METHODS OF SCREENING

Abstract

The present invention relates to a discovery platform for screening one or more Streptococcus, Lactobacillus or Propionibacterium bacterial strains for the ability to produce and/or produce a high yield of galactooligosaccharides (GOS) comprising assessing the β-galactosidase activity of a strain under growth conditions and identifying whether the activity has: a) Miller Unit which are equal to or greater than about 60 for Streptococcus or Lactobacillus strains; or b) Miller Unit which are equal to or greater than about 3 for Propionibacterium strains. The present invention also relates to compositions incorporating GOS produced from bacterial strains identified by the screening process.

Description

TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates to a screening method for predicting and identifying bacterial strains capable of producing high yields of galactooligosaccharides (GOS), by reverse enzyme reaction of β-galactosidases. The resultant GOS can be formulated as a selective prebiotic for the growth of a selected bacterial strain, species or genus.

BACKGROUND TO THE INVENTION

Probiotics are bacteria which confer health benefits to a host. Typically, cultures of probiotic bacterial strains are consumed or administered to individuals in order to add to and augment the naturally occurring bacteria population of the gut. A number of health benefits have been associated with probiotics, including reducing the incidence of cancer, traveler's diarrhoea, irritable bowel syndrome, and lactose intolerance to name a few. Preliminary studies also indicate that probiotics can be useful in reducing serum levels of cholesterol and blood pressure and help modulate diabetes.

Prebiotics are dietary ingredients which can selectively enhance the numbers and/or activity of beneficial indigenous gut microbiota, such as lactobacilli or bifidobacteria, and are finding much increased application in the food sector. Prebiotics are non digestible food ingredients that are selectively metabolised by colonic bacteria which contribute to improved health. As such, their use can promote beneficial changes within the indigenous gut microbial milieu and they can therefore help survivability of probiotics. They are distinct from most dietary fibres like pectin, celluloses, xylan, which are not selectively metabolised in the gut. Criteria for classification as a prebiotic is that it must resist gastric acidity, hydrolysis by mammalian enzymes and absorption in the upper gastrointestinal tract, it is fermented by intestinal microflora and selectively stimulates the growth and/or activity of intestinal bacteria associated with health and well-being.

Fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS, inulin and oligofructose) and galactooligosaccharides (GOS) have been demonstrated to fulfil the criteria for prebiotic classification repeatedly in human intervention studies.

It is an object of the present invention to provide a method of predicting the likelihood a bacterial strain has of being able to produce prebiotics in relatively high yields. It is also an object of the present invention to provide a screening method for quickly identifying probiotic bacterial strains which are capable of producing and/or producing a high yield of GOS which could in turn be used as a selective growth prebiotic for that particular strain, species or genus. It would be advantageous if the screening method was high-through put.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In accordance with a first aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of screening one or more Streptococcus, Lactobacillus or Propionibacterium bacterial strains for the ability to produce and/or produce a high yield of galactooligosaccharides (GOS) comprising assessing the β-galactosidase activity of a strain under growth conditions and identifying whether the activity has:

• • a) Miller Units which are equal to or greater than about 60 for Streptococcus or Lactobacillus strains; or
  • b) Miller Units which are equal to or greater than about 3 for Propionibacterium strains.

The method may comprise growing the one or more strains under standard growth conditions for a given incubation time and then lysing the cells and assessing the β-galactosidase activity in the lysate.

The method may further comprise:

• • i) incubating the one or more strains at about 37° C. for up to 40 hours;
  • ii) centrifuging the cells at a lower temperature than during incubation;
  • iii) lysing the cells and removing a supernatant from the lysed cells; and
  • iv) assessing β-galactosidase activity, expressed in Miller Units, in the supernatant.

If more than one strains are identified by the method as having the required β-galactosidase activity, the method may further comprise:

c) screening the strains at higher and lower temperatures (at least one of which will be different to the growth temperature) at a number of time points to assess which strains have the highest yield of GOS. The higher temperature may be about 50° C. and the lower temperature may be about 30° C.

The bacterial strains may comprise strains selected from: Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus reuteri, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus delbrueckii, Lactobacillus fermentum, Lactobacillus crispatus, Lactobacillus buchneri Lactobacillus helveticus, Streptococcus thermophilus, Propionibacterium jensenii; Propionibacterium freudenreichii; Propionibacterium acidipropionici, or sub-species or mutant strain thereof.

In accordance with another related aspect, there is provided a method of screening a multiplicity of bacterial strains to identify a bacterial strain or strains, which would be suitable for high yield production of a prebiotic composition, the method comprising assessing the growth rate, enzyme production and enzyme activity of an enzyme utilised for the generation of the prebiotic composition by the bacterial strain for each strain and selecting those strains showing the highest growth rate, enzyme production and enzyme activities.

In accordance with a further aspect of the present invention, there is provided a prebiotic composition comprising a galactooligosaccharide (GOS) produced from one or more Streptococcus, Lactobacillus or Propionibacterium bacterial strains, wherein the GOS acts as a selective growth medium for the Streptococcus, Lactobacillus or Propionibacterium bacterial strains, the GOS being in substantially the same form as produced by reverse β-galactosidase reaction in the bacterial strains and the β-galactosidase activity of the Streptococcus, Lactobacillus or Propionibacterium bacterial strains having:

• • a) a Miller Unit which is equal to or greater than about 60 for Streptococcus or Lactobacillus strains; or
  • b) a Miller Unit which is equal to or greater than about 3 for Propionibacterium strains.

The GOS may be produced and/or is selective for one of more of the following bacterial strains: Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus reuteri, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus delbrueckii, Lactobacillus fermentum, Lactobacillus crispatus, Lactobacillus buchneri Lactobacillus helveticus, Streptococcus thermophilus, Propionibacterium jensenii; Propionibacterium freudenreichii; Propionibacterium acidipropionici, or sub-species or mutant strain thereof.

The prebiotic composition will preferably be present in the composition in an effective amount so as to elicit a positive and gradual change in the proportions of Lactobacillus or Propionibacterium probiotic bacterial strains in the gut. Higher amounts may be utilised if change in the microbiota is required quickly or if the composition is being used to help seed the gut with a new bacterial strain not currently present.

The prebiotic composition may be encapsulated. Many encapsulation techniques will be apparent to the skilled addressee and the one employed will be tailored to the required stability of the prebiotic growth medium during digestive transit.

The prebiotic composition may further comprise an excipient or carrier compound to enable it to pass through at least part of the gastrointestinal environment of the body and be efficiently delivered to, and released in the lower gut. The prebiotic may be concentrated and/or freeze dried. The composition may be in a number of formats, such as in the form of a liquid (which may be drinkable) and/or powder which can be mixed with a solid or liquid food stuff.

The prebiotic composition may be combined with one or more active ingredients, such as vitamins, minerals, phytochemicals, antioxidants, probiotic bacterial strains and combinations thereof.

Vitamins may include fat soluble vitamins such as vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, and vitamin and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, vitamins can include water soluble vitamins such as vitamin C (ascorbic acid), the B vitamins (thiamine or B1, riboflavin or B25 niacin or B3, pyridoxine or B6, folic acid or B9, cyanocobalamin or B12, pantothenic acid, biotin), and combinations thereof.

Minerals may include but are not limited to sodium, magnesium, chromium, iodine, iron, manganese, calcium, copper, fluoride, potassium, phosphorous, molybdenum, selenium, zinc, and combinations thereof.

Antioxidants may include but are not limited to ascorbic acid, citric acid, rosemary oil, vitamin A, vitamin E, vitamin E phosphate, tocopherols, di-alpha-tocopheryl phosphate, tocotrienols, alpha lipoic acid, dihydrolipoic acid, xanthophylls, beta cryptoxanthin, lycopene, lutein, zeaxanthin, astaxanthin, beta-carotene, carotenes, mixed carotenoids, polyphenols, flavonoids, and combinations thereof.

Phytochemicals may include but are not limited to cartotenoids, chlorophyll, chlorophyllin, fiber, flavanoids, anthocyanins, cyanidin, delphinidin, malvidin, pelargonidin, peonidin, petunidin, flavanols, catechin, epicatechin, epigallocatechin, epigailocatechin gallate, theaflavins, thearubigins, proanthocyanins, flavonols, quercetin, kaempferol, myricetin, isorhamnetin, hesperetin, naringenin, eriodictyol, tangeretin, flavones, apigenin, luteolin, lignans, phytoestrogens, resveratrol, isoflavones, daidzein, genistein, glycitein, soy isoflavones, and combinations thereof.

The composition may be for use as a medicament and/or a dietary supplement and/or a nutraceutical or a functional food.

Preferably, the GOS of the composition is produced by a strain or strains identified in the screening method as herein above described.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Embodiments of the present invention will now be described, by way of example only and with reference to the following Figures:

FIG. 1 is a graph showing the ratio between the most prevalent GOS species for P. jensenii synthesized at different temperatures and timepoints;

FIG. 2 is a graph showing the two GOS formation rates at 30° C. and 50° C. of the selected Lactobacillus and two Propionibacterium strains;

FIG. 3 is a graph showing the ratio of the actual GOS formation rate over the theoretical GOS formation rate at 30° C. and 50° C. for the selected strains;

FIG. 4 is a graph showing the analysis of the difference in β-galactosidase activity from the initial screening experiments and the later GOS synthesis experiments in the selected strains; and

FIG. 5 shows the analysis (by means of the Log/Stat ratio) of the dependency of expression of β-galactosidase of the selected strains.

Mechanistically glycosidases are all transferases that use water as their preferred acceptor molecule. Under appropriate circumstance, however, such as high concentrations of substrate carbohydrate, these enzymes will transfer monosaccharide moieties from the substrate (acting as glycosyl donor) to other substrate or non-substrate carbohydrates (acting as glycosyl acceptor). Typically, the products of these reactions are complex mixtures containing all possible glycosidic linkages but in differing amounts. As the reactions are kinetically controlled, the linkage profile synthesised should map onto the rate constants for hydrolysis of those linkages by the producing enzyme. Consequently the oligosaccharides may be more readily metabolised by the producing organisms than by others in the gastrointestinal ecosystem. This approach has shown promise in laboratory testing.

It is possible, however in many enzyme synthesis reactions to include other carbohydrates which will act as acceptors in addition to the lactose. In this way, novel mixtures containing novel structures could be built up.

The basis of the present experiments was to reversibly use β-galactosidases in microorganisms so as to produce a novel GOS. Ordinarily, β-galactosidases would hydrolyse lactose. However, by changing the reaction conditions, in terms of substrate and temperature, the enzyme acts reversibly and generates an oligosaccharide version of the lactose (GOS).

EXPERIMENTS

Experiments were conducted in two phases. The first phase screened 360 bacterial strains for the detection of β-galactosidase hydrolytic activity based on the breakdown of ortho-Nitrophenyl-β-galactoside (ONPG). The bacterial strains were selected from three bacterial genera (Streptococcus, Lactobacillus, Propionibacterium) and growth conditions were adjusted for each genus to attempt to improve the overall growth of each genus. β-galactosidase activity, expressed in Miller Units, was assessed and strains meeting the required activity were then put forward to the second phase. During the second phase, a feasibility study phase was conducted to screen the selected strains for their actual ability to synthesise GOS.

Experiment 1

Screening of 360 Streptococcus, Lactobacillus and Propionibacterium strains was conducted for the detection of β-galactosidase hydrolytic activity based on the breakdown of ONPG. Growth conditions were adjusted for each genus and the total β-galactosidase activity assessed in miller units.

β-Galactosidase Activity in Streptococcus thermophilus

S. thermophilus strains were pre-grown from a −80° C. stock for 22 hours at 37° C. in 200 μl GM17 medium supplemented with 1% glucose in a standard 96 wells-plates. Cultures were re-diluted 100 fold to 1600 μl GM17 supplied with 1% glucose in deep-well plates. Growth was performed in anaerobic conditions at 37° C. for 22 hours. OD₆₀₀ was determined after a 10-fold dilution of the cultures. For the β-galactosidase activity, the cells were centrifuged at 5000×g at 4° C. and the pellets were subsequently lysed using 0.5 gram silicabeads (0.1 mm) in 800 μl 0.05M NaPi buffer pH=7.0. The supernatant was used for determining the β-galactosidase activity at 30° C. using a standard ONPG test protocol to assess the Miller Units. Table 1 below illustrates the results of those S. thermophilus strains which were screened using the above protocol.

	TABLE 1
	Total Bgal		Bgal activity
	activity	Average OD600	(Miller Units)
Strain no.	Average	Stdev	Average	Stdev	Average	Stdev
no.	μmol/min/l	AU	μmol/min/OD-Unit
883	2690	299	1.37	0.13	1960	83
885	1020	20	0.70	0.06	1462	103
882	906	21	0.68	0.05	1347	135
886	883	35	0.71	0.16	1291	238
884	506	90	0.40	0.10	1267	86
114	1565	81	1.37	0.22	1155	126
121	1459	118	1.29	0.19	1140	75
2310	1250	88	1.28	0.04	976	68
106	864	119	0.91	0.16	954	36
2106	869	30	1.11	0.26	815	196
105	195	44	0.27	0.02	718	101
2113	1267	116	1.84	0.01	690	61
109	803	43	1.18	0.20	690	83
130	1410	223	2.07	0.18	678	48
113	926	74	1.43	0.33	665	101
2320	885	29	1.36	0.10	653	50
1796	1123	47	1.79	0.20	633	77
110	1443	103	2.40	0.01	602	46
132	1263	451	2.34	0.57	600	338
2271	382	106	1.62	1.37	598	570
117	1139	76	1.94	0.21	597	100
2305	842	37	1.42	0.16	596	44
2306	711	44	1.20	0.00	591	39
2304	702	51	1.20	0.05	583	23
131	892	20	1.54	0.09	580	29
2308	910	69	1.68	0.20	545	33
2112	1086	67	2.05	0.13	530	17
116	966	91	1.91	0.46	519	82
2290	1289	58	2.51	0.08	513	12
2105	716	33	1.47	0.14	490	35
2279	1100	80	2.27	0.02	485	38
2291	462	239	1.11	0.78	479	120
2312	640	170	1.34	0.17	471	69
2107	637	74	1.37	0.22	469	35
1122	407	55	0.89	0.22	467	53
107	820	79	1.76	0.01	465	42
2318	457	43	1.02	0.12	448	14
1794	881	87	2.01	0.02	438	48
2315	553	137	1.31	0.27	419	20
108	528	150	1.33	0.58	418	69
111	718	165	1.75	0.13	417	124
2314	617	162	1.48	0.34	416	19
2311	587	76	1.41	0.09	416	28
2280	615	52	1.48	0.08	415	13
2289	688	27	1.76	0.02	391	12
2319	473	30	1.23	0.17	389	31
2086	542	158	1.45	0.52	382	30
2321	628	43	1.75	0.08	359	11
104	429	97	1.49	0.81	335	116
2313	754	47	2.29	0.26	332	27
2109	743	3	2.39	0.16	311	21
2307	437	59	1.44	0.04	305	50
1128	440	30	1.55	0.17	284	12
1953	564	39	2.03	0.19	281	46
2309	551	53	1.98	0.08	279	38
2316	605	48	2.31	0.08	262	12
122	406	85	1.56	0.02	260	57
2108	557	10	2.14	0.04	260	9
112	483	46	1.92	0.03	252	28
124	235	36	0.93	0.11	251	10
2288	678	16	2.78	0.17	244	21
2272	636	34	2.67	0.39	240	22
2317	498	117	2.15	0.06	233	61
1797	478	28	2.07	0.20	232	10
2285	430	37	1.89	0.00	228	19
126	322	30	1.42	0.06	227	12
119	288	11	1.32	0.05	219	16
2104	262	7	1.36	0.26	199	43
2269	260	13	1.35	0.04	192	15
127	274	10	1.57	0.06	175	1
2292	405	19	2.33	0.10	174	2
125	304	172	2.10	0.35	158	108
1951	342	51	2.30	0.15	148	13
2111	289	13	2.00	0.32	146	16
2278	313	4	2.16	0.04	145	4
2273	333	5	2.31	0.03	144	2
2277	313	16	2.20	0.11	143	1
2287	377	102	2.76	0.10	136	32
2286	301	10	2.34	0.10	129	10
2282	340	17	2.65	0.08	129	10
1950	332	9	2.63	0.12	127	9
123	211	23	1.92	0.03	110	14
118	256	16	2.37	0.08	108	3
2110	220	6	2.21	0.11	100	3
128	98	22	0.99	0.23	99.2	0.5
2283	204	20	2.33	0.04	87.8	10.0
2274	107	118	1.18	1.22	68.4	29.6
2284	142	27	2.40	0.12	59.0	8.2
2270	97	3	2.20	0.05	44.1	1.0
2275	44	46	0.06	0.09	29.7	1.5
133	5	2	1.45	0.08	3.7	1.4
129	4	1	3.01	0.21	1.4	0.5
2276	7	2	0.01	0.00	0.0	0.0
2281	5	3	0.00	0.02	0.0	0.0

β-Galactosidase Activity in Propionibacterium

A range of Propionibacterium strains (including different species and sub-species) were pre-grown from a −80° C. stock for 72 hours at 30° C. in 200 μl LB medium supplemented with 1% glucose in a standard 96 well-plate. Cultures were re-diluted 100 fold to 1600 μl LB supplied with 1% glucose deep-well plates. Growth was performed in anaerobic conditions at 37° C. for 96 hours OD₆₀₀ was determined after a 10-fold dilution of the cultures. To assess β-galactosidase activity, cells were first centrifuged at 5000×g at 4° C. Then the pellets were lysed using 0.5 gram silicabeads (0.1 mm) in 800 μl 0.05M NaPi buffer pH=7.0. The supernatant was used for determining the β-galactosidase activity at 30° C. using a standard protocol.

Table 2 below illustrates the results of those Propionibacterium strains which were screened using the above protocol.

	TABLE 2
			Bgal activity
	Total Bgal	Average	(Miller Units)
Strain	activity	OD600	Average	Stdev
no.	Average	Stdev	Average	Stdev	μmol/min/
no.	μmol/min/l	AU	OD-Unit	Species	SubSpecies
4204	17.6	3.9	2.94	0.10	6.0	1.5	Propionibacterium
							acidipropionici
380	15.8	0.7	2.86	0.34	5.6	0.4	Propionibacterium sp.
2166	0.9	0.3	0.18	0.03	4.8	0.7	Propionibacterium	freudenreichii
							freudenreichii
359	7.9	4.0	1.77	0.90	4.5	0.1	Propionibacterium sp.
1134	10.6	1.0	2.49	0.07	4.2	0.3	Propionibacterium	shermanii
							freudenreichii
364	10.8	1.3	2.91	0.03	3.7	0.4	Propionibacterium
							jensenii
2060	8.7	1.1	2.45	0.22	3.5	0.1	Propionibacterium	shermanii
							freudenreichii
4199	5.9	1.4	1.69	0.44	3.5	0.1	Propionibacterium
							acidipropionici
4201	6.4	0.3	1.92	0.02	3.3	0.1	Propionibacterium
							acidipropionici
2175	6.8	0.2	2.04	0.06	3.3	0.2	Propionibacterium	freudenreichii
							freudenreichii
2145	8.0	0.6	2.39	0.01	3.3	0.2	Propionibacterium	freudenreichii
							freudenreichii
2168	7.3	1.2	2.36	0.07	3.1	0.6	Propionibacterium	freudenreichii
							freudenreichii
2174	4.5	2.9	1.33	0.68	3.1	0.6	Propionibacterium	freudenreichii
							freudenreichii
2173	6.4	0.4	2.06	0.08	3.1	0.3	Propionibacterium	freudenreichii
							freudenreichii
384	1.5	0.3	0.53	0.11	2.9	1.1	Propionibacterium	freudenreichii
							freudenreichii
2171	7.7	3.5	3.00	0.00	2.6	1.2	Propionibacterium	freudenreichii
							freudenreichii
362	5.7	0.6	2.38	0.08	2.4	0.3	Propionibacterium
							acidipropionici
2172	4.4	2.2	1.83	0.34	2.3	0.8	Propionibacterium	freudenreichii
							freudenreichii
360	0.6	0.2	0.14	0.22	2.2	0.3	Propionibacterium	shermanii
							freudenreichii
2156	4.4	1.8	2.01	0.46	2.1	0.4	Propionibacterium	freudenreichii
							freudenreichii
2541	3.2	2.7	1.65	0.18	2.1	1.9	Propionibacterium sp.
2149	5.4	3.0	2.70	0.04	2.0	1.1	Propionibacterium	freudenreichii
							freudenreichii
375	5.4	0.5	3.00	0.00	1.8	0.2	Propionibacterium
							acidipropionici
2169	4.7	0.6	2.68	0.05	1.8	0.2	Propionibacterium	freudenreichii
							freudenreichii
2146	3.4	0.2	2.37	0.33	1.4	0.1	Propionibacterium	freudenreichii
							freudenreichii
374	3.2	5.4	2.42	0.01	1.3	2.2	Propionibacterium	shermanii
							freudenreichii
2167	2.9	0.6	2.23	0.06	1.3	0.2	Propionibacterium	freudenreichii
							freudenreichii
2160	3.2	1.1	2.63	0.29	1.2	0.3	Propionibacterium	freudenreichii
							freudenreichii
2150	0.9	0.5	1.24	1.04	1.1	0.7	Propionibacterium	freudenreichii
							freudenreichii
2159	2.7	1.1	2.33	0.30	1.1	0.3	Propionibacterium	freudenreichii
							freudenreichii
2543	2.1	0.3	1.88	0.01	1.1	0.2	Propionibacterium sp.
371	1.2	0.0	1.10	0.13	1.1	0.1	Propionibacterium	shermanii
							freudenreichii
4200	2.6	0.4	2.37	0.11	1.1	0.1	Propionibacterium
							acidipropionici
2178	1.2	0.2	1.33	0.54	1.1	0.6	Propionibacterium	freudenreichii
							freudenreichii
2164	2.4	0.5	2.28	0.04	1.1	0.3	Propionibacterium	freudenreichii
							freudenreichii
2162	2.4	1.9	2.04	1.23	1.0	0.3	Propionibacterium	freudenreichii
							freudenreichii
367	2.0	0.5	1.93	0.08	1.0	0.2	Propionibacterium	shermanii
							freudenreichii
2068	2.2	0.3	2.13	0.12	1.0	0.1	Propionibacterium	shermanii
							freudenreichii
2177	1.9	0.3	1.86	0.12	1.0	0.1	Propionibacterium	freudenreichii
							freudenreichii
2165	2.4	1.0	2.36	0.02	1.0	0.4	Propionibacterium	freudenreichii
							freudenreichii
2155	2.7	0.1	2.65	0.11	1.0	0.1	Propionibacterium	freudenreichii
							freudenreichii
2069	1.9	0.7	1.86	0.69	1.0	0.1	Propionibacterium	shermanii
							freudenreichii
2161	2.2	1.3	2.17	0.31	1.0	0.5	Propionibacterium	freudenreichii
							freudenreichii
2066	2.4	0.2	2.47	0.15	1.0	0.0	Propionibacterium	freudenreichii
							freudenreichii
365	2.4	0.2	2.50	0.03	0.9	0.1	Propionibacterium	shermanii
							freudenreichii
2544	2.2	0.4	2.32	0.02	0.9	0.2	Propionibacterium sp.
2158	2.1	1.2	2.24	0.06	0.9	0.5	Propionibacterium	freudenreichii
							freudenreichii
361	2.7	2.1	2.96	0.09	0.9	0.7	Propionibacterium	shermanii
							thoenni
2163	1.9	0.9	2.11	0.20	0.9	0.3	Propionibacterium	freudenreichii
							freudenreichii
2154	2.2	0.2	2.56	0.16	0.9	0.0	Propionibacterium	freudenreichii
							freudenreichii
382	2.1	0.9	2.41	0.83	0.8	0.1	Propionibacterium sp.
379	0.9	0.4	1.09	0.07	0.8	0.4	Propionibacterium	freudenreichii
							freudenreichii
2542	1.9	1.2	2.32	0.05	0.8	0.5	Propionibacterium sp.
372	1.6	0.4	2.25	0.04	0.7	0.2	Propionibacterium	shermanii
							freudenreichii
2157	2.0	1.3	2.61	0.38	0.7	0.4	Propionibacterium	freudenreichii
							freudenreichii
369	1.4	0.1	2.04	0.04	0.7	0.1	Propionibacterium	shermanii
							freudenreichii
1256	1.7	0.9	2.40	0.29	0.7	0.3	Propionibacterium sp.
2144	1.0	0.2	0.93	1.11	0.6	0.0	Propionibacterium	freudenreichii
							freudenreichii
2179	1.3	0.3	2.12	0.03	0.6	0.1	Propionibacterium	freudenreichii
							freudenreichii
2170	1.4	0.2	2.33	0.04	0.6	0.1	Propionibacterium	freudenreichii
							freudenreichii
2336	1.4	0.8	2.48	0.05	0.6	0.3	Propionibacterium	shermanii
							freudenreichii
2181	1.0	0.2	1.82	0.36	0.5	0.0	Propionibacterium	freudenreichii
							freudenreichii
2176	1.6	0.1	3.13	0.15	0.5	0.0	Propionibacterium	freudenreichii
							freudenreichii
2147	1.1	0.5	2.10	0.67	0.5	0.1	Propionibacterium	freudenreichii
							freudenreichii
370	1.0	0.2	2.05	0.06	0.5	0.1	Propionibacterium	shermanii
							freudenreichii
383	0.8	0.3	1.87	0.80	0.5	0.3	Propionibacterium	freudenreichii
							freudenreichii
2663	1.2	0.7	2.60	0.04	0.5	0.3	Propionibacterium	shermanii
							freudenreichii
2182	1.2	0.8	2.62	0.09	0.5	0.3	Propionibacterium	freudenreichii
							freudenreichii
2151	1.0	0.1	2.28	0.26	0.4	0.1	Propionibacterium	freudenreichii
							freudenreichii
2143	0.5	0.0	1.14	0.06	0.4	0.0	Propionibacterium	freudenreichii
							freudenreichii
2152	0.9	0.1	2.45	0.19	0.4	0.1	Propionibacterium	freudenreichii
							freudenreichii
2007	0.9	0.2	2.40	0.04	0.4	0.1	Propionibacterium	shermanii
							freudenreichii
2065	0.9	0.1	2.39	0.11	0.4	0.0	Propionibacterium	shermanii
							freudenreichii
363	0.6	0.1	1.66	0.07	0.3	0.1	Propionibacterium	freudenreichii
							freudenreichii
2148	0.7	0.2	1.97	0.07	0.3	0.1	Propionibacterium	freudenreichii
							freudenreichii
2180	1.0	0.1	3.00	0.00	0.3	0.0	Propionibacterium	freudenreichii
							freudenreichii
2067	0.6	0.1	1.92	0.01	0.3	0.0	Propionibacterium	shermanii
							freudenreichii
1219	0.4	0.2	2.27	0.06	0.2	0.1	Propionibacterium	freudenreichii
							freudenreichii

β-Galactosidase Activity in Lactobacillus

A range of Lactobacillus strains (including different species and sub-species) were pre-grown from a −80° C. stock for 48 hours at either 30° C. or 37° C. in 200 μl MRS medium in a standard 96 wells-plate in appropriate aerobiosis conditions. Cultures were re-diluted 100 fold to 1600 μl MRS medium in deep-well plates. Growth was performed in anaerobic conditions at 37° C. for 40 hours. OD₆₀₀ was determined after a 10-fold dilution of the cultures. For the β-galactosidase activity, cells were centrifuged at 5000×g at 4° C. The pellets were subsequently lysed using 0.5 gram silicabeads (0.1 mm) in 800 μl 0.05M NaPi buffer pH=7.0. The supernatant was then used for determining the β-galactosidase activity at 30° C. using a standard protocol.

Table 3 below illustrates the results of those Lactobacillus strains which were screened using the above protocol.

	TABLE 3
			Bgal activity
	Total Bgal	Average	(Miller Units)
Strain	activity	OD600	Average	Stdev
no.	Average	Stdev	Average	Stdev	μmol/min/
no.	μmol/min/l	AU	OD-Unit	Species	Subspecies
194	874	19	0.86	0.03	1019	59	Lactobacillus	bulgaricus
							delbrueckii
191	1775	111	1.89	0.01	937	62	Lactobacillus	bulgaricus
							delbrueckii
203	1525	96	1.90	0.16	804	16	Lactobacillus	bulgaricus
							delbrueckii
192	1171	320	2.03	0.53	620	320	Lactobacillus	bulgaricus
							delbrueckii
195	1157	256	2.14	0.02	541	114	Lactobacillus	bulgaricus
							delbrueckii
202	1127	211	2.08	0.10	540	76	Lactobacillus	bulgaricus
							delbrueckii
187	1084	197	2.51	0.79	442	61	Lactobacillus	bulgaricus
							delbrueckii
189	1343	201	3.25	0.08	413	52	Lactobacillus	bulgaricus
							delbrueckii
211	1205	37	3.06	0.48	398	51	Lactobacillus
							helveticus
1456	1514	23	3.95	0.12	384	6	Lactobacillus
							crispatus
204	1203	102	3.81	0.08	315	20	Lactobacillus	bulgaricus
							delbrueckii
186	550	196	1.92	0.28	282	62	Lactobacillus	bulgaricus
							delbrueckii
3273	866	7	3.40	0.17	255	14	Lactobacillus
							helveticus
1795	391	185	1.79	0.38	213	58	Lactobacillus
							delbrueckii
190	18	11	0.13	0.06	150	0	Lactobacillus	bulgaricus
							delbrueckii
*301	500	37	3.48	0.04	144	12	Lactobacillus
							buchneri
1572	207	254	1.38	1.97	139		Lactobacillus
							fermentum
2954	286	2	2.58	0.02	111	0	Lactobacillus
							reuteri
3416	261	0	2.49	0.11	105	5	Lactobacillus
							reuteri
226	304	2	3.04	0.22	101	7	Lactobacillus
							acidophilus
3909	310	6	3.29	0.11	94.0	1.2	Lactobacillus
							reuteri
LR92	276	3	3.04	0.25	90.9	6.3	L. reuteri
2955	244	7	2.72	0.02	89.7	1.9	Lactobacillus
							reuteri
LR1	306	5	3.68	0.70	84.5	14.5	L. rhamsnosus
2955	235	25	2.82	0.13	83.8	12.6	Lactobacillus
							reuteri
3423	246	28	3.02	0.04	81.3	8.1	Lactobacillus
							reuteri
3423	220	1	2.90	0.02	75.7	0.3	Lactobacillus
							reuteri
3422	196	4	2.69	0.37	73.5	8.6	Lactobacillus
							reuteri
LA1	294	12	4.07	0.18	72.3	6.2	L. acidophilus
11796	190	22	2.74	0.00	69.2	8.1	Lactobacillus
							fermentum
634	183	10	2.96	0.16	61.9	0.1	Lactobacillus
							acidophilus
3797	159	18	2.66	0.04	59.8	6.0	Lactobacillus
							gasseri
227	14	14	0.26	0.29	52.0	0.0	Lactobacillus
							acidophilus
3421	152	11	3.01	0.18	50.6	0.4	Lactobacillus
							reuteri
3418	169	8	3.46	0.19	49.1	5.0	Lactobacillus
							reuteri
197	59	1	1.25	0.12	47.2	3.6	Lactobacillus	bulgaricus
							delbrueckii
D	119	3	2.86	0.15	41.5	1.1	Lactobacillus
3106	141	184	3.31	0.13	41.4	53.8	Lactobacillus
							acidophilus
692	73	14	1.86	0.26	39.0	1.9	Lactobacillus
							acidophilus
3117	131	180	2.26	1.73	38.6	50.0	Lactobacillus
							amylolyticus
881	154	91	4.30	0.02	35.7	21.0	Lactobacillus
							salivarius
*298	103	1	2.99	0.06	34.6	1.0	Lactobacillus
							buchneri
205	33	15	1.04	0.45	31.7	1.0	Lactobacillus	bulgaricus
							delbrueckii
1178	7	6	0.17	0.25	30.9	0.0	Lactobacillus
							crispatus
3419	90	15	2.92	0.09	30.8	4.1	Lactobacillus
							reuteri
3419	91	6	3.08	0.01	29.6	1.8	Lactobacillus
							reuteri
2487	82	6	2.91	0.30	28.4	0.7	Lactobacillus
							brevis
881	105	126	4.28	0.80	27.8	34.6	Lactobacillus
							salivarius
2478	84	17	3.04	0.08	27.6	6.2	Lactobacillus
							brevis
1178	19	16	0.85	0.82	25.8	5.9	Lactobacillus
							crispatus
1688	75	4	2.92	0.17	25.8	3.0	Lactobacillus
							fermentum
1177	60	7	2.42	0.36	25.0	0.8	Lactobacillus
							helveticus
2472	73	2	3.08	0.06	23.7	0.3	Lactobacillus
							brevis
1533	77	97	2.81	0.81	23.4	27.6	Lactobacillus
							reuteri
2481	70	2	3.11	0.14	22.6	0.3	Lactobacillus
							brevis
1229	89	123	4.72	0.13	18.4	25.6	Lactobacillus
							jensenii
*297	50	5	2.78	0.02	17.9	1.6	Lactobacillus
							buchneri
3417	38	2	2.16	0.04	17.8	1.2	Lactobacillus
							reuteri
198	23	4	1.34	0.04	17.4	3.5	Lactobacillus	bulgaricus
							delbrueckii
3420	53	5	3.14	0.24	17.0	0.3	Lactobacillus
							reuteri
3473	54	53	3.11	0.36	16.4	15.0	Lactobacillus
							helveticus
207	3	1	0.14	0.15	16.3	0.0	Lactobacillus
							helveticus
*302	33	2	2.05	0.02	16.0	0.9	Lactobacillus
							buchneri
3222	27	14	1.67	0.20	15.9	6.5	Lactobacillus
							fermentum
2480	43	55	3.89	1.56	15.2	20.2	Lactobacillus	bulgaricus
							brevis
196	41	3	2.73	0.09	15.0	0.6	Lactobacillus	bulgaricus
							delbrueckii
3329	13	1	1.00	0.23	13.2	4.4	Lactobacillus
							panis
695	45	16	3.55	0.09	12.8	4.7	Lactobacillus
							crispatus
1457	44	6	3.90	0.73	11.4	0.7	Lactobacillus
							crispatus
695	35	3	3.22	0.07	10.7	0.6	Lactobacillus
							crispatus
30226	34	2	3.20	0.02	10.6	0.8	Lactobacillus
							fermentum
1161	6	1	0.35	0.30	10.5	0.2	Lactobacillus
							pentosus
216	31	5	2.94	0.40	10.4	0.4	Lactobacillus
							helveticus
198	16	18	1.52	0.17	10.2	10.5	Lactobacillus	bulgaricus
							delbrueckii
619	3	0	0.40	0.01	8.6	0.5	Lactobacillus
							helveticus
*300	23	3	2.83	0.18	8.3	0.4	Lactobacillus
							buchneri
212	26	0	3.46	0.46	7.7	1.0	Lactobacillus
							helveticus
307	20	2	2.76	0.05	7.4	0.7	Lactobacillus
							fermentum
1519	4	1	0.33	0.31	7.3	0.1	Lactobacillus
							diolivorans
618	23	7	3.22	0.18	6.9	1.9	Lactobacillus
							helveticus
3427	30	1	4.49	0.64	6.7	0.8	Lactobacillus
							rhamnosus
285	2	1	0.25	0.18	6.5	1.0	Lactobacillus
							pentosus
225	16	1	2.58	0.15	6.4	0.0	Lactobacillus
							acidophilus
233	15	1	2.39	0.01	6.1	0.3	Lactobacillus
							acidophilus
1518	3	1	0.35	0.29	5.9	0.1	Lactobacillus
							diolivorans
206	15	3	2.66	0.49	5.8	0.1	Lactobacillus
							helveticus
1307	3	0	0.28	0.31	5.8	0.0	Lactobacillus
							buchneri
3191	20	19	3.46	0.31	5.7	5.1	Lactobacillus
							crispatus
3098	14	0	2.60	0.15	5.3	0.3	Lactobacillus
							acidophilus
223	12	0	2.31	0.14	5.2	0.2	Lactobacillus
							acidophilus
3212	13	0	2.68	0.36	5.1	0.8	Lactobacillus
							delbrueckii
199	8	1	1.77	0.16	4.4	0.9	Lactobacillus	bulgaricus
							delbrueckii
267	10	0	2.77	0.30	3.7	0.5	Lactobacillus
							acidophilus
294	10	1	2.91	0.01	3.5	0.2	Lactobacillus
							fermentum
266	9	0	2.84	0.04	3.2	0.0	Lactobacillus
							acidophilus
3118	3	1	0.93	0.03	3.0	0.7	Lactobacillus
							amylolyticus
3119	3	0	1.10	0.08	2.9	0.5	Lactobacillus
							amylolyticus
3114	4	0	1.23	0.15	2.9	0.3	Lactobacillus
							amylolyticus
3115	4	1	1.35	0.03	2.8	0.6	Lactobacillus
							amylolyticus
193	6	1	2.11	0.14	2.7	0.5	Lactobacillus	lactis
							delbrueckii
3208	2	1	0.91	0.03	2.6	1.1	Lactobacillus
							delbrueckii
241	3	0	1.13	0.01	2.2	0.2	Lactobacillus
							casei
3116	4	1	1.72	0.01	2.2	0.6	Lactobacillus
							amylolyticus
3234	7	0	3.27	0.25	2.1	0.2	Lactobacillus
							fermentum
3117	2	1	1.00	0.00	2.0	0.7	Lactobacillus
							amylolyticus
3122	3	1	1.81	0.03	1.9	0.6	Lactobacillus
							amylolyticus
222	4	0	2.46	0.23	1.7	0.2	Lactobacillus
							helveticus
871	3	1	1.82	0.09	1.7	0.3	Lactobacillus
							crispatus
*3130	1	0	0.60	0.14	1.6	0.3	Lactobacillus
							amylovorus
1356	5	0	3.03	0.05	1.5	0.1	Lactobacillus
							graminus
3121	3	1	1.96	0.08	1.5	0.2	Lactobacillus
							amylolyticus
C	4	1	2.58	0.12	1.4	0.5	Lactobacillus
3123	2	0	1.40	0.04	1.4	0.3	Lactobacillus
							amylolyticus
3120	2	0	1.36	0.03	1.3	0.4	Lactobacillus
							amylolyticus
3301	3	0	2.75	0.14	1.3	0.0	Lactobacillus
							johnsonii
3299	3	1	2.47	0.11	1.1	0.5	Lactobacillus
							johnsonii
*3245	1	0	0.61	0.26	1.1	0.1	Lactobacillus
							gasseri
*3128	4	0	3.76	0.15	1.1	0.1	Lactobacillus
							amylovorus
229	3	1	2.68	0.09	1.1	0.3	Lactobacillus
							acidophilus
2828	3	1	3.06	0.19	1.0	0.3	Lactobacillus
							plantarum
3114	2	1	2.53	1.62	1.0	0.9	Lactobacillus
							amylolyticus
240	4	2	3.80	0.11	0.9	0.6	Lactobacillus
							casei
3211	2	1	1.47	2.08	0.9	0.0	Lactobacillus
							delbrueckii
3300	4	0	4.32	1.12	0.9	0.2	Lactobacillus
							johnsonii
224	2	0	2.09	0.16	0.8	0.1	Lactobacillus
							acidophilus
3431	1	0	1.01	0.07	0.8	0.0	Lactobacillus
							rhamnosus
645	3	0	3.73	0.09	0.8	0.1	Lactobacillus
							acidophilus
*3251	1	0	0.91	0.25	0.7	0.1	Lactobacillus
							gasseri
265	4	3	5.10	0.00	0.7	0.5	Lactobacillus
							crispatus
242	2	0	3.76	0.13	0.7	0.0	Lactobacillus
							casei
3436	2	0	3.02	0.02	0.6	0.0	Lactobacillus
							rhamnosus
2830	3	0	3.95	0.07	0.6	0.0	Lactobacillus
							plantarum
1479	3	0	4.12	0.16	0.6	0.1	Lactobacillus	paracasei
							paracasei
2691	1	0	2.51	0.30	0.5	0.1	Lactobacillus
							plantarum
239	2	1	3.75	0.21	0.5	0.2	Lactobacillus
							casei
645	2	1	4.04	0.17	0.5	0.3	Lactobacillus
							acidophilus
880	2	1	3.67	0.13	0.5	0.2	Lactobacillus
							salivarius
238	1	0	3.16	0.14	0.5	0.1	Lactobacillus
							acidophilus
3350	2	1	3.52	0.21	0.4	0.2	Lactobacillus
							paracasei
2523	2	1	3.57	0.21	0.4	0.3	Lactobacillus
							helveticus
646	1	0	2.91	0.08	0.4	0.2	Lactobacillus
							acidophilus
3440	1	0	3.34	0.92	0.4	0.2	Lactobacillus
							rhamnosus
3429	1	0	3.70	0.05	0.4	0.0	Lactobacillus
							rhamnosus
B	1	1	3.23	0.03	0.4	0.2	Lactobacillus
3428	2	0	4.34	0.37	0.4	0.1	Lactobacillus
							rhamnosus
259	1	0	1.31	1.84	0.4	0.0	Lactobacillus
							acidophilus
*870	1	0	2.40	0.01	0.4	0.2	Lactobacillus
							amylovorus
3444	1	0	3.59	0.22	0.4	0.2	Lactobacillus
							rhamnosus
3302	1	0	2.03	0.06	0.4	0.0	Lactobacillus
							johnsonii
1353	1	0	2.89	0.02	0.4	0.1	Lactobacillus	paracasei
							paracasei
101/37	2	1	5.15	0.04	0.3	0.2	L. paracasei
3445	1	0	3.79	0.37	0.3	0.1	Lactobacillus
							rhamnosus
3443	2	0	4.65	0.30	0.3	0.0	Lactobacillus
							rhamnosus
{circumflex over ( )}14D	2	0	4.88	0.33	0.3	0.0	L. plantarum
2937	1	0	4.50	0.08	0.3	0.0	Lactobacillus
							rhamnosus
3439	1	0	3.86	0.15	0.3	0.1	Lactobacillus
							rhamnosus
3434	1	0	4.39	0.26	0.3	0.1	Lactobacillus
							rhamnosus
3426	1	0	4.67	0.53	0.3	0.1	Lactobacillus
							rhamnosus
3303	1	0	2.42	0.08	0.3	0.1	Lactobacillus
							johnsonii
*3246	1	0	2.46	0.05	0.3	0.1	Lactobacillus
							gasseri
*1356	0	0	1.70	0.06	0.3	0.1	Lactobacillus
							graminus
3438	1	0	4.13	0.06	0.3	0.0	Lactobacillus
							rhamnosus
3442	1	0	5.01	0.34	0.3	0.1	Lactobacillus
							rhamnosus
3430	1	0	4.65	0.05	0.3	0.0	Lactobacillus
							rhamnosus
*3201	1	0	3.33	0.23	0.3	0.1	Lactobacillus
							curvatus
3425	1	0	4.71	0.37	0.3	0.0	Lactobacillus
							rhamnosus
1226	1	0	4.65	0.13	0.3	0.1	Lactobacillus	paracasei
							paracasei
*3200	1	0	3.26	0.24	0.2	0.1	Lactobacillus
							curvatus
3433	1	0	3.04	0.09	0.2	0.1	Lactobacillus
							rhamnosus
3435	1	0	4.91	0.03	0.2	0.1	Lactobacillus
							rhamnosus
E	1	1	4.39	0.30	0.2	0.2	Lactobacillus
2518	1	0	4.92	0.38	0.2	0.0	Lactobacillus	paracasei
							paracasei
*3249	0	0	1.72	0.03	0.2	0.0	Lactobacillus
							gasseri
636	1	0	4.34	0.05	0.2	0.0	Lactobacillus
							salivarius
638	1	1	5.64	0.02	0.2	0.1	Lactobacillus
							salivarius
3437	1	0	4.11	0.13	0.2	0.0	Lactobacillus
							rhamnosus
A	1	1	5.08	0.12	0.2	0.1	Lactobacillus
*872	1	0	2.90	0.21	0.2	0.0	Lactobacillus
							gasseri
*3196	1	0	3.32	0.07	0.2	0.0	Lactobacillus
							curvatus
*1357	1	0	3.19	0.01	0.2	0.1	Lactobacillus
							paralimentarius
3441	1	1	5.38	0.03	0.2	0.1	Lactobacillus
							rhamnosus
*3202	1	0	3.25	0.12	0.2	0.1	Lactobacillus
							curvatus
*3203	1	0	3.65	0.23	0.2	0.0	Lactobacillus
							curvatus
3432	1	0	5.00	0.28	0.2	0.0	Lactobacillus
							rhamnosus
*3195	1	0	3.75	0.07	0.2	0.0	Lactobacillus
							curvatus
*1228	1	0	3.69	0.08	0.1	0.0	Lactobacillus
							gasseri
3424	2	0	22.40	2.22	0.1	0.0	Lactobacillus
							rhamnosus
1531	1	0	0.01	0.01	0.0	0.0	Lactobacillus
							panis
*3129	1	0	−0.01	0.01	0.0	0.0	Lactobacillus
							amylovorus
*3247	1	0	0.03	0.03	0.0	0.0	Lactobacillus
							gasseri
*3248	0	0	0.07	0.02	0.0	0.0	Lactobacillus
							gasseri
*3250	0	0	0.03	0.04	0.0	0.0	Lactobacillus
							gasseri
*3252	1	0	0.65	0.93	0.0	0.0	Lactobacillus
							gasseri
*3253	1	0	−0.01	0.01	0.0	0.0	Lactobacillus
							gasseri
*3254	1	0	−0.01	0.00	0.0	0.0	Lactobacillus
							gasseri
(Note: All strains were grown at 37° C. in anaerobic conditions, except those strains denoted “*” which were grown at 30° C. in aerobic conditions or “{circumflex over ( )}” which were grown at 37° C. in aerobic conditions).

Strains having β-galactosidase activity value of greater than 60 Miller Units were identified and put forward for further assessment for potential GOS synthesis and initial optimisation studies. Two S. thermophilus strains were selected, 4 lactobacilli (L. helveticus, L. reuters, L. delbrueckii, L. fermentum) with miller unit output above 60 and one Lactobacillus (L. plantarum 2830) with β-galactosidase activity bellow 60 miller units (for a control) were analysed. As none of the Propionibacterium screened gave β-galactosidase levels above 60, those with the highest β-galactosidase levels producers of each species was also included in the next phase of the study.

Analysis of GOS Production in the Chosen Strains

The following growth protocols were used for each species:

S. thermophilus—S. thermophilus strains were pre-grown from the −80° C. stock for 22 hours at 37° C. in 100 ml GM17 medium supplemented with 1% glucose in a closed 100 ml bottle. Cultures were then diluted 50, 200, 1000 and 4000-fold in a 1 litre bottle filled with GM17 medium supplemented with 1% glucose. Growth was performed at 37° C. for a set time that had been calculated to ensure a logarithmic culture and a stationary phase culture at the aimed time of harvesting.

Propionibacteria—Propionibacterium strains were pre-grown from the −80° C. stock for 72 hours at 30° C. in 100 ml LB medium supplied with 1% glucose. Cultures were diluted 50, 200, 1000 and 4000-fold in a 1 litre bottle filled with LB medium supplied with 1% glucose. Growth was performed at 30° C. for a set calculated time that had been calculated to ensure a logarithmic culture and a stationary phase culture at the aimed time of harvesting.

Lactobacilli—Lactobacillus strains were pre-grown from the −80° C. stock for 48 hours at 37° C. in 100 ml MRS medium. Cultures were diluted 50, 200, 1000 and 4000-fold in a 1 litre bottle filled with MRS medium supplemented with 1% glucose. Growth was performed at 37° C. for a set calculated time that had been calculated to ensure a logarithmic culture and a stationary phase culture at the aimed time of harvesting.

Analysis of β-Galactosidase Activity in the Chosen Strains

To analyse the β-galactosidase activity, cells were centrifuged at 5000×g at 4° C. for 15 minutes. Pellets were re-dissolved in 1% of the original volume using a phosphate buffer B (50 mM Na2HPO4.2H2O, 1 mM MgCl2) and then eight 1250 μl aliquots of each cell-free extract transferred to a deep well plate.

The pellets were subsequently lysed using 0.5 gram silicabeads (0.1 mm) in 800 μl 0.05M NaPi buffer pH=7.0 and 4 repetitions of 30 second bursts in a cell disruptor. The lysed pellets of the same cell-free extract were then recombined in a single 15 ml Geiner-tube. Cultures were centrifuged for 10 minutes at 5000 g after the indicated time-period using a 96-well plate centrifuge. 20 μl of supernatant of the cell lysate was dissolved in 180 μl phosphate buffer A (8.9 gr/I Na2HPO4.2H2O, 6.9 gram/I Na2HPO4.H2O, 1 mM DTT).

Additionally 10, 100 and 100 fold dilutions of the cell lysate phosphate buffer mix were prepared, to which an ONPG stock solution (20 mM in phopshate buffer) at a starting concentration of 1 mM was added. The absorbance at 420 nm was observed over time using a Pharmacia Biotech Ultrospec 2000 UV/visible spectrophotometer using Swift II Application software and the Miller Units were calculated using the above indicated dilutions.

GOS Synthesis Protocol

Activity was normalized to 2 mM/min in a total volume of 10 ml by dilution using phsopahe buffer B. 15 ml Greiner tubes were pre-warmed which contained 13.5 ml phosphate buffer B at 30°, 50°, and 60° C. The reaction was started by the addition of 1.5 ml cell-free extract (2 mM/min β-galactosidase activity) to the pre-warmed Greiner tubes. The reactions proceeded with a 30 second time interval. 1 ml samples were then transferred to an Eppendorf tube at 0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240, 300, and 1440 minute intervals. The GOS formation reaction was then stopped by incubation at 100° C. for 5 minutes and the samples immediately stored at −80° C.

Based on the activities of the β-galactosidases found, the actual activity for the GOS formation rate could be predicted. Conversion factors were calculated for each species.

Table 4 below shows the predicted GOS formation rate at 30° C.

	TABLE 4
			Predicted
	Bgal activity		GOS
	(Miller Units)		formation
	Average	Stdev	Used		rate
Strain			μmol/min/	conversion	Correction	mM/min/100
no.	Species	Subspecies	OD-Unit	factor	factor	OD units
883	Streptococcus		1960	83	26.5	5.0	20.0
	thermophilus
885	Streptococcus		1462	103	26.5	5.0	14.9
	thermophilus
882	Streptococcus		1347	135	26.5	5.0	13.7
	thermophilus
886	Streptococcus		1291	238	26.5	5.0	13.2
	thermophilus
884	Streptococcus		1267	86	26.5	5.0	12.9
	thermophilus
114	Streptococcus		1155	126	26.5	5.0	11.8
	thermophilus
121	Streptococcus		1140	75	26.5	5.0	11.6
	thermophilus
194	Lactobacillus delbrueckii	bulgaricus	1019	59	4.1	5.0	1.6
2310	Streptococcus		976	68	26.5	5.0	10.0
	thermophilus
106	Streptococcus		954	36	26.5	5.0	9.7
	thermophilus
191	Lactobacillus delbrueckii	bulgaricus	937	62	4.1	5.0	1.5
2106	Streptococcus		815	196	26.5	5.0	8.3
	thermophilus
203	Lactobacillus delbrueckii	bulgaricus	804	16	4.1	5.0	1.3
192	Lactobacillus delbrueckii	bulgaricus	620	320	4.1	5.0	1.0
195	Lactobacillus delbrueckii	bulgaricus	541	114	4.1	5.0	0.9
202	Lactobacillus delbrueckii	bulgaricus	540	76	4.1	5.0	0.9
187	Lactobacillus delbrueckii	bulgaricus	442	61	4.1	5.0	0.7
189	Lactobacillus delbrueckii	bulgaricus	413	52	4.1	5.0	0.7
211	Lactobacillus helveticus		398	51	4.1	5.0	0.6
1456	Lactobacillus crispatus		384	6	4.1	5.0	0.6
204	Lactobacillus delbrueckii	bulgaricus	315	20	4.1	5.0	0.5
186	Lactobacillus delbrueckii	bulgaricus	282	62	4.1	5.0	0.4
3273	Lactobacillus helveticus		255	14	4.1	5.0	0.4
1795	Lactobacillus delbrueckii		213	58	4.1	5.0	0.3
190	Lactobacillus delbrueckii	bulgaricus	150		4.1	5.0	0.2
1572	Lactobacillus fermentum		139		4.1	5.0	0.2
2954	Lactobacillus reuteri		111	0	4.1	5.0	0.2
3416	Lactobacillus reuteri		105	5	4.1	5.0	0.2
226	Lactobacillus		101	7	4.1	5.0	0.2
	acidophilus
3909	Lactobacillus reuteri		94.0	1.2	4.1	5.0	0.1
LR92	L. reuteri		90.9	6.3	4.1	5.0	0.1
2955	Lactobacillus reuteri		89.7	1.9	4.1	5.0	0.1
LR1	L. rhamsnosus		84.5	14.5	4.1	5.0	0.1
LA1	L. acidophilus		72.3	6.2	4.1	5.0	0.1
11796	Lactobacillus fermentum		69.2	8.1	4.1	5.0	0.1
D	Lactobacillus		41.5	1.1	4.1	5.0	0.1
30226	Lactobacillus fermentum		10.6	0.8	4.1	5.0	0.017
C	Lactobacillus		1.4	0.5	4.1	5.0	0.002
2828	Lactobacillus plantarum		1.0	0.3	4.1	5.0	0.002
2830	Lactobacillus plantarum		0.6	0.0	4.1	5.0	0.001
2691	Lactobacillus plantarum		0.5	0.1	4.1	5.0	0.001
B	Lactobacillus		0.4	0.2	4.1	5.0	0.001
101/37	L. paracasei		0.3	0.2	4.1	5.0	0.001
14D	L. plantarum		0.3	0.0	4.1	5.0	0.000
E	Lactobacillus		0.2	0.2	4.1	5.0	0.000
A	Lactobacillus		0.2	0.1	4.1	5.0	0.000
4204	Propionibacterium		6.0	1.5	10.8	5.0	0.025
	acidipropionici
380	Propionibacterium sp.		5.6	0.4	10.8	5.0	0.023
2166	Propionibacterium	freudenreichii	4.8	0.7	10.8	5.0	0.020
	freudenreichii
359	Propionibacterium sp.		4.5	0.1	10.8	5.0	0.019
1134	Propionibacterium	shermanii	4.2	0.3	10.8	5.0	0.018
	freudenreichii
364	Propionibacterium		3.7	0.4	10.8	5.0	0.015
	jensenii
2060	Propionibacterium	shermanii	3.5	0.1	10.8	5.0	0.015
	freudenreichii
4199	Propionibacterium		3.5	0.1	10.8	5.0	0.015
	acidipropionici
4201	Propionibacterium		3.3	0.1	10.8	5.0	0.014
	acidipropionici
2175	Propionibacterium	freudenreichii	3.3	0.2	10.8	5.0	0.014
	freudenreichii
2145	Propionibacterium	freudenreichii	3.3	0.2	10.8	5.0	0.014
	freudenreichii
2168	Propionibacterium	freudenreichii	3.1	0.6	10.8	5.0	0.013
	freudenreichii
2174	Propionibacterium	freudenreichii	3.1	0.6	10.8	5.0	0.013
	freudenreichii

Table 5 below shows the predicted GOS formation rate at 50° C.

	TABLE 5
			Predicted
	Bgal activity		GOS
	(Miller Units)		formation
	Average	Stdev	Used		rate
Strain			μmol/min/	conversion	Correction	mM/min/100
no.	Species	Subspecies	OD-Unit	factor	factor	OD units
883	Streptococcus		1960	83	26.5	5.0	20.0
	thermophilus
885	Streptococcus		1462	103	26.5	5.0	14.9
	thermophilus
882	Streptococcus		1347	135	26.5	5.0	13.7
	thermophilus
886	Streptococcus		1291	238	26.5	5.0	13.2
	thermophilus
884	Streptococcus		1267	86	26.5	5.0	12.9
	thermophilus
114	Streptococcus		1155	126	26.5	5.0	11.8
	thermophilus
121	Streptococcus		1140	75	26.5	5.0	11.6
	thermophilus
194	Lactobacillus delbrueckii	bulgaricus	1019	59	4.1	5.0	1.6
2310	Streptococcus		976	68	26.5	5.0	10.0
	thermophilus
106	Streptococcus		954	36	26.5	5.0	9.7
	thermophilus
191	Lactobacillus delbrueckii	bulgaricus	937	62	4.1	5.0	1.5
2106	Streptococcus		815	196	26.5	5.0	8.3
	thermophilus
203	Lactobacillus delbrueckii	bulgaricus	804	16	4.1	5.0	1.3
192	Lactobacillus delbrueckii	bulgaricus	620	320	4.1	5.0	1.0
195	Lactobacillus delbrueckii	bulgaricus	541	114	4.1	5.0	0.9
202	Lactobacillus delbrueckii	bulgaricus	540	76	4.1	5.0	0.9
187	Lactobacillus delbrueckii	bulgaricus	442	61	4.1	5.0	0.7
189	Lactobacillus delbrueckii	bulgaricus	413	52	4.1	5.0	0.7
211	Lactobacillus helveticus		398	51	4.1	5.0	0.6
1456	Lactobacillus crispatus		384	6	4.1	5.0	0.6
204	Lactobacillus delbrueckii	bulgaricus	315	20	4.1	5.0	0.5
186	Lactobacillus delbrueckii	bulgaricus	282	62	4.1	5.0	0.4
3273	Lactobacillus helveticus		255	14	4.1	5.0	0.4
1795	Lactobacillus delbrueckii		213	58	4.1	5.0	0.3
190	Lactobacillus delbrueckii	bulgaricus	150		4.1	5.0	0.2
1572	Lactobacillus fermentum		139		4.1	5.0	0.2
2954	Lactobacillus reuteri		111	0	4.1	5.0	0.2
3416	Lactobacillus reuteri		105	5	4.1	5.0	0.2
226	Lactobacillus		101	7	4.1	5.0	0.2
	acidophilus
3909	Lactobacillus reuteri		94.0	1.2	4.1	5.0	0.1
LR92	L. reuteri		90.9	6.3	4.1	5.0	0.1
2955	Lactobacillus reuteri		89.7	1.9	4.1	5.0	0.1
LR1	L. rhamsnosus		84.5	14.5	4.1	5.0	0.1
LA1	L. acidophilus		72.3	6.2	4.1	5.0	0.1
11796	Lactobacillus fermentum		69.2	8.1	4.1	5.0	0.1
D	Lactobacillus		41.5	1.1	4.1	5.0	0.1
30226	Lactobacillus fermentum		10.6	0.8	4.1	5.0	0.017
C	Lactobacillus		1.4	0.5	4.1	5.0	0.002
2828	Lactobacillus plantarum		1.0	0.3	4.1	5.0	0.002
2830	Lactobacillus plantarum		0.6	0.0	4.1	5.0	0.001
2691	Lactobacillus plantarum		0.5	0.1	4.1	5.0	0.001
B	Lactobacillus		0.4	0.2	4.1	5.0	0.001
101/37	L. paracasei		0.3	0.2	4.1	5.0	0.001
14D	L. plantarum		0.3	0.0	4.1	5.0	0.000
E	Lactobacillus		0.2	0.2	4.1	5.0	0.000
A	Lactobacillus		0.2	0.1	4.1	5.0	0.000
4204	Propionibacterium		6.0	1.5	10.8	5.0	0.025
	acidipropionici
380	Propionibacterium sp.		5.6	0.4	10.8	5.0	0.023
2166	Propionibacterium	freudenreichii	4.8	0.7	10.8	5.0	0.020
	freudenreichii
359	Propionibacterium sp.		4.5	0.1	10.8	5.0	0.019
1134	Propionibacterium	shermanii	4.2	0.3	10.8	5.0	0.018
	freudenreichii
364	Propionibacterium		3.7	0.4	10.8	5.0	0.015
	jensenii
2060	Propionibacterium	shermanii	3.5	0.1	10.8	5.0	0.015
	freudenreichii
4199	Propionibacterium		3.5	0.1	10.8	5.0	0.015
	acidipropionici
4201	Propionibacterium		3.3	0.1	10.8	5.0	0.014
	acidipropionici
2175	Propionibacterium	freudenreichii	3.3	0.2	10.8	5.0	0.014
	freudenreichii
2145	Propionibacterium	freudenreichii	3.3	0.2	10.8	5.0	0.014
	freudenreichii
2168	Propionibacterium	freudenreichii	3.1	0.6	10.8	5.0	0.013
	freudenreichii
2174	Propionibacterium	freudenreichii	3.1	0.6	10.8	5.0	0.013
	freudenreichii

GOS Analysis Protocol

High-Performance Anion-Exchange Chromatography with Pulsed Amperometric Detection (HPAEC-PAD) was used to undertake the GOS analysis. HPAEC-PAD analyses were performed on a DX-500 BIO-LCsystem (Dionex) equipped with a PAD. Galactooligosaccharide fractions were separated on CarboPac PA1 column with dimensions 250 mm*4 mm t a flow rate of 1 mL/min at 22° C. A CarboPac PA1 guard column with dimensions 50*4 mm i.d. (Dionex) was used for column protection. The eluents used for the analysis were (A) 500 mM NaOAc+100 mMNaOH, (B) 100 mMNaOH and (C) Milli-Q water.

Eluents A and B were mixed to form the following gradient: 100% B from 0 to 5 min followed by 0-26% A in 73 min. After each run, the column was washed with 100% A for 6 min and re-equilibrated for 10 min at 100% B. Peak identification occurred on the basis of comparison of peak distribution of the HPLC chromatogram described in J. Agric. Food Chem. 2009, 57, 8488-8495. Lactose was used as a standard for elution time normalization.

Results

To determine the ratio between highly formed GOS species the most prevalent GOS species for P. jensenii were quantified and the ratio between the two species calculated at different temperatures and time points. As shown in Table 6 below and illustrated in FIG. 1, it was found that the species ratio showed a strong temperature dependence and a small time dependence.

TABLE 6
	Expected GOS	Expected GOS	β-D-Gal-
	linkage type	linkage type	(1f4)-β-D-Gal-	Ratio
Strain	Temp	Unknown	(1f4)-D-Glc	2:1
Propionibacterium	Temp = 30 C.,	0.2	4.2	18.3
jensenii	Time 5 H
Propionibacterium	Temp = 50 C.,	1.2	2.9	2.5
jensenii	Time 5 H
Propionibacterium	Temp = 30 C.,	1.0	12.0	11.8
jensenii	Time 24 H
Propionibacterium	Temp = 50 C.,	4.4	6.2	1.4
jensenii	Time 24 H

Based on standard thermodynamics it was assumed that at 50° C. the β-galactosidase reaction occurs at a 4-8 times higher rate than at 30° C. For tested samples where the GOS formation rate was at a stage where this was expected to be linear the GOS formation rates were plotted. As shown in Table 7 below and illustrated in FIG. 2, the two Lactobacillus strains showed a 3-4 fold in GOS formation rate at 50° C., for both Propionibacterium strains no significant increase in activity was detected.

	TABLE 7
	Strain	Temp	Total GOS
	L. reuteri	30° C.	3.7
		50° C.	13.9
	L. fermentum	30° C.	1.4
		50° C.	4.1
	P. jensenii	30° C.	4.5
		50° C.	4.1
	P. freudenreichii	30° C.	5.3
		50° C.	6.1

The theoretical GOS formation rate was calculated based on the β-galactosidase activity, expressed in Miller Units, measured in Phase 2 of the study. Table 8 below shows the ratio of actual GOS formation rate over theoretical GOS formation rate and FIG. 3 shows this plotted for both 30° C. and 50° C. Surprisingly, and advantageously, GOS formation rates were always found to be higher than the theoretical GOS formation rates.

TABLE 8
		Actual/Theoretical	Actual/Theoretical
Strain	No	GOS (30 C.)	GOS (50 C.)	Ratio
S. thermophilus	883		28.3
S. thermophilus	883		11.3
S. thermophilus	114		39.9
L. helveticus	211	1.4
L. delbrueckii	191	3.1
L. reuteri	2954	1.5	5.5	3.8
L. fermentum	11796	0.9	2.7	2.9
P. jensenii	364	13.6	12.5	0.9
P. freudenreichii	1134	7.9	9.1	1.2
Average			26.5
streptococci
Average lactobacilli	1.7	4.1	2.4
Average propioni's	10.8	10.8	1.0

The β-galactosidase activity analysed in the initial phase of experiments in general appeared to be higher than those activities determined in the later phase. To find out whether there is a consistent error in the methodology the ratios of the activities in phase 1 and 2 were calculated (and shown in Table 9 below) and plotted on a graph shown in FIG. 4. FIG. 4 shows that for most samples a 5-fold difference is detected. Some samples clearly show much higher differences, and this is expected that these differences are mainly due to the differences in the growth phase of the cells.

TABLE 9
Strain no	Growth Phase	Ratio Phase 1/Phase 2
883	Mid-log	6.7
883	Stationary	4.5
114	Mid-log	27.7
114	Stationary	16.0
211	Mid-log	1.8
211	Stationary	Very High
191	Mid-log	9.1
191	Stationary	Very High
2954	Mid-log	5.1
2954	Mid-log	5.1
2954	Stationary	6.2
11796	Mid-log	3.8
11796	Mid-log	3.8
11796	Stationary	21.4
364	Mid-log	7.9
364	Mid-log	7.9
364	Stationary	14.4
1134	Mid-log	1.5
1134	Stationary	5.0
1134	Stationary	5.0
4204	Mid-log	1.2
4204	Stationary	6.1

To assess whether the expression of β-galactosidase was dependent on the growth phase of the organism, the activity (as measured in Miller Units) was plotted for all strains. Table 10 and FIG. 5 show the data and plot respectively. It was found that for most strains a Log:Stat ratio 1 was found indicating that the activity of β-galactosidase is higher in the Log phase than in the stationary phase. With a few exceptions (strain 211 and 191) these differences are limited and it may be that the higher biomass yield in stationary phase off-sets the lower β-galactosidase activities.

	TABLE 10
			Ratio Log/Stat
	Streptococcus thermophilus	883	0.7
	Streptococcus thermophilus	114	0.6
	Lactobacillus helveticus	211	Very high
	Lactobacillus delbrueckii	191	12.5
	Lactobacillus reuteri	2954	1.2
	Lactobacillus fermentum	11796	5.6
	Propionibacterium jensenii	364	1.8
	Propionibacterium freudenreichii	1134	3.4
	Propionibacterium acidipropionici	4204	4.9

CONCLUSIONS

GOS formation rates for the strains selected on the basis of the Miller Unit value were deemed as a good predictor for those strains showing good GOS production even when grown in non-optimised conditions. It was established that all Lactobacillus strains that gave β-galactosidase activity above 60 Miller Units in phase 1 produced GOS in the phase 2 feasibility study, whereas the one control strain that was below the 60 Miller Unit cut-off did not. Most of S. thermophilus showed Bgal activities significantly higher than 60 miller units and only those which appeared to be the best were selected for taking further to the phase 2 feasibility study. For Propionibacterium all were below the 60 miller unit cut off, but all strains selected produced GOS.

In general GOS formation rates were 3-4 fold higher at 50° C. as compared to 30° C. for the lactobacilli strains. The Propionibacterium cell-free extracts showed approximately similar GOS formation rates at 30° C. and 50° C. All samples show a different GOS profile than the GOS produced by Apergillus Oryzea enzyme. Specifically strain 364 (P. jensenii) showed significant GOS production. The studies established that Miller Unit activities translated well to potential GOS activity and proved to be a useful and accurate predictor of GOS production. For specific cases GOS production was up to 15 fold higher than ONPG hydrolysis activity had initially suggested. In general, the later GOS synthesis phase showed a 5-fold lower β-galactosidase activities as compared to the initial screening phase.

Using the described screening method, and Miller Unit cut-off of 60 (for Streptococcus or Lactobacillus) and 3 (for Propionibacterium), allows for a quick and reliable prediction of the likelihood of whether a bacteria can produce GOS in sufficient yields so as to allow purification and further testing of its prebiotic properties in vitro. It can also be used to help identify any potentially novel GOS structures. It advantageously provides a systematic methodology which permits screening of large numbers of bacteria for the potential to produce GOS, identify novel GOS, and scale up to test in in vitro models. Furthermore, as the Miller Unit is a composite of the growth rate, enzyme production and activity, then this parameter enables focus on only those strains which are most likely to be commercially viable.

The forgoing embodiments are not intended to limit the scope of the protection afforded by the claims, but rather to describe examples of how the invention may be put into practice.

Claims

1. A method of screening a Streptococcus, Lactobacillus or Propionibacterium bacterial strain for galactooligosaccharides (GOS) yield comprising assessing β-galactosidase activity of the GOS produced by the strain under growth conditions and selecting a bacterial strain producing GOS having β-galactosidase activity of: a) Miller Units equal to or greater than about 60 for a Streptococcus or Lactobacillus strain; orb) Miller Units equal to or greater than about 3 for a Propionibacterium strain.

2. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the growth conditions comprise growing the bacterial strain for a given incubation time, lysing the bacterial cells to provide a lysate and assessing the β-galactosidase activity in the lysate.

3. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein assessing β-galactosidase activity comprises: i) incubating the bacterial strain at about 37° C. for up to 40 hours;ii) centrifuging the bacterial cells at a temperature lower than about 37° C.;iii) lysing the cells and removing a supernatant from the lysed cells; andiv) assessing β-galactosidase activity, expressed in Miller Units, in the supernatant.

4. The method as claimed in claim 1, further comprising: assessing β-galactosidase activity of GOS produced by the selected bacterial strain at a higher temperature than about 37° C. and a lower temperature than about 37° C. and identifying the selected bacterial strain having the highest β-galactosidase activity as a strain with highest yield of GOS.

5. The method as claimed in claim 4, wherein the higher temperature is about 50° C. and the lower temperature is about 30° C.

6. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the Lactobacillus bacterial strain is selected from the group consisting of: Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus reuteri, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus delbrueckii, Lactobacillus fermenturn, Lactobacillus crispatus, Lactobacillus buchneri Lactobacillus helveticus, Streptococcus thermophilus, Propionibacterium jensenii; Propionibacterium freudenreichii; and Propionibacterium acidipropionici.

7. A prebiotic composition comprising a galactooligosaccharide (GOS) produced by a Streptococcus, Lactobacillus or Propionibacterium bacterial strain, wherein the GOS has a high β-galactosidase activity, and wherein the high β-galactosidase activity is: a) a Miller Unit equal to or greater than about 60 for a Streptococcus or Lactobacillus strain; orb) a Miller Unit equal to or greater than about 3 for a Propionibacterium strain.

8. The prebiotic composition as claimed in claim 7, wherein the GOS is produced and/or is selective for one of more of the following bacterial strains: Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus reuteri, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus delbrueckii, Lactobacillus fermentum, Lactobacillus crispatus, Lactobacillus buchneri Lactobacillus helveticus, Streptococcus thermophilus, Propionibacterium jensenii; Propionibacterium freudenreichii; Propionibacterium acidipropionici, sub-species thereof or mutant strain thereof.

9. The prebiotic composition as claimed in claim 7, wherein the composition is encapsulated.

10. The prebiotic composition as claimed in claim 7 further comprising an excipient or carrier compound, the excipient or carrier compound providing for the prebiotic composition to pass through a gastrointestinal environment with retained functional properties.

11. The prebiotic composition as claimed in claim 7, wherein the composition is a liquid, a powder or a form that can be mixed with a solid or liquid food stuff.

12. The prebiotic composition as claimed in claim 7, wherein the GOS is produced by a bacterial strain identified in the screening method of claim 1.

13. The method of claim 1 wherein the Lactobacillus bacterial strain is: Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus reuteri, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus delbrueckii, Lactobacillus fermentum, Lactobacillus crispatus, Lactobacillus buchneri Lactobacillus helveticus, Streptococcus thermophilus, Propionibacterium jensenii; Propionibacterium freudenreichii; Propionibacterium acidipropionici, a sub-species thereof or mutant strain thereof.

14. The method of claim 2 wherein the Lactobacillus bacterial strain is: Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus reuteri, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus delbrueckii, Lactobacillus fermentum, Lactobacillus crispatus, Lactobacillus buchneri Lactobacillus helveticus, Streptococcus thermophilus, Propionibacterium jensenii; Propionibacterium freudenreichii; Propionibacterium acidipropionici, a sub-species thereof or mutant strain thereof.

15. The method of claim 4 wherein the Lactobacillus bacterial strain is: Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus reuteri, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus delbrueckii, Lactobacillus fermenturn, Lactobacillus crispatus, Lactobacillus buchneri Lactobacillus helveticus, Streptococcus thermophilus, Propionibacterium jensenii; Propionibacterium freudenreichii; Propionibacterium acidipropionici, a sub-species thereof or a mutant strain thereof.

16. A method of selecting a Streptococcus, Lactobacillus or Propionibacterium bacterial strain that produces a high yield of galactooligosaccharides (GOS) comprising: incubating the bacterial strain under appropriate conditions for production of galactooligosacccharide (GOS);assessing the GOS for β-galactosidase activity; andselecting bacterial strains that produce GOS having a higher β-gactosidase activity, wherein a higher β-galactosidase activity is: a) Miller Units equal to or greater than about 60 for a Streptococcus or Lactobacillus strain; orb) Miller Units equal to or greater than about 3 for a Propionibacterium strain.

17. The method of claim 16 wherein the GOS is in substantially the same form as GOS produced by a reverse β-galactosidase reaction in the selected bacterial strain.

18. The method of claim 17 wherein the selected bacterial strain is Propionibacterium jensenii.

19. The method of claim 16 wherein a selected bacterial strain producing a galactooligosaccharides (GOS) having a higher β-gactosidase activity has a higher galactooligosaccharides (GOS) yield compared to a bacterial strain producing a galactooligosaccharides (GOS) having a lower β-gactosidase activity.

20. The method of claim 19 wherein a lower GOS producing bacterial strain is a bacterial strain producing a GOS having a lower β-gactosidase activity of: a) Miller Units less than about 60 for a Streptococcus or Lactobacillus strain; orb) Miller Units less than about 3 for a Propionibacterium strain.