Methods of providing anti-inflammation support

Abstract

This disclosure provides products, including pharmaceutical compositions and dietary supplements, which are useful for anti-inflammatory support.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1. Graph showing effects of anatabine on TNFα-induced NFκB activity in vitro.

FIG. 2. Graph showing effects of a crude extract of smokeless tobacco on TNFα-induced NFκB activity in vitro.

FIG. 3. Graph showing effects of nicotine and of an alkaloid extract of smokeless tobacco on TNFα-induced NFκB activity in vitro.

FIG. 4. Graph showing the results of a cytotoxicity assay measuring release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) using supernatant from the cells assayed in FIG. 1.

FIG. 5. Graph showing the results of a cytotoxicity assay using supernatant from the cells assayed in FIG. 2.

FIG. 6. Graph showing the results of a cytotoxicity assay using supernatant from the cells assayed in FIG. 3.

FIG. 7. Graph comparing effects of anatabine, CELEBREX®, and aspirin on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced NFκB activity in human white blood cells.

FIG. 8. Graph demonstrating effects of increasing concentrations of anatabine (“anatabloc” in the figure) on the release of interleukin 1-beta (IL-1β) from human blood cells.

FIG. 9. Graph demonstrating time course of effect of anatabine (“anatabloc” in the figure) on the release of interleukin 1-beta (IL-1β) from human blood cells.

FIG. 10. Graph demonstrating effects of anatabine, aspirin, ibuprofen, celecoxib, and diclofenac on IL-1β accumulation after treatment of whole human blood with LPS.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Products comprising a compound of Formula I (e.g., anatabine), described below, and vitamins are useful for anti-inflammatory support. “Anti-inflammation support” as used herein includes helping the body to avoid excessive creation of inflammation, helping the body maintain lower levels of inflammation, helping the body maintain healthy levels of C-reactive protein, and the like. Products described herein can be, e.g., pharmaceutical compositions or dietary supplements. “Dietary supplement” as used herein includes the type of product identified in the United States as a “dietary supplement” in the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act (DSHEA) of 1994, as well as the type of product identified in other parts of the world by terms such as “food supplements,” “nutraceuticals,” “functional foods,” or simply “foods.”

Products disclosed herein, including pharmaceutical compositions and dietary supplements, can be provided for administration to humans as well as to animals, such as a companion animal, a service animal, a farm animal, or a zoo animal. Such animals include, but are not limited to, canines (including dogs, wolves), felines (including domestic cats, tigers, lions), ferrets, rabbits, rodents (e.g., rats, mice), guinea pigs, hamsters, gerbils, horses, cows, pigs, sheep, goats, giraffes, and elephants.

In some embodiments, products (e.g., pharmaceutical compositions, dietary supplements) comprise a compound of Formula I, which can be provided as a pharmaceutically acceptable or food-grade salt:

wherein:

R represents hydrogen or C₁-C₅ alkyl;

R′ represents hydrogen or C₁-C₇ alkyl; and

X represents halogen or C₁-C₇ alkyl.

In some embodiments,

R represents hydrogen or C₁-C₃ alkyl;

R′ represents hydrogen or C₁-C₄ alkyl; and

X represents halogen or C₁-C₃ alkyl.

The dotted line within the piperidine ring represents a carbon/carbon or carbon/nitrogen double bond within that ring, or two conjugated double bonds within that ring. One of the two conjugated double bonds can be a carbon/nitrogen double bond, or both of the conjugated double bonds can be carbon/carbon double bonds. When a carbon/nitrogen double bond is present, R is absent; and either (i) “a” is an integer ranging from 1-4, usually 1-2, and “b” is an integer ranging from 0-8, usually 0-4; or (ii) “a” is an integer ranging from 0-4, usually 0-2, and “b” is an integer ranging from 1-8, usually 1-4. When a carbon/nitrogen double bond is not present, R is present; “a” is an integer ranging from 0-4, usually 1-2; and “b” is an integer ranging from 0-8, usually 0-4 or 1-2. The term “alkyl,” as used herein, encompasses both straight chain and branched alkyl. The term “halogen” encompasses fluorine (F), chlorine (Cl), bromine (Br), and iodine (I).

Table 1 below illustrates non-limiting examples of compounds within Formula I:

	TABLE 1
	R	R′ (position)	X (position)	a	b
	H	CH3 (3)	—	0	1
	CH3	—	CH3 (5)	1	0
	H	—	CH3CH2 (4)	1	0
	CH3CH2	CH3 (4)	—	0	1
	H	CH3 (2)	—	0	2
		CH3CH2 (5)
	H	CH3 (3)	CH3 (5)	1	1
	CH3	—	CH3 (2)	2	0
			CH3 (5)

Compounds of Formula I may be present in the form of a racemic mixture or, in some cases, as an isolated enantiomer, such as illustrated below in Formula IA.

An example of a compound of Formula I is anatabine. The chemical structure of anatabine (1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-[2,3′]bipyridinyl) is illustrated below, in which * designates an asymmetric carbon.

Anatabine exists in tobacco and certain foods, including green tomatoes, green potatoes, ripe red peppers, tomatillos, and sundried tomatoes, as a racemic mixture of R-(+)-anatabine and S-(−)-anatabine, whose structures are illustrated below.

An example of a compound of Formula IA is S-(−)-anatabine. In some embodiments anatabine is provided in the form of a pharmaceutically acceptable (or food grade) salt of anatabine. Anatabine may be adsorbed on a cation exchange resin such as polymethacrilic acid (Amberlite IRP64 or Purolite C115HMR), as described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,901,248, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Such cation exchange resins have been used commercially, for example, in nicotine replacement therapy, e.g., nicotine polacrilex.

Unless otherwise clear from context, the term “anatabine” as used herein refers collectively to anatabine, either as a racemic mixture or an enantiomer, and pharmaceutically acceptable or food-grade salts of either of them. In general, salts may provide improved chemical purity, stability, solubility, and/or bioavailability relative to anatabine in its native form. Non-limiting examples of possible anatabine salts are described in P. H. Stahl et al., Handbook of Pharmaceutical Salts: Properties, Selection and Use, Weinheim/Zürich:Wiley-VCHNHCA, 2002, including salts of 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid, 2,2-dichloroacetic acid, 2-hydroxyethanesulfonic acid, 2-oxoglutaric acid, 4-acetamidobenzoic acid, 4-aminosalicylic acid, acetic acid, adipic acid, ascorbic acid (L), aspartic acid (L), benzenesulfonic acid, benzoic acid, camphoric acid (+), camphor-10-sulfonic acid (+), capric acid (decanoic acid), caproic acid (hexanoic acid), caprylic acid (octanoic acid), carbonic acid, cinnamic acid, citric acid, cyclamic acid, dodecylsulfuric acid, ethane-1,2-disulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, formic acid, fumaric acid, galactaric acid, gentisic acid, glucoheptonic acid (D), gluconic acid (D), glucuronic acid (D), glutamic acid, glutaric acid, glycerophosphoric acid, glycolic acid, hippuric acid, hydrobromic acid, hydrochloric acid, isobutyric acid, lactic acid (DL), lactobionic acid, lauric acid, maleic acid, malic acid (−L), malonic acid, mandelic acid (DL), methanesulfonic acid, naphthalene-1,5-disulfonic acid, naphthalene-2-sulfonic acid, nicotinic acid, nitric acid, oleic acid, oxalic acid, palmitic acid, pamoic acid, phosphoric acid, proprionic acid, pyroglutamic acid (−L), salicylic acid, sebacic acid, stearic acid, succinic acid, sulfuric acid, tartaric acid (+L), thiocyanic acid, toluenesulfonic acid (p), and undecylenic acid.

As an alternative to preparing anatabine synthetically, anatabine can be obtained by extraction from tobacco or other plants, such as members of the Solanaceae family, such as datura, mandrake, belladonna, capsicum, potato, nicotiana, eggplant, and petunia. For example, a tobacco extract may be prepared from cured tobacco stems, lamina, or both. In the extraction process, cured tobacco material is extracted with a solvent, typically water, ethanol, steam, or carbon dioxide. The resulting solution contains the soluble components of the tobacco, including anatabine. Anatabine may be purified from the other components of the tobacco using suitable techniques such as liquid chromatography.

As part of the purification process, tobacco material may be substantially denicotinized to remove a majority of other alkaloids such as nicotine, nornicotine, and anabasine. Denicotinizing is usually carried out prior to extraction of anatabine. Methods that may be used for denicotinizing tobacco materials are described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,119,835, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference. In general, tobacco alkaloids may be extracted from tobacco material with carbon dioxide under supercritical conditions. The tobacco alkaloids may then be separated from the carbon dioxide by dissolving an organic acid or a salt thereof, such as potassium monocitrate, in the carbon dioxide.

In some aspects, an isolated form of anatabine is used. An “isolated form of anatabine,” as used herein, refers to anatabine that either has been prepared synthetically or has been substantially separated from plant materials in which it occurs naturally. The isolated form of anatabine should have a very high purity (including enantiomeric purity in the case where an enantiomer is used). In the case of synthetic anatabine, for example, purity refers to the ratio of the weight of anatabine to the weight of the end reaction product. In the case of isolating anatabine from plant material, for example, purity refers to the ratio of the weight of anatabine to the total weight of the anatabine-containing extract. Usually, the level of purity is at least about 95%, more usually at least about 96%, about 97%, about 98%, or higher. For example, the level of purity may be about 98.5%, 99.0%, 99.1%, 99.2%, 99.3%, 99.4%, 99.5%, 99.6%, 99.7%, 99.8%, 99.9%, or higher.

In some embodiments, products (e.g., pharmaceutical compositions and dietary supplements) comprise synthetic anatabine. In some embodiments, products (e.g., pharmaceutical compositions and dietary supplements) comprise naturally occurring anatabine (i.e., anatabine extracted from a plant, as described in more detail below).

Vitamins and Minerals

Products (e.g., pharmaceutical compositions, dietary supplements) disclosed herein also contain one or more vitamins, such as Vitamin A (retinol), Vitamin B1 (thiamine), Vitamin C (ascorbic acid), Vitamin D (calciferol), Vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol), Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol), Vitamin B2 (riboflavin), Vitamin E (tocopherol), Vitamin B12 (cobalamins), Vitamin K1 (phylloquinone), Vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid), Vitamin B7 (biotin), Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine), Vitamin B3 (niacin), Vitamin B9 (folic acid). Methods of synthesizing vitamins are well known, and vitamins can be obtained from any reputable commercial source. In some embodiments, products (e.g., pharmaceutical compositions, dietary supplements) contain synthetic or naturally occurring anatabine (or other compound of Formula I) and Vitamin A. In some embodiments, products (e.g., pharmaceutical compositions, dietary supplements) contain Vitamin D3. In some embodiments, products (e.g., pharmaceutical compositions, dietary supplements) contain Vitamin A and Vitamin D3.

Products disclosed herein (e.g., pharmaceutical compositions, dietary supplements) optionally can contain one or more other nutrients, such as pantothenic acid, calcium, iron, phosphorus, iodine, magnesium, zinc, selenium, copper, manganese, chromium, molybdenum, chloride, potassium, boron, nickel, silicon, vanadium, or lutein.

Additional Components

Additional components ingredients may be added to products (e.g., pharmaceutical compositions, dietary supplements) to improve taste or stability. Optionally, other components such as sweetening and flavoring agents may be added. Additional components include, but are not limited to, sweeteners, natural flavorants, artificial flavorants, colorants, antioxidants, preservatives, chelating agents, viscomodulators, tonicifiers, odorants, opacifiers, suspending agents, binders, thickeners, and mixtures thereof, including, but not limited to, xanthum gum, carboxymethylcellulose, carboxyethylcellulose, hydroxypropylcellulose, methylcellulose, microcrystalline cellulose, starches, dextrins, fermented whey, tofu, maltodextrins, polyols (including sugar alcohols, such as sorbitol or mannitol), carbohydrates (e.g., lactose), propylene hlycol alginate, gellan gum, guar, pectin, tragacanth gum, gum acacia, locust bean gum, gum arabic, gelatin, mannitol, natural and/or artificial mint flavors, sucralose, silicon dioxide, stearic acid, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, magnesium stearate, titanium dioxide, natural glaze, methylparaben, propylparabens, triethyl citrate, citric acid, butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), mono and diglycerides, polysorbate 80, and the like.

Forms

Products (e.g., pharmaceutical compositions, dietary supplements) disclosed herein may be in many forms to be taken orally, such as pills, tablets, capsules, soft gels, gelcaps, liquids, syrups, suspensions, powders, chews, lozenges, gum, bars, etc., or to be administered by other routes, such as parenterally, by inhalation spray, topically, via an implanted reservoir, etc. They can be prepared to be administered in foods or beverages. They can be supplied as a dried or powdered product for reconstitution with water or other suitable vehicle before use (e.g., milk, fruit juice, and the like).

Optionally, products disclosed herein (e.g., pharmaceutical compositions, dietary supplements) may be provided in a time-release formulation to provide anti-inflammatory support over extended periods. Extended release formulations are known in the art. For example, swellable particles are taught in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,582,837, 5,972,389, and 6,723,340. Polymer matrices are taught in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,210,710, 6,217,903, and 6,090,411. Typical materials used for extended release formulations are the polymers poly(ethylene oxide) and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose. Tablet formulations for slow release are also described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,942,244.

Packaging

Products disclosed herein (e.g., pharmaceutical compositions, dietary supplements) can be prepared, packaged, and labeled for use for anti-inflammation support.

Preparation of Products

Products disclosed herein (e.g., pharmaceutical compositions, dietary supplements) as disclosed herein may be prepared by any suitable technique and is not limited by any particular method for production. For example, anatabine (or another compound of Formula I) and vitamins can be combined with excipients and a binder, and then granulated. The granulation can be dry-blended with any remaining ingredients and compressed into a solid form such as a tablet.

The amount of anatabine (or another compound of Formula I) and vitamins in products (e.g., pharmaceutical compositions, dietary supplements) may vary. In some embodiments, the amount of anatabine (or another compound of Formula I) ranges from about 0.1 mg to about 10 mg (e.g., about 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0, 7.0, 8.0, 9.0, or 10 mg). Anatabine (or another compound of Formula I) can be provided as free base or in the form of a salt, such as a citrate salt.

In some embodiments, the amount of Vitamin A ranges from about 200 to about 500 IU (e.g., about 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 401, 402, 403, 404, 405, 406, 407, 408, 409, 410, 411, 412, 413, 414, 415, 416, 417, 418, 419, 420, 450, 475, or 500 IU). Vitamin A can be provided, for example, as retinyl acetate.

In some embodiments, the amount of Vitamin D3 ranges from about 15 IU to about 50 IU (e.g., about 15, 20, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 40, 45, or 50 IU). Vitamin D3 can be provided as cholecalciferol.

In some embodiments anatabine (or another compound of Formula I) and Vitamin A are provided in equal proportions (e.g., 1 mg each).

In some embodiments, one or two lozenges containing 1 mg anatabine (or another compound of Formula I) can be taken once, twice, or three times daily. In some embodiments, daily doses do not exceed 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 lozenges. In some embodiments, daily doses can exceed 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 lozenges.

In some embodiments a product is in the form of a lozenge that contains 1 mg anatabine (as anatabine citrate), 417 IU Vitamin A (as retinyl acetate), 33 IU Vitamin D3 (as cholecalciferol), and mannitol, natural and artificial mint flavors, sucralose, silicon dioxide, stearic acid, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, magnesium stearate, titanium dioxide, natural glaze, methyl parabens, propylparabens, triethyl citrate, citric acid, BHT, mono and diglycerides, and polysorbate 80. In one embodiment this product is a dietary supplement (“ANATABLOC™”).

Example 1

NFκB-Mediated Transcription Assays; Cytotoxicity Assays

The effect of a range of doses of anatabine, nicotine, crude extract of smokeless tobacco, and alkaloid extract of smokeless tobacco was examined in an NFκB luciferase assay (inhibition of TNFα-induced NFκB activity). The smokeless tobacco used in these experiments was plain long-leaf Copenhagen tobacco purchased from a local vendor. Crude extract was extracted with methanol and water and clarified by centrifugation and filtration. The alkaloid extract was prepared from sodium hydroxide and methanol extraction, organic phase separation and purification. All treatment samples were prepared as a function of weight (μg/ml), and all samples were diluted in DMSO. Dilutions were made immediately before cell culture treatments and, in all cases, the final amount of DMSO did not exceed 1% in cell culture media.

Human endothelial kidney cells (HEK293) transfected with an NFκB luciferase reporter were challenged with TNFα for three hours, then samples were applied to the challenged cells. The results are shown in FIGS. 1-3.

Cytotoxicity assays using the supernatants from the treated cells were conducted using an LDH Cytotoxicity Detection Kit (Roche) according to the manufacturer's instructions. The results are shown in FIGS. 4-6.

As shown in FIG. 1, TNFα induces an increase in NFκB-mediated transcription of luciferase; administration of anatabine can reduce this transcription to control levels without cellular toxicity (FIG. 4). Crude extracts of smokeless tobacco, while not toxic to cells (FIG. 5), do not reduce TNFα-induced NFκB-mediated transcription (FIG. 2). Although not suitable for administration as pharmaceuticals, both nicotine and an alkaloid extract of smokeless tobacco reduce TNFα-induced NFκB-mediated transcription (FIG. 3); at higher doses, the alkaloid extract demonstrates pronounced cytotoxicity (FIG. 6).

Example 2

Effects of Anatabine, CELEBREX®, and Aspirin on LPS-Induced NFκB Activity in Human White Blood Cells

Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated using the Ficoll plaque method according to the manufacturer's instructions. The cells were activated with LPS 10 μg/ml and treated with 1.25 mM anatabine, celecoxib (CELEBREX®), or aspirin. Cells were then incubated at 37° C. and 5% CO₂ overnight (18 hours) in RPMI medium supplemented with 20 mg/ml PHA, 1% penicillin/streptomycin, and 1% glutamax and assayed to detect NFκB activity. The results are shown in FIG. 7.

Example 3

Effects of Increasing Concentrations of Anatabine on IL-1β Release from Human Blood Cells

Stimulation of human blood cells with LPS causes release of interleukin 1β (IL-1β). Anatabine inhibits this release in a concentration-dependent manner, as shown in FIG. 8. FIG. 9 is a graph demonstrating this inhibition over time.

Example 4

Effects of Anatabine, Aspirin, Ibuprofen, Celecoxib, and Diclofenac on IL-1β Accumulation after Treatment of Whole Human Blood with LPS

Whole human blood was treated with LPS (to stimulate IL-1β production) and either anatabine, aspirin, ibuprofen, celecoxib, or diclofenac. After 16 hours, IL-1β release was measured. The results are shown in FIG. 10 and demonstrate a reduced accumulation of IL-1β in anatabine-treated blood compared with blood treated with other anti-inflammatory agents.

Example 5

Dietary Supplement Formulation

A dietary supplement was prepared by combining the components listed in Table 2 below and forming into 160 mg tablets containing 1 mg anatabine, 417 IU Vitamin A (as retinyl acetate), and 33 IU Vitamin D3 (as cholecalciferol). Anatabine citrate was prepared synthetically as described in Examples 1-3 of co-pending application Ser. No. 12/729,346, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. A granulation was made containing 1.003 mg free base anatabine (Davos/Anthem), 1.003 mg citric acid anhydrous (Spectrum Chemical Mfg. Corp.), 0.090 mg BHT (Spectrum Chemical Mfg. Corp.), and 17.958 mg mannitol (Roquette) and combined with the ingredients in Table 2.

	TABLE 2
		Amount
	Material	(mg/tablet)	Amount (wt. %)
	Anatabine granulation	20	12.5
	Mannitol	123.8	77.375
	Sucralose	3.2	2.0
	Flavors	7.2	4.5
	Vitamin A Acetate	1.0	0.625
	Vitamin D3	0.4	0.250
	Fumed Silica	1.6	1.0
	Stearic Acid	2.0	1.25
	Magnesium stearate	0.8	0.50
	Total	160.0	100

Claims

1. A method of providing anti-inflammation support, comprising administering to an individual in need thereof a lozenge comprising anatabine in an amount of about 1 mg, Vitamin A in an amount of about 417 IU, and Vitamin D3 in an amount of about 33 IU.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein the product further comprises one or more additional ingredients selected from the group consisting of mannitol, natural mint flavors, artificial mint flavors, sucralose, silicon dioxide, stearic acid, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, magnesium stearate, titanium dioxide, natural glaze, methyl parabens, propylparabens, triethyl citrate, citric acid, BHT, mono and diglycerides, and polysorbate 80.

3. A product in the form of a lozenge comprises anatabine in an amount of about 1 mg, retinyl acetate in an amount of about 417 IU, and chalecalciferol in an amount of about 33 IU.

4. The method of claim 3, wherein the product further comprises one or more additional ingredients selected from the group consisting of mannitol, natural mint flavors, artificial mint flavors, sucralose, silicon dioxide, stearic acid, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, magnesium stearate, titanium dioxide, natural glaze, methyl parabens, propylparabens, triethyl citrate, citric acid, BHT, mono and diglycerides, and polysorbate 80.