Patent Grant
9521863
This disclosure generally relates to methods used to avoid formation of TSNAs in tobacco and/or improve leaf quality during curing.
Cured tobacco is the result of many physical and chemical changes that transform tobacco from green, high-moisture leaf obtained at harvest to aromatic, low-moisture leaf that is sold and used in adult consumer tobacco products. Physical and chemical changes begin even before tobacco is harvested in the field; as leaves ripen and begin the process of leaf senescence, chemical changes begin and continue even after the tobacco is cut and hung in a barn to cure. Therefore, there are many environmental conditions, before and after harvesting, that can influence the properties of cured tobacco.
Methods of curing tobacco that reduce the levels of TSNAs and/or improve leaf quality are described herein.
In one aspect, a method of curing harvested tobacco is provided. Such a method typically includes housing harvested tobacco in a curing barn; and reducing the relative humidity in the barn to 80% or less and/or reducing the relative water activity in the tobacco to 0.9 or less. In some embodiments, the relative humidity in the barn is reduced to 85% or less and/or the relative water activity in the tobacco is reduced to 0.85 or less. In some embodiments, the relative humidity in the barn is reduced to 90% or less and/or the relative water activity in the tobacco is reduced to 0.80 or less.
In some embodiments, the relative humidity and/or the relative water activity is reduced within 48 hours of the housing step. In some embodiments, the relative humidity and/or the relative water activity is reduced within 24 hours of the housing step. In some embodiments, the relative humidity and/or the relative water activity is reduced within 12 hours of the housing step.
Generally, such methods reduce the level of at least one tobacco-specific nitrosamine (TSNA) in the cured tobacco. Representative TSNAs include, without limitation, N′-nitrosonornicotine (NNN), 4-(N-nitrosomethylamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK), N′-nitrosoanatabine (NAT) and N′-nitrosoanabasine (NAB). In some embodiments, the tobacco is dark fire-cured. In some embodiments, the tobacco is air-cured. In some embodiments, the tobacco is partially yellowed at the housing step. In some embodiments, the tobacco is pale-yellow tobacco (e.g., the tobacco comprises a pale-yellow gene).
In another aspect, a method of curing harvested tobacco is provided. Such a method typically includes housing tobacco in a curing barn; and drying tobacco under conditions that reduce the level of at least one TSNA, wherein the conditions comprise increasing the temperature and decreasing the percent relative humidity and/or the relative water activity within 48 hours of the housing step. In some embodiments, the conditions comprise increasing the temperature and decreasing the percent relative humidity and/or the relative water activity within 24 hours of the housing step. In some embodiments, the conditions comprise increasing the temperature and decreasing the percent relative humidity and/or the relative water activity within 12 hours of the housing step.
Representative TSNAs include, without limitation, N′-nitrosonornicotine (NNN), 4-(N-nitrosomethylamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK), N′-nitrosoanatabine (NAT) and N′-nitrosoanabasine (NAB). In some embodiments, the tobacco is dark fire-cured. In some embodiments, the tobacco is air-cured. In some embodiments, the tobacco is partially yellowed at the housing step. In some embodiments, the tobacco is pale-yellow tobacco (e.g., the tobacco comprises a pale-yellow gene).
In yet another aspect, cured tobacco made by the methods described herein is provided. Also provided are tobacco products that include cured tobacco made by the methods described herein. Representative tobacco products include, for example, a smokeless tobacco product, a cigarette product, a cigar product, loose tobacco, and tobacco-derived nicotine products.
In one aspect, a method of curing dark tobacco is provided. Such a method typically includes growing dark tobacco plants in a field, where the tobacco plants carry at least one pale-yellow gene; harvesting the plants and housing them in a barn; and fire-curing the plants (e.g., under conventional fire-curing conditions or under flash fire-curing conditions described herein).
In another aspect, a method of curing dark tobacco is provided. Such a method generally includes contacting (e.g., spraying) dark tobacco plants in a field with an ethylene-type plant growth regulator; harvesting the plants and housing them in a barn; and fire-curing the plants (e.g., under conventional fire-curing conditions or under flash fire-curing conditions described herein). A representative ethylene-type plant growth regulator is ETHEPHON. Typically, the contacting step is performed once, but can be performed multiple times.
Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which the methods and compositions of matter belong. Although methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice or testing of the methods and compositions of matter, suitable methods and materials are described below. In addition, the materials, methods, and examples are illustrative only and not intended to be limiting. All publications, patent applications, patents, and other references mentioned herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety.
Curing methods allow for the slow oxidation and degradation of carotenoids in the tobacco leaf. This produces various compounds in the tobacco leaves that give cured tobacco its sweet hay, tea, rose oil, or fruity aromatic flavor that contributes to the end product consumed by adult tobacco consumers. Curing methods vary with the type of tobacco, but generally include air-curing, fire-curing, and flue-curing. The following are meant to be representative examples of curing methods and are not meant to limit the methods described herein for reducing TSNAs.
Burley Air-Cured Tobacco
Leaf quality of air-cured tobacco is influenced by moisture and temperature conditions inside the curing facility during the curing period. Control of the curing process is affected mainly by spacing of the tobacco in the curing facility and management of the drying rate. The drying rate is controlled primarily by operating the ventilators, plastic covering, or other air control means to regulate the ventilation rates.
With respect to burley, curing studies on the effect of low and high temperatures and relative humidity can be summarized as follows: 1) low temperatures result in green leaf, regardless of the relative humidity and airflow. The chemical conversions are slow because of the low temperature, but the drying rate determines the degree of green cast in the leaf. Therefore, the higher the drying rate, the greener the cured leaf; 2) low humidity and moderate temperature results in greenish or mottled leaf; 3) low humidity and high temperature (75° F. and above) causes yellowish (“piebald”) leaf; and 4) high humidity and moderate-to-high temperature for extended periods can result in “house-burning”. Houseburn results in a dark leaf with excessive loss in dry weight, primarily caused by the action of microorganisms that cause soft rot. Thus, it was concluded that temperature determines the undesirable colors in the cured leaf during improper curing, however, it is the relative humidity (if airflow is adequate) that determines the degree of damage incurred.
Dark Air-Cured Tobacco
Dark tobacco is grown primarily in Kentucky, Virginia and Tennessee, and is predominantly used in smokeless tobacco products. Dark tobacco generally has larger, thicker leaves than, for example, Burley tobacco. Dark tobacco grows more prostrate than other tobacco varieties, is topped lower, but requires wider spacing in rows.
Curing methods for dark air-cured tobacco are essentially the same as curing methods for burley, but because of the heavier body of dark tobacco, dark air-cured tobacco is more prone to sweat, houseburn and mold. Under warm conditions (mean daytime temperatures >80° F. and mean nighttime temperatures >60° F.), barn doors and ventilators usually are open during the early stages of curing to promote airflow through the tobacco.
Dark Fire-Cured Tobacco
Dark fire-cured tobacco goes through several stages while curing: yellowing, color setting, stem drying and finishing. During yellowing, which can last from about 5 days to about 8 days, ventilation should be provided as needed such that temperatures do not exceed 100° F., while during color setting, which can last from about one to two weeks, little to no ventilation should be provided and a temperature of 100° F.-115° F. should be reached. During stem drying, which can last from about 4 days to about 8 days, full ventilation is provided and temperatures should not exceed 130° F., while during finishing, which can last from about 10 days to about 14 days, no ventilation is necessary and temperatures should not exceed 120° F.
A typical practice for harvesting dark tobacco is to cut the plants late in the afternoon and allow them to wilt on the ground overnight before spiking. This practice is used to avoid sunburn, which occurs when dark tobacco is exposed to high sunlight intensity during the hot period of the day and results in an undesirable crude green color in the cured leaf. After spiking, tobacco is placed on scaffold wagons, which are kept in the shade for up to 48 hours to further wilt the tobacco before it is housed in the curing barn. Sufficient wilting is important to minimize leaf breakage and to facilitate handling of the plants between spiking and housing; sufficiently wilted tobacco also is less likely to sweat and house burn, and will yellow and cure better. Sufficient wilting before housing also reduces the moisture that is brought into the barn, which ultimately restricts the growth of nitrate-reducing microorganisms (see below).
Growers would prefer to begin housing dark tobacco (e.g., air-curing or fire-curing) when it is as far along in the yellowing phase as possible. Delaying the curing process to wait for tobacco to finish yellowing, however, can result in an increase in the nitrate-reducing microorganisms, yet curing the tobacco before yellowing is completed can cause “bluing” of the tobacco, which results in an undesirable color. In addition, improperly curing dark tobacco can result in “green” tobacco. While several pre-harvesting factors can lead to “green” tobacco, the most critical ones occur in the barn during curing. For example, if not managed correctly, relative humidity, temperature, and/or airflow, all of which affect the rate of leaf drying, can lead to “green” tobacco and also can affect TSNA levels.
TSNAs and Methods to Reduce TSNAs During Curing
Several tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs) have been identified, but interest has focused on NNN (N′-nitrosonornicotine), NNK (4-(N-nitrosomethylamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone), NAT (N′-nitrosoanatabine) and NAB (N′-nitrosoanabasine). Of these, NNN is the most important in burley and dark tobaccos. Negligible amounts of TSNAs are present in freshly harvested green tobacco. TSNAs are mainly formed during curing, specifically during the late yellowing to early browning stage. TSNAs are formed as a result of the nitrosation of tobacco alkaloids in the presence of nitrogen oxides (NOx). For example, NNN is formed by the nitrosation of the alkaloid, nornicotine. The nitrosating agent in air-cured tobacco is usually nitrite, derived from the reduction of leaf nitrate by the action of microbes during curing, referred to as nitrate-reducing microorganisms. In fire-cured tobacco, the nitrosating agents are both nitrite and any of several nitrogen oxides formed during the fire-curing process.
TSNA formation is a complex process involving a number of factors. The following is a partial list of practices that can result in reducing TSNA levels. See, for example, 2011-2012 Kentucky & Tennessee Tobacco Production Guide.
As described herein, despite the environmental factors, certain management practices can be used during the curing process to lower or reduce TSNAs in tobacco. For example, growers can increase the temperature (e.g., starting the first fire) within 48 hours after housing the tobacco (e.g., within 24 hours after housing; within 12 hours after housing; or immediately (i.e., within 2-3 hours) after housing the tobacco). Alternatively or additionally, growers can reduce the relative humidity in the barn to 80% or less (e.g., 60%, 65%, 70%, or 75% relative humidity). In some embodiments, growers can reduce the relative humidity in the barn to 85% or less, or to 90% or less. Alternatively or additionally, growers can reduce the relative water activity (aw) in the plants to, for example, 0.90 or less (e.g., 0.89, 0.88, 0.87, 0.86, 0.85, 0.84, 0.83, 0.82, 0.81, or 0.80). It is noted that, according to Aqualab (see, for example, aqualab.com/applications/microbial-growth/on the World Wide Web), common spoilage bacteria require at least a water activity level of 0.91 for growth. Without being bound by any theory, the methods described herein likely result in conditions that reduce or eliminate the number of nitrate-reducing microorganisms or their ability to reduce nitrate.
Tobacco cured using the methods described herein has “reduced TSNA levels” relative to tobacco cured using the methods recommended in the 2011-2012 Kentucky & Tennessee Tobacco Production Guide, referred to herein as “conventional curing methods.” Typically, tobacco that has been cured using the methods described herein has statistically significantly less TSNAs than tobacco that has been cured using conventional curing methods. As used herein, “statistically significant” refers to a p-value of less than 0.05, e.g., a p-value of less than 0.025 or a p-value of less than 0.01, using an appropriate measure of statistical significance, e.g., a one-tailed two sample t-test.
Leaf Quality and Methods of Improving Leaf Quality During Curing
The pale-yellow character in tobacco was first described by Chaplin (1969, Crop Sci., 9:169-72) and was determined to be controlled by a single dominant gene. Plants containing a pale-yellow gene exhibit accelerated leaf senescence and/or chlorophyll degradation relative to normal green plants. Consequently, the pale-yellow trait has been studied for its potential use to improve the efficiency of harvesting of flue-cured tobacco. For example, research has shown that pale-yellow tobacco can be harvested in two primings compared to four or five for green flue-cured cultivars. In addition, the interrelationship between the pale-yellow trait and certain agronomic and chemical traits of flue-cured tobaccos has been described (see, for example, Chaplin, 1977, Crop Sci., 17:21-22). For example, compared to normal green tobacco, pale-yellow tobacco contained lower reducing sugar and starch levels, higher levels of alpha-amino nitrogen, and resulted in slightly reduced yields.
The pale-yellow gene can be introduced (e.g., by introgression) into any desired tobacco variety using conventional plant breeding methods. For example, TI 1372 is a publicly available pale-yellow tobacco variety. Thus, TI 1372 or another pale-yellow variety can be used as the source of the pale-yellow gene (i.e., a first variety) in crosses with another variety (i.e., a second variety). TI 1372 seed and seed from other varieties can be obtained, for example, from USDA Nicotiana Germplasm Collection (online catalog at ars-grin.gov/npgs on the World Wide Web).
The second variety can be, for example, an agronomically elite variety exhibiting, for example, desirable crop traits including, but not limited to, high yield, disease resistance, drought tolerance, sugar content, leaf size, leaf width, leaf length, leaf quality, leaf color, leaf reddening, leaf yield, internode length, flowering time, lodging resistance, stalk thickness, high grade index, curability, curing quality, mechanical harvestability, holding ability, height, maturation, stalk size, and leaf number per plant. Methods of crossing plants are well known in the art and include, without limitation, hand pollination of female stigma from one variety with pollen from a second variety.
The F1 progeny plants resulting from such a cross can be backcrossed or self-pollinated. For example, F1 progeny can be allowed to self-pollinate for at least one generation (e.g., one, two, three, four, five or six generations) and/or F1 progeny plants can be backcrossed to one of the parents (e.g., BC1, BC2, BC3, and subsequent generation plants). Progeny refers to descendants from a cross between particular plants or plant varieties, e.g., seeds developed on a particular plant. Progeny also include seeds formed on F2, F3, and subsequent generation plants. Other breeding techniques also can be used to make a pale-yellow tobacco variety. Such methods include, but are not limited to, single seed descent, production of di-haploids, pedigree breeding, and recombinant technology using transgenes. Progeny plants resulting from any such crosses can be screened for the pale-yellow trait. See, for example, Gwynn et al., 1970, Crop Sci., 171:23-5.
Alternatively, a tobacco variety not carrying the pale-yellow gene (e.g., a wild type tobacco variety) can be mutagenized using methods known in the art. Mutations can be induced in living organisms or in cultured cells by a variety of mutagens, including ionizing radiation, ultraviolet radiation, or chemical mutagens, by infection with certain viruses which integrate into the host genome, or by the introduction of nucleic acids previously mutagenized in vitro. Plants regenerated from mutagenized plants or plant cells can be allowed to self-pollinate and the progeny then screened for those plants exhibiting the pale-yellow trait.
Hybrid tobacco varieties can be produced by preventing self-pollination of female parent plants (i.e., seed parents) of a first variety, permitting pollen from male parent plants of a second variety to fertilize the female parent plants, and allowing F1 hybrid seeds to form on the female plants. Self-pollination of female plants can be prevented by emasculating the flowers at an early stage of flower development. Alternatively, pollen formation can be prevented on the female parent plants using a form of male sterility. For example, male sterility can be produced by cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS), nuclear male sterility, genetic male sterility, molecular male sterility wherein a transgene inhibits microsporogenesis and/or pollen formation, or self-incompatibility. Female parent plants containing CMS are particularly useful.
As demonstrated herein, the pale-yellow gene can significantly improve the leaf quality following curing (e.g., air-curing, fire-curing, flue-curing; e.g., conventional curing or flash curing). Leaf quality can be determined, for example, using an Official Standard Grade published by the Agricultural Marketing Service of the US Department of Agriculture (7 U.S.C. §511); Legacy Tobacco Document Library (Bates Document #523267826/7833, Jul. 1, 1988, Memorandum on the Proposed Burley Tobacco Grade Index); and Miller et al., 1990, Tobacco Intern., 192:55-7.
Another method that can be used to improve the process of curing tobacco is to spray or otherwise apply an ethylene-type plant growth regulator onto tobacco plants before harvesting. The ethylene-type plant growth regulator causes the tobacco plants to senesce earlier, thereby reducing the chlorophyll content. Such plants are less prone to sunburn, which allows growers to wilt the tobacco in the sun longer, which, in turn, reduces the amount of moisture brought into the barn and present during curing. Representative ethylene-type plant growth regulators include, without limitation, 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid (sold commercially as ETHEPHON by, for example, Bayer Crop Science (Research Triangle Park, N.C.) or Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, Mo.)). Generally, a single application of an ethylene-type plant growth regulator is sufficient, however, one or more ethylene-type growth regulators can be applied to the tobacco plants more than once (e.g., twice, three times, or more) if desired.
Tobacco Products
Tobacco (e.g., green tobacco or pale-yellow tobacco) cured using the methods described herein can be aged and processed in the same manner as tobacco cured using “conventional curing methods”. In addition, such tobacco can be used alone or blended with tobacco cured using “conventional curing methods.” As used herein, blends refer to combinations of tobaccos that have 50%-99% of one or more of the tobaccos described herein (e.g., 50%-60%, 55%-65%, 60%-70%, 75%-85%, 80%-85%, 80%-90%, 85%-95%, 90%-99%, or 95%-99%).
In some embodiments, tobacco (e.g., green tobacco or pale-yellow tobacco) cured as described herein can be conditioned and/or fermented. Conditioning includes, for example, a heating, sweating or pasteurization step as described in US 2004/0118422 or US 2005/0178398. Fermenting typically is characterized by high initial moisture content, heat generation, and a 10 to 20% loss of dry weight. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,528,993, 4,660,577, 4,848,373 and, 5,372,149. Cured, or cured and fermented, tobacco as described herein also can be further processed (e.g., cut, expanded, blended, milled or comminuted).
Tobacco (e.g., green tobacco or pale-yellow tobacco) cured using the methods described herein or a blend of tobacco that includes such tobacco can be used in any number of adult-consumer tobacco products. Without limitation, adult-consumer tobacco products include smokeless tobacco products, cigarette products, cigar products, loose tobacco, and tobacco-derived nicotine products. Representative smokeless tobacco products include, for example, chewing tobacco, snus, pouches, films, tablets, sticks, rods, and the like. See, for example, US 2005/0244521, US 2006/0191548, US 2012/0024301, US 2012/0031414, and US 2012/0031416 for examples of tobacco products.
In accordance with the present invention, there may be employed conventional molecular biology, microbiology, biochemical, and recombinant DNA techniques within the skill of the art. Such techniques are explained fully in the literature. The invention will be further described in the following examples, which do not limit the scope of the methods and compositions of matter described in the claims.
End of cure TSNA levels were characterized in dark fire-cured tobacco in Kentucky and Tennessee over six growing seasons (2005-2010). Information was collected on agronomic and curing practices used by the growers, and the temperature and relative humidity profiles were monitored in 30 to 80 individual dark fire-cure barns per year. Over the six-year period, mean measurements for total TSNA levels in dark fire-cured tobacco were between a high of 13.4 ppm in 2005 and a low of 5.3 ppm in 2010 (
Each of
When temperature and percent relative humidity profiles were evaluated with respect to the TSNA levels for each barn and as a crop average for the season, it was determined that growers that increased the temperature (e.g., started the first fire) immediately after housing the tobacco or up to within about 48 hours after housing the tobacco produced dark fire-cured tobacco that has reduced levels of TSNAs.
The data reported herein confirm that, during curing, the temperature as well as the relative humidity, which can be affected, at least in part, by the amount, timing and frequency of rainfall, have a direct impact on the TSNA levels of dark fire-cured tobacco.
Dark tobacco was fire-cured in a barn using the methods described herein (i.e., Barn1) or using conventional curing methods (i.e., Barn2) and the TSNA levels in the cured tobacco was compared.
Dark tobacco was harvested from the field and housed in a barn for air curing. The barn was closed in order to create a non-ventilated environment (e.g., to artificially maintain the humidity).
Dark tobacco was harvested from the field and placed in the barn for fire curing.
It is to be understood that, while the methods and compositions of matter have been described herein in conjunction with a number of different aspects, the foregoing description of the various aspects is intended to illustrate and not limit the scope of the methods and compositions of matter. Other aspects, advantages, and modifications are within the scope of the following claims.
Disclosed are methods and compositions that can be used for, can be used in conjunction with, can be used in preparation for, or are products of the disclosed methods and compositions. These and other materials are disclosed herein, and it is understood that combinations, subsets, interactions, groups, etc. of these methods and compositions are disclosed. That is, while specific reference to each various individual and collective combinations and permutations of these compositions and methods may not be explicitly disclosed, each is specifically contemplated and described herein. For example, if a particular composition of matter or a particular method is disclosed and discussed and a number of compositions or methods are discussed, each and every combination and permutation of the compositions and the methods are specifically contemplated unless specifically indicated to the contrary. Likewise, any subset or combination of these is also specifically contemplated and disclosed.
This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/702,986, filed on Sep. 19, 2012. The disclosure of the prior application is considered part of (and is incorporated by reference in) the disclosure of this application.
| Number | Name | Date | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 3927683 | Wilson et al. | Dec 1975 | A |
| 4528993 | Sensabaugh, Jr. et al. | Jul 1985 | A |
| 4660577 | Sensabaugh et al. | Apr 1987 | A |
| 4848373 | Lenkey | Jul 1989 | A |
| 5125420 | Livingston | Jun 1992 | A |
| 5372149 | Roth et al. | Dec 1994 | A |
| 6202649 | Williams | Mar 2001 | B1 |
| 6311695 | Williams | Nov 2001 | B1 |
| 6755200 | Hempfling et al. | Jun 2004 | B1 |
| 7293564 | Perfetti et al. | Nov 2007 | B2 |
| 7992575 | Cui et al. | Aug 2011 | B2 |
| 20010000386 | Peele | Apr 2001 | A1 |
| 20040118422 | Lundin et al. | Jun 2004 | A1 |
| 20050178398 | Breslin et al. | Aug 2005 | A1 |
| 20050244521 | Strickland et al. | Nov 2005 | A1 |
| 20060191548 | Strickland et al. | Aug 2006 | A1 |
| 20070149408 | Thomas et al. | Jun 2007 | A1 |
| 20100154810 | Williams | Jun 2010 | A1 |
| 20120024301 | Carroll et al. | Feb 2012 | A1 |
| 20120031414 | Atchley et al. | Feb 2012 | A1 |
| 20120031416 | Atchley et al. | Feb 2012 | A1 |
| Number | Date | Country |
|---|---|---|
| 2773305 | Jul 1999 | FR |
| WO 0015056 | Mar 2000 | WO |
| WO 0135770 | May 2001 | WO |
| WO 2008076802 | Jun 2008 | WO |
| Entry |
|---|
| dE Roton et al, “Factors Influencing the Formation of Tobacco-Specific Nitrosamines in French Air-Cured Tobacco in Trials and at the Farm Level”, Beitrage zur Tabakforschung International/Contributions to Tobacco Research, v. 21, No. 6, Jul. 6, 2005, pp. 306 to 320). |
| “Gases—Explosive and Flammability Concentration Limits”, The Engineering Toolbox, [online], no date, retrieved from the Internet, [retrieved Jul. 18, 2015], <URL: http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/explosive-concentration-limits-d—423.html>. |
| International Search Report and Written Opinion in International Application No. PCT/US2013/060694, mailed Feb. 6, 2014, 11 pages. |
| Chaplin, “Inheritance and Possible Use of Pale Yellow Character in Tobacco,” Crop Sci., 1969, 9:169-72. |
| Chaplin, “Interrelationships Between the Pale-Yellow Character and Other Traits in Flue-Cured Tobacco,” Crop Sci., 1977, 17:21-22. |
| Legacy Tobacco Document Library (Bates Document # 523267826/7833, Jul. 1, 1988, Memorandum on the Proposed Burley Tobacco Grade Index), 8 pages. |
| Legg, “Registration of IG KY 171 and IG KY 160 Tobacco Germplasm Lines,” 1995, Crop Sci., 35:601-2. |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20140076339 A1 | Mar 2014 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 61702986 | Sep 2012 | US |
