Patent Application
20050196472
This invention relates to fractions isolated from Vaccinium plants berries having an anti-viral activity. Specifically, to isolated fractions from cranberry juice which have anti-viral characteristics.
The following is a list of prior art which is considered to be pertinent for the state of the art in the field of the invention.
Myxoviridae
Influenza viruses belong to a broad family of RNA viruses, the Orthomyxoviridae (myxo=mucus) viruses. Orthomyxoviridae viruses as well as the closely related family or RNA viruses, Paramyxoviridae viruses, are characterized by a negative-stranded RNA genome (segmented or non-segmented, respectively), having, an inner ribonucleoprotein (RNP) core surrounded by a lipid bilayer membrane from which spikes protrude. The spikes are of three kinds: a hemagglutinin (HA) which agglutinates erythrocytes, an enzyme neuraminidase (NA) which releases the virus from cells and a small number of copies of the M2 protein that serves as an ion channel. These spikes in influenza (in Parmyxoviridae virus these are HN and F) are involved in hemagglutination, hemolysis of erythrocytes etc. and cleavage of the receptor (on the cell) anti-receptor (on the virus) bond, and reflect the ability of the virus to enter the nucleoprotein core into cells.
Influenza is a highly communicable acute respiratory disease that predisposes to a number of complications, resulting in a severe world-wide economic burden. Prevention and control of both the annual influenza epidemics and its infrequent but severe pandemic outbreaks are hitherto achieved by the use of vaccines and newly emerging antiviral drugs.
Unfortunately, the vaccines provide sometimes lower than desirable protection, particularly in the immuno-compromised and the elderly, the two most susceptible subpopulations (Keren. G., et al. J. Med. Virol. 25:85-89 (1988); Admon, D., et al. Vaccine 15:1518-1522 (1997)). Furthermore, the vaccines currently available are designated for intramuscular injection, resulting mainly in serum antibodies.
As to antiviral drugs, two classes of antiviral drugs are used:
Vaccinium is a genus of evergreen or deciduous berry-bearing ericaceous shrubs including the various kinds of blueberries and the true cranberries.
Physicians have long recommended consumption of cranberry juice to avoid urinary tract infections. It was hypothesized that the prevention of bacterial infections is due to the inhibition of E. coli adhesion to uroepithelial cells by cranberry constituents (Ofek et al., 1991, ibid.). Studies have shown that cranberries contain high and low molecular weight constituents [nondialyzable material (NDM) and proanthocyanidins, respectively], which act in vitro to inhibit the adhesion of diverse microbial species (Ahuja et al., 1998 ibid.; Burger et al., 2000, ibid.; Foo et al., 2000a, ibid.; Weiss et al., 1998 ibid.; Zafriri et al., 1998, ibid). It has been suggested that cranberry proanthocyanidins are one of the active anti-adhesion agents (Foo et al., 2000a, ibid.).
The present invention is based on the finding that fractions, isolated from cranberry juice, exhibit anti-viral activity. This anti-viral activity was demonstrated in vitro, by preventing virus adsorption to red blood cells thus inhibiting hemagglutination (HA) and to cells in cultures interfering in virus propagation in host cells, as well as in vivo, by exhibiting an increased survival rate of infected mice. Thus, it was envisages that fractions from juice from berries of the plant genus Vaccinium may be have a beneficial effect against viral infections.
Thus, according to a first aspect, the invention provides a method of treating a subject against a viral infection, the method comprises providing said subject with an amount of a polymeric material having a molecular weight ≧12,000-14,000 and isolated from juice from berries of the plant genus Vaccinium, the amount of said polymeric material being effective to prevent production of a viral infection in said subject.
According to second aspect, the invention provides a method of treating a subject against a viral infection comprising providing said subject with an amount of a proanthocyanidins-containing fraction isolated from juice from berries of the plant genus Vaccinium, the amount of said proanthocyanidins-containing fraction being effective to prevent production of viral infection in said subject.
A specific and preferred viral infection according to the invention is an influenza virus infection.
In order to understand the invention and to see how it may be carried out in practice, a preferred embodiment will now be described, by way of non-limiting example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:
According to a first aspect, the invention provides a method of treating a subject against a viral infection; the method comprises providing the subject with an amount of a polymeric material having a molecular weight ≧12,000-14,000 kDa, preferably ≧14,000 kDa and isolated from juice from berries of the plant genus Vaccinium, the amount of said polymeric material being effective to prevent production of a viral infection in said subject. Due to the relatively high molecular weight of the substances forming part of this isolated polymeric material, this aspect of the invention is referred to herein by the term “non-dialyzable material aspect”, or “NDM aspect” of the invention.
According to a second aspect, the invention provides a method of treating a subject against a viral infection; the method comprises providing said subject with an amount of a proanthocyanidins-containing fraction isolated from juice from berries of the plant genus Vaccinium, the amount of said proanthocyanidins-containing fraction being effective to prevent production of viral infection in said subject. Due to the proanthocyanidins content in this isolated fraction, this aspect of the invention is referred to herein by the term “proanthocyanidins aspect” or “PAC aspect” of the invention.
Notwithstanding the above, when appropriate, the isolated polymeric material, according to the NDM aspect of the invention, and the proanthocyanidins-containing fraction, according to the PAC aspect of the invention, are collectively referred to by the term “isolated fraction”.
The isolated fraction according to the invention comprises at least one of the following characteristics:
The isolated fraction is effective for treatment of a subject against a viral infection. According to the present invention the term “treatment” denotes any physiological effect resulting in the therapeutic treatment of a viral infection or prevention (prophylactic treatment) of the formation of a viral infection in a subject exposed to an infectious virus. Thus, in the context of the present invention, treatment refers to at least one of the following: inhibition of viral adsorption to susceptible cells, inhibition of viral penetration into susceptible cells, inhibition of viral replication, all of which result in a decrease in viral load (thereby less antibody response) in an infected subject, preferably, total elimination of the virus from the subject. Treatment preferably results in the improved and more rapid recovery of the subject from the viral infection or the prevention of the infection from occurring.
The effective amount of each of the isolated fraction, i.e. the polymeric material as well as the proanthocyanidins-containing fraction, is determined by such considerations as may be known in the art. The amount must be effective to achieve the desired therapeutic or prophylactic effect described above. The amount is typically determined in appropriately designed studies and the person versed in the art will know how to properly conduct such studies in order to determine the required effective amount.
With respect to the NDM aspect of the invention a typical concentration range of the polymeric material in a single dose administered to a subject in need is between 1 μg/ml and 5 mg/ml within a suitable physiologically acceptable carrier, with a preferred concentration between 10 μg/ml and 500 μg/ml. With respect to the PAC aspect of the invention a typical concentration range of the proanthocyanidins-containing fraction in a single dose administered to a subject in need is between 5 μg/ml and 500 μg/ml within a suitable physiologically acceptable carrier.
The isolated fraction according to the invention may be obtained from any member of the plant genus Vaccinium. As well appreciated by those versed in the art of botanic, the Vaccinium consists of about 450 species of evergreen and deciduous shrubs. Some kinds are grown for the beauty of their fall leaves and some for their attractive flowers and deliciously edible fruits. Many different names have been given to the numerous varieties that produce edible fruits which may be used in accordance with the present invention. Some non-limiting examples include the Blueberry, Bilberry, Cowberry, Cranberry, Crowberry; Farkleberry, Lingonberry, Partridgeberry, Huckleberry Whortleberry, and Sparkleberry.
The invention makes use of isolated fraction which may be obtained from berries juice as well as from berries juice concentrates. Berries juice and berries juice concentrates may be prepared by methods known in the art or obtained from commercially available products. A specific and preferred juice is cranberry juice which is commercially available.
According to the NDM aspect of the invention, the isolated polymeric material may be obtained and is characterized as described by Ofek, I., et al. (Ofek et al. et al. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 408:179-183 (1996); and U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,303,125, 5,840,322 and 6,843,993, all of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety). Accordingly, the isolated polymeric material is further characterized by at least one of the following parameters:
As should be appreciated, there are many alternative ways to produce a polymeric material, having one or more of the aforementioned physical and chemical characteristics. According to one embodiment of the invention, the polymeric material is obtained by subjecting cranberry juice or cranberry juice concentrate (as an exemplar species of Vaccinium) to dialysis at against double distilled water (ddWater) using dialysis tubing with a ≧12,000 kDa-14,000 kDa molecular cut-off and collecting the non-dialyzable material (NDM) remaining in the dialysis tubing. This remaining NDM may then be lyophilized to obtain a dry powder which may be fractionated on a resin, e.g. polyacrylamide resin column. The active polymeric material may then be eluted from the column with water and once again lyophilized to obtain a dry polymeric material.
Referring to the PAC aspect of the invention, the proanthocyanidins-containing fraction is further characterized by one or more of the following characteristics:
The proanthocyanidins-containing fraction may be obtained as described by Foo et al. [Foo L. Y., et al. 2000(a); Foo L. Y., et al. 2000(b)], incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Further, the proanthocyanidins-containing fraction is commercially available, and may be obtained, for example, from Ocean Spray [Ocean Spray Cranberries, Inc, Lakeville-Middleboro, Mass. 02349].
The viral infection according to the invention is an infection preferably localized within the respiratory tract, either the upper respiratory tract, lower respiratory tract, or both. Non-limiting examples of viruses causing an infectious disease within the respiratory tract include members of the Orthomyxoviridae family or Paramyxoviridae family of viruses.
According to one embodiment, the virus causing the infection is a member of the Orthomyxoviridae family. According to a specific embodiment, the virus is selected from Influenza viruses.
According to another embodiment, the virus is a member of the Paramyxoviridae family. According to one embodiment, the virus is selected from Para-Influenza Types 1, 2, 3 and 4 Virus and Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV). Other members of the group include Human metapneumovirus and Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) which infect poultry.
According to yet another embedment of the invention, the virus is characterized by infecting cells carrying on their surface receptors comprising sialyl sugar chains, the sialyl sugar chains bearing receptors being involved in the adsorption of the virus onto the susceptible cell thereby causing infection. Sialyl sugar-chains bearing receptors are found, inter alia, on the surface of influenza virus as well as on the surface of other viruses, all forming part of the present invention.
It is commonly known that viral infections may be transmitted from animals to humans. Thus, the invention is also applicable for treating subjects where the virus is an animal-type virus being transmitted from an animal to humans. For example, it is known that influenza A virus may be found in many animals, such as ducks, chickens, pigs, whales, horses, and seals which may be transmitted to humans resulting in an infectious disease.
Further, the invention is applicable for treating non-human animals for a viral infection. A non-human animal viral infection of particular interest includes the Avian Influenza viruses (also known by the term “Bird Flu”). Avian influenza virus can be transfer to human with high morbidity rate and therefore a therapeutic treatment thereagainst is of high importance.
The isolated fraction may be administered in various ways suitable for anti-viral therapy. It should be noted that it can be administered as the extracted fraction per se (e.g. as a powder), or within a suitable carrier suitable for a selected delivery route. While the isolated fraction may be administered by any suitable route, e.g. orally, a preferred mode of administration of the isolated fraction according to the invention is by intranasal application, preferably, by inhalation.
According to one embodiment, the isolated fraction is administered in the form of a solution, e.g., water or isotonic saline, buffered or unbuffered, or as a suspension, for intranasal administration as drops or as a spray. Preferably, such solutions or suspensions are isotonic relative to nasal secretions and of about the same pH, ranging e.g., from about pH 4.0 to about pH 7.4 or, from pH 6.0 to pH 7.0. Buffers should be physiologically compatible and include, simply by way of example, phosphate buffers. For example, a representative nasal decongestant is described as being buffered to a pH of about 6.2 (Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ed. By Arthur Osol, p. 1445 (1980)). Of course, the ordinary artisan can readily determine a suitable saline content and pH for an innocuous aqueous carrier for nasal administration.
Other, non-limiting examples of intranasal dosage forms containing the isolated fraction include nasal gels, creams, pastes or ointments with a viscosity of, e.g., from about 10 to about 3000 cps, or from about 2500 to 6500 cps, or greater, which may provide a more sustained contact with the nasal mucosal surfaces. Such carrier viscous formulations may be based upon, simply by way of example, polymeric carriers such as alkylcelluloses and/or other biocompatible carriers of high viscosity well known to the art (see e.g., Remington's, cited supra). The carrier containing the isolated fraction may also be soaked into a fabric material, such as gauze, that can be applied to the nasal mucosal surfaces to allow for active substances in the isolated fraction to penetrate to the mucosa.
Other ingredients, such as art known preservatives, colorants, lubricating or viscous mineral or vegetable oils, perfumes, natural or synthetic plant extracts such as aromatic oils, and humectants and viscosity enhancers such as, e.g., glycerol, can also be included to provide additional viscosity, moisture retention and a pleasant texture and odor for the formulation.
Further, for nasal administration of solutions or suspensions of the isolated fraction, various devices are available in the art for the generation of drops, droplets and sprays. For example, solutions comprising the isolated fraction can be administered into the nasal passages by means of a simple dropper (or pipet) that includes a glass, plastic or metal dispensing tube from which the contents are expelled drop by drop by means of air pressure provided by a manually powered pump, e.g., a flexible rubber bulb, attached to one end. Fine droplets and sprays can be provided by a manual or electrically powered intranasal pump dispenser or squeeze bottle as well known to the art, e.g., that is designed to blow a mixture of air and fine droplets into the nasal passages.
The following examples, which are in no way intended to limit the scope of the present invention, illustrate the preparation of cranberry isolated fractions and their effect against influenza virus infection. Obviously, many modifications and variations of the present invention are possible in light of the above teaching. It is therefore, to be understood that within the scope of the appended claims, the invention may be practiced otherwise than as specifically described hereinbelow.
In the following examples, the activity of NDM on influenza virus-mediated red blood cells (RBC) hemagglutination (HA), in vitro replication of the virus and in vivo infectivity of the virus, were tested.
Cranberry Juice
Cranberry juice from the American cranberry, Vaccinium macrocarpon, and a proanthocyanidin-rich fraction were obtained from Ocean Spray, Inc. [Ocean Spray Cranberries, Inc, Lakeville-Middleboro, Mass. 02349]
To obtain the polymeric material having molecular weight ≧12,000 kDa, the juice was dialyzed at 4° C. for 10 days against distilled water, changed ten times, in dialysis bags of ≧12,000-14,000 MW cut-off and lyophilized. The non-dialyzable material (NDM) exhibits tannin-like properties, is highly soluble in water, devoid of proteins, carbohydrates and fatty acids and contains 56.6% carbon and 4.14% hydrogen (Ofek et al., 1996, ibid).
Influenza Virus
The following influenza virus strains were used:
To determine HA, 0.1 ml of twofold dilutions of each virus suspension in phosphate-buffered-saline (PBS) was mixed with 0.1 ml of a 0.5% chicken RBC or 1% sheep RBC or human 1% O RBC suspension and scored after 30 min incubation at room temperature (Sever, J. L., J. Immunol. 88:320-329 (1962)).
HA Determination
The HA data are summarized in the following Table 1:
a Hemagglutination units of treated virus (preincubated with 125 μg/ml of NDM), compared with that of untreated virus.
b TCID50 (Tissue Culture Infecting Dose) in MDCK cells of treated virus (preincubated with 250 μg/ml of NDM), compared with that of untreated virus.
NP = not performed
Preincubation of NDM (125 μg/ml) with A/PR/8 (egg-grown) or B/Yamanashi (grown in MDCK cells) strains inhibited virus-induced HA. This was reduced from 16 HA units (HAU) to <1 in NDM-containing virus suspensions (100%). NDM at 125 μg/ml reduced the 16 HAU of the two clinical isolates A/H1N1 and A/H3N2 to 4-8 units. A/PR/8 grown in MDCK cells was less sensitive to 125 μg/ml NDM; the 16HAU were reduced to 2-4 HAU (Table 1).
A higher NDM concentration (400 μg/ml) was needed to reduce the HAU of the MDCK cell-grown A/PR/8 strain from 16 to <1 units (not shown). Chess board titration of virus densities and decreasing NDM concentrations revealed that as little as 4, 16, 64 and 128 μg/ml NDM were needed to completely inhibit HA induced by 8, 16, 32, 64 respectively, HAU of virus A/PR8/34. The results indicate a highly significant r2=0.980 correlation between HAU and NDM concentration required to completely inhibit HA (
Virus Replication
To test inhibition of virus replication, MDCK cells were grown in DMEM medium supplemented with 10% inactivated FCS and antibiotics (1001 μg/ml penicillin G and 100 μg/ml streptomycin). For the assay, cells were grown in 12-well culture plates (Nunc, Roskilde, Denmark) in a humidified atmosphere with 5% CO2 at 37° C., and used when confluent monolayers had formed (48 hrs). NDM inhibition of virus infectivity in vitro was tested by incubating 250 μg/ml NDM with virus for 2 h at room temperature. Tenfold serial dilutions in medium without serum were inoculated in triplicate wells containing MDCK monolayers. The virus was allowed to adsorb for 1 hr at 37° C. The inoculum was removed and medium supplemented with 1% serum and trypsin 2 μg/ml (×2 crystallized) was added. Following 4 days incubation at 370° C. in a 5% CO2 incubator, the monolayers were examined for cytopathic effect (CPE) (
Viral Infectivity
To evaluate the potential of the NDM in the therapy of viral infection, the cells were first exposed to viral suspensions to allow adsorption followed by penetration into the cells for 1 hr. NDM (100 μg/ml) was added at various post infection time intervals as indicated in Table 2. Viral TCID50 was determined in the treated cultures following 4 days and 6 days incubation by assaying the supernatants for HA activity.
The results in Table 2 show that NDM reduced virus TCID50 for the entire time of the follow up (6 days post infection). This effect was most accentuated when the NDM was added several times to the infected MDCK monolayer (Table 2). These results demonstrate that NDM can reduce or inhibit virus replication indicating inactivation of newly formed virus.
aNDM, 100 μg/ml, was added in each treatment.
bLogistic regression at a confidence interval of 95% yielded odds of 42-91.
cLogistic regression at a confidence interval of 95% yielded odds of ≧2110.
The effect of cranberry proanthocyanidins-containing fraction was compared with that of NDM. A four- to fivefold higher proanthocyanidin concentration was required to completely inhibit 1 6HA units of A/PR8 (grown in egg), providing evidence that that NDM is significantly more potent (at least six times more active (weight per volume)) than cranberry proanthocyanidins.
Differentiation Between Cranberry Fractions
Comparing virus induced hemagglutination the anti-adsorption activity of three cranberry fractions:
Hemagglutination caused by influenza virus reflects the activity of the viral adsorption which mediates attachment as the first event before entry of the virus into the cells. Thus agent(s) which inhibit hemagglutination caused by the virus are of potential therapeutic value.
Based on the data shown in Table 3 it can be determined that both the PAC and NDM fractions inhibit viral-induced haemagglutination. CHEP had no effect on virus induced hemagglutination.
a concentration [μg/ml] in the reaction mixture of the tested fractions.
b + = 100% inhibition of hemagglutination;
± = partial inhibition;
− = no inhibition
In vivo Anti-Viral Activity
Effect of Intranasal Administration (Inhalation) of Cranberry Constituents on Influenza-Virus Infection in Mice.
The virus (A/PR/8/34) was prepared at final concentration of 2×106 EID50. NDM was prepared by dissolving the NDM in ddH2O to a final concentration of 500 μg/ml. The total amount of inhaled solution was adjusted to 80 μl with PBS in the desired concentration. All inhalations were done under ketamine anesthesia with sterile tips.
Three groups of male Balb/c mice 4-5 weeks old—10 mice each:
Analyzed clinical parameters during 14 days of the experiment were:
The effect of intranasal administration (by inhalation) of cranberry constituents on influenza-virus infection in mice is summarized in the following Tables 4 to 7 and in
4. The magnitude of anti-influenza antibodies in the serum (Table 7) and of cytokine response (
H/S/D = Healthy/Sick/Dead
The effect of intranasal administration (inhalation) of cranberry constituents on lungs histopathology in influenza-virus infected mice is summarized in Table 5:
The effect of intranasal administration (inhalation) of cranberry constituents on virus recovery from lungs of influenza-virus infection in mice is summarized in Table 6
a Numbers are the titers (Log10) of the Influenza virus extracted from homogenized lungs after the indicated post infection days and determined by hemagglutination.
The effect of intranasal administration (inhalation) of cranberry constituents on virus antibodies in serum of influenza infection mice is shown in Table 7.
Additional animal experiments showed that the above effects of cranberry constituents were also observed when NDM was administered intranasaly after establishing viral infection (data not shown). Unexpectedly, cranberry constituents were as potent as those of Amantadine, Amantadine being a commercially available antiviral medicine (data not shown).
Taken together the above results show that cranberry constituents (NDM as well as PAC) applied directly to the port of the pathogen entry into the organ (mucosal surfaces), possess both protective and therapeutic effects.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 60549444 | Mar 2004 | US |
