METHODS OF PREPARING 1'-CYANO NUCLEOSIDES

Abstract

The present disclosure generally describes methods of preparing 1′-cyano nucleosides, such as a compound of Formula (I). For example, the compound of Formula (I) can be prepared from a compound of Formula (II-a) in a flow reactor.

Description

BACKGROUND

The compound (2R,3R,4R,5R)-2-(4-aminopyrrolo[2,1-f][1,2,4]triazin-7-yl)-3,4-bis(benzyloxy)-5-((benzyloxy)methyl)tetrahydrofuran-2-carbonitrile is an important synthetic intermediate (see e.g. WO2016/069825). There continues to be a need for methods of preparing this intermediate, and other 1′-cyano nucleosides. Additionally there continues to be a need for methods of preparing these compounds at large scale, with good yield, and/or with good purity.

The present invention meets this and other needs.

BRIEF SUMMARY

In one embodiment, the present invention provides a method of preparing a compound of Formula (I):

the method comprising: (a) adding a first input mixture to a first flow reactor, wherein the first input mixture comprises a Lewis acid, a Bronsted acid, and a compound of Formula (II-a):

wherein the first flow reactor provides a first output mixture; and (b) adding a second input mixture to a second flow reactor, wherein the second input mixture comprises the first output mixture and a cyanating agent; wherein the second flow reactor provides a second output mixture comprising the compound of Formula (I).

In another embodiment, provided herein is a method of preparing a compound of Formula (II-a):

comprising adding a fifth input mixture to a fifth reactor, wherein the fifth input mixture comprises a compound of Formula (V):

an oxidant, and a fifth base, wherein the fifth reactor provides a fifth output mixture comprising the compound of Formula (II-a).

In another embodiment, provided herein is a method of preparing a compound of Formula (VII):

or a salt thereof, the method comprising adding an eighth input mixture to an eighth flow reactor, wherein the eighth input mixture comprises an eighth Lewis acid and a compound of Formula (I):

the eighth flow reactor provides an eighth output mixture comprising the compound of Formula (VII) or salt thereof.

In another embodiment, provided herein is a method of preparing a compound of Formula (VII):

or a salt thereof, the method comprising combining a compound of Formula (I):

a ninth Lewis acid, and an additive in a ninth reactor to provide a ninth output mixture comprising the compound of Formula (VII) or salt thereof.

In another embodiment, provided herein is a method of preparing a compound of Formula (VII):

or a salt thereof, the method comprising combining a compound of Formula (I):

a tenth Lewis acid in a tenth reactor to provide a tenth output mixture comprising the compound of Formula (VII) or salt thereof, wherein the tenth Lewis acid is selected from the group consisting of aluminum trichloride (AlCl₃), aluminum tribromide (AlBr₃), titanium(IV) chloride (TiCl₄), and tin(IV) chloride (SnCl₄).

In another embodiment, provided herein is a method of preparing a compound of Formula (VIII):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, comprising (a) adding an eleventh input mixture to an eleventh reactor, wherein the eleventh input mixture comprises an eleventh acid HX, an eleventh protecting agent, an eleventh solvent, and a compound of Formula (VII):

wherein the eleventh reactor provides an eleventh output mixture comprising an acid salt of Formula (VIII-a):

wherein the eleventh acid HX is sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, phosphoric acid, benzoic acid, oxalic acid, methanesulfonic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, camphorsulfonic acid, naphthalenesulfonic acid, 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid, 1,5-naphthalenedisulfonic acid, maleic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, or oxalic acid; the eleventh protecting agent is acetone, 2-methoxypropene, 2,2-dimethoxypropane, an alkyl acetal, or a vinyl ether; and =the eleventh solvent is dichloromethane, methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, isopropyl acetate, tetrahydrofuran, 2-methyltetrahydrofuran, or acetonitrile, or a combination thereof; and (b) adding a twelfth input mixture to a twelfth reactor, wherein the twelfth input mixture comprises the eleventh output mixture, a twelfth base, and a twelfth solvent; wherein the twelfth reactor provides a twelfth output mixture comprising the compound of Formula (VIII-a); the twelfth base is sodium bicarbonate, sodium carbonate, potassium bicarbonate, potassium carbonate, sodium acetate, potassium acetate, calcium acetate, or calcium hydroxide; and the twelfth solvent is methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, or water, or a combination thereof.

In another embodiment, provided herein is a method of preparing a compound of Formula (X):

comprising adding a thirteenth input mixture to a thirteenth reactor, wherein the thirteenth input mixture comprises a compound of Formula (VIII):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, magnesium chloride, diisopropylethylamine, a thirteenth solvent, and a compound of Formula (IX):

wherein the thirteenth reactor provides an thirteenth output mixture comprising the compound of Formula (X); and the thirteenth solvent is dichloromethane, tetrahydrofuran, or 2-methyltetrahydrofuran, or a combination thereof.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows a flow schematic of the method of preparing a compound of Formula (I) as described in Example 7.

FIG. 2 shows a flow schematic of the method of preparing a compound of Formula (VII) as described in Example 13.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

I. General

The present disclosure describes methods of preparing 1′-cyano nucleosides. The methods described herein relate to efficient, scalable processes that can be performed at any scale, e.g., 1 kg or higher. In some embodiments, the method comprises preparing in a flow reactor a compound of Formula (I):

II. Definitions

“About” when referring to a value includes the stated value +/−10% of the stated value. For example, about 50% includes a range of from 45% to 55%, while about 20 molar equivalents includes a range of from 18 to 22 molar equivalents. Accordingly, when referring to a range, “about” refers to each of the stated values +/−10% of the stated value of each end of the range. For instance, a ratio of from about 1 to about 3 (weight/weight) includes a range of from 0.9 to 3.3.

“Flow reactor” or “tube reactor” refers to a vessel to which chemicals, reagents and solvent are continuously added as a feed mixture, usually at steady state, and configured so that conversion of the chemicals, reagents, and other dependent variables are functions of position and residence time within the reactor. For example, the fluids can flow through the flow reactor as if they were solid plugs or pistons, and reaction time is the same for all flowing material at any given cross section. While material is continuously added to the flow reactor, product is continuously produced via an output mixture until the feed mixture is exhausted, i.e., there is no feed mixture remaining. For example, with respect to the flow schematic shown in FIG. 1, the first flow reactor is represented by the reaction loop 140. With respect to the flow schematic shown in FIG. 1, the second flow reactor is represented by the reaction loop 170.

“Continuously adding” refers to providing a source of chemicals, reagents and solvent as a flowing stream to the reactor in order to provide a stream of product.

“Exhausted” refers to a time point in which the feed mixture of chemicals, reagents and solvent has been completely delivered to a flow reactor.

“Input mixture” as used herein refers to a mixture of one or more reagents and/or solvents that enters a reactor. The reactor can be a batch reactor or a flow reactor.

“First input mixture” as used herein refers to a mixture of one or more reagents and/or solvents that enters the first flow reactor. For example, with respect to the flow schematic shown in FIG. 1, the first input mixture is represented by the stream 135 entering the first flow reactor.

“Second input mixture” as used herein refers to a mixture of one or more reagents and/or solvents that enters the second flow reactor. For example, with respect to the flow schematic shown in FIG. 1, the second input mixture is represented by the stream 165 entering the second flow reactor.

“Output mixture” as used herein refers to a mixture of one or more reagents and/or solvents that exits a reactor. The reactor can be a batch reactor or a flow reactor.

A “first output mixture” as used herein refers to a mixture of one or more compounds and/or solvents that exits the first flow reactor. For example, with respect to the flow schematic shown in FIG. 1, the first output mixture is represented by the stream 145 exiting the first flow reactor.

A “second output mixture” as used herein refers to a mixture of one or more compounds and/or solvents that exits the second flow reactor. For example, with respect to the flow schematic shown in FIG. 1, the second output mixture is represented by the stream 180 exiting the second flow reactor.

“Residence time” in a reactor refers to the period of time one or more components spend on average in a flow reactor. The residence time is a function of flow rate and equipment dimensions.

A “feed mixture” refers to a mixture of reagents and/or solvent prior to input in a flow reactor. Because a chemical reaction can be concentration and temperature dependent, the concentration and temperature of reagents can be prepared prior to combination and/or reaction as an input mixture in a flow reactor. For example, in embodiments illustrated by FIG. 1, a “first feed mixture” comprises the compound of Formula (II-a) represented as stream 110. In embodiments illustrated by FIG. 1, a “second feed mixture” comprises a Lewis acid and a Bronsted acid mixed and provided in a stream 120. In embodiments illustrated by FIG. 1, a “third feed mixture” comprises a cyanating agent mixed and provided in a stream 150.

“Lewis acid” refers to a chemical group capable of accepting an electron pair from a second chemical group capable of donating an electron pair. Lewis acids can be inorganic compounds including boron salts, such as boron trifluoride, or aluminum salts, such as aluminum trichloride; organic compound salts, such as trimethylsilyl trifluoromethanesulfonate (TMSOTf); or metal complexes containing organic and/or inorganic ligands, such as indium(III) chloride or dichlorodiisopropoxytitanium(IV).

“Bronsted acid”, “Brønsted acid”, or “Brønsted-Lowry acid” refers to an acid capable of donating a proton and forming the conjugate base. Examples of Bronsted acids include inorganic acids such as hydrogen chloride or hydrogen tetrafluoroborate; and organic acids, e.g., carboxylic acids such as trifluoroacetic acid (TFA), or sulfonic acids such as trifluoromethanesulfonic acid.

“Cyanating agent” refers to an agent capable of installing a cyano group (—CN) on a corresponding compound. Cyanating agents include inorganic cyanides, e.g., sodium cyanide, potassium cyanide, tetrabutylammonium cyanide, and organic cyanides such as trialkylsilyl cyanides, e.g., trimethylsilyl cyanide (TMSCN) or tert-butyldimethylsilyl cyanide (TBSCN).

When referring to molar equivalents, “relative” refers to the ratio of the molar amounts of a first component compared to the molar amounts of a second component. For example, 2.0 molar equivalents of trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) relative to the compound of Formula (II-a) refers to an embodiment where there are two times the number of molecules of TFA compared to the molecules of the compound of Formula (II-a).

An amount of a first component “relative to” an amount of a second component in weight refers to the ratio of the weight of the first component and the weight of the second component. For example, 20% (w/w) of trimethylsilyl cyanide (TMSCN) relative to dichloromethane (DCM) refers to a solution of 2 kg TMSCN in 10 kg DCM.

“Volumes” refers to the number of liters (L) of a solvent per kilogram (kg) of a component. For example, 15 volumes of dichloromethane refers to 15 liters per kilogram of the compound of Formula (II-a). As dichloromethane has a density of 1.33 g/mL, 15 volumes corresponds to 20 kg of dichloromethane per 1 kg of the compound of Formula (II-a). Similarly, 8 volumes of water corresponds to 8 kg of water per 1 kg of the compound Formula (II-a). Thus, a reaction involving 250 kg of the compound Formula (II-a) and 15 volumes of dichloromethane includes 3,750 L of dichloromethane.

III. Methods of Making

The present disclosure describes methods of making

• (1) the compound of Formula I, (2R,3R,4R,5R)-2-(4-aminopyrrolo[2,1-f][1,2,4]triazin-7-yl)-3,4-bis(benzyloxy)-5-((benzyloxy)methyl)tetrahydrofuran-2-carbonitrile,
• (2) the compound of Formula II-a, (3R,4R,5R)-2-(4-aminopyrrolo[2,1-f][1,2,4]triazin-7-yl)-3,4-bis(benzyloxy)-5-((benzyloxy)methyl)tetrahydrofuran-2-ol,
• (3) the compound of Formula VII, (2R,3R,4S,5R)-2-(4-aminopyrrolo[2,1-f][1,2,4]triazin-7-yl)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydrofuran-2-carbonitrile,
• (4) the compound of Formula VIII, (3aR,4R,6R,6aR)-4-(4-aminopyrrolo[2,1-f][1,2,4]triazin-7-yl)-6-(hydroxymethyl)-2,2-dimethyltetrahydrofuro[3,4-d][1,3]dioxole-4-carbonitrile, and
• (5) the compound of Formula X, 2-ethylbutyl ((S)-(((3aR,4R,6R,6aR)-6-(4-aminopyrrolo[2,1-f][1,2,4]triazin-7-yl)-6-cyano-2,2-dimethyltetrahydrofuro[3,4-d][1,3]dioxol-4-yl)methoxy)(phenoxy)phosphoryl)-L-alaninate.

A. Formula (I) from Formula (II-A)

Provided herein are methods of preparing compounds described herein. Provided herein are methods of preparing the compound of Formula (I), (2R,3R,4R,5R)-2-(4-aminopyrrolo[2,1-f][1,2,4]triazin-7-yl)-3,4-bis(benzyloxy)-5-((benzyloxy)methyl)tetrahydrofuran-2-carbonitrile:

In one embodiment, the present disclosure provides a method of preparing a compound of Formula (I):

the method comprising: (a) adding a first input mixture to a first flow reactor, wherein the first input mixture comprises a Lewis acid, a Bronsted acid, and a compound of Formula (II-a):

wherein the first flow reactor provides a first output mixture; and (b) adding a second input mixture to a second flow reactor, wherein the second input mixture comprises the first output mixture and a cyanating agent; wherein the second flow reactor provides a second output mixture comprising the compound of Formula (I).

The compound of Formula (I) having the structure:

is also known as (2R,3R,4R,5R)-2-(4-aminopyrrolo[2,1-f][1,2,4]triazin-7-yl)-3,4-bis(benzyloxy)-5-((benzyloxy)methyl)tetrahydrofuran-2-carbonitrile.

The compound of Formula (II-a) having the structure:

is also known as (3R,4R,5R)-2-(4-aminopyrrolo[2,1-f][1,2,4]triazin-7-yl)-3,4-bis(benzyloxy)-5-((benzyloxy)methyl)tetrahydrofuran-2-ol.

As is generally understood in the art, the compound of Formula (II-a) exists in an equilibrium with a compound of Formula (II-b):

Accordingly, as used herein, the compound of Formula (II-a) when recited alone is understood to mean the compound of Formula (II-a) and/or the compound of Formula (II-b) or any combination of the two species.

In some embodiments, the method of preparing the compound of Formula (I) further comprises a solvent. In some embodiments, the first input mixture, the second input mixture, and/or the third input mixture comprises a solvent. Any suitable solvent can be used in the method of preparing a compound of Formula (I). In some embodiments, the solvent can include esters (e.g., ethyl acetate, isopropyl acetate, n-propyl acetate, butyl acetate, isobutyl acetate), ethers (e.g., diethyl ether, methyl tert-butyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, 2-methyltetrahydrofuran, 1,4-dioxane), aromatic solvents (e.g., toluene, benzene, xylenes), polar aprotic solvents (e.g., N,N-dimethylformamide, N,N-dimethylacetamide, N-methylpyrrolidinone, dimethylsulfoxide), chlorinated solvents (e.g., dichloromethane, chloroform, dichloroethane, chlorobenzene), nitriles (e.g., acetonitrile, propionitrile, butyronitrile), or a combination thereof.

In some embodiments, the solvent is dichloromethane, chloroform, dichloroethane, or chlorobenzene, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the solvent is dichloromethane (DCM).

Any suitable Lewis acid can be used in the method of preparing a compound of Formula (I). In some embodiments, the Lewis acid is tert-butyldimethylsilyl trifluoromethanesulfonate (TBSOTf), triethylsilyl trifluoromethanesulfonate (TESOTf), boron trifluoride (BF₃), boron trifluoride etherate (BF₃—OEt₂), boron trichloride (BCl₃), boron trifluoride tetrahydrofuran complex (BF₃-THF), magnesium dichloride (MgCl₂), magnesium dibromide (MgBr₂), magnesium dibromide etherate (MgBr₂—OEt₂), zinc dichloride (ZnCl₂), zinc dibromide (ZnBr₂), lithium chloride (LiCl), lithium bromide (LiBr), lithium iodide (LiI), aluminum trichloride (AlCl₃), aluminum tribromide (AlBr₃), aluminum triiodide (AlI₃), dimethylsilyl bis(trifluoromethanesulfonate) (Me₂Si(OTf)₂), diethylsilyl bis(trifluoromethanesulfonate) (Et₂Si(OTf)₂), dipropylsilyl bis(trifluoromethanesulfonate) (Pr₂Si(OTf)₂), diisopropylsilyl bis(trifluoromethanesulfonate) (iPr₂Si(OTf)₂), di-tert-butylsilyl bis(trifluoromethanesulfonate) ((tBu)₂Si(OTf)₂), tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane ((C₆F₅)₃B), trichloromethylsilane (MeSiCl₃), dichlorodimethylsilane (Me₂SiCl₂), tetrachlorosilane (SiCl₄), trimethylsilyl trifluoromethanesulfonate (TMSOTf), trimethylsilyl chloride (TMSCl), trimethylsilyl iodide (TMSI), trimethylsilyl bromide (TMSBr), tert-butyldimethylsilyl chloride (TBSCl), tert-butyldimethylsilyl bromide (TBSBr), tert-butyldimethylsilyl iodide (TBSI), triethylsilyl chloride (TESCl), triethylsilyl bromide (TESBr), triethylsilyl iodide (TESI), samarium(III) chloride (SmCl₃), samarium(III) bromide (SmBr₃), samarium(II) iodide (SmI₂), samarium(III) iodide (SmI₃), scandium(III) iodide (ScI₃), scandium(III) bromide (ScBr₃), scandium(III) iodide (ScI₃), samarium(III) trifluoromethanesulfonate (Sm(OTf)₃), scandium(III) trifluoromethanesulfonate (Sc(OTf)₃), titanium(IV) chloride (TiCl₄), titanium(IV) isopropoxide (Ti(OiPr)₄), chlorotriisopropoxytitanium(IV) (Ti(OiPr)₃Cl), dichlorodiisopropoxytitanium(IV) (Ti(OiPr)₂Cl₂), trichloroisopropoxytitanium(IV) (Ti(OiPr)Cl₃), zinc tetrafluoroborate (Zn(BF₄)₂), lithium tetrafluoroborate (LiBF₄), magnesium tetrafluoroborate (Mg(BF₄)₂), zirconium chloride (ZrCl₄), iron(II) chloride (FeCl₂), iron(III) chloride (FeCl₃), iron(II) bromide (FeBr₂), iron(III) bromide (FeBr₃), iron(II) iodide (FeI₂), iron(III) iodide (FeI₃), copper(I) trifluoromethanesulfonate (Cu(OTf)), 4-toluenesulfonyl chloride, benzenesulfonyl chloride, 4-toluenesulfonyl triflate, benzenesulfonyl triflate, methylsulfonyl chloride, methylsulfonic anhydride, indium(III) chloride (InCl₃), indium(III) bromide (InBr₃), indium(III) iodide (InI₃), indium(III) trifluoromethanesulfonate (In(OTf)₃), magnesium sulfate (MgSO₄), or sodium sulfate (Na₂SO₄); or a combination thereof.

In some embodiments, the Lewis acid is a trialkylsilyl Lewis acid. In some embodiments, the Lewis acid is trimethylsilyl trifluoromethanesulfonate (TMSOTf), trimethylsilyl chloride (TMSCl), trimethylsilyl iodide (TMSI), trimethylsilyl bromide (TMSBr), tert-butyldimethylsilyl chloride (TBSCl), tert-butyldimethylsilyl bromide (TBSBr), tert-butyldimethylsilyl iodide (TBSI), triethylsilyl chloride (TESCl), triethylsilyl bromide (TESBr), triethylsilyl iodide (TESI), tert-butyldimethylsilyl trifluoromethanesulfonate (TBSOTf), or triethylsilyl trifluoromethanesulfonate (TESOTf). In some embodiments, the Lewis acid is trimethylsilyl trifluoromethanesulfonate (TMSOTf).

The Lewis acid can be present in any suitable amount. For example, the Lewis acid can be present in an amount of at least 1 molar equivalent relative to the compound of Formula (II-a), such as about 2, about 3, about 4, about 5, about 6, about 7, about 8, about 9, or about 10 molar equivalents. In some embodiments, the Lewis acid can be present in an amount of from about 1.0 to about 10.0 molar equivalents relative to the compound of Formula (II-a). The Lewis acid can also be present in an amount of from about 3.0 to about 9.0 molar equivalents relative to the compound of Formula (II-a), such as from about 4.0 to about 8.0 molar equivalents. In some embodiments, the Lewis acid can be present in an amount of from about 5.0 to about 7.0 molar equivalents relative to the compound of Formula (II-a). In some embodiments, the Lewis acid can be present in an amount of about 6.0 molar equivalents relative to the compound of Formula (II-a).

In some embodiments, the Lewis acid is TMSOTf. In some embodiments, the second input mixture comprises TMSOTf. The TMSOTf can be present in any suitable amount. For example, TMSOTf can be present in an amount of at least 1 molar equivalent relative to the compound of Formula (II-a), such as about 2, about 3, about 4, about 5, about 6, about 7, about 8, about 9, or about 10 molar equivalents. TMSOTf can also be present in an amount of from about 1.0 to about 10.0 molar equivalents relative to the compound of Formula (II-a). In some embodiments, the TMSOTf is present in an amount of from about 4.0 to about 8.0, or from about 3.0 to about 9.0, molar equivalents relative to the compound of Formula (II-a). In some embodiments, TMSOTf is present in an amount of from about 5.0 to about 7.0 molar equivalents relative to the compound of Formula (II-a). In some embodiments, TMSOTf is present in an amount of about 6.0 molar equivalents relative to the compound of Formula (II-a).

Any suitable Bronsted acid can be used in the method of preparing a compound of Formula (I) described herein. The Bronsted acid can be benzenesulfonic acid, hydrogen chloride, hydrogen bromide, hydrogen iodide, 4-toluenesulfonic acid, triflic acid, trifluoroacetic acid, 4-nitrobenzoic acid, methanesulfonic acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, acetic acid, formic acid, trifluoroacetic acid (TFA), trifluoromethanesulfonic acid, 4-fluorobenzoic acid, pivalic acid, hydrogen tetrafluoroborate (HBF₄), nitric acid, 4-chlorobenzoic acid, pentafluorophenol, hydrogen hexafluorophosphate (HPF₆), camphorsulfonic acid; or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the Bronsted acid is trifluoroacetic acid (TFA), trifluoromethanesulfonic acid, 4-fluorobenzoic acid, pivalic acid, hydrogen tetrafluoroborate (HBF₄), nitric acid, 4-chlorobenzoic acid, pentafluorophenol, or hydrogen hexafluorophosphate (HPF₆). In some embodiments, the Bronsted acid is trifluoroacetic acid.

The Bronsted acid can be present in any suitable amount. For example, the Bronsted acid can be present in an amount of at least 0.5 molar equivalents relative to the compound of Formula (II-a), such as about 0.6, about 0.7, about 0.8, about 0.9, about 1.0, about 1.1, about 1.2, about 1.3, about 1.4, or about 1.5 molar equivalents. In some embodiments, the Bronsted acid is present in an amount of from about 0.5 to about 1.5 molar equivalents. In some embodiments, the Bronsted acid is present in an amount of from about 0.7 to about 1.3 molar equivalents. In some embodiments, the Bronsted acid is present in an amount of from about 0.8 to about 1.2 molar equivalents. In some embodiments, the Bronsted acid is present in an amount of about 1.0 molar equivalents relative to the compound of Formula (II-a).

In some embodiments, the Bronsted acid is trifluoroacetic acid (TFA). The trifluoroacetic acid can be present in any suitable amount. For example, the trifluoroacetic acid can be present in an amount of at least 0.5 molar equivalents relative to the compound of Formula (II-a), such as about 0.6, about 0.7, about 0.8, about 0.9, about 1.0, about 1.1, about 1.2, about 1.3, about 1.4, or about 1.5 molar equivalents. In some embodiments, the trifluoroacetic acid is present in an amount of from about 0.7 to about 1.3, from about 0.9 to about 1.1, or from about 0.6 to about 1.4 molar equivalents relative to the compound of Formula (II-a). In some embodiments, the trifluoroacetic acid is present in an amount of from about 0.5 to about 1.5 molar equivalents relative to the compound of Formula (II-a). In some embodiments, the trifluoroacetic acid is present in an amount of from about 0.8 to about 1.2 molar equivalents relative to the compound of Formula (II-a). In some embodiments, the trifluoroacetic acid is present in an amount of about 1.0 molar equivalents relative to the compound of Formula (II-a).

Any suitable cyanating agent can be used in the method of preparing a compound of Formula (I). In some embodiments, the cyanating agent is trimethylsilyl cyanide (TMSCN), tert-butyldimethylsilyl cyanide (TBSCN), triethylsilyl cyanide (TESCN), hydrogen cyanide (HCN), potassium cyanide (KCN), sodium cyanide (NaCN), 4-toluenesulfonyl cyanide, copper(I) cyanide (CuCN), copper(I) cyanide-lithium chloride (CuCN—LiCl), lithium cyanide (LiCN), zinc cyanide (Zn(CN)₂), potassium ferrocyanide (K₄[Fe(CN)₆]), tetrabutylammonium cyanide, tetramethylammonium cyanide, tetraethylammonium cyanide, tetraalkylammonium cyanide with alkyl independently being methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, or hexyl, tributyltin cyanide, trimethyltin cyanide, triethyltin cyanide, tripropyltin cyanide, trialkyltin cyanide with alkyl independently being methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, or hexyl, 2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanenitrile; or a combination thereof.

In some embodiments, the cyanating agent is trimethylsilyl cyanide (TMSCN), tert-butyldimethylsilyl cyanide (TBSCN), triethylsilyl cyanide (TESCN), tetrabutylammonium cyanide, tetramethylammonium cyanide, or tetraethylammonium cyanide. In some embodiments, the cyanating agent is TMSCN.

The cyanating agent can be present in any suitable amount. For example, the cyanating agent can be present in an amount of at least 1 molar equivalents relative to the compound of Formula (II-a), such as about 2, about 3, about 4, about 5, about 6, about 7, about 8, about 9, or about 10 molar equivalents. In some embodiments, the cyanating agent can be present in an amount of from about 1.0 to about 10.0 molar equivalents relative to the compound of Formula (II-a). The cyanating agent can also be present in an amount of from about 3.0 to about 9.0 molar equivalents relative to the compound of Formula (II-a), such as from about 4.0 to about 8.0 molar equivalents. In some embodiments, the cyanating agent can be present in an amount of from about 5.0 to about 7.0 molar equivalents relative to the compound of Formula (II-a). In some embodiments, the cyanating agent is present in an amount of about 6.0 molar equivalents relative to the compound of Formula (II-a).

In some embodiments, the cyanating agent is TMSCN. In some embodiments, the second input mixture comprises TMSCN. The TMSCN can be present in any suitable amount.

For example, TMSCN can be present in an amount of at least 1 molar equivalent relative to the compound of Formula (II-a), such as about 2, about 3, about 4, about 5, about 6, about 7, about 8, about 9, or about 10 molar equivalents. In some embodiments, the TMSCN can also be present in an amount of from about 1.0 to about 10.0 molar equivalents relative to the compound of Formula (II-a). In some embodiments, the TMSCN is present in an amount of from about 4.0 to about 8.0, or from about 3.0 to about 9.0, molar equivalents relative to the compound of Formula (II-a). In some embodiments, TMSCN is present in an amount of from about 5.0 to about 7.0 molar equivalents relative to the compound of Formula (II-a). In some embodiments, the TMSCN is present in an amount of about 6.0 molar equivalents relative to the compound of Formula (II-a).

In some embodiments, the Lewis acid is trifluoromethanesulfonate (TMSOTf), the Bronsted acid is trifluoroacetic acid (TFA), the solvent is dichloromethane, and the cyanating agent is trimethylsilyl cyanide (TMSCN).

In some embodiments, the method of preparing a compound of Formula (I):

comprises: (a) adding a first input mixture to a first flow reactor, wherein the first input mixture comprises trimethylsilyl trifluoromethanesulfonate (TMSOTf), trifluoroacetic acid (TFA), dichloromethane (DCM), and a compound of Formula (II-a):

wherein the first flow reactor provides a first output mixture; and (b) adding a second input mixture to a second flow reactor, wherein the second input mixture comprises the first output mixture and trimethylsilyl cyanide (TMSCN); wherein the second flow reactor provides a second output mixture comprising the compound of Formula (I).

The method of the present disclosure can be used to prepare the compound of Formula (I) from the compound of Formula (II-a) in any desired quantity, for example, from gram to kilogram quantities. Because the method described herein is a continuous flow method, the method can be used to prepare any quantity of the compound of Formula (I), including amounts greater than the specific amounts described herein. In some embodiments, the method comprises at least 5 g, 10 g, 15 g, 20 g, 25 g, 30 g, 35 g, 40 g, 45 g, 50 g, 100 g, 200 g, 300 g, 400 g, 500 g, 600 g, 700 g, 800 g, 900 g, 1 kg, 2 kg, 3 kg, 4 kg, 5 kg, 10 kg, 20 kg, 30 kg, 40 kg, 50 kg, 100 kg, 200 kg, 250 kg, 280 kg, 300 kg, 400 kg, 500 kg, or at least 1000 kg or more of the compound of Formula (II-a). In some embodiments, the method comprises from about 50 g to about 1000 kg, e.g., from about 50 g to about 300 kg, of the compound of Formula (II-a). In some embodiments, the method includes at least 1 kg of the compound of Formula (II-a). In some embodiments, the method includes at least 100 kg of the compound of Formula (II-a). For example, the method can comprise at least 280 kg of the compound of Formula (II-a). In some embodiments, the method comprises from about 200 g to about 300 kg of the compound of Formula (II-a). In some embodiments, the method comprises from about 250 g to about 300 kg of the compound of Formula (II-a).

The method of preparing the compound of Formula (I) described herein comprises use of flow reactors, e.g., a first flow reactor and a second flow reactor. In some embodiments, the method comprises continuously adding the first input mixture to the first flow reactor until the first input mixture is exhausted. In some embodiments, the method comprises continuously adding the second input mixture to the second flow reactor until the first output mixture is exhausted.

The first input mixture can include a number of components that can be combined from one or more feed mixtures prior to adding to the first flow reactor. For example, the first input mixture can include a first feed mixture, e.g., Feed 1 in FIG. 1, comprising the compound of Formula (II-a) and a solvent such as dichloromethane. The compound of Formula (II-a) can be present in the solvent in any suitable amount, such as, but not limited to, from about 3% to about 30% (w/w), or about 3%, about 4%, about 5%, about 6%, about 7%, about 8%, about 9%, about 10%, about 15%, about 20%, about 25%, or about 30% of the compound of Formula (II-a) relative to the solvent. In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (II-a) is present in a solution of from about 3% to about 10% (w/w) relative to the dichloromethane. In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (II-a) can be present in a solution of about 5% (w/w) relative to the dichloromethane.

The first input mixture can also include a second feed mixture, e.g., Feed 2 in FIG. 1, comprising a Lewis acid and a solvent such as dichloromethane. The Lewis acid, such as TMSOTf, can be present in any suitable amount such as, but not limited to, from about 10% to about 60% (w/w) or from about 20% to about 50% (w/w), or about 20%, about 25%, about 30%, about 35%, about 40%, about 45%, or about 50% of the Lewis acid relative to the solvent. In some embodiments, the Lewis acid is present in an amount of from about 30% to about 50% (w/w) relative to the solvent. In some embodiments, the Lewis acid is present in an amount of about 40% (w/w) relative to the solvent.

The second feed mixture also includes a Bronsted acid. The Bronsted acid, such as trifluoroacetic acid, can be present in any suitable amount such as, but not limited to, from about 1% to about 5% (w/w), e.g., about 1%, about 2%, about 2.5%, about 3%, about 3.5%, about 4%, about 4.5%, or about 5%, of the trifluoroacetic acid relative to the solvent. In some embodiments, the second feed mixture further comprises from about 2% to about 5% (w/w) of the trifluoroacetic acid relative to dichloromethane. Alternatively, the solvent of the second feed mixture can be present in an amount from about 1 to about 10 volumes, from about 1 to about 8 volumes, from about 2 to about 7 volumes, from about 3 to about 6 volumes, or from about 4 to about 5 volumes. In some embodiments, the solvent in the second feed mixture can be present in an amount of about 1, or 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or about 10 volumes. In some embodiments, the solvent in the second feed mixture can be present in an amount of about 4.0, or 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5, 4.6, 4.7, 4.8, 4.9, or about 5.0 volumes. In some embodiments, the solvent of the second feed mixture can be present in an amount of about 4.4 volumes. The volumes can be calculated relative to any component in the method. In some embodiments, the volumes of solvent in the second feed mixture are relative to the compound of Formula (II-a).

In some embodiments, the method of preparing the compound of Formula (I) provided herein comprises combining a first feed mixture comprising from about 3% to about 7% (w/w) of the compound of Formula (II-a) relative to dichloromethane, and a second feed mixture comprising from about 30% to about 50% (w/w) of the TMSOTf relative to dichloromethane and from about 2% to about 5% (w/w) of the trifluoroacetic acid relative to dichloromethane, thus forming the first input mixture. Alternatively, the solvent of the first feed mixture can be present in an amount from about 1 to about 50 volumes, from about 5 to about 15 volumes, from about 10 to about 20 volumes, from about 12 to about 18 volumes, or from about 14 to about 16 volumes. In some embodiments, the solvent in the first feed mixture can be present in an amount of about 10, or 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or about 20 volumes. In some embodiments, the solvent of the first feed mixture can be present in an amount of about 15 volumes. The volumes can be calculated relative to any component in the method. In some embodiments, the volumes of solvent in the first feed mixture are relative to the compound of Formula (II-a).

In some embodiments, the method of preparing the compound of Formula (I) provided herein further comprises combining a third feed mixture, e.g., Feed 3 in FIG. 1, and the first output mixture, thus forming the second input mixture. In some embodiments, the third feed mixture comprises the cyanating agent and a solvent. In some embodiments, the method comprises combining the first output mixture and a third feed mixture comprising from about 10% to about 50% (w/w) of the TMSCN relative to dichloromethane, thus forming the second input mixture. In some embodiments, the method comprises combining the first output mixture and a third feed mixture comprising from about 10% to about 30% (w/w) of the TMSCN relative to dichloromethane, thus forming the second input mixture. Alternatively, the solvent of the third feed mixture can be present in an amount from about 1 to about 10 volumes, from about 1 to about 8 volumes, from about 2 to about 7 volumes, from about 3 to about 6 volumes, or from about 4 to about 5 volumes. In some embodiments, the solvent in the third feed mixture can be present in an amount of about 1, or 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or about 10 volumes. In some embodiments, the solvent in the third feed mixture can be present in an amount of about 4.0, or 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5, 4.6, 4.7, 4.8, 4.9, or about 5.0 volumes. In some embodiments, the solvent of the third feed mixture can be present in an amount of about 4.5 volumes. The volumes can be calculated relative to any component in the method. In some embodiments, the volumes of solvent in the third feed mixture are relative to the compound of Formula (II-a).

In some embodiments, the third feed mixture comprises from about 10% to about 50% (w/w) of the TMSCN relative to dichloromethane. In some embodiments, the third feed mixture comprises from about 10% to about 30% (w/w) of the TMSCN relative to dichloromethane. In some embodiments, the third feed mixture comprises about 10%, about 15%, about 20%, about 25%, about 30%, about 35%, about 40%, about 45%, or about 50%, of the TMSCN relative to dichloromethane.

The TMSCN in the third feed mixture can be present in any suitable amount. For example, TMSCN can be present in an amount of at least 1 molar equivalent relative to the compound of Formula (II-a), such as about 1, about 2, about 3, about 4, about 5, about 6, about 7, about 8, about 9, or about 10 molar equivalents. TMSCN can also be present in an amount of from about 3.0 to about 9.0 molar equivalents relative to the compound of Formula (II-a), such as from about 4.0 to about 8.0 molar equivalents. In some embodiments, TMSCN can be present in an amount of from about 5.0 to about 7.0 molar equivalents relative to the compound of Formula (II-a). In some embodiments, TMSCN is present in an amount of about 6.0 molar equivalents relative to the compound of Formula (II-a).

The feed mixtures can be provided to the reactors in an appropriate flow rate to prepare the compound of Formula (I). Flow rate can change based on equipment dimensions. For example, addition of the first input mixture to the first flow reactor can be performed at any rate suitable to provide a first output mixture. Similarly, addition of the second input mixture to the second flow reactor can be performed at any rate suitable to provide a second output mixture.

The residence time of the first input mixture in the first flow reactor is any time sufficient to provide a first output mixture. In some embodiments, the residence time of the first input mixture in the first flow reactor is from about 0.1 to about 30 minutes, such as about 0.1, about 0.2, about 0.3, about 0.4, about 0.5, about 0.6, about 0.7, about 0.8, about 0.9, about 1, about 2, about 3, about 4, or about 5 minutes. In some embodiments, the residence time in the first flow reactor is from about 0.1 to about 10 minutes. In some embodiments, the residence time of the first input mixture in the first flow reactor is from about 0.1 to about 20 minutes, from about 0.1 to about 10 minutes, from about 0.1 to about 5 minutes, from about 0.2 to about 5 minutes, or from about 0.3 to about 0.7 minutes. In some embodiments, the residence time of the first input mixture in the first flow reactor is about 0.5 minute.

The residence time of the second input mixture in the second flow reactor is any time sufficient to provide a second output mixture. In some embodiments, the residence time of the second input mixture in the second flow reactor is from about 0.1 to about 30 minutes, such as about 0.5, about 0.6, about 0.7, about 0.8, about 0.9, about 1, about 2, about 3, about 4, about 5, about 6, about 7, about 8, about 9, or about 10 minutes. In some embodiments, the residence time of the second input mixture in the second flow reactor is from about 0.1 to about 10 minutes. In some embodiments, the residence time of the second input mixture in the second flow reactor is from about 0.5 to about 10 minutes, from about 0.2 to about 20 minutes, from about 0.5 to about 5 minutes, from about 0.4 to about 10 minutes, or from about 1 to about 3 minutes. In some embodiments, the residence time of the second input mixture in the second flow reactor is about 2 minutes.

The method of preparing the compound of Formula (I) can be performed at any suitable temperature. For example, the temperature can be from about −120° C. to about 20° C., e.g., from about −60° C. to about 0° C., such as at about −60° C., about −50° C., about −40° C., about −30° C., about −20° C., about −10° C. In some embodiments, the temperature is from about −40° C. to about −20° C. In some embodiments, the first flow reactor and the second flow reactor are each independently maintained at a temperature of from about −40° C. to about −20° C. In some embodiments, the first flow reactor is maintained at a temperature of from about −40° C. to about −20° C. In some embodiments, the second flow reactor is maintained at a temperature of from about −40° C. to about −20° C. In some embodiments, the first flow reactor and the second flow reactor are each independently maintained at a temperature of from about −35° C. to about −25° C. In some embodiments, the first flow reactor and the second flow reactor are both maintained at a temperature of about −30° C.

The temperature of the feed mixtures can be adjusted according to the reaction and equipment used as appropriate for effective conversion to the product at a desired yield and purity. The temperature of one or more of the feed mixtures can be the same or different. In some embodiments, the temperature of one or more feed mixture is adjusted to a comparable temperature as the first flow reactor and/or the second flow reactor prior to forming the first input mixture and/or the second input mixture. Accordingly, the temperature of the first feed mixture, the second feed mixture, the third feed mixture, and/or the first output mixture can be from about −120° C. to about 30° C., e.g., from about −60° C. to about 0° C., such as at about −60° C., about −50° C., about −40° C., about −30° C., about −20° C., about −10° C. In some embodiments, the temperature is from about −40° C. to about −20° C.

In some embodiments, the first feed mixture, the third feed mixture, and/or the first output mixture are each independently adjusted to a temperature of from about −40° C. to about −20° C., from about −35° C. to about −25° C., such as about −30° C.

In some embodiments, the first feed mixture is cooled to about −35° C. to about −25° C., such as about −30° C. prior to mixing with the second feed mixture to obtain the first input mixture. In some embodiments, the method comprises cooling the first feed mixture to a temperature of from about −35° C. to about −25° C. prior to combining with the second feed mixture. In some embodiments, the temperature of the second feed mixture prior to combining with the first feed mixture is from about 20° C. to about 30° C., e.g. about 22° C. In some embodiments, the temperature of the second feed mixture is from about 17° C. to about 27° C. prior to combining with the first feed mixture.

In some embodiments, the first feed mixture is cooled to from about −35° C. to about 25° C., such as about −30° C., and mixed with the second feed mixture to obtain the first input mixture, wherein the temperature of the second feed mixture is from about 20° C. to about 30° C., e.g., about 22° C.

In some embodiments, the method comprises cooling the third feed mixture to about 35° C. to about −25° C. prior to combining with the first output mixture. In some embodiments, the third feed mixture is cooled to about −35° C. to about −25° C., such as about −30° C., prior to mixing with the first output mixture to obtain the second input mixture.

An illustrative diagram of embodiments of the method of preparing the compound of Formula (I) from the compound of Formula (II-a) described herein is shown in FIG. 1. The first feed mixture (Feed 1) (110) comprises the compound of Formula (II-a) which can be mixed in a suitable solvent such as DCM. Feed 1 is fed into a pre-cooling loop #1 (111) maintained at a first temperature, before combining with the second feed mixture (Feed 2) (120) at intersection #1 (130) to form a first input mixture (135). The second feed mixture (Feed 2) comprises a Lewis acid and a Bronsted acid, such as TMSOTf and TFA, that can be mixed in a suitable solvent such as DCM and maintained at a second temperature. The first input mixture is fed into the first flow reactor (140) maintained at a third temperature during a first residence time to provide a first output mixture (145). The third feed mixture (Feed 3) (150) comprising a cyanating agent, such as TMSCN, mixed in a suitable solvent, such as DCM, is fed into a pre-cooling loop #2 (151) maintained at a fourth temperature. The first output mixture 145 and the third feed mixture from pre-cooling loop 151 are combined at intersection #2 (160) to form a second input mixture (165). The second input mixture is fed into the second flow reactor (170) maintained at a fifth temperature during a second residence time to provide a second output mixture (180). The second output mixture 180 comprising the compound of Formula (I) is then fed into an aqueous potassium hydroxide solution maintained at a sixth temperature for workup.

In some embodiments, the first temperature is from about −60° C. to about 0° C. In some embodiments, the first temperature is from about −40° C. to about −20° C. In some embodiments, the first temperature is from about −35° C. to about −25° C. In some embodiments, the first temperature is about −40° C., about −30° C., about −20° C., or about −10° C. In some embodiments, the first temperature is about −30° C.

In some embodiments, the second temperature is from about 0° C. to about 30° C. In some embodiments, the second temperature is from about 15° C. to about 25° C. In some embodiments, the second temperature is from about 17° C. to about 27° C. In some embodiments, the second temperature is about 0° C., about 10° C., about 20° C., or about 30° C.

In some embodiments, the second temperature is about 22° C.

In some embodiments, the third temperature is from about −60° C. to about 0° C. In some embodiments, the third temperature is from about −40° C. to about −20° C. In some embodiments, the third temperature is from about −35° C. to about −25° C. In some embodiments, the third temperature is about −40° C., about −30° C., about −20° C., or about −10° C. In some embodiments, the third temperature is about −30° C.

In some embodiments, the fourth temperature is from about −60° C. to about 0° C. In some embodiments, the fourth temperature is from about −40° C. to about −20° C. In some embodiments, the fourth temperature is from about −35° C. to about −25° C. In some embodiments, the fourth temperature is about −40° C., about −30° C., about −20° C., or about −10° C. In some embodiments, the fourth temperature is about −30° C.

In some embodiments, the fifth temperature is from about −60° C. to about 0° C. In some embodiments, the fifth temperature is from about −40° C. to about −20° C. In some embodiments, the fifth temperature is from about −35° C. to about −25° C. In some embodiments, the fifth temperature is about −40° C., about −30° C., about −20° C., or about −10° C. In some embodiments, the fifth temperature is about −30° C.

In some embodiments, the sixth temperature is from about −60° C. to about 0° C. In some embodiments, the sixth temperature is from about −20° C. to about 0° C. In some embodiments, the sixth temperature is from about −15° C. to about −5° C. In some embodiments, the sixth temperature is about −30° C., about −20° C., about −10° C., or about 0° C. In some embodiments, the sixth temperature is about −10° C.

The method of the present invention can be performed at any suitable pressure. For example, the method can be at atmospheric pressure. The first input mixture and/or the second input mixture can be also be exposed to any suitable environment, such as atmospheric gases, or inert gases such as nitrogen or argon.

The method can further comprise isolating the compound of Formula (I) from the second output mixture. In some embodiments, the method further comprises isolating the compound of Formula (I) from the second output mixture. Such isolation methods can include suitable workup or extraction conditions, such as extraction with one or more organic solvents, or washing with an aqueous solution, e.g., a sodium chloride solution. In some embodiments, the method comprises adding the second output mixture to a solution of aqueous potassium hydroxide to form a biphasic mixture comprising an organic layer.

The temperature of adding the second output mixture to a solution of potassium hydroxide can be at any suitable temperature. For example, the temperature of adding the second output mixture to a solution of potassium hydroxide can be from about −20° C. to about 0° C., such as at about −20° C., about −15° C., about −10° C., about −5° C., or about 0° C. In some embodiments, the temperature can be from about −15° C. to about −5° C. In some embodiments, the temperature of adding the second output mixture to a solution of potassium hydroxide is at about −10° C.

In some embodiments, the biphasic mixture can include a second organic solvent for solubility purposes, for ease of distillation, or other purposes. The second organic solvent added to the biphasic mixture can be any suitable organic solvent, including, but not limited to, dichloromethane and other halogenated solvents, as well as diethyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, isopropanol, hexanes, benzene, toluene, and other non-halogenated solvents. In some embodiments, the second organic solvent is isopropanol. In some embodiments, the method comprises adding isopropanol to the biphasic mixture.

In some embodiments, the method comprises isolating the organic layer from the biphasic mixture.

In some embodiments, the method comprises adding toluene to the organic layer. The organic layer can be co-distilled with toluene to precipitate the compound of Formula (I).

In some embodiments, the method comprises concentrating the organic layer.

In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is collected and dried under vacuum. The temperature of the drying can be at any suitable temperature that is not expected to compromise the quality of the compound. In some embodiments, the drying temperature is from about 20° C. to about 80° C., such as about 20° C., about 30° C., about 40° C., about 50° C., about 60° C., about 70° C., or about 80° C. In some embodiments, the drying temperature is about 60° C. In some embodiments, the drying temperature is from about 55° C. to about 65° C. In some embodiments, the drying temperature is from about 50° C. to about 70° C.

The method of the present disclosure can provide the compound of Formula (I) in any suitable yield. For example, the compound of Formula (I) can be prepared in a yield of at least 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 98%, or at least 99%. In some embodiments, the yield of the compound of Formula (I) is from about 60% to about 100%. In some embodiments, the yield of the compound of Formula (I) is from about 60% to about 90%. In some embodiments, the yield of the compound of Formula (I) is from about 70% to about 80% or from about 75% to about 85%. In some embodiments, the yield of the compound of Formula (I) is from about 70% to about 95%. In some embodiments, the yield of the compound of Formula (I) is from about 70% to about 90%. In some embodiments, the yield of the compound of Formula (I) is from about 75% to about 90%. In some embodiments, the yield of the compound of Formula (I) is from about 75% to about 95%. In some embodiments, the yield of the compound of Formula (I) is from about 80% to about 95%. In some embodiments, the yield of the compound of Formula (I) is from about 80% to about 90%. In some embodiments, the yield of the compound of Formula (I) is about 60%, about 70%, about 72%, about 74%, about 75%, about 76%, about 78%, about 80%, about 82%, about 84%, about 85%, about 86%, about 88%, about 90%, about 95%, about 97%, about 98%, or about 99%. In some embodiments, the yield of the compound of Formula (I) is about 78%. In some embodiments, the yield of the compound of Formula (I) is from about 70% to about 80%. In some embodiments, the yield of the compound of Formula (I) is from about 70% to about 90%.

The method of the present disclosure can provide the compound of Formula (I) in any suitable purity. For example, the compound of Formula (I) can be prepared in a purity of from about 90% to about 100%, such as from about 95% to about 100% or from about 98% to about 100%. In some embodiments, the purity of the compound of Formula (I) is from about 98% to about 100%. In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is prepared in a purity of about 90%, about 95%, about 96%, about 97%, about 98%, about 99%, about 99.9%, about 99.99%, about 99.999%, about 99.9999%, or about 99.99999%. In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is prepared in a purity of about 99.9%. In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is prepared in a purity of from about 95% to about 99.999%, from about 98% to about 99.999%, from about 98% to about 99.99%, or from about 99% to about 99.99%.

B. Formula (II-A)

Also provided herein are methods of preparing the compound of Formula (II-a), (3R,4R,5R)-2-(4-aminopyrrolo[2,1-f][1,2,4]triazin-7-yl)-3,4-bis(benzyloxy)-5-((benzyloxy)methyl)tetrahydrofuran-2-ol:

In some embodiments, the method of preparing a compound of Formula (I) further comprises preparing a compound of Formula (II-a) by any method described herein.

1. Formula (II-a) from Formula (III)

In some embodiments, the method further comprises: (c) adding a third input mixture to a third reactor, wherein the third input mixture comprises trimethylsilyl chloride (TMSCl), isopropylmagnesium chloride (iPrMgCl), phenylmagnesium chloride (PhMgCl), tetrahydrofuran (THF), and a compound of Formula (IV):

wherein the third reactor provides a third output mixture; and (d) adding a fourth input mixture to a fourth reactor, wherein the fourth input mixture comprises the third output mixture, a fourth catalyst, a fourth additive, and a compound of Formula (III):

wherein the fourth reactor provides a fourth output mixture comprising the compound of Formula (II-a).

Any suitable fourth catalyst can be used in the method to prepare the compound of Formula (II-a). In some embodiments, the fourth catalyst is a lanthanide salt. In some embodiments, the fourth catalyst is selected from the group consisting of NdCl₃, YCl₃, CeCl₃, and LaCl₃. In some embodiments, the fourth catalyst is NdCl₃ or CeCl₃. In some embodiments, the fourth catalyst is CeCl₃. In some embodiments, the fourth catalyst is NdCl₃.

Any suitable form of the fourth catalyst can be used in the method to prepare the compound of Formula (II-a). For example, the fourth catalyst can be a hydrate or solvate form thereof. In some embodiments, the fourth catalyst is anhydrous. In some embodiments, the fourth catalyst is a solvate. Representative solvate forms of the fourth catalyst include, but are not limited to, an ether solvent. The solvate form of the fourth catalyst can include the solvate in any suitable molar ratio, for example, solvate, disolvate, trisolvate, etc. In some embodiments, the fourth catalyst is a THE solvate. In some embodiments, the fourth catalyst is a hydrate. The hydrate forms of the fourth catalyst can be in any suitable molar ratio, for example, monohydrate, dihydrate, trihydrate, tetrahydrate, pentahydrate, or hexahydrate. In some embodiments, the fourth catalyst is a hexahydrate.

In some embodiments, the fourth additive is a tetraalkylammonium salt, such as a tetramethylammonium salt, tetraethylammonium salt, or tetra-n-butylammonium salt. In some embodiments, the fourth additive is a tetra-n-butylammonium salt, such as tetra-n-butylammonium chloride (n-Bu₄NCl or Bu₄NCl), tetra-n-butylammonium bromide (n-Bu₄NBr or Bu₄NBr), or tetra-n-butylammonium iodide (n-Bu₄NI or Bu₄NI). In some embodiments, the fourth additive is tetra-n-butylammonium chloride (n-Bu₄NCl). In some embodiments, the fourth additive is tetra-n-butylammonium bromide (n-Bu₄NBr).

In some embodiments, the fourth catalyst is neodymium chloride (NdCl₃), and the fourth additive is tetra-n-butylammonium chloride (n-Bu₄NCl). In some embodiments, the fourth catalyst is neodymium chloride (NdCl₃), and the fourth additive is tetra-n-butylammonium bromide (n-Bu₄NBr). In some embodiments, the fourth catalyst is neodymium chloride tetrahydrofuran solvate (NdCl₃.THF), and the fourth additive is tetra-n-butylammonium chloride (n-Bu₄NCl). In some embodiments, the fourth catalyst is neodymium chloride tetrahydrofuran solvate (NdCl₃.THF), and the fourth additive is tetra-n-butylammonium bromide (n-Bu₄NBr). In some embodiments, the fourth catalyst is neodymium chloride hexahydrate (NdCl₃.6H₂O), and the fourth additive is tetra-n-butylammonium chloride (n-Bu₄NCl). In some embodiments, the fourth catalyst is neodymium chloride hexahydrate (NdCl₃.6H₂O), and the fourth additive is tetra-n-butylammonium bromide (n-Bu₄NBr). In some embodiments, the fourth catalyst is cerium chloride (CeCl₃), and the fourth additive is tetra-n-butylammonium chloride (n-Bu₄NCl). In some embodiments, the fourth catalyst is cerium chloride (CeCl₃), and the fourth additive is tetra-n-butylammonium bromide (n-Bu₄NBr).

In some embodiments, the method further comprises: (c) adding a third input mixture to a third reactor, wherein the third input mixture comprises trimethylsilyl chloride (TMSCl), isopropylmagnesium chloride (iPrMgCl), phenylmagnesium chloride (PhMgCl), tetrahydrofuran (THF), and a compound of Formula (IV):

wherein the third reactor provides a third output mixture; and (d) adding a fourth input mixture to a fourth reactor, wherein the fourth input mixture comprises the third output mixture, neodymium chloride (NdCl₃), tetra-n-butylammonium chloride (n-Bu₄NCl), and a compound of Formula (III):

wherein the fourth reactor provides a fourth output mixture comprising the compound of Formula (II-a).

In some embodiments, the method further comprises: (c) adding a third input mixture to a third reactor, wherein the third input mixture comprises trimethylsilyl chloride (TMSCl), isopropylmagnesium chloride (iPrMgCl), phenylmagnesium chloride (PhMgCl), tetrahydrofuran (THF), and a compound of Formula (IV):

wherein the third reactor provides a third output mixture; and (d) adding a fourth input mixture to a fourth reactor, wherein the fourth input mixture comprises the third output mixture, neodymium chloride (NdCl₃), tetra-n-butylammonium bromide (n-Bu₄NBr), and a compound of Formula (III):

wherein the fourth reactor provides a fourth output mixture comprising the compound of Formula (II-a).

Any suitable form of neodymium chloride (NdCl₃) can be used in the method of preparing the compound of Formula (II-a). In some embodiments, the NdCl₃ is anhydrous. In some embodiments, the NdCl₃ is a solvate, for example, with an ether solvent. In some embodiments, the NdCl₃ is neodymium chloride tetrahydrofuran solvate (NdCl₃.THF). In some embodiments, the NdCl₃ is a hydrate. In some embodiments, the NdCl₃ is neodymium chloride hexahydrate (NdCl₃.6H₂O).

Embodiments of the method of preparing the compound of Formula (II-a) using NdCl₃ solvate can also comprise a dehydrating agent. In some embodiments, the dehydrating agent is a trialkyl orthoester, such as trimethyl orthoformate, triethyl orthoformate, triethyl orthoacetate, triethyl orthopropionate, or 3,3,3-triethoxy-1-propyne. In some embodiments, the dehydrating agent is trimethyl orthoformate.

In some embodiments, the method further comprises: (c) adding a third input mixture to a third reactor, wherein the third input mixture comprises trimethylsilyl chloride (TMSCl), isopropylmagnesium chloride (iPrMgCl), phenylmagnesium chloride (PhMgCl), tetrahydrofuran (THF), and a compound of Formula (IV):

wherein the third reactor provides a third output mixture; and (d) adding a fourth input mixture to a fourth reactor, wherein the fourth input mixture comprises the third output mixture, neodymium chloride tetrahydrofuran solvate (NdCl₃.THF), tetra-n-butylammonium bromide (n-Bu₄NBr), and a compound of Formula (III):

wherein the fourth reactor provides a fourth output mixture comprising the compound of Formula (II-a).

In some embodiments, the method further comprises: (c) adding a third input mixture to a third reactor, wherein the third input mixture comprises trimethylsilyl chloride (TMSCl), isopropylmagnesium chloride (iPrMgCl), phenylmagnesium chloride (PhMgCl), tetrahydrofuran (THF), and a compound of Formula (IV):

wherein the third reactor provides a third output mixture; and (d) adding a fourth input mixture to a fourth reactor, wherein the fourth input mixture comprises the third output mixture, neodymium chloride hexahydrate (NdCl₃.6H₂O), trimethyl orthoformate, tetra-n-butylammonium bromide (n-Bu₄NBr), and a compound of Formula (III):

wherein the fourth reactor provides a fourth output mixture comprising the compound of Formula (II-a).

In some embodiments, the method further comprises: (c) adding a third input mixture to a third reactor, wherein the third input mixture comprises trimethylsilyl chloride (TMSCl), isopropylmagnesium chloride (iPrMgCl), phenylmagnesium chloride (PhMgCl), tetrahydrofuran (THF), and a compound of Formula (IV):

wherein the third reactor provides a third output mixture; and (d) adding a fourth input mixture to a fourth reactor, wherein the fourth input mixture comprises the third output mixture, cerium chloride (CeCl₃), tetra-n-butylammonium bromide (n-Bu₄NBr), and a compound of Formula (III):

wherein the fourth reactor provides a fourth output mixture comprising the compound of Formula (II-a).

The method of the present disclosure is amenable to synthesis of gram to kilogram quantities of the compound of Formula (II-a) from the compound of Formula (III). In some embodiments, the fourth input mixture comprises at least 50 g, 100 g, 200 g, 300 g, 400 g, 500 g, 600 g, 700 g, 800 g, 900 g, 1 kg, 2 kg, 3 kg, 4 kg, 5 kg, 10 kg, 20 kg, 30 kg, 40 kg, 50 kg, 100 kg, 200 kg, 500 kg, or at least 1000 kg or more of the compound of Formula (III). In some embodiments, the fourth input mixture comprises at least 1 kg of the compound of Formula (III). In some embodiments, the fourth input mixture comprises from about 50 g to about 100 kg, e.g., from about 50 g to about 20 kg, or from about 30 g to about 20 kg, of the compound of Formula (III). In some embodiments, the fourth input mixture comprises from about 5 kg to about 15 kg of the compound of Formula (III). For example, in some embodiments, the fourth input mixture comprises about 10 kg of the compound of Formula (III).

The compound of Formula (III) having the structure:

is also known as (3R,4R,5R)-3,4-bis(benzyloxy)-5-((benzyloxy)methyl)dihydrofuran-2(3H)-one.

The compound of Formula (IV) having the structure:

is also known as 7-iodopyrrolo[2,1-f][1,2,4]triazin-4-amine.

2. Formula (II-a) from Formula (V)

In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method of preparing a compound of Formula (II-a):

comprising adding a fifth input mixture to a fifth reactor, wherein the fifth input mixture comprises a compound of Formula (V):

an oxidant, and a fifth base, wherein the fifth reactor provides a fifth output mixture comprising the compound of Formula (II-a).

In some embodiments, the oxidant is (2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl)oxyl, 9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane N-oxyl, iodobenzene dichloride, iodobenzene diacetate, sodium hypochlorite, 1,1,1-tris(acetyloxy)-1,1-dihydro-1,2-benziodoxol-3-(1H)-one, dimethyl sulfoxide/pyridine sulfur trioxide, manganese oxide, 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyanobenzoquinone, or N-methylmorpholine-N-oxide/tetrapropylammonium perruthenate, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the oxidant is (2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl)oxyl and iodobenzene diacetate.

In some embodiments, the fifth base is sodium bicarbonate, potassium bicarbonate, sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, sodium dihydrogen phosphate, potassium dihydrogen phosphate, sodium hydrogen phosphate, potassium hydrogen phosphate, sodium phosphate, potassium phosphate, or ammonium acetate, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the fifth base is potassium hydrogen phosphate.

In some embodiments, the fifth input mixture further comprises a fifth solvent selected from the group consisting of dichloromethane, dichloroethane, chloroform, toluene, trifluorotoluene, water, sulfolane, dimethylformamide, N-methylpyrrolidine, dimethyl sulfoxide, methyl acetate, isopropyl acetate, ethyl acetate, and acetonitrile, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the fifth solvent is acetonitrile.

In some embodiments, the oxidant is (2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl)oxyl and iodobenzene diacetate; the fifth base is potassium hydrogen phosphate; and the fifth solvent is acetonitrile.

The method of preparing the compound of Formula (II-a) can be performed at any suitable temperature. For example, the fifth reactor can be maintained at a temperature of from about −10° C. to about 60° C., or from about 0° C. to about 30° C., or from about 10° C. to about 30° C., such as at about 10° C., about 15° C., about 20° C., about 25° C., or about 30° C. In some embodiments, the fifth reactor is maintained at a temperature of from about −10° C. to about 60° C. In some embodiments, the fifth reactor is maintained at a temperature of from about 10° C. to about 30° C. In some embodiments, the fifth reactor is maintained at a temperature of about 20° C.

In some embodiments, the method further comprises preparing the compound of Formula (V), the method comprising: (a) adding a sixth input mixture to a sixth reactor, wherein the sixth input mixture comprises an amine-protecting agent, a sixth base, and a compound of Formula (IV):

wherein the sixth reactor provides an sixth output mixture;(b) adding a seventh input mixture to a seventh reactor, wherein the seventh input mixture comprises the sixth output mixture, a seventh transmetallating agent, and a compound of Formula (VI):

wherein the seventh reactor provides a seventh output mixture comprising a compound of Formula (V).

In some embodiments, the amine-protecting agent is chlorotrimethylsilane, chlorotriethylsilane, tert-butyldimethylchlorosilane, tert-butyldiphenylchlorosilane, 1,2-bis(chlorodimethylsilyl) ethane, trifluoroacetic anhydride, or di-(tert-butyl) dicarbonate. In some embodiments, the amine-protecting agent is chlorotrimethylsilane.

In some embodiments, the sixth base is phenylmagnesium chloride, phenylmagnesium bromide, phenylmagnesium iodide, isopropylmagnesium chloride, isopropylmagnesium bromide, tert-butylmagnesium chloride, phenyllithium, methyllithium, isopropyllithium, tert-butyllithium, sodium hydride, potassium hydride, or calcium hydride, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the sixth base is phenylmagnesium chloride.

In some embodiments, the sixth input mixture further comprises a sixth solvent selected from the group consisting of tetrahydrofuran (THF), 2-methyltetrahydrofuran, tert-butyl methyl ether, diisopropyl ether, cyclopentyl methyl ether, and toluene, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the sixth solvent is tetrahydrofuran (TIF).

In some embodiments, the amine-protecting agent is chlorotrimethylsilane; the sixth base is phenylmagnesium chloride; and the sixth solvent is tetrahydrofuran (TIF).

The method of preparing the compound of Formula (II-a) can be performed at any suitable temperature. For example, the sixth reactor can be maintained at a temperature of from about −70° C. to about 40° C., or from about −30° C. to about 30° C., or from about −20° C. to about 10° C., such as at about −20° C., about −10° C., about 0° C., or about 10° C. In some embodiments, the sixth reactor is maintained at a temperature of from about −70° C. to about 40° C. In some embodiments, the sixth reactor is maintained at a temperature of from about −20° C. to about 10° C.

In some embodiments, the seventh transmetallating agent is phenylmagnesium chloride, phenylmagnesium bromide, phenylmagnesium iodide, isopropylmagnesium chloride, isopropylmagnesium bromide, tert-butylmagnesium chloride, tert-butylmagnesium bromide, phenyllithium, methyllithium, isopropyllithium, or tert-butyllithium, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the seventh transmetallating agent is isopropylmagnesium chloride.

In some embodiments, the seventh input mixture further comprises a seventh solvent selected from the group consisting of tetrahydrofuran (THF), 2-methyltetrahydrofuran, tert-butyl methyl ether, diisopropyl ether, cyclopentyl methyl ether, and toluene, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the seventh solvent is tetrahydrofuran (THF).

In some embodiments, the seventh transmetallating agent is isopropylmagnesium chloride; and the seventh solvent is tetrahydrofuran (TIIF).

The method of preparing the compound of Formula (II-a) can be performed at any suitable temperature. For example, the seventh reactor can be maintained at a temperature of from about −70° C. to about 40° C., or from about −30° C. to about 30° C., or from about −30° C. to about −10° C., such as at about −30° C., about −25° C., about −20° C., or about −10° C. In some embodiments, the seventh reactor is maintained at a temperature of from about −70° C. to about 40° C. In some embodiments, the seventh reactor is maintained at a temperature of from about −30° C. to about −10° C. In some embodiments, the seventh reactor is maintained at a temperature of about −20° C.

The method of the present disclosure is amenable to synthesis of gram to kilogram quantities of the compound of Formula (II-a) from the compound of Formula (V). In some embodiments, the sixth input mixture comprises at least 50 g, 100 g, 200 g, 300 g, 400 g, 500 g, 600 g, 700 g, 800 g, 900 g, 1 kg, 2 kg, 3 kg, 4 kg, 5 kg, 10 kg, 20 kg, 30 kg, 40 kg, 50 kg, 100 kg, 200 kg, 500 kg, or at least 1000 kg or more of the compound of Formula (V). In some embodiments, the sixth input mixture comprises at least 1 kg of the compound of Formula (V). In some embodiments, the sixth input mixture comprises from about 50 g to about 100 kg, e.g., from about 50 g to about 20 kg, or from about 30 g to about 20 kg, of the compound of Formula (V). In some embodiments, the sixth input mixture comprises from about 5 kg to about 15 kg of the compound of Formula (V). For example, in some embodiments, the sixth input mixture comprises about 10 kg of the compound of Formula (V).

The methods of the present disclosure can provide the compound of Formula (II-a) from the compound of Formula (III) or the compound of Formula (V) in any suitable yield. For example, the compound of Formula (II-a) can be prepared in a yield of at least 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 98%, or at least 99%. In some embodiments, the yield of Formula (II-a) is from about 60% to about 100%. In some embodiments, the yield of Formula (II-a) is from about 70% to about 80% or from about 75% to about 85%. In some embodiments, the yield of Formula (II-a) is about 60%, about 70%, about 72%, about 74%, about 75%, about 76%, about 78%, about 80%, about 82%, about 84%, about 85%, about 86%, about 88%, about 90%, about 95%, about 97%, about 98%, or about 99%. In some embodiments, the yield of Formula (II-a) is about 79%. In some embodiments, the yield of Formula (II-a) is from about 70% to about 90%. In some embodiments, the yield of Formula (II-a) is from about 70% to about 80%. In some embodiments, the yield of Formula (II-a) is from about 75% to about 85%.

The methods of the present disclosure can provide the compound of Formula (II-a) from the compound of Formula (III) or the compound of Formula (V) in any suitable purity. For example, the compound of Formula (II-a) can be prepared in a purity of from about 90% to about 100%, such as from about 95% to about 100% or from about 98% to about 100%. In some embodiments, the purity of the compound of Formula (II-a) is from about 98% to about 100%. In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (II-a) is prepared in a purity of about 90%, about 95%, about 96%, about 97%, about 98%, about 99%, about 99.9%, about 99.99%, about 99.999%, about 99.9999%, or about 99.99999%. In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (II-a) is prepared in a purity of about 99.92%. In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (II-a) is prepared in a purity of from about 95% to about 99.999%, from about 98% to about 99.999%, from about 98% to about 99.99%, or from about 99% to about 99.99%.

C. Formula (VII) from Formula (I)

Further provided herein are methods of preparing a compound of Formula (VII), (2R,3R,4S,5R)-2-(4-aminopyrrolo[2,1-f][1,2,4]triazin-7-yl)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydrofuran-2-carbonitrile:

The compound of Formula VII can be prepared by a variety of methods described below.

1. Flow Reactor Method

In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method of preparing a compound of Formula (VII):

or a salt thereof, the method comprising adding an eighth input mixture to an eighth flow reactor, wherein the eighth input mixture comprises an eighth Lewis acid and a compound of Formula (I):

the eighth flow reactor provides an eighth output mixture comprising the compound of Formula (VII) or salt thereof.

In some embodiments, the eighth input mixture further comprises an eighth solvent selected from the group consisting of dichloromethane, chloroform, dichloroethane, chlorobenzene, toluene, ethyl acetate (EtOAc), isopropyl acetate (iPrOAc), acetonitrile, tetrahydrofuran (THF), 2-methyltetrahydrofuran, and a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the eighth solvent is dichloromethane.

In some embodiments, the eighth Lewis acid is boron trichloride (BCl₃), boron trifluoride (BF₃), boron trifluoride diethyl etherate (BF₃.OEt₂), boron trifluoride tetrahydrofuran complex (BF₃.THF), boron trichloride dimethylsulfide complex (BCl₃.SMe₂), or 2-chloro-1,3,2-benzodioxaborole. In some embodiments, the eighth Lewis acid is boron trichloride (BCl₃).

The method of preparing the compound of Formula (VII) can be performed at any suitable temperature. For example, the compound of Formula (I) can be cooled to a temperature of from about −20° C. to about 30° C., or from about −10° C. to about 30° C., or from about −10° C. to about 20° C., such as at about −10° C., about −5° C., about 0° C., about 5° C., or about 10° C. In some embodiments, the method further comprises cooling the compound of Formula (I) to a temperature of from about −10° C. to about 20° C. prior to combining with the eighth Lewis acid. In some embodiments, the method comprises cooling the compound of Formula (I) to about 0° C. prior to combining with the eighth Lewis acid.

The method of preparing the compound of Formula (VII) can be performed at any suitable temperature. For example, the eighth Lewis acid can be cooled to a temperature of from about −20° C. to about 20° C., or from about −10° C. to about 20° C., or from about −10° C. to about 10° C., such as at about −10° C., about −5° C., about 0° C., about 5° C., or about 10° C. In some embodiments, the method further comprises cooling the eighth Lewis acid to a temperature of from about −10° C. to about 20° C. prior to combining with the compound of Formula (I). In some embodiments, the method further comprises cooling the eighth Lewis acid to about 0° C. prior to combining with the compound of Formula (I).

The eighth Lewis acid can be present in any suitable concentration. For example, the eighth Lewis acid can be present at a concentration of from 0.1 M to 10 M, or from 0.1 M to 5 M, or from 0.1 M to 2 M, such as about 0.5 M, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, or about 1.5 M. In some embodiments, the eighth Lewis acid is at a concentration of from about 0.1 M to about 5 M. In some embodiments, the eighth Lewis acid is at a concentration of from about 0.9 M to about 1.1 M. In some embodiments, the eighth Lewis acid is at a concentration of about 1 M.

In some embodiments, the method comprises combining the compound of Formula (I), and the eighth Lewis acid BCl₃ at the concentration of about 1 M in the eighth solvent dichloromethane, to form the eighth input mixture.

In some embodiments, the method comprises continuously adding the eighth input mixture to the eighth flow reactor until the eighth input mixture is exhausted.

In some embodiments, the method comprises a residence time of the eighth input mixture, wherein the residence time of the eighth input mixture in the eighth flow reactor is from about 0.1 to about 10 minutes. In some embodiments, the residence time of the eighth input mixture in the eighth flow reactor is from about 0.5 to about 3 minutes. In some embodiments, the residence time of the eighth input mixture in the eighth flow reactor is from about 135 seconds.

The method of preparing the compound of Formula (VII) can be performed at any suitable temperature. For example, the eighth flow reactor can be maintained at a temperature of from about −20° C. to about 30° C., or from about −10° C. to about 30° C., or from about −10° C. to about 20° C., such as at about −10° C., about −5° C., about 0° C., about 5° C., or about 10° C. In some embodiments, the eighth flow reactor is maintained at a temperature of from about −10° C. to about 20° C. In some embodiments, the eighth flow reactor is maintained at a temperature of about 0° C.

In some embodiments, the method further comprises combining the eighth output mixture and an eighth protic solvent selected from the group consisting of water, methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, isopropanol, n-butanol, tert-butanol, and a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the eighth protic solvent is methanol.

In some embodiments, the method further comprises combining the eighth output mixture with an eighth base. In some embodiments, the eighth base is selected from group consisting of triethylamine, sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, sodium hydroxide, and potassium hydroxide. In some embodiments, the eighth base is potassium carbonate.

An illustrative diagram of embodiments of the flow reactor method of preparing the compound of Formula (VII) from the compound of Formula (I) described herein is shown in FIG. 2. The fourth feed mixture (Feed 4) (210) comprises the compound of Formula (I) which can be mixed in a suitable solvent such as DCM. Feed 4 is fed into a pre-cooling loop #4 (211) maintained at a seventh temperature. The fifth feed mixture (Feed 5) (220) comprises an eighth Lewis acid, such as BCl₃, that can be mixed in a suitable solvent such as DCM. Feed 5 is fed into a pre-cooling loop #5 (221) maintained at the seventh temperature. Feed 4 and Feed 5 are combined at intersection #3 (230) to form an eighth input mixture (235). The eighth input mixture is fed into an eighth flow reactor (240) maintained at an eighth temperature during a third residence time to provide an eighth output mixture (250). The eighth output mixture comprising the compound of Formula (VII) is then fed into an eighth protic solvent, such as methanol. This mixture can undergo workup with an aqueous base, such as potassium carbonate, to provide the compound of Formula (VII).

2. Lewis Acid and Additive Method

In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method of preparing a compound of Formula (VII):

or a salt thereof, the method comprising combining a compound of Formula (I):

a ninth Lewis acid, and an additive in a ninth reactor to provide a ninth output mixture comprising the compound of Formula (VII) or salt thereof.

In some embodiments, the method further comprises a ninth solvent selected from the group consisting of dichloromethane, toluene, ethyl acetate (EtOAc), isopropyl acetate (iPrOAc), acetonitrile, and a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the ninth solvent is dichloromethane.

In some embodiments, the ninth Lewis acid is boron trichloride (BCl₃), boron tribromide (BBr₃), or boron trifluoride etherate/sodium iodide (BF₃.OEt₂/NaI). In some embodiments, the ninth Lewis acid is boron trichloride (BCl₃).

The ninth Lewis acid can be present in any suitable amount. For example, the ninth Lewis acid can be present in an amount of at least 1 molar equivalent relative to the compound of Formula (I), such as about 2, about 3, about 4, about 5, about 6, about 7, about 8, about 9, or about 10 molar equivalents. In some embodiments, the ninth Lewis acid is present in an amount of from about 2.0 to about 6.0 molar equivalents relative to the compound of Formula (I). In some embodiments, the ninth Lewis acid is present in an amount of from about 3.0 to about 4.0 molar equivalents relative to the compound of Formula (I). In some embodiments, the ninth Lewis acid is present in an amount of about 3.6 molar equivalents relative to the compound of Formula (I).

In some embodiments, the additive is selected from the group consisting of trialkylborate, triarylborate, methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, and a combination thereof. The trialkylborate can be trimethylborate, triethylborate, triisopropyl borate, tri-n-butylborate, tri(tert-butyl)borate, and the like. The triarylborate can be triphenylborate, tri(o-tolyl)borate, and the like. In some embodiments, the additive is selected from the group consisting of trimethylborate (B(OMe)₃), triethylborate (B(OEt)₃), triisopropylborate (B(OiPr)₃), tri-n-butylborate (B(OBu)₃), triphenylborate (B(OPh)₃), methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, and a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the additive is trimethylborate (B(OMe)₃).

The additive can be present in any suitable amount. For example, the additive can be present in an amount of at least 1 molar equivalent relative to the compound of Formula (I), such as about 2, about 3, about 4, about 5, about 6, about 7, about 8, about 9, or about 10 molar equivalents. In some embodiments, the additive is present in an amount of from about 1.0 to about 4.0 molar equivalents relative to the compound of Formula (I). In some embodiments, the additive is present in an amount of from about 1.5 to about 2.5 molar equivalents relative to the compound of Formula (I). In some embodiments, the additive is present in an amount of about 1.8 molar equivalents relative to the compound of Formula (I).

The ninth Lewis acid, the additive, and the compound of Formula (I) can be combined in any suitable order. For example, the ninth Lewis acid and the additive can be combined with the compound of Formula (I) directly, or combined prior to combining with the compound of Formula (I). Alternatively, one of the ninth Lewis acid and the additive can be combined with the compound of Formula (I) before the other is combined. In some embodiments, the method further comprises combining the ninth Lewis acid and the additive prior to the combining with the compound of Formula (I).

The method of preparing the compound of Formula (VII) can be performed at any suitable temperature. For example, the combining of the ninth Lewis acid and the additive can be at a temperature of from about 0° C. to about 50° C., or from about 10° C. to about 40° C., or from about 10° C. to about 30° C., such as at about 10° C., about 15° C., about 20° C., about 25° C., or about 30° C. In some embodiments, the combining of the ninth Lewis acid and the additive is performed at a temperature of from about 0° C. to about 40° C. In some embodiments, the combining of the ninth Lewis acid and the additive is performed at a temperature of from about 10° C. to about 30° C.

The ninth Lewis acid can be present in any suitable amount. For example, the ninth Lewis acid can be present in an amount of at least 1 molar equivalent relative to the compound of Formula (I), such as about 2, about 3, about 4, about 5, about 6, about 7, about 8, about 9, or about 10 molar equivalents. In some embodiments, the method comprises combining the compound of Formula (I), the ninth Lewis acid boron trichloride (BCl₃) in an amount from about 3.0 to about 4.0 molar equivalents relative to the compound of Formula (I), and the additive trimethylborate (B(OMe)₃) in an amount from about 1.5 to about 2.5 molar equivalents relative to the compound of Formula (I), in the ninth reactor. In some embodiments, the method comprises combining the compound of Formula (I), the ninth Lewis acid boron trichloride (BCl₃) in an amount of about 3.6 molar equivalents relative to the compound of Formula (I), and the additive trimethylborate (B(OMe)₃) in an amount of about 1.8 molar equivalents relative to the compound of Formula (I), in the ninth reactor.

The method of preparing the compound of Formula (VII) can be performed at any suitable temperature. For example, the ninth reactor can be maintained at a temperature of from about −20° C. to about 40° C., or from about −10° C. to about 30° C., or from about 0° C. to about 30° C., such as at about 0° C., about 5° C., about 10° C., about 15° C., or about 20° C. In some embodiments, the ninth reactor is maintained at a temperature of from about −20° C. to about 40° C. In some embodiments, the ninth reactor is maintained at a temperature of about 20° C.

In some embodiments, the method further comprises combining the ninth output mixture and a ninth protic solvent selected from the group consisting of water, methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, isopropanol, n-butanol, tert-butanol, and a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the ninth protic solvent is methanol.

In some embodiments, the method further comprises combining the ninth output mixture with a ninth base. In some embodiments, the ninth base is potassium carbonate.

3. Lewis Acid Method

In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method of preparing a compound of Formula (VII):

or a salt thereof, the method comprising combining a compound of Formula (I):

a tenth Lewis acid in a tenth reactor to provide a tenth output mixture comprising the compound of Formula (VII) or salt thereof, wherein the tenth Lewis acid is selected from the group consisting of aluminum trichloride (AlCl₃), aluminum tribromide (AlBr₃), titanium(IV) chloride (TiCl₄), and tin(IV) chloride (SnCl₄).

In some embodiments, the method further comprises a tenth solvent selected from the group consisting of dichloromethane, anisole, toluene, chlorobenzene, nitrobenzene, trifluorotoluene, tetrahydrofuran (THF), acetone, isopropyl acetate (iPrOAc), acetonitrile, acetic acid, and a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the tenth solvent is dichloromethane, anisole, or a combination thereof.

In some embodiments, the tenth Lewis acid is aluminum trichloride (AlCl₃).

In some embodiments, the method further comprises a tenth additive selected from the group consisting of tetrabutylammonium chloride, tetrabutylammonium bisulfite, lithium chloride, magnesium chloride, and a combination thereof.

In some embodiments, the method further comprises combining the tenth Lewis acid and the tenth solvent prior to combining with the compound of Formula (I).

The tenth Lewis acid can be present in any suitable amount. For example, the tenth Lewis acid can be present in an amount of at least 1 molar equivalent relative to the compound of Formula (I), such as about 2, about 3, about 4, about 5, about 6, about 7, about 8, about 9, or about 10 molar equivalents. In some embodiments, the method further comprises combining the compound of Formula (I) and the tenth Lewis acid aluminum trichloride (AlCl₃) in an amount of from about 3.0 to about 5.0 molar equivalents relative to the compound of Formula (I), in the tenth reactor. In some embodiments, the method further comprises combining the compound of Formula (I) and the tenth Lewis acid aluminum trichloride (AlCl₃) in an amount of about 4.0 molar equivalents relative to the compound of Formula (I), in the tenth reactor.

The method of preparing the compound of Formula (VII) can be performed at any suitable temperature. For example, the tenth reactor can be maintained at a temperature of from about 0° C. to about 150° C., or from about 0° C. to about 100° C., or from about 0° C. to about 50° C., such as at about 10° C., about 15° C., about 20° C., about 25° C., or about 30° C. In some embodiments, the tenth reactor is maintained at a temperature of from about 0° C. to about 150° C. In some embodiments, the tenth reactor is maintained at a temperature of about 20° C.

In some embodiments, the method further comprises combining the tenth output mixture and a tenth protic solvent selected from the group consisting of water, methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, isopropanol, n-butanol, tert-butanol, and a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the tenth protic solvent is methanol.

In some embodiments, the method further comprises combining the tenth output mixture with a tenth base. In some embodiments, the tenth base is potassium carbonate.

In some embodiments, any of the methods described above further comprises isolating the compound of Formula (VII) or salt thereof.

The methods of the present disclosure are amenable to synthesis of gram to kilogram quantities of the compound of Formula (VII) from the compound of Formula (I). In some embodiments, the method comprises at least 50 g, 100 g, 200 g, 300 g, 400 g, 500 g, 600 g, 700 g, 800 g, 900 g, 1 kg, 2 kg, 3 kg, 4 kg, 5 kg, 10 kg, 20 kg, 30 kg, 40 kg, 50 kg, 100 kg, 200 kg, 500 kg, or at least 1000 kg or more of the compound of Formula (I). In some embodiments, the method comprises at least 1 kg of the compound of Formula (I). In some embodiments, the method comprises from about 50 g to about 100 kg, e.g., from about 50 g to about 20 kg, or from about 30 g to about 20 kg, of the compound of Formula (I). In some embodiments, the method comprises from about 5 kg to about 15 kg of the compound of Formula (I). For example, in some embodiments, the method comprises about 10 kg of the compound of Formula (I).

The methods of the present disclosure can provide the compound of Formula (VII) in any suitable yield. For example, the compound of Formula (VII) can be prepared in a yield of at least 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 98%, or at least 99%. In some embodiments, the yield of the compound of Formula (VII) is from about 50% to about 100%. In some embodiments, the yield of the compound of Formula (VII) is from about 50% to about 90%. In some embodiments, the yield of the compound of Formula (VII) is from about 50% to about 80%. In some embodiments, the yield of the compound of Formula (VII) is from about 60% to about 100%. In some embodiments, the yield of the compound of Formula (VII) is from about 60% to about 90%. In some embodiments, the yield of the compound of Formula (VII) is from about 70% to about 80% or from about 75% to about 85%. In some embodiments, the yield of the compound of Formula (VII) is from about 70% to about 95%. In some embodiments, the yield of the compound of Formula (VII) is from about 70% to about 90%. In some embodiments, the yield of the compound of Formula (VII) is from about 75% to about 90%. In some embodiments, the yield of the compound of Formula (VII) is from about 75% to about 95%. In some embodiments, the yield of the compound of Formula (VII) is from about 80% to about 95%. In some embodiments, the yield of the compound of Formula (VII) is from about 80% to about 90%. In some embodiments, the yield of the compound of Formula (VII) is about 60%, about 70%, about 72%, about 74%, about 75%, about 76%, about 78%, about 80%, about 82%, about 84%, about 85%, about 86%, about 88%, about 90%, about 95%, about 97%, about 98%, or about 99%. In some embodiments, the yield of the compound of Formula (VII) is about 78%. In some embodiments, the yield of the compound of Formula (VII) is from about 70% to about 80%. In some embodiments, the yield of the compound of Formula (VII) is from about 70% to about 90%.

The methods of the present disclosure can provide the compound of Formula (VII) in any suitable purity. For example, the compound of Formula (VII) can be prepared in a purity of from about 90% to about 100%, such as from about 95% to about 100% or from about 98% to about 100%. In some embodiments, the purity of the compound of Formula (VII) is from about 98% to about 100%. In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (VII) is prepared in a purity of about 90%, about 95%, about 96%, about 97%, about 98%, about 99%, about 99.9%, about 99.99%, about 99.999%, about 99.9999%, or about 99.99999%. In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (VII) is prepared in a purity of about 99.9%. In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (VII) is prepared in a purity of from about 95% to about 99.999%, from about 98% to about 99.999%, from about 98% to about 99.99%, or from about 99% to about 99.99%.

In some embodiments, the methods of preparing a compound of Formula (VII) further comprises preparing a compound of Formula (I) by any method described herein.

D. Formula (VIII) from Formula (VII)

Further provided herein are methods of preparing a compound of Formula (VIII), (3aR,4R,6R,6aR)-4-(4-aminopyrrolo[2,1-f][1,2,4]triazin-7-yl)-6-(hydroxymethyl)-2,2-dimethyltetrahydrofuro[3,4-d][1,3]dioxole-4-carbonitrile:

In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method of preparing a compound of Formula (VIII):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, comprising:(a) adding an eleventh input mixture to an eleventh reactor, wherein the eleventh input mixture comprises an eleventh acid HX, an eleventh protecting agent, an eleventh solvent, and a compound of Formula (VII):

wherein the eleventh reactor provides an eleventh output mixture comprising an acid salt of Formula (VIII-a):

wherein the eleventh acid HX is sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, phosphoric acid, benzoic acid, oxalic acid, methanesulfonic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, camphorsulfonic acid, naphthalenesulfonic acid, 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid, 1,5-naphthalenedisulfonic acid, maleic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, or oxalic acid; the eleventh protecting agent is acetone, 2-methoxypropene, or 2,2-dimethoxypropane; andthe eleventh solvent is dichloromethane, methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, isopropyl acetate, tetrahydrofuran, 2-methyltetrahydrofuran, or acetonitrile, or a combination thereof; and(b) adding a twelfth input mixture to a twelfth reactor, wherein the twelfth input mixture comprises the eleventh output mixture, a twelfth base, and a twelfth solvent; wherein the twelfth reactor provides a twelfth output mixture comprising the compound of Formula (VIII-a); the twelfth base is sodium bicarbonate, sodium carbonate, potassium bicarbonate, potassium carbonate, sodium acetate, potassium acetate, calcium acetate, or calcium hydroxide; and the twelfth solvent is methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, or water, or a combination thereof.

In some embodiments, the eleventh acid HX is sulfuric acid.

In some embodiments, the eleventh protecting agent is 2,2-dimethoxypropane.

In some embodiments, the eleventh solvent is isopropyl acetate.

In some embodiments, the eleventh acid HX is sulfuric acid; the eleventh protecting agent is 2,2-dimethoxypropane; and the eleventh solvent is isopropyl acetate.

In some embodiments, the twelfth base is potassium acetate.

In some embodiments, the twelfth solvent is methanol.

In some embodiments, the twelfth base is potassium acetate; and the twelfth solvent is methanol.

The method of preparing the compound of Formula (VIII) can be performed at any suitable temperature. For example, the eleventh reactor can be maintained at a temperature of from about 0° C. to about 60° C., or from about 10° C. to about 50° C., or from about 20° C. to about 40° C., such as at about 20° C., about 25° C., about 30° C., about 35° C., or about 40° C. In some embodiments, the eleventh reactor is maintained at a temperature of from about 0° C. to about 60° C. In some embodiments, the eleventh reactor is maintained at a temperature of from about 20° C. to about 40° C.

The method of the present disclosure is amenable to synthesis of gram to kilogram quantities of the compound of Formula (VIII) from the compound of Formula (VII). In some embodiments, the eleventh input mixture comprises at least 50 g, 100 g, 200 g, 300 g, 400 g, 500 g, 600 g, 700 g, 800 g, 900 g, 1 kg, 2 kg, 3 kg, 4 kg, 5 kg, 10 kg, 20 kg, 30 kg, 40 kg, 50 kg, 100 kg, 200 kg, 500 kg, or at least 1000 kg or more of the compound of Formula (VII). In some embodiments, the eleventh input mixture comprises at least 1 kg of the compound of Formula (VII). In some embodiments, the eleventh input mixture comprises from about 50 g to about 100 kg, e.g., from about 50 g to about 20 kg, or from about 30 g to about 20 kg, of the compound of Formula (VII). In some embodiments, the eleventh input mixture comprises from about 5 kg to about 15 kg of the compound of Formula (VII). For example, in some embodiments, the eleventh input mixture comprises about 10 kg of the compound of Formula (VII).

The method of the present disclosure can provide the compound of Formula (VIII) in any suitable yield. For example, the compound of Formula (VIII) can be prepared in a yield of at least 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 98%, or at least 99%. In some embodiments, the yield of the compound of Formula (VIII) is from about 60% to about 100%. In some embodiments, the yield of the compound of Formula (VIII) is from about 60% to about 90%. In some embodiments, the yield of the compound of Formula (VIII) is from about 70% to about 80% or from about 75% to about 85%. In some embodiments, the yield of the compound of Formula (VIII) is from about 70% to about 95%. In some embodiments, the yield of the compound of Formula (VIII) is from about 70% to about 90%. In some embodiments, the yield of the compound of Formula (VIII) is from about 75% to about 90%. In some embodiments, the yield of the compound of Formula (VIII) is from about 75% to about 95%. In some embodiments, the yield of the compound of Formula (VIII) is from about 80% to about 95%. In some embodiments, the yield of the compound of Formula (VIII) is from about 80% to about 90%. In some embodiments, the yield of the compound of Formula (VIII) is about 60%, about 70%, about 72%, about 74%, about 75%, about 76%, about 78%, about 80%, about 82%, about 84%, about 85%, about 86%, about 88%, about 90%, about 95%, about 97%, about 98%, or about 99%. In some embodiments, the yield of the compound of Formula (VIII) is about 78%. In some embodiments, the yield of the compound of Formula (VIII) is from about 70% to about 80%. In some embodiments, the yield of the compound of Formula (VIII) is from about 70% to about 90%.

The method of the present disclosure can provide the compound of Formula (VIII) in any suitable purity. For example, the compound of Formula (VIII) can be prepared in a purity of from about 90% to about 100%, such as from about 95% to about 100% or from about 98% to about 100%. In some embodiments, the purity of the compound of Formula (VIII) is from about 98% to about 100%. In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (VIII) is prepared in a purity of about 90%, about 95%, about 96%, about 97%, about 98%, about 99%, about 99.9%, about 99.99%, about 99.999%, about 99.9999%, or about 99.99999%. In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (VIII) is prepared in a purity of about 99.9%. In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (VIII) is prepared in a purity of from about 95% to about 99.999%, from about 98% to about 99.999%, from about 98% to about 99.99%, or from about 99% to about 99.99%.

In some embodiments, the method of preparing a compound of Formula (VIII) further comprises preparing a compound of Formula (VII) by any method described herein.

E. Formula (X) from Formula (VIII)

Further provided herein are methods of preparing a compound of Formula (X), 2-ethylbutyl ((S)-(((3aR,4R,6R,6aR)-6-(4-aminopyrrolo[2,1-f][1,2,4]triazin-7-yl)-6-cyano-2,2-dimethyltetrahydrofuro[3,4-d][1,3]dioxol-4-yl)methoxy)(phenoxy)phosphoryl)-L-alaninate:

In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method of preparing a compound of Formula (X):

comprising adding a thirteenth input mixture to a thirteenth reactor, wherein the thirteenth input mixture comprises a compound of Formula (VIII):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, magnesium chloride, diisopropylethylamine, a thirteenth solvent, and a compound of Formula (IX):

wherein the thirteenth reactor provides an thirteenth output mixture comprising the compound of Formula (X); and the thirteenth solvent is dichloromethane, tetrahydrofuran, or 2-methyltetrahydrofuran, or a combination thereof.

In some embodiments, the thirteenth solvent is tetrahydrofuran.

The method of preparing the compound of Formula (X) can be performed at any suitable temperature. For example, the thirteenth reactor can be maintained at a temperature of from about 0° C. to about 50° C., or from about 10° C. to about 40° C., or from about 10° C. to about 30° C., such as at about 10° C., about 15° C., about 20° C., about 25° C., or about 30° C. In some embodiments, the thirteenth reactor is maintained at a temperature of from about 10° C. to about 30° C.

The method of the present disclosure is amenable to synthesis of gram to kilogram quantities of the compound of Formula (X) from the compound of Formula (VIII). In some embodiments, the method comprises at least 50 g, 100 g, 200 g, 300 g, 400 g, 500 g, 600 g, 700 g, 800 g, 900 g, 1 kg, 2 kg, 3 kg, 4 kg, 5 kg, 10 kg, 20 kg, 30 kg, 40 kg, 50 kg, 100 kg, 200 kg, 500 kg, or at least 1000 kg or more of the compound of Formula (VIII). In some embodiments, the method comprises at least 1 kg of the compound of Formula (VIII). In some embodiments, the method comprises from about 50 g to about 100 kg, e.g., from about 50 g to about 20 kg, or from about 30 g to about 20 kg, of the compound of Formula (VIII). In some embodiments, the method comprises from about 5 kg to about 15 kg of the compound of Formula (VIII). For example, in some embodiments, the method comprises about 10 kg of the compound of Formula (VIII).

The method of the present disclosure can provide the compound of Formula (X) in any suitable yield. For example, the compound of Formula (X) can be prepared in a yield of at least 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 98%, or at least 99%. In some embodiments, the yield of the compound of Formula (X) is from about 60% to about 100%. In some embodiments, the yield of the compound of Formula (X) is from about 60% to about 90%. In some embodiments, the yield of the compound of Formula (X) is from about 70% to about 80% or from about 75% to about 85%. In some embodiments, the yield of the compound of Formula (X) is from about 70% to about 95%. In some embodiments, the yield of the compound of Formula (X) is from about 70% to about 90%. In some embodiments, the yield of the compound of Formula (X) is from about 75% to about 90%. In some embodiments, the yield of the compound of Formula (X) is from about 75% to about 95%. In some embodiments, the yield of the compound of Formula (X) is from about 80% to about 95%. In some embodiments, the yield of the compound of Formula (X) is from about 80% to about 90%. In some embodiments, the yield of the compound of Formula (X) is about 60%, about 70%, about 72%, about 74%, about 75%, about 76%, about 78%, about 80%, about 82%, about 84%, about 85%, about 86%, about 88%, about 90%, about 95%, about 97%, about 98%, or about 99%. In some embodiments, the yield of the compound of Formula (X) is about 78%. In some embodiments, the yield of the compound of Formula (X) is from about 70% to about 80%. In some embodiments, the yield of the compound of Formula (X) is from about 70% to about 90%.

The method of the present disclosure can provide the compound of Formula (X) in any suitable purity. For example, the compound of Formula (X) can be prepared in a purity of from about 90% to about 100%, such as from about 95% to about 100% or from about 98% to about 100%. In some embodiments, the purity of the compound of Formula (X) is from about 98% to about 100%. In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (X) is prepared in a purity of about 90%, about 95%, about 96%, about 97%, about 98%, about 99%, about 99.9%, about 99.99%, about 99.999%, about 99.9999%, or about 99.99999%. In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (X) is prepared in a purity of about 99.9%. In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (X) is prepared in a purity of from about 95% to about 99.999%, from about 98% to about 99.999%, from about 98% to about 99.99%, or from about 99% to about 99.99%.

In some embodiments, the method of preparing a compound of Formula (X) further comprises preparing a compound of Formula (VIII) by any method described herein.

IV. Examples

Example 1. Synthesis of the Compound of Formula (II-a)

A cylindrical reactor equipped with a retreat-curve overhead agitator, thermocouple, and N₂ bubbler was charged anhydrous NdCl₃ (60.00 g, 239 mol, 1.00 equiv), n-Bu₄NCl (71.51 g, 239 mmol, 1.00 equiv), and THE (900 g). The resulting mixture was concentrated to about 450 mL at ambient pressure under an N₂ pad using a 90° C. jacket temperature. THE (500 g) was charged and the distillation was repeated (twice). The mixture was cooled to 22° C. and the compound of Formula (III) (100.02 g, 239 mmol, 1.00 equiv) was charged. After 30 min the mixture was cooled to −20° C. and held. In a separate reaction flask, the compound of Formula (IV) (68.52 g, 264 mmol, 1.10 equiv) and THF (601 g) were combined and cooled to 0° C. TMSCl (28.64 g, 264 mmol, 1.10 equiv) was added slowly and, after about 30 min the mixture was cooled to 10° C. PhMgCl (2.0 M in THF, 270.00 g, 5.18 mmol, 2.17 equiv) was added slowly and the mixture was agitated for about 30 min and cooled to −20° C. i-PrMgCl (2.0 M in THF, 131.13 g, 269 mmol, 1.13 equiv) was added slowly. After about 2 h, the Grignard reaction mixture was transferred into the lactone/NdCl₃/n-Bu₄NCl/THF mixture via cannula and the mixture was agitated at about −20° C. After about 16 h, a solution of acetic acid (100 g) in water (440 g) was added and the mixture was warmed to 22° C. i-PrOAc (331 g) was added and the layers were separated. The organic layer was washed with 10% KHCO₃ (aq) (2×500 g) and 10% NaCl (aq) (500 g). The organic layer was concentrated to about 450 mL and i-PrOAc (870 g) was charged. The organic mixture was washed with water (2×500 g) and concentrated to about 450 mL. i-PrOAc (435 g) was charged and the mixture was concentrated to about 450 mL. The mixture was filtered and residues were rinsed forward with i-PrOAc (129 g). The filtrate was concentrated to about 250 mL and MTBE (549 g) was charged and the mixture was adjusted to 22° C. Seed crystals (0.15 g) were charged, followed by n-heptane (230 mL) and the mixture was cooled to 0° C. The solids were isolated by filtration and rinsed forward with a mixture of MTBE (113 g) and n-heptane (30 g). The resulting solids were dried under vacuum at 35° C. to afford the compound of Formula (II-a) (79% yield and 99.92% purity).

Example 2. Alternate Synthesis of the Compound of Formula (II-a)

Anhydrous NdCl₃ (1.0 equiv), n-Bu₄NCl (1.0 equiv), and THF (3.7 g/mmol) are charged under an inert atmosphere. The resulting mixture is concentrated to about half volume at ambient pressure and elevated temperature. THF (1 volume) is charged and the distillation is repeated (twice). The mixture is cooled to room temperature and the compound of Formula (III) (1.0 equiv) is charged. After 30 min the mixture is cooled to −20° C. and held. In a separate reaction flask, the compound of Formula (IV) (1.1 equiv) and THE (8.8 g/mmol) are combined and cooled to 0° C. TMSCl (1.1 equiv) is added slowly and, after about 30 min the mixture is cooled to −10° C. PhMgCl solution in THE (2.17 equiv) is added slowly and the mixture is agitated for about 30 min and cooled to −20° C. i-PrMgCl in THF (1.13 equiv) is added slowly. After about 2 h, the Grignard reaction mixture is transferred into the compound of Formula III/NdCl₃/n-Bu₄NCl/THF mixture via cannula and the mixture is agitated at about −20° C. After about 16 h, a solution of acetic acid (0.4 g/mmol) in water (1.8 g/mmol) is added and the mixture is warmed to room temperature. i-PrOAc is added and the layers separated. The organic layer is washed with 10% KHCO₃ (aq) and 10% NaCl (aq). The organic layer is concentrated to about half volume and i-PrOAc is charged. The organic mixture is washed with water twice and concentrated to about half volume. i-PrOAc is charged and the mixture concentrated to about half volume. The mixture is filtered and residues rinsed forward with i-PrOAc. The filtrate is concentrated to about ¼ volume and MTBE is charged and the mixture adjusted to room temperature. Seed crystals are charged, followed by n-heptane, and the mixture cooled to 0° C. The solids are isolated by filtration and rinsed forward with a mixture of MTBE and n-heptane. The resulting solids are dried under vacuum to afford the compound of Formula (II-a).

Example 3. Synthesis of the Compound of Formula (II-a) with Tetrabutylammonium Bromide

To a reactor was charged anhydrous NdCl₃ (169 kg, 674 mol, 1.00 equiv), n-Bu₄NBr (217 kg, 673 mol, 1.00 equiv), and THE (2865 L). The resulting mixture was concentrated to about 1270 L at ambient pressure under an N₂ pad with a jacket temperature of about 90° C. THF (2865 L) was charged and the distillation was repeated. The mixture was cooled to about 22° C. and the compound of Formula (III) (282 kg, 674 mol, 1.00 equiv) was charged. After about 30 min the mixture was cooled to about −20° C. and held. In a separate reactor, the compound of Formula (IV) (195 kg, 750 mol, 1.11 equiv) and THE (1432 L) were combined and cooled to about 0° C. TMSCl (81.8 kg, 753 mol, 1.12 equiv) was added slowly and, after about 30 min the mixture was cooled to about −10° C. PhMgCl (2.0 M in THF, 761 kg, 1463 mol, 2.17 equiv) was added slowly and the mixture was agitated for about 30 min and cooled to about −20° C. i-PrMgCl (2.0 M in THF, 372 kg, 763 mol, 1.13 equiv) was added slowly. After about 4 h, the Grignard reaction mixture was transferred into the compound of Formula (III)/NdCl₃/n-Bu₄NBr/THF mixture and the mixture was agitated at about −20° C. After about 9 h, a solution of acetic acid (282 kg) in water (1100 L) was added and the mixture was warmed to about 22° C. i-PrOAc (931 kg) was added and the layers were separated. The organic layer was washed sequentially with 10% KHCO₃ (aq) (2×1322 L) and a solution of NaCl (141 kg) in water (1269 L). The organic layer was concentrated to about 1270 L and i-PrOAc (2453 kg) was charged. The organic mixture was washed with water (1410 L), filtered and the layers were separated. The organic layer was washed with water (1410 L) and concentrated to about 1270 L. i-PrOAc (2453 kg) was charged and the mixture was concentrated to about 1270 L. The mixture was filtered and residues were rinsed forward with i-PrOAc (367 kg). The filtrate was concentrated to about 845 L and MTBE (1551 kg) was charged and the mixture was adjusted to about 22° C. Seed crystals (0.28 kg) were charged, followed by n-heptane (451 kg) and the mixture was cooled to 0° C. The solids were isolated by filtration and rinsed forward with a mixture of MTBE (310 kg) and n-heptane (85 kg). The resulting solids were dried under vacuum at about 35° C. to afford the compound of Formula (II-a) (86% yield and 98.23% purity).

Example 4. Synthesis of the Compound of Formula (II-a) with Cerium Chloride

A cylindrical reactor equipped with a retreat-curve overhead agitator, thermocouple, and N₂ bubbler was charged with anhydrous CeCl₃ (12.03 g, 48.8 mmol, 1.02 equiv), n-Bu₄NBr (15.40 g, 47.8 mmol, 1.00 equiv), and THE (180 g). The resulting mixture was concentrated to about 90 mL at ambient pressure under a N₂ pad with a jacket temperature of about 90° C. THE (180 g) was charged and the distillation was repeated. The mixture was cooled to about 22° C. and the compound of Formula (III) (20.03 g, 47.9 mmol, 1.00 equiv) was charged. After about 30 min the mixture was cooled to about −20° C. and held. In a separate reaction flask, the compound of Formula (IV) (13.82 g, 53.2 mol, 1.11 equiv) and THE (90 g) were combined and cooled to about 0° C. TMSCl (5.80 g, 53.4 mmol, 1.12 equiv) was added slowly and, after about 30 min the mixture was cooled to about −10° C. PhMgCl (2.0 M in THF, 54.26 g, 104 mmol, 2.18 equiv) was added slowly and the mixture was agitated for about 30 min and cooled to about −20° C. i-PrMgCl (2.0 M in THF, 26.58 g, 55.0 mol, 1.10 equiv) was added slowly. After about 1 h, the Grignard reaction mixture was transferred into the compound of Formula (III)/CeCl₃/n-Bu₄NBr/THF mixture and the mixture was agitated at about −20° C. After about 15 h, a solution of acetic acid (20.40 g) in water (88 g) was added and the mixture was warmed to about 22° C. i-PrOAc (66 g) was added, the mixture was filtered through a pad of diatomaceous earth and the pad was rinsed with i-PrOAc (28 g). The layers of the biphasic filtrate were separated and the organic layer was washed sequentially with 10% KHCO₃ (aq) (2×100 g) and 10% NaCl(aq) (101 g). The organic layer was concentrated to about 60 mL and i-PrOAc (175 g) and water (100 g) were charged. The mixture was filtered through a pad of diatomaceous earth, and the pad was rinsed i-PrOAc (26 g). The layers of the biphasic filtrate were separated and the organic layer was washed with water (100 g). The organic layer concentrated to about 90 mL, and i-PrOAc (175 g) was charged. The mixture was concentrated to about 90 mL and the concentrated mixture was filtered and residues were rinsed forward with i-PrOAc (28 g). The filtrate was concentrated to about 60 mL, MTBE (110 g) was charged and the mixture was adjusted to about 22° C. Seed crystals (0.022 g) were charged, followed by n-heptane (33 g) and the mixture was cooled to 0° C. The solids were isolated by filtration and rinsed forward with a mixture of MTBE (22 g) and n-heptane (6 g). The resulting solids were dried under vacuum at about 35° C. to afford the compound of Formula (II-a) (69% yield and 97.08% purity).

Example 5. Synthesis of the Compound of Formula (II-a) with Neodymium Chloride-Tetrahydrofuran Solvate

A cylindrical reactor equipped with a retreat-curve overhead agitator, thermocouple, and N₂ bubbler was charged with NdCl₃.6H₂O (8.74 g, 24.3 mmol, 1.02 equiv) and THE (35 g). Thionyl chloride (23.3 g, 196 mmol, 8.17 equiv) was added slowly and the mixture was agitated for about 1 h. A mixture of anhydrous NdCl₃ (0.11 g) in THE (1 g) was added and the mixture was agitated for about 4 h. The mixture was filtered and the solid NdCl₃.THF was combined with n-Bu₄NBr (7.70 g, 239 mmol, 1.00 equiv) and THE (91 g) in a cylindrical reactor. The resulting mixture was concentrated to about 45 mL at ambient pressure under a N₂ pad with a jacket temperature of about 90° C. THE (91 g) was charged and the distillation was repeated. The mixture was cooled to about 22° C. and the compound of Formula (III) (10.0 g, 23.9 mmol, 1.00 equiv) was charged. After about 30 min the mixture was cooled to about −20° C. and held. In a separate reactor, the compound of Formula (IV) (6.91 g, 26.6 mmol, 1.11 equiv) and THE (45 g) were combined and cooled to about 0° C. TMSCl (2.91 g, 26.8 mmol, 1.12 equiv) was added slowly and, after about 30 min the mixture was cooled to about −10° C. PhMgCl (2.0 M in THF, 27.0 g, 52.0 mmol, 2.17 equiv) was added slowly and the mixture was agitated for about 30 min and cooled to about −20° C. i-PrMgCl (2.0 M in THF, 13.5 g, 27.6 mmol, 1.15 equiv) was added slowly. After about 3 h, the Grignard reaction mixture was transferred into the compound of Formula (III)/NdCl₃.THF/n-Bu₄NBr/THF mixture and the mixture was agitated at about −20° C. After about 17 h, a solution of acetic acid (10.7 g) in water (45 g) was added and the mixture was warmed to about 22° C. i-PrOAc (33 g) was added and the layers were separated. The organic layer was washed sequentially with 10% KHCO₃ (aq) (2×51 g) and 10% NaCl(aq) (50 g). i-PrOAc (88 g) was charged and the organic layer was concentrated to about 45 mL. i-PrOAc (87 g) and water (50 g) were charged and the mixture was filtered through a pad of diatomaceous earth. The pad was rinsed with i-PrOAc (13 g) and the layers of the biphasic filtrate were separated. The organic layer was washed with water (50 g) and concentrated to about 45 mL. i-PrOAc (87 g) was charged and the mixture was concentrated to about 30 mL. MTBE (55 g) was charged, followed by seed crystals (0.01 g). n-Heptane (16 g) was charged and the mixture was cooled to 0° C. The mixture was filtered and the solids were rinsed with a mixture of MTBE (12 g) and n-heptane (3 g). The resulting solids were dried under vacuum at about 35° C. to afford the compound of Formula (II-a) (43% yield and 98.53% purity). Example 6. Synthesis of the Compound of Formula (II-a) with Neodymium Chloride

Hydrate

A cylindrical reactor equipped with a retreat-curve overhead agitator, thermocouple, and N₂ bubbler was charged with NdCl₃.6H₂O (17.2 g, 48.1 mmol, 1.17 equiv), THE (180 g) and trimethyl orthoformate (30.7 g, 189 mmol, 7.07 equiv) and the mixture was agitated at about 22° C. for about 2 h. n-Bu₄NBr (15.4 g, 47.8 mmol, 1.17 equiv) was charged and the mixture was concentrated to about 90 mL at ambient pressure under a N₂ pad with a jacket temperature of about 90° C. A sequence of THF (180 g) addition, followed by concentration at ambient pressure under a N₂ pad to about 90 mL was performed three times. The mixture was cooled to about 22° C. and the compound of Formula (III) (17.1 g, 40.9 mmol, 1.00 equiv) was charged. After about 30 min the mixture was cooled to about −20° C. and held. In a separate reactor, the compound of Formula (IV) (11.8 g, 45.4 mmol, 1.11 equiv) and THE (77 g) were combined and cooled to about 0° C. TMSCl (4.97 g, 45.7 mmol, 1.12 equiv) was added slowly and, after about 30 min the mixture was cooled to about −10° C. PhMgCl (2.0 M in THF, 46.5 g, 91.2 mmol, 2.23 equiv) was added slowly and the mixture was agitated for about 30 min and cooled to about −20° C. i-PrMgCl (2.0 M in THF, 22.7 g, 46.5 mmol, 1.14 equiv) was added slowly. After about 4 h, the Grignard reaction mixture was transferred into the compound of Formula (III)/NdCl₃/n-Bu₄NBr/THF mixture and the mixture was agitated at about −20° C. After about 20 h, a solution of acetic acid (17.1 g) in water (76 g) was added and the mixture was warmed to about 22° C. Water (8 g) and i-PrOAc (56 g) was added and the layers were separated. The organic layer was washed sequentially with 10% KHCO₃ (aq) (2×86 g) and 10% NaCl(aq) (86 g). The organic layer was concentrated to about 90 mL and i-PrOAc (149 g) was charged. Water (86 g) was charged and the mixture was filtered through a pad of diatomaceous earth. The pad was rinsed with i-PrOAc (22 g) and the layers of the biphasic filtrate were separated. The organic layer was washed with water (86 g) and concentrated to about 90 mL. i-PrOAc (149 g) was charged and the mixture was concentrated to about 90 mL. The mixture was filtered and residues were rinsed forward with i-PrOAc (22 g). The filtrate was concentrated to about 60 mL and MTBE (94 g) was charged and the mixture was adjusted to about 22° C. Seed crystals (0.02 g) were charged, followed by n-heptane (28 g) and the mixture was cooled to 0° C. The solids were isolated by filtration and rinsed forward with a mixture of MTBE (19 g) and n-heptane (5 g). The resulting solids were dried under vacuum at about 35° C. to afford the compound of Formula (II-a) (65% yield and 86.16% purity).

Example 7. Flow Reactor Synthesis of the Compound of Formula (I)

A reactor was charged with potassium hydroxide (19.7 equiv.) and water (8 volumes). Stock solutions of the compound of Formula (II-a) (250 kg, 1.0 equiv, scaling factor) in dichloromethane (15.0 volumes) (Feed 1), TMSOTf (6.0 equiv) and TFA (1.0 equiv) in dichloromethane (4.4 volumes) (Feed 2), and TMSCN (6.0 equiv) in dichloromethane (4.5 volumes) (Feed 3), were prepared in separate reactors or feed vessels (FIG. 1). Feed 1 was pumped at a flow rate of approximately 504 mL/min through a pre-cooling loop at about −30° C., and Feed 2 was pumped at a flow rate of approximately 207 mL/min. Feeds 1 and 2 were combined in Reaction Loop #1 at about −30° C. for about 30 seconds. The effluent was then combined with Feed 3 (pumping at approximately 189 mL/min through a pre-cooling loop at about −30° C.) in Reaction Loop #2 at about −30° C. for about 2 minutes. The effluent of the combined feeds was collected directly into a vessel containing a solution of aqueous potassium hydroxide at about −10° C. The mixture was adjusted to about 22° C., then 2-propanol was charged and the layers were separated. The organic layer was washed with aqueous sodium chloride twice and concentrated. The resulting solution was filtered. Toluene was charged to the filtrate and the mixture was concentrated. The mixture was heated to about 55° C., then cooled to about 0° C. The resulting slurry was filtered, rinsed with toluene and dried at about 60° C. to afford the compound of Formula (I) in 78% yield with 99.9% purity. ¹H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 7.99-7.82 (m, 3H), 7.37-7.23 (m, 15H), 6.88 (d, J=4.5 Hz, 1H), 6.76 (d, J=4.5 Hz, 1H), 4.91 (d, J=5.0 Hz, 1H), 4.85 (d, J=11.7 Hz, 1H), 4.77 (d, J=11.7 Hz, 1H), 4.60-4.45 (m, 4H), 4.40 (q, J=4.6 Hz, 1H), 4.12 (t, J=5.4 Hz, 1H), 3.69 (dd, J=11.1, 3.7 Hz, 1H), 3.59 (dd, J=11.1, 4.7 Hz, 1H); ¹³C-NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 155.54, 147.86, 138.08, 137.94, 137.32, 128.17, 128.14, 128.11, 127.93, 127.72, 127.52, 127.40, 122.63, 116.78, 116.73, 110.48, 100.81, 81.90, 79.25, 77.61, 76.26, 72.30, 72.27, 71.45, 68.79; HRMS (m/z): [M]+ calcd for C₃₃H₃₁N₅O₄, 561.2376; found, 561.2394.

Example 8. Alternate Synthesis of the Compound of Formula (I)

A reactor is charged with potassium hydroxide (19.7 equiv.) and water (8 volumes). Stock solutions of the compound of Formula (II-a) (1.0 equiv, scaling factor) in dichloromethane (15.0 volumes) (Feed 1), TMSOTf (6.0 equiv) and TFA (1.0 equiv) in dichloromethane (4.4 volumes) (Feed 2), and TMSCN (6.0 equiv) in dichloromethane (4.5 volumes) (Feed 3), are prepared in separate reactors or feed vessels (FIG. 1). Feed 1 is pumped through a pre-cooling loop at about −30° C. Feeds 1 and 2 are combined in Reaction Loop #1 at about −30° C. for about 30 seconds. The effluent is then combined with Feed 3 (pumping through a pre-cooling loop at about −30° C.) in Reaction Loop #2 at about −30° C. for about 2 minutes. The effluent of the combined feeds is collected directly into a vessel containing a solution of aqueous potassium hydroxide at about −10° C. The mixture is adjusted to about 22° C., then 2-propanol is charged and the layers separated. The organic layer is washed with aqueous sodium chloride twice and concentrated. The resulting solution is filtered. Toluene is charged to the filtrate and the mixture concentrated. The mixture is heated to about 55° C., then cooled to about 0° C. The resulting slurry is filtered, rinsed with toluene and dried at about 60° C. to afford the compound of Formula (I).

Example 9. Comparative Synthesis of the Compound of Formula (I) without Bronsted Acid

Following the same conditions as described in Example 8 above except without trifluoroacetic acid, reaction of the compound of Formula (II-a) at 100-g scale afforded the compound of Formula (I) at 68% isolated yield and 99.4% purity.

Example 10. Synthesis of the Compound of Formula (II-a) from Formula (V)

Reactor A was charged with the compound of Formula (IV) (1.2 equiv) and THF (6 volumes) and reactor contents were cooled down to about 0° C. Chlorotrimethylsilane (1.2 equiv) was added to the reaction mixture followed by cooling of the reaction to about −10° C. A solution of phenylmagnesium chloride in THF (2.4 equiv) was added to the mixture, and agitation was continued at about −10° C. The resultant reaction mixture was further cooled to about −20° C. and a solution of isopropylmagnesium chloride in THF (1.0 equiv) was added.

Reactor B was charged with 2,3,5-tri-O-benzyl-D-ribofuranose (Formula (V), 1.0 equiv, scaling factor) and THF (6 volumes) and reactor contents were cooled down to about −20° C. A solution of isopropylmagnesium chloride in THF (1.1 equiv) was added to reactor B. The Grignard reagent generated in reactor A was transferred to reactor B at about −20° C. Reactor and transfer lines were rinsed forward with THF (7 volumes). The reaction mixture was warmed to ambient temperature and the reaction mixture aged for about 17 h. The reaction mixture was then cooled down to about 0° C., and quenched with glacial acetic acid (7.0 equiv) and water (4 volumes). The resulting mixture was extracted with isopropyl acetate (4 volumes). The organic layer was washed twice with 10% w/w potassium bicarbonate solution (5 volumes each time) and finally washed with 10% w/w brine solution (5 volumes). The organic layer was then concentrated to dryness and co-evaporated once with isopropyl acetate (10 volumes) to yield the Formula (VI) compound. Characterization data for the major diastereomer is provided: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 7.67 (s, 1H, Ar—H), 7.38-7.01 (m, 15H, Ar—H), 6.89 (d, J=4.4 Hz, 1H, Ar—H), 6.75 (d, J=4.4 Hz, 1H, Ar—H), 5.55 (d, J=4.0 Hz, 1H, H-1), 4.62 (d, J=11.3 Hz, 1H, Ph-CH₂—), 4.53 (d, J=11.3 Hz, 1H, Ph-CH₂—), 4.50-4.35 (m, 3H, Ph-CH₂—), 4.29 (dd, J=4.3 and 4.3 Hz, 1H, H-2), 4.14 (d, J=11.2 Hz, 1H, Ph-CH₂—), 4.09 (ddd, J=3.4 and 5.6 Hz, 1H, H-4), 3.73 (dd, J=5.0 and 5.2 Hz, 1H, H-3), 3.67 (dd, J=3.3 and 10.0 Hz, 1H, H-5a), 3.57 (dd, J=5.8 and 9.9 Hz, 1H, H-5b). ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 155.7, 146.5, 138.3, 138.0, 131.7, 127.92, 127.90, 127.86, 127.77, 127.59, 127.55, 127.21, 127.19, 127.10, 114.1, 109.8, 101.5, 80.1, 79.2, 73.4, 72.9, 72.8, 71.2, 70.3, 66.8. LC-MS analysis on the crude material: m/z=555.5 [M+1].

A reactor was charged with the Formula (VI) compound (1.0 equiv, scaling factor), acetonitrile (52 volumes) and potassium phosphate dibasic (7.0 equiv). Iodobenzene diacetate (3.5 equiv) and (2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl)oxyl (TEMPO, 0.2 equiv) were added to the reaction mixture at ambient temperature in one portion and agitation was continued for about 22 h. The reaction mixture was quenched with 3% w/w sodium sulfite solution (28 volumes) and diluted with water (20 volumes) and isopropyl acetate (12 volumes). After about 10 min of agitation, the layers were separated. The organic layer was then concentrated to dryness and the resulting residue was dissolved in isopropyl acetate (17 volumes) and washed with aq. NaCl solution (15 volumes). The organic layer was then concentrated to provide the compound of Formula (II-a): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 8.10 (s, 2H, N—H), 7.98 (s, 1H, Ar—H), 7.35-6.93 (m, 18H, Ar—H), 5.37 (d, 1H, Ar—H), 5.06 (d, 1H), 4.58-4.44 (m, 6H, Ph-CH₂—), 4.00 (s, 1H), 3.93 (d, 1H), 3.69 (dd, 1H), 3.47 (dd, 1H).

Example 11. Synthesis of the Compound of Formula (VII) with BCl₃/B(OMe)₃

A reactor was charged with boron trichloride (1 M in dichloromethane, 3.6 equiv) and cooled to about 0° C. Trimethyl borate (1.8 equiv) was slowly added to the boron trichloride solution while maintaining a temperature below about 20° C. The solution was then warmed to about 20° C. and stirred for about 1 h. In a separate reactor, Formula (I) (1.0 equiv, scaling factor) was added, followed by dichloromethane (4 volumes) and the mixture cooled to about 0° C. The boron trichloride/trimethyl borate reagent and Formula (I) solution were combined, while maintaining a temperature below 20° C. The boron trichloride/trimethyl borate reagent was rinsed forward with dichloromethane (1 volume), and the mixture was warmed to about 35° C. for about 2 h. In a separate reactor, methanol (7 volumes) was added and cooled to about −15° C. The reaction mixture and methanol solution were combined, while maintaining temperature below about 25° C. The solution was warmed to about 20° C. and stirred for about 12 h. The slurry was filtered and the wet cake was rinsed with dichloromethane (2 volumes). The solids were transferred to a reactor with 20 wt % K₂CO₃ (0.8 equiv) and the resulting slurry agitated for about 1 h at about 20° C. The slurry was filtered and the cake was rinsed with water (3 volumes) and methanol (1 volume), then dried at about 60° C. to provide the compound of Formula (VII). ¹H-NMR (400 MHz, H₂O-d₂): δ 8.10 (s, 1H), 7.37 (d, J=5.1 Hz, 1H), 7.14 (d, J=4.8 Hz, 1H), 4.94 (d, J=5.4 Hz, 1H), 4.42 (app q, J=4.2 Hz, 1H), 4.35 (t, J=5.1 Hz, 1H), 3.86 (dd, J=12.8, 3.2 Hz, 1H), 3.79 (dd, J=12.8, 4.7 Hz, 1H). ¹³C-NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 155.62, 147.87, 123.87, 117.34, 116.52, 110.77, 100.79, 85.42, 78.56, 74.24, 70.07, 60.94. HRMS (m/z): [M]⁺ calc'd. for C₁₂H₁₃N₅O₄, 291.0968; found, 291.0967.

The present process can be compared to the previously reported process as shown in Table 1 below.

TABLE 1
Process	Conditions	Crude Purity	Isolated Yield
Former Process	BCl3, 0° C., 4 h	53%	18%
Example 11	BCl3/B(OMe)3,	88%	69%
	20° C., 18 h

Example 12. Synthesis of the Compound of Formula (VII) with AlCl₃

A first reactor was charged with anisole (6 volumes) and dichloromethane (1 volume), and cooled to about 10° C. Aluminum chloride (4.0 equiv) was added in portions, maintaining temperature at about 30° C. The contents were agitated for about 15 min. The compound of Formula (I) (1 equiv) was charged portionwise and rinsed forward with dichloromethane (0.5 volume). The contents were agitated at about 20° C. for about 6 h. In a second reactor, methanol (8 volumes) was added and cooled to about 0° C. The reaction mixture in the first reactor was cooled to about 0° C. followed by the addition of methanol from the second reactor, maintaining temperature about 20° C. The reaction mixture was recirculated between the two reactors until solids were dissolved. The solution was warmed to about 20° C. and stirred for about 12 h. The slurry was filtered and the wet cake was rinsed with MeOH (2 volumes). The solids were transferred to a reactor with 20 wt % K₂CO₃ (0.8 equiv) and the slurry agitated for about 1 h at about 20° C. The slurry was filtered and the cake was rinsed with water (3 volumes) and methanol (1 volume), then dried at about 60° C. to provide the compound of Formula (VII).

Example 13. Flow Reactor Synthesis of the Compound of Formula (VI)

A reactor was charged with Formula (I) (1.0 equiv, scaling factor) and CH₂Cl₂ (4.5 volumes) to form a stock solution. This stock solution was then polish filtered and transferred to a fourth feed vessel (Feed 4, 210 of FIG. 2). A solution of BCl₃ (1.0 M in CH₂Cl₂) was then charged to a fifth feed vessel (Feed 5, 220). Feed 4 was pumped at a flow rate of approximately 12.8 mL/min through a pre-cooling loop at about 0° C., and Feed 5 was pumped at a flow rate of approximately 13.8 mL/min through a pre-cooling loop at about 0° C. Feeds 4 and 5 were combined in the reaction loop (240) at about 0° C. for about 135 seconds (2 minutes 15 seconds). The effluent 250 was collected directly into a vessel containing MeOH (7.0 volumes relative to the compound of Formula (I)) controlled to a temperature of about 0° C. Once collection was complete, the mixture was adjusted to about 20° C. and agitated for about 16 h. The resulting slurry was filtered, rinsed with CH₂Cl₂, and pulled dry using vacuum to yield the crude intermediate as a solid. These solids were charged back to the reactor, combined with water, and adjusted to about 20° C. To the resulting slurry, a solution of 20% (w/w) potassium carbonate in water was charged to adjust the pH to about 8-11, and the solution was agitated at about 20° C. for about 1 h. The resulting slurry was filtered, rinsed with water and MeOH and dried at about 60° C. to afford Formula (VII) compound.

Example 14. Synthesis of the Compound of Formula (VIII)

A reactor was charged with Formula (VII) (1.0 equiv, scaling factor) followed by isopropyl acetate (10 volumes), 2,2-dimethoxypropane (5.9 equiv), and cooled to about 20° C. Concentrated sulfuric acid (1.3 equiv) was charged and the reaction was heated to about 30° C. for about 3 h. The reaction mixture was filtered and the cake was rinsed with isopropyl acetate (3 volumes). The intermediate sulfate salt was transferred back to the reactor followed by the addition of potassium acetate (2.0 equiv) and methanol (15 volumes). Water (2 volumes) was then added and the reaction mixture stirred for about 1 hr. The solution was subjected to a carbon treatment followed by a polish filtration. The carbon cartridge was rinsed with methanol (7 volumes). The solution was then distilled to about 3 volumes followed by the addition of water (8 volumes) over about 2 h. The resulting slurry was filtered and the cake was rinsed with water (3 volumes). The solids were dried to yield the compound of Formula (VIII): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.91-7.98 (brm, 5H), 6.95-6.88 (m, 4H), 5.38 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 2H), 5.02 (t, J=5.7 Hz, 2H), 4.90 (dd, J=6.6, 3.1 Hz, 2H), 4.32 (td, J=5.3, 3.0 Hz, 2H), 3.53 (ddq, J=17.3, 11.6, 5.5 Hz, 4H), 1.64 (s, 6H), 1.37 (s, 6H). ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 156.05, 148.62, 122.97, 117.42, 116.71, 115.87, 111.05, 101.32, 85.87, 84.37, 82.01, 80.41, 61.35, 26.34, 25.58.

Example 15. Synthesis of the Compound of Formula (X)

A reactor was charged with Formula (VIII) (1.0 equiv, scaling factor) followed by magnesium chloride (1.5 equiv.) and tetrahydrofuran (10 volumes). This mixture was cooled to about 25° C. N,N-diisopropylethylamine (2.5 equiv.) was charged and the reaction was stirred for about 16 h. at about 25° C. The reaction was quenched into tert-butyl methyl ether (10 volumes) and 10% (w/w) citric acid (10 volumes) at about 10° C. The layers were separated and the organic layer was washed with 10% (w/w) potassium carbonate (15 volumes), 10% (w/w) potassium carbonate (10 volumes), 10% (w/w) ammonium chloride (10 volumes), then 15% (w/w) sodium chloride (10 volumes). The organic layer was distilled to about 3.5 volumes followed by the addition of acetonitrile (10 volumes), distilled to about 3.5 volumes, charged with acetonitrile (7 volumes). The acetonitrile stock solution of Formula (X) was used in the next step.

Although the foregoing invention has been described in some detail by way of illustration and Example for purposes of clarity of understanding, one of skill in the art will appreciate that certain changes and modifications may be practiced within the scope of the appended claims. In addition, each reference provided herein is incorporated by reference in its entirety to the same extent as if each reference was individually incorporated by reference. Where a conflict exists between the instant application and a reference provided herein, the instant application shall dominate.

Claims

1. A method of preparing a compound of Formula (I):

2. The method of claim 1, further comprising a solvent.

3. The method of claim 2, wherein the solvent is dichloromethane, chloroform, dichloroethane, or chlorobenzene, or a combination thereof.

4. The method of claim 1, wherein the Lewis acid is trimethylsilyl trifluoromethanesulfonate (TMSOTf), trimethylsilyl chloride (TMSCl), trimethylsilyl iodide (TMSI), trimethylsilyl bromide (TMSBr), tert-butyldimethylsilyl chloride (TBSCl), tert-butyldimethylsilyl bromide (TBSBr), tert-butyldimethylsilyl iodide (TBSI), triethylsilyl chloride (TESCl), triethylsilyl bromide (TESBr), triethylsilyl iodide (TESI), tert-butyldimethylsilyl trifluoromethanesulfonate (TBSOTf), or triethylsilyl trifluoromethanesulfonate (TESOTf).

5. The method of claim 1, wherein the Bronsted acid is trifluoroacetic acid (TFA), trifluoromethanesulfonic acid, 4-fluorobenzoic acid, pivalic acid, hydrogen tetrafluoroborate (HBF4), nitric acid, 4-chlorobenzoic acid, pentafluorophenol, or hydrogen hexafluorophosphate (HPF6).

6. The method of claim 1, wherein the cyanating agent is trimethylsilyl cyanide (TMSCN), tert-butyldimethylsilyl cyanide (TBSCN), triethylsilyl cyanide (TESCN), tetrabutylammonium cyanide, tetramethylammonium cyanide, or tetraethylammonium cyanide.

7. The method of claim 2, wherein the Lewis acid is trifluoromethanesulfonate (TMSOTf), the Bronsted acid is trifluoroacetic acid, the solvent is dichloromethane, and the cyanating agent is trimethylsilyl cyanide (TMSCN).

8.-27. (canceled)

28. The method of claim 1, wherein the first flow reactor and the second flow reactor are both maintained at a temperature of about −30° C.

29.-33. (canceled)

34. The method of claim 1, further comprising: (c) adding a third input mixture to a third reactor, wherein the third input mixture comprises trimethylsilyl chloride (TMSCl), isopropylmagnesium chloride (iPrMgCl), phenylmagnesium chloride (PhMgCl), tetrahydrofuran (THF), and a compound of Formula (IV):

35. (canceled)

36. The method of claim 1, further comprising: (c) adding a third input mixture to a third reactor, wherein the third input mixture comprises trimethylsilyl chloride (TMSCl), isopropylmagnesium chloride (iPrMgCl), phenylmagnesium chloride (PhMgCl), tetrahydrofuran (THF), and a compound of Formula (IV):

37. The method of claim 1, further comprising: (c) adding a third input mixture to a third reactor, wherein the third input mixture comprises trimethylsilyl chloride (TMSCl), isopropylmagnesium chloride (iPrMgCl), phenylmagnesium chloride (PhMgCl), tetrahydrofuran (THF), and a compound of Formula (IV):

38. The method of claim 1, further comprising: (c) adding a third input mixture to a third reactor, wherein the third input mixture comprises trimethylsilyl chloride (TMSCl), isopropylmagnesium chloride (iPrMgCl), phenylmagnesium chloride (PhMgCl), tetrahydrofuran (THF), and a compound of Formula (IV):

39. A method of preparing a compound of Formula (II-a):

40. The method of claim 39, wherein the oxidant is (2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl)oxyl, 9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane N-oxyl, iodobenzene dichloride, iodobenzene diacetate, sodium hypochlorite, 1,1,1-tris(acetyloxy)-1,1-dihydro-1,2-benziodoxol-3-(1H)-one, dimethyl sulfoxide/pyridine sulfur trioxide, manganese oxide, 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyanobenzoquinone, or N-methylmorpholine-N-oxide/tetrapropylammonium perruthenate, or a combination thereof.

41. The method of claim 39, wherein the fifth base is sodium bicarbonate, potassium bicarbonate, sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, sodium dihydrogen phosphate, potassium dihydrogen phosphate, sodium hydrogen phosphate, potassium hydrogen phosphate, sodium phosphate, potassium phosphate, or ammonium acetate, or a combination thereof.

42. The method of claim 39, wherein the fifth input mixture further comprises a fifth solvent selected from the group consisting of dichloromethane, dichloroethane, chloroform, toluene, trifluorotoluene, water, sulfolane, dimethylformamide, N-methylpyrrolidine, dimethyl sulfoxide, methyl acetate, isopropyl acetate, ethyl acetate, and acetonitrile, or a combination thereof.

43. The method of claim 42, wherein the oxidant is (2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl)oxyl and iodobenzene diacetate;the fifth base is potassium hydrogen phosphate; andthe fifth solvent is acetonitrile.

44.-45. (canceled)

46. The method of claim 39, further comprising preparing the compound of Formula (V), the method comprising: (a) adding a sixth input mixture to a sixth reactor, wherein the sixth input mixture comprises an amine-protecting agent, a sixth base, and a compound of Formula (IV):

47. The method of claim 46, wherein the amine-protecting agent is chlorotrimethylsilane, chlorotriethylsilane, tert-butyldimethylchlorosilane, tert-butyldiphenylchlorosilane, 1,2-bis(chlorodimethylsilyl) ethane, trifluoroacetic anhydride, or di-(tert-butyl) dicarbonate.

48. The method of claim 46, wherein the sixth base is phenylmagnesium chloride, phenylmagnesium bromide, phenylmagnesium iodide, isopropylmagnesium chloride, isopropylmagnesium bromide, tert-butylmagnesium chloride, phenyllithium, methyllithium, isopropyllithium, tert-butyllithium, sodium hydride, potassium hydride, or calcium hydride, or a combination thereof.

49. The method of claim 46, wherein the sixth input mixture further comprises a sixth solvent selected from the group consisting of tetrahydrofuran (THF), 2-methyltetrahydrofuran, tert-butyl methyl ether, diisopropyl ether, cyclopentyl methyl ether, and toluene, or a combination thereof.

50. The method of claim 49, wherein the amine-protecting agent is chlorotrimethylsilane;the sixth base is phenylmagnesium chloride; andthe sixth solvent is tetrahydrofuran (THF).

51.-52. (canceled)

53. The method of claim 46, wherein the seventh transmetallating agent is phenylmagnesium chloride, phenylmagnesium bromide, phenylmagnesium iodide, isopropylmagnesium chloride, isopropylmagnesium bromide, tert-butylmagnesium chloride, tert-butylmagnesium bromide, phenyllithium, methyllithium, isopropyllithium, or tert-butyllithium, or a combination thereof.

54. The method of claim 46, wherein the seventh input mixture further comprises a seventh solvent selected from the group consisting of tetrahydrofuran (THF), 2-methyltetrahydrofuran, tert-butyl methyl ether, diisopropyl ether, cyclopentyl methyl ether, and toluene, or a combination thereof.

55. The method of claim 54, wherein the seventh transmetallating agent is isopropylmagnesium chloride; andthe seventh solvent is tetrahydrofuran (THF).

56.-58. (canceled)

59. A method of preparing a compound of Formula (VII):

60. The method of claim 59, wherein the eighth input mixture further comprises an eighth solvent selected from the group consisting of dichloromethane, chloroform, dichloroethane, chlorobenzene, toluene, ethyl acetate (EtOAc), isopropyl acetate (iPrOAc), acetonitrile, tetrahydrofuran (THF), 2-methyltetrahydrofuran, and a combination thereof.

61. (canceled)

62. The method of claim 59, wherein the eighth Lewis acid is boron trichloride (BCl3), boron trifluoride (BF3), boron trifluoride diethyl etherate (BF3.OEt2), boron trifluoride tetrahydrofuran complex (BF3.THF), boron trichloride dimethylsulfide complex (BCl3.SMe2), or 2-chloro-1,3,2-benzodioxaborole.

63. The method of claim 59, wherein the eighth Lewis acid is boron trichloride (BCl3).

64.-74. (canceled)

75. The method of claim 59, further comprising combining the eighth output mixture and an eighth protic solvent selected from the group consisting of water, methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, isopropanol, n-butanol, tert-butanol, and a combination thereof.

76. The method of claim 60, wherein the eighth protic solvent is methanol.

77.-79. (canceled)

80. A method of preparing a compound of Formula (VII):

81. The method of claim 80, further comprising a ninth solvent selected from the group consisting of dichloromethane, toluene, ethyl acetate (EtOAc), isopropyl acetate (iPrOAc), acetonitrile, and a combination thereof.

82. The method of claim 81, wherein the ninth solvent is dichloromethane.

83. The method of claim 80, wherein the ninth Lewis acid is boron trichloride (BCl3), boron tribromide (BBr3), or boron trifluoride etherate/sodium iodide (BF3.OEt2/NaI).

84. The method of claim 83, wherein the ninth Lewis acid is boron trichloride (BCl3).

85.-86. (canceled)

87. The method of claim 80, wherein the additive is selected from the group consisting of trimethylborate (B(OMe)3), triethylborate (B(OEt)3), triisopropylborate (B(OiPr)3), tri-n-butylborate (B(OBu)3), triphenylborate (B(OPh)3), methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, and a combination thereof.

88.-94. (canceled)

95. The method of claim 80, further comprising combining the ninth output mixture and a ninth protic solvent selected from the group consisting of water, methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, isopropanol, n-butanol, tert-butanol, and a combination thereof.

96.-99. (canceled)

100. A method of preparing a compound of Formula (VII):

101. The method of claim 100, further comprising a tenth solvent selected from the group consisting of dichloromethane, anisole, toluene, chlorobenzene, nitrobenzene, trifluorotoluene, tetrahydrofuran (THF), acetone, isopropyl acetate (iPrOAc), acetonitrile, acetic acid, and a combination thereof.

102.-103. (canceled)

104. The method of claim 100, further comprising a tenth additive selected from the group consisting of tetrabutylammonium chloride, tetrabutylammonium bisulfite, lithium chloride, magnesium chloride, and a combination thereof.

105.-108. (canceled)

109. The method of claim 100, further comprising combining the tenth output mixture and a tenth protic solvent selected from the group consisting of water, methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, isopropanol, n-butanol, tert-butanol, and a combination thereof.

110.-113. (canceled)

114. A method of preparing a compound of Formula (VIII):

115. The method of claim 114, wherein the eleventh acid HX is sulfuric acid;the eleventh protecting agent is 2,2-dimethoxypropane; andthe eleventh solvent is isopropyl acetate.

116. The method of claim 114, wherein the twelfth base is potassium acetate; andthe twelfth solvent is methanol.

117.-119. (canceled)

120. A method of preparing a compound of Formula (X):

121.-123. (canceled)