminum carbide may not effectively catalyze PCD growth, the PCD table 102 is relatively thermally-stable and exhibits improved wear resistance and/or thermal stability compared to if the PCD table 102 included a metal-solvent catalyst (e.g., cobalt) therein instead of the aluminum carbide. When the PCD table 102 is a pre-sintered PCD table, a residual amount of metallic catalyst may also be present in the interstitial regions of the PCD table 102 that was used to initially catalyze formation of diamond-to-diamond bonding between the diamond grains of the PCD table 102. Prior to re-infiltration with aluminum, the residual metallic catalyst may comprise iron, nickel, tungsten, cobalt, or alloys thereof. For example, the residual metallic catalyst may be present in the PCD table 102 in amount of about 2 weight % or less, about 0.8 weight % to about 1.50 weight %, or about 0.86 weight % to about 1.47 weight %.
It is known that in the presence of water, aluminum carbide may partially decompose into methane and aluminum hydroxide. The chemical reaction is:
Al4C3+12H2O—→4Al(OH)3+3CH4
The assembly 300 may be placed in a pressure transmitting medium (e.g., a refractory-metal can embedded in pyrophyllite or other pressure transmitting medium) to form a cell assembly. The cell assembly, including the assembly 300, may be subjected to an HPHT process using an ultra-high pressure press (e.g., a cubic press) to create temperature and pressure conditions at which diamond is stable. The temperature of the HPHT process may be at least about 1000° C. (e.g., about 1200° C. to about 1600° C., about 1200° C. to about 1300° C., or about 1600° C. to about 2300° C.). and the pressure of the HPHT process may be at least 4.0 GPa (e.g., about 5.0 GPa to about 10.0 GPa, about 5.0 GPa to about 8.0 GPa, or about 7.5 GPa to about 9.0 GPa) for a time sufficient to at least partially melt and infiltrate the at least one layer 302 with an aluminum material (e.g., aluminum or an aluminum alloy) from the aluminum-based substrate 112. The pressure values referred to herein in any of the embodiments refer to the pressure in the pressure transmitting medium of the cell assembly (i.e., cell pressure) at room temperature (e.g., about 25° C.). The actual pressure in the pressure transmitting medium at sintering temperature may be slightly higher. Optionally, methods and apparatuses for sealing enclosures suitable for holding the assembly 300 are disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/545,929, which is incorporated herein, in its entirety, by this reference.
The aluminum material is capable of infiltrating and/or wetting the diamond grains to fill the interstitial regions between un-sintered diamond particles of the at least one layer 302. During the HPHT process, the aluminum material may react with the diamond particles and/or another carbon source to form aluminum carbide that is disposed interstitially between the diamond grains of the PCD table 102 so-formed. After formation of the PCD table 102, the PDC 100 may be subjected to further processing, if desired or needed, such as lapping, grinding, and/or machining to form the chamfer 110, upper working surface 104, and/or other geometrical features.
The diamond particles of the at least one layer 302 that ultimately form part of the PCD table 102 may exhibit one or more selected sizes. The one or more selected sizes may be determined, for example, by passing the diamond particles through one or more sizing sieves or by any other method. In an embodiment, the plurality of diamond particles may include a relatively larger size and at least one relatively smaller size. As used herein, the phrases “relatively larger” and “relatively smaller” refer to particle sizes determined by any suitable method, which differ by at least a factor of two (e.g., 40 μm and 20 μm). More particularly, in various embodiments, the plurality of diamond particles may include a portion exhibiting a relatively larger size (e.g., 100 μm, 90 μm, 80 μm, 70 μm, 60 μm, 50 μm, 40 μm, 30 μm, 20 μm, 15 μm, 12 μm, 10 μm, 8 μm) and another portion exhibiting at least one relatively smaller size (e.g., 30 μm, 20 μm, 10 μm, 15 μm, 12 μm, 10 μm, 8 μm, 4 μm, 2 μm, 1 μm, 0.5 μm, less than 0.5 μm, 0.1 μm, less than 0.1 μm). In another embodiment, the plurality of diamond particles may include a portion exhibiting a relatively larger size between about 40 μm and about 10 μm and another portion exhibiting a relatively smaller size between about 10 μm and about 2 μm. Of course, the plurality of diamond particles may also comprise three or more different sizes (e.g., one relatively larger size and two or more relatively smaller sizes), without limitation.
The interfacial surface 406 of the PCD table 402 is directly bonded to the cemented carbide substrate 412. For example, the cemented carbide substrate 412 may include, without limitation, cemented carbides, such as tungsten carbide, titanium carbide, chromium carbide, niobium carbide, tantalum carbide, vanadium carbide, or combinations thereof cemented with a metallic cementing constituent, such as iron, nickel, cobalt, or alloys thereof. In an embodiment, the cemented carbide substrate 412 comprises cobalt-cemented tungsten carbide. Although the interfacial surface 406 of the PCD table 402 is depicted in
The PCD table 402 includes a plurality of bonded-together diamond grains defining a plurality of interstitial regions. A portion of, or substantially all of, the interstitial regions includes aluminum carbide disposed therein. In some embodiments, the aluminum carbide is formed by infiltration of aluminum from the aluminum-based substrate 412 during HPHT process that reacts with the diamond grains and/or another carbon source to form aluminum carbide. In other embodiments, aluminum may be mixed with the diamond particles to be HPHT processed, which reacts with the diamond grains and/or another carbon source during HPHT processing to form aluminum carbide.
Depending on the amount of aluminum carbide in the PCD table 402, the diamond grains may be directly bonded-together via diamond-to-diamond bonding (e.g., sp3 bonding) therebetween, may be bonded together by the aluminum carbide without direct bonding therebetween, or combinations thereof. For example, when relatively low amounts of the aluminum carbide are present in the PCD table 402, the bonded-together diamond grains may exhibit a significant amount of diamond-to-diamond bonding, while the bonded-together diamond grains may exhibit less or no diamond-to-diamond bonding when relatively greater amounts of the aluminum carbide are present in the PCD table 402. In an embodiment, the PCD table 402 may be integrally formed on the cemented carbide substrate 412 (i.e., diamond particles are sintered on or near the cemented carbide substrate 412 to form the PCD table 402). In another embodiment, the PCD table 402 is a pre-sintered PCD table 402 that is infiltrated with aluminum from a source other than the cemented carbide substrate 412 and attached to the cemented carbide substrate 412.
In the embodiment(s) where diamond particles are sintered in the presence of aluminum and/or aluminum carbide, the aluminum carbide may be present in the resulting PCD table 102 in an amount of about 1 weight % to about 20 weight %, about 2 weight % to about 20 weight %, about 6 weight % to about 15 weight %, about 8 weight % to about 18 weight %, about 10 weight % to about 20 weight %, about 12 weight % to about 18 weight %, or about 15 weight % to about 18 weight % of the PCD table 102, with the balance substantially being diamond grains. In the embodiment(s) where aluminum is introduced into a pre-sintered diamond table (i.e., a diamond table sintered with a solvent catalyst) and reacts to form aluminum carbide, the aluminum carbide may be present in the PCD table 102 in an amount of about 1 weight % to about 10 weight %, about 1 weight % to about 8 weight %, about 2 weight % to about 5 weight %, about 3 weight % to about 8 weight %, about 4 weight % to about 8 weight %, about 4 weight % to about 6 weight %, or about 4 weight % to about 5 weight % of the PCD table 102, with the balance substantially being diamond grains. When the PCD table 402 is a pre-sintered PCD table, a residual amount of metallic catalyst may also be present in the interstitial regions of the PCD table 402 that was used to initially catalyze formation of diamond-to-diamond bonding between the diamond grains of the PCD table 402. The residual metallic catalyst may comprise iron, nickel, cobalt, or alloys thereof. For example, the residual metallic catalyst may be present in the PCD table 402 in amount of about 2 weight % or less, about 0.8 weight % to about 1.50 weight %, or about 0.86 weight % to about 1.47 weight %.
When the PCD table 402 is integrally formed with the cemented carbide substrate 412 from sintering diamond powder on the cemented carbide substrate 412, the second region 416 may exhibit a significant amount of diamond-to-diamond bonding between the bonded-together diamond grains thereof. If the bonded-together diamond grains of the first region 414 exhibit some diamond-to-diamond bonding, the diamond-to-diamond bonding present in the second region 416 may be relatively greater than that of the first region 414.
A nonplanar boundary 418 may be formed between the first region 414 and the second region 416 of the PCD table 402. The nonplanar boundary 418 exhibits a geometry characteristic of the metallic constituent being only partially infiltrated into the second region 416 of the PCD table 402.
In an embodiment, the depth “d” to which the first region 414 extends may be almost the entire thickness of the PCD table 402. In another embodiment, the depth “d” may be an intermediate depth within the PCD table 402 of about 50 μm to about 500 μm, about 200 μm to about 400 μm, about 300 μm to about 450 μm, about 550 μm to about 750 μm, about 0.2 mm to about 2.0 mm, about 0.5 mm to about 1.5 mm, about 0.5 mm to about 1.0 mm, about 0.65 mm to about 0.9 mm, or about 0.75 mm to about 0.85 mm. As the depth “d” of the first region 414 increases, the wear resistance and/or thermal stability of the PCD table 402 may increase. However, strong bonding between the PCD table 402 and the cemented carbide substrate 412 may be maintained by having the second region 416 having a sufficient thickness. For example, in some embodiments, the depth “d” may be about 0.5 to about 0.9 times the thickness of the PCD table 402, such as about 0.55 to about 0.8 (e.g., about 0.55 to about 0.67) times the thickness of the PCD table 402.
The assembly 500 may be placed in a pressure transmitting medium (e.g., a refractory-metal can embedded in pyrophyllite or other pressure transmitting medium) to form a cell assembly. The cell assembly, including the assembly 500, may be subjected to an HPHT process using the same or similar HPHT process conditions used to process the assembly 300 shown in
During the HPHT process, an aluminum material (e.g., aluminum or any of the disclosed aluminum alloys) from the aluminum-material layer 502 at least partially melts and infiltrates into the diamond particles of the at least one layer 504. The aluminum material is capable of infiltrating and/or wetting the diamond grains to fill the interstitial regions between un-sintered diamond particles of the at least one layer 302. During the HPHT process, the aluminum material may react with the diamond particles and/or another source of carbon to form aluminum carbide that is disposed interstitially between the diamond grains of the PCD table 402 so-formed.
Referring also to the embodiment shown in
Referring also to the embodiment shown in
As an alternative or in addition to using the aluminum-material layer 502, in other embodiments, aluminum material (e.g., commercially pure aluminum or an aluminum alloy) may be provided in particulate form and mixed with the diamond particles to form a mixture that is HPHT processed. The aluminum material may comprise about 1 weight % to about 20 weight %, 0.75 weight % to about 15 weight %, about 2 weight % to about 20 weight %, about 1.5 weight % and about 15 weight %, about 6 weight % to about 15 weight %, about 4.5 weight % to about 11 weight %, about 8 weight % to about 18 weight %, about 6 weight % to about 13.5 weight %, about 10 weight % to about 20 weight %, about 7.5 weight % to about 15 weight %, about 12 weight % to about 18 weight %, about 9 weight % to about 13.5 weight %, about 15 weight % to about 18 weight %, or about 11 weight % to about 13.5 weight % of the PCD table 102, with the balance substantially being diamond grains
The assembly 600 may be placed in a pressure transmitting medium (e.g., a refractory-metal can embedded in pyrophyllite or other pressure transmitting medium) to form a cell assembly. The cell assembly, including the assembly 600, may be subjected to an HPHT process using the same or similar HPHT process conditions used to process the assembly 300 shown in
The extent to which the metallic constituent infiltrates into the at least partially leached PCD table 602, if any, depends on the porosity of the at least partially leached PCD table 602 and the volume of the aluminum-material layer 502. By properly selecting the volume of the aluminum-material layer 502 and porosity of the at least partially leached PCD table 602, the depth “d” shown in
Referring to
The at least partially leached PCD table 602 shown in
The diamond-stable HPHT sintering process conditions employed to form the as-sintered PCD body may be a temperature of at least about 1000° C. (e.g., about 1200° C. to about 1600° C., about 1200° C. to about 1300° C., or about 1600° C. to about 2300° C.) and a pressure in the pressure transmitting medium of at least about 4.0 GPa (e.g., about 5.0 GPa to about 10.0 GPa, about 5.0 GPa to about 8.0 GPa, or about 7.5 GPa to about 9.0 GPa) for a time sufficient to sinter the diamond particles together in the presence of the metallic catalyst and form the PCD comprising directly bonded-together diamond grains defining interstitial regions occupied by the metal-solvent catalyst. For example, the pressure in the pressure transmitting medium that encloses the diamond particles and metallic catalyst source may be at least about 8.0 GPa, at least about 9.0 GPa, at least about 10.0 GPa, at least about 11.0 GPa, at least about 12.0 GPa, or at least about 14 GPa.
As the sintering pressure employed during the HPHT process used to fabricate the PCD body is moved further into the diamond-stable region away from the graphite-diamond equilibrium line, the rate of nucleation and growth of diamond increases. Such increased nucleation and growth of diamond between diamond particles (for a given diamond particle formulation) may result in the as-sintered PCD body being formed that exhibits one or more of a relatively lower metallic catalyst content, a higher coercivity, a lower specific magnetic saturation, or a lower specific permeability (i.e., the ratio of specific magnetic saturation to coercivity) than PCD formed at a lower sintering pressure.
Generally, as the sintering pressure that is used to form the PCD body increases, the coercivity of the PCD body may increase and the magnetic saturation may decrease. The PCD body defined collectively by the bonded diamond grains and the metallic catalyst may exhibit a coercivity of about 115 Oersteds (“Oe”) or more and a metallic catalyst content of less than about 7.5 weight % as indicated by a specific magnetic saturation of about 15 Gauss·cm3/grams (“G·cm3/g”) or less. For example, the coercivity of the PCD body may be about 115 Oe to about 250 Oe and the specific magnetic saturation of the PCD body may be greater than 0 G·cm3/g to about 15 G·cm3/g. In an even more detailed embodiment, the coercivity of the PCD body may be about 115 Oe to about 175 Oe and the specific magnetic saturation of the PCD body may be about 5 G·cm3/g to about 15 G·cm3/g. In yet an even more detailed embodiment, the coercivity of the PCD body may be about 155 Oe to about 175 Oe and the specific magnetic saturation of the PCD body may be about 10 G·cm3/g to about 15 G·cm3/g. The specific permeability (i.e., the ratio of specific magnetic saturation to coercivity) of the PCD may be about 0.10 or less, such as about 0.060 G·cm3/Oe·g to about 0.090 G·cm3/Oe·g.
As merely one example, ASTM B886-03 (2008) provides a suitable standard for measuring the specific magnetic saturation and ASTM B887-03 (2008) e1 provides a suitable standard for measuring the coercivity of the PCD. Although both ASTM B886-03 (2008) and ASTM B887-03 (2008) e1 are directed to standards for measuring magnetic properties of cemented carbide materials, either standard may be used to determine the magnetic properties of PCD. A KOERZIMAT CS 1.096 instrument (commercially available from Foerster Instruments of Pittsburgh, Pa.) is one suitable instrument that may be used to measure the specific magnetic saturation and the coercivity of the PCD.
The pressure values employed in the HPHT processes disclosed herein refer to the pressure in the pressure transmitting medium at room temperature (e.g., about 25° C.) with application of pressure using an ultra-high pressure press and not the pressure applied to the exterior of the cell assembly. The actual pressure in the pressure transmitting medium at sintering temperature may be slightly higher. The ultra-high pressure press may be calibrated at room temperature by embedding at least one calibration material that changes structure at a known pressure such as, PbTe, thallium, barium, or bismuth in the pressure transmitting medium.
Even after leaching, a residual amount of the metallic catalyst may remain in the interstitial regions between the bonded diamond grains of the at least partially leached PCD table 602 that may be identifiable using mass spectroscopy, energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy microanalysis, or other suitable analytical technique. Such entrapped, residual metallic catalyst is difficult to remove even with extended leaching times. For example, the residual amount of metallic catalyst may be present in an amount of about 4 weight % or less, about 3 weight % or less, about 2 weight % or less, about 0.8 weight % to about 1.50 weight %, or about 0.86 weight % to about 1.47 weight %.
The at least partially leached PCD table 602 may be subjected to at least one shaping process prior to bonding to the cemented carbide substrate 412, such as grinding or lapping, to tailor the geometry thereof (e.g., forming an edge chamfer), as desired, for a particular application. The as-sintered PCD body may also be shaped prior to leaching or bonding to the cemented carbide substrate 412 by a machining process, such as electro-discharge machining.
The plurality of diamond particles sintered to form the at least partially leached PCD table 602 may exhibit any of the disclosed sizes and distributions disclosed for the diamond particles of the at least one layer 302 shown in
Regardless of whether the PCD table 402 is sintered on the cemented carbide substrate 412 or formed by infiltrating the at least partially leached PCD table 602, the second region 416 of the PCD table 402 in
The assembly 800 may be enclosed in a suitable pressure transmitting medium to form a cell assembly and subjected to an HPHT process using the HPHT conditions used to HPHT process the assembly 300 shown in
In another embodiment, when the aluminum material of the aluminum-material layer 502 melts or begins melting at a sufficiently low temperature so the infiltration can be performed without significantly damaging the diamond grains of the at least partially leached PCD table 602, the aluminum material may be infiltrated into the at least partially leached PCD table 602 under atmospheric pressure conditions, under vacuum or partial vacuum conditions, or in a hot pressing process (e.g., hot isostatic pressing “HIP”). For example, one suitable aluminum material may comprise a eutectic or near eutectic (e.g., hypereutectic or hypoeutectic) mixture or alloy of aluminum and silicon.
Referring to
In other embodiments, the at least partially leached PCD table 602 may be selectively infiltrated with the aluminum material to provide a thermally-stable cutting edge region while a metallic constituent may be infiltrated in other regions of the at least partially leached PCD table 602 to provide a strong bond with the cemented carbide substrate 412.
In another embodiment shown in
Referring to
During the HPHT process, the ring 1002 liquefies and infiltrates through the at least one lateral surface 1000 and into a generally annular region 1004 of the at least partially leached PCD table 602. The infiltrated aluminum material from the ring 1002 reacts with the diamond grains of the at least partially leached PCD table 602 and/or another carbon source to form aluminum carbide that is disposed interstitially between the diamond grains of the generally annular region 1004. During the HPHT process, a metallic constituent from the cemented carbide substrate 412 also infiltrates into a core region 1006 of the at least partially leached PCD table 602. In some embodiments, the ring 1002 liquefies before the metallic constituent and, thus, the metallic constituent infiltrates the core region 1006 after the aluminum material infiltrates into the generally annular region 1004. However, in other embodiments, the metallic constituent may infiltrate at substantially the same time as the aluminum material.
Referring to
Referring to
In other embodiments, a cap-like structure including aluminum carbide may be formed. Referring to
A variety of other thermally-stable cutting region configurations may be formed besides those illustrated in
With reference to the above embodiments that infiltrate the at least partially leached PCD table 602, it should be noted that the thickness of the at least partially leached PCD table 602 may be reduced after HPHT processing. Before and/or after infiltration, the at least partially leached PCD table 602 may be subjected to one or more types of finishing operations, such as grinding, machining, or combinations of the foregoing. For example, the at least partially leached PCD table 602 may be chamfered prior to or after being infiltrated with the aluminum material.
Although the at least partially leached PCD table 602 is typically attached to a cemented carbide substrate, in other embodiments, the PDCs 100 and 100′ may be formed by forming an assembly including the at least partially leached PCD table 602 positioned adjacent to the aluminum-based substrate 112. The assembly so-formed may be subjected to an HPHT process to infiltrate the pores of the at least partially leached PCD table 602 with aluminum material from the aluminum-based substrate 112 to form the PCD table 102 (
The PDCs disclosed herein (e.g., PDC 100 of
Thus, the embodiments of PDCs disclosed herein may be used in any apparatus or structure in which at least one conventional PDC is typically used. In one embodiment, a rotor and a stator, assembled to form a thrust-bearing apparatus, may each include one or more PDCs (e.g., PDC 100 of
The following working examples set forth various formulations and methods for forming PDCs. In the following working examples, the wear resistance and thermal stability of Working Examples 1-5 of the invention are compared to the wear resistance and thermal stability of conventional Comparative Examples 1 and 2.
PDCs were formed according to the following process. A PCD table was formed by HPHT sintering in a high-pressure cubic press at a temperature of about 1400° C. and a pressure of about 6.5 GPa (cell pressure), in the presence of cobalt, diamond particles having an average grain size of about 19 μm. The PCD table included bonded diamond grains, with cobalt disposed within interstitial regions between the bonded diamond grains. The PCD table was leached with acid for a time sufficient to remove substantially all of the cobalt from the interstitial regions to form an at least partially leached PCD table. An assembly was formed having a configuration similar to the assembly 600 shown in
PDCs were formed according to the same process as the PDC in Working Example 1 except the thickness of the disc of aluminum was about 0.0020 inch (50.8 μm).
PDCs were formed according to the same process as the PDC in Working Example 1 except the thickness of the disc of aluminum was about 0.0030 inch (76.2 μm).
PDCs were formed according to the same process as the PDC in Working Example 1 except the thickness of the disc of aluminum was about 0.0030 inch (76.2 μm) and the disc exhibited a ring-like geometry similar to that shown in assembly 915 of
PDCs were formed according to the same process as the PDC in Working Example 4 except the thickness of the disc of aluminum was about 0.0040 inch (101.6 μm).
Conventional PDCs were obtained that were fabricated by placing a layer of diamond particles having an average particle size of about 19 μm adjacent to a cobalt-cemented tungsten carbide substrate. The layer and substrate were placed in a container assembly. The container assembly, including the layer and substrate therein, was subjected to HPHT conditions in an HPHT press at a temperature of about 1400° C. and a pressure of about 7.8 GPa (cell pressure) to form a conventional PDC including a PCD table integrally formed and bonded to the cobalt-cemented tungsten carbide substrate. Cobalt was infiltrated into the layer of diamond particles from the cobalt-cemented tungsten carbide substrate catalyzing formation of the PCD table.
PDCs were obtained, which was fabricated as performed in comparative example 1 except the HPHT processing pressure was about 5 GPa to about 6.5 GPa. After formation of the PDC, the PCD table was acid leached after machining to a depth of about 250 μm.
The wear resistance and thermal stability of the PCD tables of working examples 1-5 of the invention and comparative examples 1 and 2 were evaluated. The wear resistance was evaluated by measuring the volume of PDC removed versus the volume of Barre granite workpiece removed after fifty (50) passes, while the workpiece was cooled with water. The test parameters were a depth of cut for the PDC of about 0.254 mm, a back rake angle for the PDC of about 20 degrees, an in-feed for the PDC of about 6.35 mm/rev, and a rotary speed of the workpiece to be cut of about 101 RPM.
The thermal stability was evaluated by measuring the distance cut in a Barre granite workpiece prior to failure, without using coolant, in a vertical turret lathe test. The distance cut is considered representative of the thermal stability of the PCD table. The test parameters were a depth of cut for the PDC of about 1.27 mm, a back rake angle for the PDC of about 20 degrees, an in-feed for the PDC of about 1.524 mm/rev, a cutting speed of the workpiece to be cut of about 1.78 m/sec, and the workpiece had an outer diameter of about 914 mm and an inner diameter of about 254 mm. All of the PDCs of Comparative Examples 1 and 2 were tested to failure in the thermal stability tests. Only some of Working Examples 1 were tested to failure in the thermal stability tests, which were the PDCs that failed at below 12,000 feet. All of the other PDCs of the Working Examples 1-5 of the invention were not tested to failure because the thermal stability tests were stopped shortly after the 12,000 feet distance was exceed.
As shown in
While various aspects and embodiments have been disclosed herein, other aspects and embodiments are contemplated. The various aspects and embodiments disclosed herein are for purposes of illustration and are not intended to be limiting. Additionally, the words “including,” “having,” and variants thereof (e.g., “includes” and “has”) as used herein, including the claims, shall be open ended and have the same meaning as the word “comprising” and variants thereof (e.g., “comprise” and “comprises”).
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Number | Date | Country | |
---|---|---|---|
Parent | 13100388 | May 2011 | US |
Child | 14621019 | US |
Number | Date | Country | |
---|---|---|---|
Parent | 13027954 | Feb 2011 | US |
Child | 13100388 | US |