Patent Application
20150107721
The present disclosure relates generally to methods for treating surfaces of metal items. In particular, methods of treating surfaces of cast zirconium alloy based medical implants are described.
Known methods of producing zirconium alloy based medical implants are riot entirely satisfactory for the range of applications in which they are employed. Zirconium alloys, and Zirconium-2.5 Niobium in particular, has been used to in medical implants for weight bearing components, such as femoral heads and knee replacement femoral components. One benefit of using zirconium alloy is that an oxidation process can be readily applied to create a substantially dense, smooth, and uniform layer of zirconium oxide, which defines a low friction coefficient and is exceptionally hard.
An oxidation layer provides numerous operational benefits, such as superior resistance to wear and corrosion. These specific benefits are particularly relevant in the medical implant industry because malfunctioning implants could cause bodily injury or require invasive implants surgery to repair. The low friction coefficient of oxide layers tend to reduce wear when the oxide surfaces articulates against relatively soft materials, such as plastic implants paired with metal implants
Both cast and forged zirconium alloy based medical implants can meet relevant American Society for Testing and Materials International (“ASTM”) chemical and mechanical requirements for medical implants. Cast alloy parts, however, are significantly cheaper to manufacture than forged analogues. Cast alloy parts, prior to many of the innovations described in this disclosure, have historically produced lower quality products, however.
For example, many cast zirconium alloy parts have had unsatisfactory surface conditions to enable zirconium oxide layers to a desired extent. For example, many cast zirconium alloy products define large, visible grain boundaries, which often result in uneven and cracked zirconium oxide layers when the products are oxidized. Further, these imperfections often result in a product that visually appears unreliable, which may lower medical practitioners' confidence in them.
Each of these limitations of conventional zirconium alloy casting processes result in lower quality products. The lower quality products typically have less dense, smooth, and form surfaces and lack the resistance to corrosion and wear of forged products. As a result, conventional cast zirconium alloy parts are not cost-effective, suitable replacements for forged zirconium alloy parts.
Thus, there exists a need for processes for producing cast zirconium alloy products that that improve upon and advance the design of known methods. In particular, the field requires methods to increase the quality of the zirconium oxide layer of cast zirconium alloy products. Even more particularly, there exists a need for methods of preparing the surface of cast zirconium alloy products with improved surface characteristics prior to creating the oxidized layer.
It would be desirable to increase the quality of the oxidized layer of cast products to produce a cost-effective and suitable replacement of forged zirconium alloy products. Indeed, it would be desirable to produce high-quality zirconium alloy products at a significantly lower price than conventional forged products. Examples of new and useful methods relevant to increasing cast products' quality are described below.
The present disclosure is directed to methods of preparing a surface of a cast zirconium alloy substrate for oxidation, the method including hot isostatic pressing a cast substrate of near shape dimensions, heating the cast substrate, machining the cast substrate to desired shape dimensions, and treating the surface of the cast substrate to accept an oxide layer. In some examples, treating the surface of the cast substrate may include polishing the surface, peening the polished surface, and finishing the peened surface. Additional or alternative examples may include heat treating a cast substrate of near shape dimensions to define a homogenized grain structure within the cast substrate, machining the heat treated cast substrate to desired shape dimensions, and surface treating the machined cast substrate to modify its structure to define a recrystallized modified grain structure defining a reduced grain boundary size.
The disclosed methods will become better understood through review of the following detailed description in conjunction with the figures. The detailed description and figures provide mere examples of the various inventions described herein. Those skilled in the art will understand that the disclosed examples may be varied, modified, and altered without departing from the scope of the inventions described herein. Many variations are contemplated for different applications and design considerations; however, for the sake of brevity, each and every contemplated variation is not individually described in the following detailed description.
Throughout the following detailed description, examples of various methods are provided. Related features in the examples may be identical, similar, or dissimilar in different examples, For the sake of brevity, related features will not be redundantly explained in each example. Instead, the use of related feature names will cue the reader that the feature with a related feature name may be similar to the related feature in an example explained previously. Features specific to a given example will be described in that particular example, The reader should understand that a given feature need not be the same or similar to the specific portrayal of a related feature in any given figure or example.
With reference to
Method 100 and other disclosed methods overcome many of the shortcomings of conventional processes of producing zirconium alloy products. In particular, method 100 improves the oxide layers of cast zirconium oxide parts such that they may serve as cost-effective alternatives to their forged analogues. These improvements are accomplished, for example, through a series of steps that modify the surface microstructure of cast parts to encourage the surface to accept a satisfactory oxide layer.
The steps to modify the surface microstructure may include a series of heat treating, pressure treating, and surface finishing steps. These steps, collectively and individually, may reduce surface imperfections, such as wide, visible grain boundaries or irregular or coarse surface characteristics. By repairing these imperfections on cast parts, these steps may, when applied, encourage cast parts to accept more satisfactory oxide layers than untreated cast parts. Further, some examples may result in oxidized cast parts with a desired aesthetic blue-black or black appearance free of visible grain boundaries, as is often found on oxidized zirconium-2.5 niobium forgings.
The improved surface characteristics, such as grain size and smoothness, of cast parts produced from method 100 encourage the casts to more satisfactorily accept zirconium oxide layers at step 150. The resulting layers may be more dense, smooth, and uniform than those accepted by many conventional cast parts. By using the disclosed methods, cast parts may serve as a cost-effective alternative to forged analogues in providing near-shape, ASTM-compliant zirconium oxide parts for medical implants.
The disclosed methods may be particularly suited to prosthetic implants, such as femoral knees and hips. For example, 2-6 show two examples of prosthetic implants which have been treated and oxidized by methods disclosed herein to produce a satisfactory zirconium oxide layer: femoral head 160 and femoral knee. 180. Because these illustrated examples have been treated and oxidized according to the method steps described in detail below, they include a femoral head oxidized layer 164 and a femoral knee oxidized layer 184. The untreated and oxidized cast parts, or substrates, would be similar in shape and size, but lack the associated oxidized layer.
While this disclosure considers, as examples, cast parts specifically used for medical implants, the disclosed methods have widespread applicability to any use of zirconium oxide alloy parts, In particular, the methods described below may be used with a wide variety of cast parts that benefit from the corrosion and wear resistance characteristics provided by a zirconium oxide laver.
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In some examples, the casts provided may have beers been cast to near-shape parts using centrifugal casting processes. Centrifugal casting may provide improved pre-treatment surface conditions compared to alternative casting methods. Centrifugally casted casts are not, however, required. In fact, disclosed methods may improve the surface quality of lower quality casts to cause the casts to adequately accept satisfactory zirconium oxide layers.
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Applying pressure evenly effectively reduces the internal porosity of the cast part, improving the part's mechanical properties such as hardness, smoothness, and uniformity, while retaining a substantially similar shape. Improving the part's mechanical properties may at least partially result from increasing the density of the cast part. Relative to a cast part that was not isostatically pressed, the higher density cast part has a reduced porosity and increased material integrity. The pressure applied may be adjusted by introducing or removing inert fluid to or from the chamber or by adjusting the temperature of the contained gas.
In some examples, the casts are isostatically pressed at step 125 at a pressure between 15,000 to 26,000 pounds per square inch. The inventor has observed that a target pressure of 25,000 psi has produced especially satisfactory results. However, any pressure between 15,000 and 26,000 psi has been observed to produce satisfactory cast parts with reduced internal porosity,
With regard to temperature, the casts may be isostatically pressed at step 125 at a temperature range of 1500 to 1700 degrees Fahrenheit. Hot isostatically pressing the cast part at 1,650° F. has been observed to produce excellent results.
In one example, the cast provided at step 120 is hot isostatically pressed at 25,000 psi at 1,650° F. for a period of 2 hours, Timeframes of 1 to 2 hours at the temperatures and pressures described above are also suitable.
The temperature, pressure, and time parameter examples described above for the hot isostatic pressing step have been found to produce satisfactory results. Skilled technicians will recognize that various combinations of temperature, pressure, and time within the ranges described above will yield satisfactory results.
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Thermally treating the cast in this manner may produce, amongst other benefits, finer, more uniform grain boundaries proximate the surface of the cast and in some cases, throughout the cast. The thermal treatment may, for example, encourage alloy elements and segregated elements at grain boundaries to diffuse within the cast and evenly redistribute throughout the cast's internal material. As a result, thermally treating the cast may provide it with improved mechanical properties, such as improved toughness and ductility.
In some examples, thermally treating the cast substrate may include a rapid quench step. In this step, the cast is rapidly quenched at two bars of pressure within a lower-temperature quenching medium to rapidly reduce the temperature of the cast. The cast may, for example, be reduced from 2000 degrees Fahrenheit to below 200 degrees Fahrenheit in a short period of time in a quenching medium that is 150 degrees Fahrenheit or less. In some examples, quenching the cast to reduce its temperature to 150 degrees Fahrenheit has been found to produce particularly satisfactory results.
Rapid quenching as described above has been observed to more quickly reduce atomic movement within the cast substrate thereby reducing the amount of time required to reset the cast's microstructure. Resetting the microstructure more quickly may result in finer, more uniform grain boundaries compared to ambient cooling.
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In some examples, this multi-stage vibratory finishing process may include five stages. Examples of granularities used in such a five-stage process may include: A-80, A-30 A-6, and 2400 grit. In some examples, this vibratory finishing process may be referred to as “harperizing” performed according to “harperizing processes” known in the art.
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In some examples, the cast is peened by repeatedly blasting spherical glass beads toward the cast's surface at approximately 100 pounds per square inch. Additionally or alternatively, steel beads, ceramic beads, and/or steel shot may be used as the peening media. In some examples, casts are sufficiently peened after repeatedly blasting peening media toward the cast substrate for up to five minutes. However, peening the surface for 30 seconds to 60 seconds has been found to provide satisfactory results in many cases.
By repeatedly blasting the cast's surface with the peening media, the surface layer of the cast is plastically deformed as a result of the compressive force applied by the peening media. This plastic deformation caused by the peening media's compressive force is substantially permanent, and thus should not return elastically to its original lattice microstructure (as often occurs with elastic deformation). This may result in a permanent change to the microstructure of the surface layer, effectively defining a “matte” or “blended-in” appearance of the grain boundaries that presents well defined or visually indistinguishable lines.
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In the final grinding step, a fine polishing compound is applied to the cast's surface via a contacting-type grinding machine. In some examples, this contacting-type grinding machine applies the polishing compound to the cast's surface to remove from 0.001 to 0.002 inches of thickness from the surface, resulting in substantially smooth, bright surfaces that define a reduced number of scratches and visible grain boundary lines. In some examples, “finishing the peened surface” may be accomplished by performing the multi-stage vibratory polishing step, the final grinding step, or both of these steps.
Upon polishing the cast substrate according to the second polishing or finishing process at step 149, the cast substrate has been prepared for oxidation. As a result, some of the disclosed methods may end at this step. For example, many manufacturers may desire to simply produce cast parts treated to accept oxidation without performing an active oxidation step. Similarly, this disclosure notes that the improvements in surface properties provided by the foregoing steps, independently or cooperatively, may reduce apparent grain boundaries and produce substantially smooth, dense, and uniform cast products with low friction coefficients, which may be beneficial without an further oxidation process.
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In various examples, oxidizing the surface the cast substrate roar be accomplished either actively or passively, or a combination thereof, Zirconium-2.5 niobium, for example, oxidizes when exposed to air, with or without further intervention. However, cast substrates may be exposed to heat for a predetermined length of time to accelerate the oxidization process which may produce harder, smoother, and more uniform oxidized layers in reduced time compared to passively oxidizing a cast substrate. Heating zirconium-2.5 niobium casts to 600-1500 degrees Fahrenheit in an oxidative environment for a period of 2-6 hours has been found to produce particularly satisfactory results.
The resultant oxidized casts often present a blue-black or black visual appearance and lack visible grain lines. In some examples, the appearance may be similar to (or even indistinguishable from) oxidized wrought or forged zirconium-2.5 niobium medical implants. Further, the resultant oxidized casts define surface characteristics, such as low friction coefficients, increased hardness, and resistance to wear and corrosion, that may equal or exceed those of wrought or forged oxidized zirconium-2.5 niobium medical implants.
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The disclosure above encompasses multiple distinct inventions with independent utility. While each of these inventions has been disclosed in a particular form, the specific embodiments disclosed and illustrated above are not to be considered in a limiting sense as numerous variations are possible. The subject matter of the inventions includes all novel and non-obvious combinations and subcombinations of the various elements, features, functions and/or properties disclosed above and inherent to those skilled in the art pertaining to such inventions. Where the disclosure or subsequently filed claims recite “a” element, “a first” element, or any such equivalent term, the disclosure or claims should be understood to incorporate one or more such elements, neither requiring nor excluding two or more such elements.
Applicant(s) reserves the right to submit claims directed to combinations acid subcombinations of the disclosed inventions that are believed to be novel and non-obvious. Inventions embodied in other combinations and subcombinations of features, functions, elements and/or properties may be claimed through amendment of those claims or presentation of new claims in the present application or in a related application. Such amended or new claims, whether they are directed to the same invention or a different invention and whether they are different, broader, narrower or equal in scope to the original claims, are to be considered within the subject matter of the inventions described herein.
