Patent Grant
11687741
The invention is in the fields of electronic passports, and more specifically in the field of electronic passports including shielding and/or switchable RFID tags.
Radio Frequency identity (RFID) tags are typically small, flexible, and low profile devices that can be affixed to items for electronic tracking and information storage purposes. An RFID tag can be read by an RFID reader when the RFID tag is brought within a certain vicinity of the reader that is broadcasting a radio frequency signal. In some cases, once within that vicinity, the RFID tag receives sufficient power from the radio frequency signal to permit it to transmit a return radio frequency signal using the received power. These RFID tags are referred to as passive RFID tags. In other cases the RFID tag has an independent power source for generating a return radio frequency signal. These RFID tags are referred to as active RFID tags. With either passive or active RFID tags, the return radio frequency signal may include an encoded copy of information stored within the RFID tag. As used herein, RFID tags include radio frequency contactless chips.
The invention includes the use of shielding in relation to RFID tags. For example, some embodiments of the invention include shielded containers for storing devices including RFID tags. These devices can include identification devices such as passports, credit cards, or driver's licenses.
Some embodiments of the invention include shielded containers and RFID tags, the RFID tags configured for use in determining a state of the container. For example, detection of an RFID tag can be used to determine if the container is open or closed. These embodiments are optionally used in event logging or security.
Some embodiments of the invention include shielding attached to identification devices. This shielding may, for example, be included in a clamshell configuration, as a shielding insert, or as part of a page or cover.
Various embodiments of the invention include a container comprising an RFID tag configured for determining if the container is open or closed, and radio frequency shielding configured to shield a signal from the RFID tag responsive to whether the container is open or closed.
Various embodiments of the invention include a vehicle comprising a receptacle attached to the vehicle and configured to receive an identification device including an RFID tag, and a radio frequency shielding attached to the receptacle and configured to shield the RFID tag when the identification device is placed within the receptacle.
Various embodiments of the invention include a purse comprising a receptacle configured to receive an identification device including an RFID tag, and a radio frequency shielding attached to the purse and configured to shield the RFID tag when the identification device is placed in the receptacle.
Various embodiments of the invention include a wallet comprising a receptacle configured to receive an identification device including an RFID tag, and a radio frequency shielding attached to the wallet and configured to shield the RFID tag when the identification device is placed in the receptacle.
Various embodiments of the invention include a shielded RFID device comprising an identity device including an RFID tag, and a cover physically attached to the device, the cover including a radio frequency shielding material configured to shield the RFID tag in a first position and to not shield the RFID tag in a second position.
Various embodiments of the invention include an identification device comprising a base including a surface configured to display identifying information, an RFID tag configured to transmit identifying information, and a cover including a radio frequency shielding material configured to shield the RFID tag when closed and to allow the RFID tag to communicate with a reader when open.
Various embodiments of the invention include a passport device comprising an RFID tag configured to transmit identifying information, a surface configured to visually display the identifying information, and an attached cover including a radio frequency shielding material configured to shield the RFID tag when the cover is closed, and configured to enable reading of the RFID tag when the cover is open.
Various embodiments of the invention include a passport device comprising a first cover part including identifying information on an inside surface, a second cover part separated from the first cover part by a fold, an RFID tag within the first cover or the second cover part, and a page between the first cover part and the second cover part, the page including shielding configured for shielding the RFID tag in a first position and not shielding the RFID tag in a second position.
Various embodiments of the invention include a driver's license device comprising an RFID tag configured to transmit identifying information, a surface configured to visually display the identifying information, and a cover including a radio frequency shielding material configured to shield the RFID tag in a first position, and configured to enable reading of the RFID tag in a second position.
Various embodiments of the invention include a credit card device comprising an RFID tag configured to transmit account information, an attached cover including radio frequency shielding and configured to move relative to the RFID tag, to shield the RFID tag in a first position, and not to shield the RFID that in a second position.
Various embodiments of the invention include a shielding device comprising a shielding material configured to be temporally attached to an identity device and to shield an RFID tag within the identity device, and an attachment mechanism configured for attaching the shielding material to the identity device.
Various embodiments of the invention include a passport reading system comprising an RFID reader, and a base disposed to form a slot between the base and the RFID reader, a width of the slot configured for passage of a passport in an open position such that shielding material within the passport does not interfere with communications between the RFID reader and an RFID tag included in the passport.
Various embodiments of the invention include a passport reading system comprising a first RFID reader, a second RFID reader, a third RFID reader, the first, second and third RFID readers surrounding a passport reading volume and being disposed such that at least one of the first, second and third RFID readers will be at a proper angle relative to an antenna of an RFID tag within a passport in the passport reading volume to read the RFID tag, and also disposed such that transmission between the RFID tag and the at least one of the first, second and third RFID readers is not prevented by shielding within the passport when the passport is open in the passport reading zone regardless of the angle of the shielding relative to the first, second and third readers.
Various embodiments of the invention include a system comprising a cover material configured for inclusion in a polarity of identity devices, a strip of shielding deposited on the cover material, a first RFID tag deposited on the cover material, a second RFID tag deposited on the cover material, and a cutting area configured to be cut in order to produce the plurality of identity devices, the cut including cutting of the strip of shielding and separation of the first RFID tag and the second RFID tag.
Various embodiments of the invention include a passport comprising an RFID tag configured to transmit identifying information, a surface configured to visually display the identifying information, and a cover including a first part and a second part separated by a fold, the first part including the RFID tag and the second part including a radio frequency shielding configured to shield the RFID tag when the cover is closed, and configured to allow reading of the RFID tag when the cover is open, the radio frequency shielding including metallic fibers disposed within the second part.
Various embodiments of the invention include a passport comprising a first cover part including identifying information including a photograph on an inside surface, a second cover part separated from the first cover part by a fold, an RFID tag within the first cover or the second cover part, and a page between the first cover part and the second cover part, the page including shielding configured for shielding the RFID tag in a first position and not shielding the RFID tag in a second position.
Various embodiments of the invention include a passport comprising a first cover part including an RFID tag disposed at least 5 mm from a fold, a second cover part separated from the first cover part by the fold and including shielding configured for shielding the RFID tag in a first position of the second cover part and not shielding the RFID tag in a second position of the cover part.
Various embodiments of the invention include a system comprising a cover material configured for inclusion in a polarity of identity devices, a strip of shielding deposited on the cover material, a first RFID tag deposited on the cover material, a second RFID tag deposited on the cover material, and a cutting area configured to be cut in order to produce the plurality of identity devices, the cut including cutting of the strip of shielding and separation of a location for depositing of the first RFID tag and a location for depositing of the second RFID tag.
Various embodiments of the invention include a method comprising depositing a radio frequency shielding material on a first part of a cover material, depositing at least a first radio frequency identity tag and a second radio frequency identity tag on a second part of the cover material, cutting the cover material through the radio frequency shielding, and creating a fold in the flexible material, the fold separating the first part of the cover material from the second part of the cover material.
Various embodiments of the invention include a remotely powered RFID (radio frequency identity) tag having an electronically controlled switch. This switch is optionally a remotely (wirelessly) controlled switch. In some embodiments, when the switch is in an off state, the RFID tag will not transmit and when the switch is in an on state the RFID tag will transmit in response to an RF (radio frequency) signal. In some embodiments, the switch includes multiple on states in which different information or signals are transmitted responsive to the state of the switch. The RFID tag includes a memory configured to store the states of the RFID tag and an integrated circuit configured to determine whether to transmit responsive to the stored state of the RFID tag and a received RF signal.
Various embodiments of the invention include switchable RFID devices. These switchable RFID devices can include identity documents such as passports or driver's licenses, financial cards such as credit or debit cards, remote controls, security devices, access devices, communication devices, or the like. In some embodiments, more than one switchable RFID tag is included in a single RFID device. In various embodiments, one or more switches are used to change operation of an RFID tag from a responsive state to a non-responsive state, to change operation of an RFID tag from one responsive state to another responsive state, to enter data into an RFID device, to control an external device, or the like. In various embodiments, the switches are electronic, wireless, and/or mechanical.
Various embodiments of the invention includes an RFID tag comprising an antenna configured to receive data in a first RF signal, to receive energy from the first RF signal, and to transmit data in a second RF signal, the transmission of the second RF signal being powered by the energy received from the first RF signal; and an integrated circuit including an input configured to receive data from the antenna and to receive power resulting from the energy received from the antenna, an output configured to provide an RF signal to the antenna for transmission, a state memory configured to store an ON/OFF state of the RFID tag, a key memory configured for storing a key for changing the ON/OFF state stored in the state memory, and a switch logic configured to receive data from the input, to read the key from the key memory, to compare the received data with the read key, and to change the ON/OFF state stored in the state memory responsive to this comparison, the switch logic is further configured to determine whether or not to provide a second RF signal to the antenna for transmission, the determination being responsive to the ON/OFF state stored in the state memory.
Various embodiments of the invention include a method of changing an ON/OFF state of an RFID Tag, the method comprising receiving energy sufficient to power the RFID Tag through an RF antenna included in the RFID tag, receiving first data through the RF antenna, reading a key from a key memory, using an integrated circuit to compare the first data received through the RF antenna with the key read from the key memory, the integrated circuit powered by the received energy, and writing data to state memory responsive to the comparison, the data written to the state memory being configured to change the RFID tag from an OFF state in which the RFID tag will not transmit an RF signal to an ON state in which the RFID tag will transmit an RF signal.
Various embodiments of the invention includes a method of operating an RFID tag, the method comprising receiving energy sufficient to power the RFID tag through an RF antenna included in the RFID tag, reading a state from state memory, sending an RF response through the RF antenna unless the read state is an OFF state.
Various embodiments of the invention includes a method of operating an RFID tag, the method comprising receiving energy sufficient to power the RFID tag through an RF antenna included in the RFID tag, reading a state from state memory, sending an RF response through the RF antenna if the read state is an ON state, and disabling the RF response through the RF antenna if the read state is an OFF state.
Various embodiments of the invention includes a method of operating an RFID tag, the method comprising receiving energy sufficient to power the RFID tag through an RF antenna included in the RFID tag, reading a state from state memory, sending an RF response through the RF antenna only if the read state is an ON state.
Various embodiments of the invention includes a multilayer identity document comprising a first outer layer, an electrical conductor configured to conduct a current, a spacer layer including an opening configured to contain a switch activator, the switch activator configured to make and break an electrical connection to the electrical connector, and an inner layer disposed such that the spacer layer and switch activator are between the first outer layer and the second outer layer, the inner layer being configured to be pressed to activate the switch activator.
Various embodiments of the invention includes a switchable RFID tag comprising an antenna configured to receive an RF transmission, an integrated circuit configured to generate a response transmission, and a switch configured to turn on and of the ability of the integrated circuit to generate the response transmission, the switch being disposed such that it is surrounded by the antenna.
Various embodiments of the invention includes a system comprising a plurality of switches configured for a user to enter data, logic configured to transmit a first wireless signal responsive to the entered data, and a circuit configured to receive energy from a received second wireless signal and to power the logic and the transmission of the system using the received energy.
Various embodiments of the invention includes a system comprising logic configured to transmit a first wireless signal in response to a received second wireless signal, a wireless I/O configured to receive the second wireless signal and to transmit the first wireless signal, a memory configured to store an account number, the account number being included in the first wireless signal, a physical contact I/O configured for writing the account number to the memory, logic configured to allow writing of the account number to the memory if the account number is received via the physical contact I/O but if the account number is received via the wireless I/O, and a circuit configured to receive energy from the received second wireless signal and to power the logic and the transmission of the first wireless signal using the received energy.
Various embodiments of the invention includes a system comprising logic configured to transmit a first wireless signal in response to a received second wireless signal, a wireless I/O configured to receive the second wireless signal and to transmit the first wireless signal, the second wireless signal including an identification data associated with a reader, a memory configured to store a log of received identification data received from a plurality of readers, a physical contact I/O configured for uploading the log of received identification data from the memory, logic configured to allow uploading of the log of received identification data from the memory via the physical contact I/O but via the wireless I/O, and a circuit configured to receive energy from the received second wireless signal and to power the logic and the transmission of the first wireless signal using the received energy.
Various embodiments of the invention includes a method comprising mounting a plurality of RFID antenna and RFID tags on a support, mounting a the support on a first side of a spacer, the spacer including opening 140 and optionally including one or more cavity to receive the RFID tags, mounting a cover layer on a second side of the spacer, and cutting the support and spacer to generate a plurality of RFID enabled financial Cards.
Various embodiments of the invention include a method comprising mounting an RFID antenna and RFID tag on a support, mounting a spacer on the support, the spacer being compliant (soft) so that the RFID tag can enter a plane of the spacer to form a cavity, allowing the spacer to harden, and mounting a cover layer on the spacer.
Various embodiments of the invention include a method of assembling an identity device, the method comprising depositing an integrated circuit, antenna and switch contacts on a support layer, and laminating the support layer, spacer and flexible membrane together, the spacer having a cavity in which the integrated circuit fits.
Various embodiments of the invention include a method of assembling an identity device, the method comprising depositing an integrated circuit, antenna and switch contacts on a support layer 150, depositing spacer 120 on the support layer, spacer 120 covering the integrated circuit, and depositing a flexible membrane on the support layer, the flexible membrane or the support layer optionally including an image of a user. The Spacer is optionally configured to create a hermetic seal around the integrated circuit and/or the RFID antenna.
Various embodiments of the invention include a method comprising programming data to non-volatile memory of an RFID tag in a programmable mode, and changing a state of a switch coupled to the RFID tag so as to change the RFID tag from the programmable mode to a non-programmable mode.
Various embodiments of the invention include an RFID tag comprising an antenna configured to transmit data, a power circuit configured to provide power, an integrated circuit configured to receive power from the power circuit, to provide the data to the antenna, the integrated circuit including a non-volatile memory configured to store the data and a logic circuit configured to determine a state of a switch, the switch being configured to control whether the volatile memory can or cannot be programmed.
Various embodiments of the invention include an integrated circuit comprising a first logic input configured for determining a state of a switch, a power input configured to receive power from a radio frequency antenna, the received power being sufficient for powering the integrated and transmitting a data output signal via the radio frequency antenna, and a data output configured for generating the data output responsive to the state of the switch as determined by the first logic input.
Various embodiments of the invention include an Identity Device comprising an RFID antenna configured to receive power from and communicate with an RFID reader, a circuit configured to receive power from the RFID Antenna, a tag configured to be powered by power received through the RFID antenna and to generate a signal for transmission between the RFID antenna and the RFID reader, and a switch configured to repeatedly turn on and turn off detectability or readability of the tag.
Various embodiments of the invention include a locking mechanism comprising a RFID tag activation circuit configured to turn on a switchable RFID tag by operating a switch within the switchable RFID tag, an RFID reader configured to read the switchable RFID tag, and a lock configured to open responsive to the RFID reader.
Various embodiments of the invention include a method of operating an RFID tag, the method comprising activating a switch in order to turn on the detectability or readability of the RFID tag, the RFID tag powered by power received through an RFID antenna, and activating the switch in order to turn off the detectability or readability of the RFID tag. In some embodiments, the switch is configured to keep the readability of the RFID tag off until the switch is activated again. The switch optionally being included in an identity device.
Various embodiments of the invention include a method of operating a switchable RFID tag, the method comprising operating a switch to turn the RFID tag on, responsive to a first action of a user, receiving a signal at an RFID antenna, collecting power from the signal, using the collected power to power an integrated circuit, collecting data from the signal, processing the collected data using the integrated circuit, transmitting a signal generated by the integrated circuit in response to the collected data, using the RFID antenna, and operating the switch to turn the RFID tag off, responsive to a second action of a user.
Various embodiments of the invention include a switchable RFID tag comprising an RFID antenna configured to receive power from and communicate with an RFID reader, a tag configured to be powered by power received through the RFID antenna and to generate a signal for transmission between the RFID antenna and the RFID reader, and a switch configured to repeatedly turn on and turn off detectability or readability of the tag.
Various embodiments of the invention include a method of controlling an electronic device, the method comprising receiving a wireless RF signal from an RF transmitter, converting the received RF signal into electronic power, generating a wireless return signal using the electronic power, the wireless return signal configured to control the electronic device, placing a switch in a first position to turn on the generation of the wireless return signal, placing the switch in a second position to turn off the generation of the wireless return signal, and returning the switch to the first position to turn on the generation of the wireless return signal.
Various embodiments of the invention include a method of controlling an electronic device, the method comprising receiving a wireless RF signal from an RF transmitter; converting the received RF signal into electronic power; repeatedly changing a switch from a first position to a second position; and generating a wireless return signal using the electronic power, the wireless return signal configured to control the electronic device and being responsive to whether the switch is in the first position and the second position.
Various embodiments of the invention include a system comprising an antenna configured to receive a wireless RF signal from an RF transmitter, a power circuit configured to convert the RF signal into electronic power, a circuit configured to receive the electronic power and to send a wireless response signal in response to the RF signal, and a first switch configured to repeatedly turn on and off a first operation of the circuit under control of a user.
Various embodiments of the invention include a method of receiving control instructions, the method comprising, generating a wireless RF signal, transmitting the wireless RF signal to a RF powered remote control device configured to send a wireless return signal responsive to the states of one or more switches, the return signal being generated and transmitted using power converted from the wireless RF signal, receiving the return signal, and determining the states of the one or more switches using the received return signal.
Various embodiments of the invention include a system comprising a RF transmitter configured to send a wireless RF signal, a controlled device, a RF powered remote control configured to be powered by the wireless RF signal and to send a wireless response signal to the controlled device responsive to a first switch, the first switch configured to be repeatedly turned on and off by a user.
Various embodiments of the invention include a method of operating an RFID tag, the method comprising receiving energy sufficient to power the RFID tag through an RF antenna included in the RFID tag, reading a state from state memory, and sending an RF response through the RF antenna unless the read state is an OFF state.
Various embodiments of the invention include a method of operating an RFID tag, the method comprising receiving energy sufficient to power the RFID tag through an RF antenna included in the RFID tag, reading a state from state memory, sending an RF response through the RF antenna if the read state is an ON state, and disabling the RF response through the RF antenna if the read state is an OFF state.
Various embodiments of the invention include a method of operating an RFID tag, the method comprising receiving energy sufficient to power the RFID tag through an RF antenna included in the RFID tag, reading a state from state memory, sending an RF response through the RF antenna only if the read state is an ON state.
Various embodiments of the invention include a communication device comprising: a 802.11 or cellular transmitter; a user interface configured for a user to enter data; and a switchable RFID tag including an active state and an inactive state and being configured to switch between the active state and the inactive state responsive to the data.
Various embodiments of the invention include communication device comprising: a 802.11 or cellular transmitter; a first slot configured to receive a first memory device having first data to be transmitted by a first RFID tag; a second slot configured to receive a second memory device having second data to be transmitted by the first RFID tag or a second RFID tag; and a user interface configured for a user to select whether to transmit the first data or the second data; the data optionally including financial account information or a digital key to a lock.
Various embodiments of the invention include a portable communication device such as a cellular telephone, a blackberry, a wireless personal digital assistant, or the like. The portable communication device includes an optionally switchable RFID tag configured to communicate with a local device via RFID technology as well as more distant devices using other RF technology such as Bluetooth, WiFi, WiMAX, 802.11 or cellular standards. The communication via the RFID tag is optionally at a different frequency than the communication using other technology. Two separate antennae are optionally used to communicate at these different frequencies. An electronically configurable antenna is optionally used to communicate at these different frequencies.
A user interface of the communication device is configured to control operation of the RFID tag. For example, the user interface may be used to turn on or off operation of the RFID tag, to enter security data into the RFID tag, to enter financial information (e.g., a credit or debit card number into the RFID tag, to enter an identifying number (e.g., telephone number) into the RFID Tag, or to enter account number into the RFID tag. The communication device may be configured for a user to enter the above data into the communication device using the user interface for later transmission (optionally encrypted) using the RFID Tag. For example, a user may enter a credit card number that is later transmitted in an encrypted form to an RFID reader.
In Various embodiments, the communication device is configured to receive one or more memory devices configured to store data such as financial or account information. For example, in some embodiments the communication device includes a plurality of slots configured to receive memory having credit card data stored thereupon. In these embodiments, the memory is used to provide the data to the communication device. A particular communication device is configurable to operate with respect to different financial accounts dependent on which particular memories have been inserted into the slots. Thus, a user may receive a first memory issued by a first bank and a second memory issued by a second bank, and install both the first memory and the second memory into the communication device. The user interface of the communication device may then be used to select which account (e.g., the first bank or second bank accounts) should be used for a particular transaction. For example, activating a first switch may result in a transaction being debited from a first account and activating a second switch may result in a transaction being debited from a second account. In some of these embodiments, the use of RFID is optional. For example, the transactions may be performed using cellular RF transmissions from a cellular telephone.
In some embodiments, the memory device may be configured to fit both a financial card including an RFID tag for transmission of data stored in the memory device, and also to fit within one of one or more slots within a cellular phone or similar communication device. In these embodiments, the memory device is optionally configured to act as a key allowing whatever device it is attached to to engage in a financial transaction.
In some embodiments, the memory devices are each packaged with an optionally switchable RFID tag. Thus, both the memory and the RFID tag are inserted into a slot of the communication device. The communication device need not include an RFID tag prior to insertion of a memory device. In some embodiments, the memory devices further include a separate antenna for use by the RFID tag. In alternative embodiments, the RFID tag is configured to use an antenna previously installed in the communication device.
Various embodiments of the invention include a memory device configured to be disposed within a financial card such as a credit card, to be removed from the credit card and to be inserted into the communication device. Thus, the memory device can be transferred from a credit card to the communication device. In some embodiments, transfer of the memory device includes transfer of an RFID tag. In some embodiments, transfer of the memory device includes transfer of an antenna for use by the RFID tag. In alternative embodiments the RFID tag is configured to use a first antenna included in the credit card and a second antenna included in the communication device, these antenna being separable from the memory device.
In some embodiments the user interface of the communication device is configured to enter an ID of an RFID reader in order to assure that a transaction takes place with the proper RFID reader. For example, in one embodiment several vending machines each include a numbered RFID reader. A user enters the number of a desired member of the several vending machines in order to be sure that the transaction doesn't accidentally occur with an adjacent vending machine.
In some embodiments, the user interface of the communication device is configured for entering an amount of a financial transaction, e.g., an amount of an electronic payment.
In some embodiments, the communication device is configured to use voice recognition to approve an RFID based financial transaction. For example, in some embodiments voice recognition authentication may be required before an RFID tag is activated.
Some embodiments of the invention include a cellular phone configured to use two or more communication modes: one mode for cellular operation and one mode, e.g., RFID, for short range financial transactions or lock operation. These modes may use different frequency ranges.
In some embodiments, a memory device inserted in a slot of the communication device is configured to operate a lock, optionally via RFID. The communication device may be configured to accept more than one memory device configured to activate a lock and/or engage in a financial transaction. In some embodiments, a memory device inserted in a slot of the communication device is configured as a remote control (e.g., as a car remote or a television remote).
In some embodiments, the user interface of the communication device is configured to receive an access code before the RFID tag is detectable. For example, prior to receiving the access code the RFID tag may be disabled from sending radio frequency signals.
In some embodiments, a power source of the communication device is used to power the RFID tag. In these embodiments the RFID tag does not need to generate power from a received inductive or RF signal. In some embodiments, the RFID tag is configured to receive power from the power source of the communication device when the communication device is ON, and to generate power from a received inductive or RF signal when the communication device is off. In some embodiments, the RFID tag is configured to receive power from the power source of the communication device when the communication device is ON, and to be unresponsive when the communication device is off In some embodiments, the RFID tag is configured to receive power from the power source of the communication device when the communication device is ON or OFF. For example, in one embodiment the RFID tag is configured to draw power from the power source of the communication when an incoming signal is detected but to draw reduced or no power from the power source when no incoming signal is detected.
In some embodiments, the RFID tag is included in a replaceable battery cover of the communication device. Thus, the RFID tag may be changed by changing the battery cover. In some embodiments, the RFID tag or memory device is included in a replaceable antenna component of the communication device. In some embodiments the RFID tag or memory device is configured to fit into an audio plug of the communication device. In some embodiments, the memory device or RFID tag is configured to fit into a MiniSD slot of the communication device. In some embodiments, the memory device or RFID tag is configured to fit into the same interface as a power cord of the communication device. In some embodiments the communication device has a form factor that can be opened and closed (e.g., a clamshell cell phone) and operation of the RFID tag is responsive to whether the communication device is open or closed. For example, in one embodiment the RFID tag is inactive unless a cell phone is opened.
Various embodiments of the present invention includes holders (e.g., containers) including radio frequency shielding materials to protect items, such as IDs (identification devices), incorporating RFID tags from being read. In some embodiments, a person can allow information within an RFID tag to be read by removing the item from the holder, while in other embodiments the holder is merely opened or removed to allow the RFID tag to be read. Replacing the item within the holder, or closing the holder, secures the item's RFID tag from unwanted readings from, or detection by, unknown or unauthorized RFID readers. It will be appreciated that items other than IDs, such as library books, consumer electronics, medications, and so forth, can also include, or be packaged with, RFID tags that a person may wish to shield from unauthorized RFID readers. Holders specifically tailored for such items, as well as general purpose holders such as wallets, purses and briefcases, can also include radio frequency shielding (also referred to herein as shielding) according to the present invention.
The holder can be in the general form of a container as an illustrative example, having two similar rectangular sides joined around three edges, being configured to be repeatedly opened and close, and optionally including a closure or flap along the fourth side. Such holders are well suited to the typical shape of most personal IDs such as passports, driver's licenses, green cards, credit and debit cards, medical information cards, insurance cards, medical alerts, student identification cards, security badges, immigration documents, or the like. Typically, the holder is configured to be repeatedly opened and closed to receive the ID.
The holder can also be a case such as a carrying-case for a cell phone or digital camera. The holder can also be a purse, suitcase, backpack, briefcase, satchel, glove compartment, a jewelry container, and the like. In some embodiments, the RF shielding is physically attached to the holder. The holder can alternatively include a checkbook holder, a wallet, a ticket holder, or a windshield visor pocket. Some embodiments of the invention are directed at articles of clothing in which one or more pockets include an attached radio frequency shielding material. Additional embodiments are directed to key holders.
The desirability of RFID shielding for the objects listed above will be readily appreciated. Being able to read an RFID tag on a green card (an immigration document) without the owner of the green card giving consent or being aware that the green card is being read, for example, can enable less scrupulous individuals to engage in improper behaviors. Incorporating RFID shielding into a wallet, purse, or other type of holder would prevent an RFID tag on an item within the holder from being read unless the item is deliberately exposed to the RFID reader, for instance, by removing the item from the holder. In view of the problem of identity theft, such shielding is desirable for credit cards with RFID tags, social security cards with RFID tags, driver's licenses with RFID tags, and so forth.
In some instances the RFID tag is essentially a label that has been attached to an object for inventory or similar purposes. Library books can carry RFID tags, for example. Accordingly, providing RFID shielding for various carrying devices, such as purses, suitcases, book bags, briefcases, and satchels can prevent RFID tags in library books and other objects from being read without permission. In other instances the RFID tag is more integral with an object. Consumer electronics, electronic media, and so forth, can be manufactured to include RFID tags inside of housings, on printed circuit boards, and on electronic components, for example. Often, such devices have specially designed cases such as cell phone cases and camera cases. These cases can also comprise RFID shielding to prevent the RFID tags in the associated devices from being read without authorization.
In some embodiments, the holder is clear (e.g., transparent) so that the ID, such as a driver's license, can be readily seen without having to be removed from the holder. Many wallets include either a plastic sleeve or a leather pocket with a plastic window for this purpose. In some embodiments, of the invention in which at least part of the holder is transparent, the shielding in the transparent region needs to also be transparent. Certain electrically conductive polymers can serve as the RFID shielding material in these embodiments. Other transparent and non-transparent materials for RFID shielding are discussed further herein.
In some embodiments, the holder is designed to allow the ID to be easily and repeatedly removed and returned. For instance, some credit and debit cards have a smaller format (mini-cards) and can be stored in a matching case that can serve as a fob for keys. In some of these embodiments, the holder and the ID card are pivotally attached to one another so that the ID card can flip out from the holder, and in still further embodiments a spring mechanism aids in extending and retracting the ID card. Other cases of the present invention can comprise a clamshell configuration. Such ID card holders of the present invention include an RFID shielding material.
The present invention also provides for articles of clothing designed to include pockets that can shield RFID tags on objects within the pockets. In these embodiments the articles of clothing can be made from a cloth that includes a radio frequency shielding material, or the pocket can be lined with the radio frequency shielding material.
The present invention also provides for key holders comprising RFID shielding. The keys that are held by such key holders can be either mechanical or electronic, where mechanical is used herein to refer to keys meant to fit into mechanical locks such as car keys, house keys, and the like. Electronic keys refer to keys that carry an encoded password on a magnetic strip, a bar code, an RFID tag, or the like. Either type of key can include an RFID tag as either a further component of the locking mechanism or for completely unrelated reasons. An RFID tag on a key is part of the locking mechanism, for example, when the lock reads the RFID tag for some purpose, such as to read the key numbers from RFID tags on different keys in order to track which keys are being used in the lock.
Electronic keys are often placed on ID badges and other forms of identification. An RFID tag with such electronic keys may carry confidential information but be unrelated to the lock mechanism. In some embodiments, the key holder is retractable, and in some of these embodiments the key holder is spring-loaded to automatically retract the key into the key holder.
In the embodiments described herein, the holder, whether an container, case, article of clothing, or key holder, has some form of opening through which the ID or other object having an RFID tag can be transferred. In some embodiments, the holder also includes a closure for closing the opening. In some of these embodiments, the closure can comprise a flap that closes over the opening. In other embodiments the closure is a zipper, Velcro, or related closure device. The closure can provide an electrical contact between opposing sides of the opening, in some instances.
In some embodiments, the RFID shielding material is incorporated into an ID. For example, a passport can include an RFID shielding material in the passport's cover so that an RFID tag within the passport can only be read when the passport is opened. Similarly, a driver's license can include a clamshell cover and base including an RFID shielding material, or a pivoting cover including an RFID shielding material.
The RFID shielding material can be provided in numerous different ways. The radio frequency shielding material can include a conductive material such as a metal or an electrically conductive plastic. The RFID shielding can be attached using adhesive. The radio frequency shielding material can include a mesh with a mesh size small enough to provide shielding against the radio frequency range used by RFID readers. The radio frequency shielding material can be laminated, either by laminating the RFID shielding material to another layer, such as a protective material layer, and/or by laminating together multiple layers of RFID shielding materials. In many embodiments the RFID shielding material is either flexible, transparent, or both. Examples of suitable RFID shielding materials include metal-coated elastomers such as aluminized Mylar and copper-coated plastic sheets and films. In some embodiments, the RFID shielding material is a semi-transparent mesh.
In some embodiments, the RFID shielding material is effective to form a Faraday cage around the ID, object, or key. Closing the closure can be effective to complete the Faraday cage, in some instances. In other embodiments the RFID shielding is used in selective locations in the holder. For example, where a nation's passport includes an RFID tag in a lower right-hand corner of the cover, passport holders designed for that nation's passports need only include RFID shielding above and/or below the location of the RFID tag when the passport is in the passport holder.
The RFID shielding shields an RFID tag from a reader in two ways. First, the RFID shielding greatly reduces the power being broadcast from the reader that reaches the RFID tag within the holder. This cuts the power available to the RFID tag to transmit information back. Secondly, even if the RFID tag receives enough power to transmit, the signal sent from the RFID tag is also attenuated. Accordingly, it will be appreciated that the effectiveness of the RFID shielding can be varied considerably based on choices of radio frequency shielding materials and their thicknesses, mesh sizes, and so forth. In some embodiments, the radio frequency shielding material provides a reduction of input power to the RFID tag by between about 5 db-30 db, 10 db-25 db, 15 db-20 db, or more than 15, 25, 35 or 45 db.
In some embodiments, the container is configured to be repeatedly opened and closed to receive an item including an RFID tag. In some embodiments, the container includes a closure configured to enhance the shielding.
In some embodiments, the container configured to just fit a standard California driver's license. These embodiments may be characterized by inner dimensions of less then 3.5 inches, 3.75 inches, 4 inches or 4.5 inches height, and less than 2.25 inches, 2.5 inches or 2.75 inches in width. In some embodiments, the container is configured to just fit a U.S. passport or a passport issued by another country. These embodiments may be characterized by inner dimensions of less then 5 inches, 5.25 inches, 5.5 inches or 6 inches in height, and less than 3.5 inches, 3.75 inches, 4 inches or 4.5 inches in width.
For example, the Picture 320 illustrated includes Shielding 120 (not shown) that surrounds the RFID Tag 140 while Picture 320 is mounted on Wall 330. Shielding 120 is configured such that the attenuation effect of the shielding will be reduced if Picture 320 is removed from Wall 330. For example, Shielding 120 may be disposed to form a Faraday cage around or interfere with the RFID Tag 140 (e.g. be on the back of the picture, optional standoffs, and/or wall) and if Picture 320 is removed from Wall 330 a resulting gap, or reduction in interference, will allow increased RFID signal transmission between the associated RFID Tag 140 and Reader 210. Picture 320 may alternatively be a statue or some other object designed to sit on a surface with an RFID tag between the object and the surface.
In a similar manner each of the Refrigerator 325, Jewelry Box 330, Chest 335, Monitored Vial 340, Filing Cabinet 345 and Safe 350 includes Shielding 120 configured such that a magnitude of an RFID tag signal received by Reader 210 is dependent on whether the particular container is open or not.
Reader 210 is configured to detect RFID signals from one or more of the RFID Tags 140 and to generate a responsive output signal. In some embodiments, this responsive output signal is a quantitative or qualitative indication of the state of one or more of the containers. The reader is optionally configured to distinguish the signals received from each of the one or more RFID tags and, thus, identify which of the containers is open.
Alarm/Log unit 310 is optionally an alarm system or a logging system configured to activate an alarm or log an event responsive to the output signal of Reader 210. For example, in some embodiments, the Alarm/Log unit 310 is configured to activate an alarm when Picture 320 is removed from the wall or Safe 350 is opened. In some embodiments, the Alarm Log unit 310 is configured to log when Filing Cabinet 345, Chest 335 or Drawers or Refrigerator 325 is opened.
In alternative embodiments, Reader 210 may be placed within the container and RFID Tag 140 outside.
The Reader/Lock Control 710 illustrated in
In various embodiments, Clamshell ID 810 includes a passport, driver's license, credit card, etc. that includes RF shielding in one part (e.g., a page or cover) and an RFID tag in another part (e.g., a different page or cover). Not shown in
In some embodiments, Clamshell ID 810 can be closed in two ways. First, such that a picture and/or other identification information is displayed on the exposed surface of Base 830. Or, second, such that the picture and/or other identification information are covered by Cover 820. These two methods of closure are achieved by rotating Cover 820 and Base 830 relative to each other in different directions around Fold 840. In the first instance, the picture and/or other identification information can be used for identification while RFID Tag 140 is still shielded. Thus, Clamshell ID 810 can be used for identification (non-RFID) without unshielding RFID Tag 140.
When the Clamshell ID 810 is open, the shielding is less close to RFID Tag 140 and, thus, the interference of the shielding is reduced and RFID Tag 140 can be read. The shielding does not necessarily form a Faraday cage around RFID Tag 140 when Clamshell ID 810 is closed. In some embodiments, shielding is not included in the part of Clamshell ID 810 that includes the RFID Tag 140. Clamshell ID 810 is optionally formed by laminating RFID Tag 140 and RF shielding between layers of Cover 820 or to a page disposed between Cover 820 and Base 830. Further visible information such as a name and/or photograph can be placed on any surface of the Clamshell ID. Thus, in some embodiments, this visible information is visible when the Clamshell ID is open or closed. In other embodiments, this visible information is visible only when the Clamshell ID is open.
One embodiment of the invention includes the credit card (16) and case having sides (12) and (14) as illustrated in U.S. patent application Pub. 2004/0117514. In this embodiment, credit card (16) further (additionally) includes an RFID Tag 140 and sides (12) and/or (14) n further include RF shielding, or visa versa. The credit card may be replaced by an alternative type of ID device, e.g., a driver's license, debit card, or others discussed herein.
On embodiment of the invention includes the credit card (3) and holder (1) as illustrated in U.S. patent application Pub. 2005/0011776. In this embodiment, credit card (3) further includes an RFID Tag 140 and the holder (1) further includes RF shielding. The credit card may be replaced by an alternative type of ID device, e.g., a driver's license, debit card, or the like.
One embodiment of the invention includes the carrying case taught in U.S. patent application Pub. 2004/0256469, wherein the carrying case further includes RF shielding.
One embodiment of the invention includes the credit card and pivoting case described in U.S. patent application Pub. 2004/0237360, wherein an RFID tag is included in one part (e.g., the credit card) and shielding in another part (e.g., the case). Thus, when the credit card is pivoted into the case the RFID tag is shielded. One embodiment of the invention includes a credit card and case illustrated in FIG. 10 of U.S. patent application Pub. 2004/0237360. In this embodiment, the credit card includes an RFID Tag 140 and the case includes shielding. The credit card may be replaced by an alternative type of ID device, e.g., a driver's license, debit card, or the like.
One embodiment of the invention includes the security wallet illustrated in U.S. Pat. No. 4,744,497, wherein the security wallet further includes RFID shielding.
Various embodiments of the invention include the foldable transaction cards illustrated in US. Patent Applications Pubs. 2004/0169087 and 2004/0089724, wherein shielding is further included in one side of the fold while RFID Tag 140 is further included in the other side. RFID Tag 140 is shielded when the transaction card is folded closed and unshielded when it is open.
Various embodiments of the invention include the several different folding cards illustrated in U.S. Pat. No. 5,700,037 and Application Pub. 2005/0205665. Wherein these cards further include RFID Tag 140 in one part and shielding in another part, such that in one fold position RFID Tag 140 is shielded by the shielding, and in another fold position RFID Tag 140 is un-shielded.
One embodiment of the invention includes the credit card case illustrated in U.S. patent application Pub. 2002/0117243. Where in the credit card case further includes shielding configured to shield an rfid enabled credit card or other identification device.
By including the RF Shielding 1130 with one of the one or more Page 1230, Clamshell ID 810 can be opened without necessarily removing Shielding 1130 from the vicinity of RFID Tag 140. For example, if RFID Tag 140 is disposed within the back cover, and Clamshell ID 810 is opened such that the inside of the First Cover 1210 is visible, Page 1230 including Shielding 1130 could remain adjacent to Second Cover 1220 and thus limit communication with the RFID Tag 140. To allow communication with RFID Tag 130 Page 1230 including Shielding 1130 is turned such that it moves away from Second Cover 1220. The Shielding 1130 may be attached to Page 1230 or be included within Page 1230. For example, Shielding 1130 may be laminated within Page 1230, be sewn on Page 1230, be glued on Page 1230, be within the material of Page 1230, or otherwise be connected to Page 1230. In various embodiments, Shielding 1130 includes a wire mesh, metallic fibers, metallic particles, metallic thread, or the like. Shielding is optionally attached to a binding of Clamshell ID 810 as Page 1230. Page 1230 is optionally bound to Clamshell ID by stable, pin, wire, thread, adhesive, laminate, or the like.
The size of Shielding Insert 1310 is optionally the same as or slightly smaller then a European Union Passport, a Japanese Passport, a Chinese Passport, a United States Passport, or the like. Alternatively, in various embodiments, Shielding Insert 1310 is configured in size such that it can be attached to Clamshell ID 810 at least greater than 5 mm, 10 mm, 15 mm, 20 mm, 25 mm or 30 mm from Fold 830. For example, Shielding Insert 1310 may be configured to attach to Page 1230 such that Shielding Insert 1310 extends from near an outer edge (opposite Fold 830) of Page 1230 to within 10 mm of Fold 830.
As illustrated in
As illustrated in
As illustrated by
In some embodiments, Switchable RFID Tag 2230 is configured for a user to be able to repeatedly turn on and off the function (e.g., delectability or readability) of Tag 2260 using Switch 2270. Circuit 2250 typically further includes a diode, capacitor, transistor, and/or the like configured to receive power through RFID Antenna 2240 or an inductive coupling and to convey signals between RFID Antenna 2240 and Tag 2260. In some embodiments, Tag 2260 includes an integrated circuit.
Switchable RFID Tag 2230 is differentiated from circuits found in RFID tags of the prior art by at least the inclusion of Switch 2270. Switch 2270 is optical, thermal, magnetic, mechanical, wireless, and/or electronic. Switch 2270 is configured to be activated by a magnetic field, an electric field, a wireless signal, light, heat, mechanical force, and/or an electronic circuit external to Switchable RFID Device 2200. Switch 2270 is optionally a sliding switch, a flip switch, a rotating switch, membrane switch, pushbutton switch, or other mechanical switch known in the art of mechanical switches. In typical embodiments, Switch 2270 is configured for both turning on and turning off function of Tag 2260.
In various embodiments, Switch 2270 is normally open or normally closed, and the function of Tag 2260 can be normally on or normally off. For example, In some embodiments, Switch 2270 is a mechanical contact switch activated by applying pressure to an outside surface of Switchable RFID Device 2200. In some embodiments, when this pressure is applied the functionality of Tag 2260 will be turned on, and when this pressure is not applied the functionality of Tag 2260 will be off. In some embodiments, Switch 2270 is a mechanical contact switch activated using a magnetic field. In some embodiments, Switch 2270 is an electrical switch turned on or off by a circuit external to Switchable RFID Device 2200. For example, Switch 2270 may include two electrical contacts exposed at the exterior of Switchable RFID Tag 2230. When a conductance path, current and/or voltage is applied between these electrical contacts Switch 2270 is turned on, or in alternative embodiments, turned off.
In various embodiments, Switch 2270 functions by creating a short circuit. For example, Switch 2270 can be configured to turn off the function of Tag 2260 by short circuiting RFID Antenna 2240, a diode within Circuit 2250, a capacitor within Circuit 2250, a transistor within Circuit 2250, and/or a connection within Tag 2260.
In various embodiments, Switch 2270 functions by creating an open circuit. For example, Switch 2270 can be configured to create an open circuit between (or within) RFID Antenna 2240, Circuit 2250, and/or Tag 2260.
In some embodiments, Switchable RFID Device 2200 is configured to operate as a key and Switch 2270 is activated to turn on the functions of Tag 2260 by mechanical insertion of the key into a locking device. In these embodiments, the functions of Tag 2260 are typically off when the key is not inserted in the locking device. The locking device is configured to activate Switch 2270 using an electronic circuit, a mechanical force, or a magnetic field.
In alternative embodiments, an instance of Switch 2270 is included in Tag 2260 and/or Circuit 2250. Thus, Switchable RFID Tag 2230 may include a plurality of Switch 2270, one Switch 2270 in Circuit 2250 and one Switch 2270 in Tag 2260. As is described further herein, these instances of Switch 2270 may be configured to perform different functions.
In some embodiments, Switch 2270 is configured to partially limit the functionality of Tag 2260. Thus, Tag 2260 may be configured to respond with data indicating a first state when Switch 2270 is on and to respond with data indicating a second state when Switch 2270 is off. For example, Switch 2270 can be connected to logic circuits of Tag 2260 in such a way that Tag 2260 will transmit a limited amount of data when Switch 2270 is off and a less limited amount of data when Switch 2270 is on. For example, Tag 2260 may be configured to respond with data indicating the name of a person when Switch 2270 is off and to respond with the data including the name, an address, an account number and a telephone number when Switch 2270 is on. When Switch 2270 is connected to a circuit within Tag 2260, Switch 2270 (or a plurality thereof) is optionally configured to separately control detection of and readability of Tag 2260. Detection occurs when Tag 2260 sends any response signal, while readability is a function of the data that may be included in the contents of the response signal.
In various embodiments, Membrane Switch 2600 is included in an identity device such as a passport, driver's license, immigration card, key card, financial card, ID card, or the like. For example, in some embodiments, Membrane Switch 2600 is included within a passport or other identity device having a clamshell configuration. In these embodiments, Flexible Membrane 2620 is optionally disposed toward an interior of the identity device when the identity device is closed. In this position, Flexible Membrane 2620 is protected from inadvertent contact and typically can only be pressed after the identity device is opened.
In various embodiments, Membrane Switch 2600 is included in a financial card (e.g., a credit card, debit card or the like). In some of these embodiments, Flexible membrane 2620 is essentially flush with Surrounding Areas 2650 of the financial card including Surface 2625, as illustrated in
In various embodiments, an Opening 2670 within Membrane Switch 2600 is less than or equal to 2.0 mm, 1.5 mm, 1.75 mm, 1.25 mm, 1.0 mm, 0.75 mm, or 0.5 mm think as measured from Surface 2625 to Surface 2630.
The membrane switch illustrated in
Spacer 2640 optionally extends essentially throughout an identity device. For example, where Switchable RFID Device 2200 is a credit card, Spacer 2640 may extend to the outer edges of the credit card. Flexible Membrane 2620 optionally includes a picture of a user and/or an indication of the location of Opening 2670 in Spacer 2640. In some embodiments, Flexible Membrane 2620 is transparent and Spacer 2640 includes a picture of a user or a credit card number. In some embodiments, Spacer 2640 includes a cavity configured to fit an integrated circuit, the integrated circuit configured to operate as part of Tag 2260 and optionally mounted on Support Layer 2640. In some embodiments, Support Layer 2640 includes conductive traces configured to connect Tag 2260 to an RFID Antenna 2240. In some embodiments, Spacer 2640 is generally rectangular in shape, (e.g., in the shape of a financial card).
In the above and other embodiments, Switchable RFID Tag 2230 is optionally disposed such that the switch mechanism is accessed from the inside of Cover 2830 or Cover 2840, the inside being the sides that face each other when Identity Document 2800 is closed. This orientation is optionally configured to reduce the probability of inadvertently activating Switch 2270 when Identity Document 2800 is closed. For example, in these embodiments, Flexible membrane 2610 may be to the inside (of the closed Identity Document 2800) and Support Layer 2610 may be to the outside. Support Layer 2610 optionally includes a stiffener in the region near Opening 2670.
Switch 3110 and Switch 3120 are configured to control processing logic within Tag 2260. For example, in some embodiments, Switch 3110 and Switch 3120 are configured to provide Boolean (true/false) values to a logic circuit within Tag 2260. Some embodiments include further switches (e.g., 3, 4, 6, 8, 10 or more) configured to control processing logic.
In various embodiments, the processing logic within Tag 2260 can be configured to perform a wide variety of functions responsive to Switch 3110, Switch 3120, and any additional switches present. For example, in some embodiments, the processing logic is configured such that when Switch 3110 is activated a transaction amount is approved and when Switch 3120 is activated the transaction amount is disapproved. Alternatively, Switch 3110 and Switch 3120 may be part of a set of switches used to enter a PIN (personal identification number), an encryption key, an amount, an authorization code, an RFID reader identification number, an identification number associated with Switchable RFID Device 2200, a selection of a mode of Tag 2260, text, numbers, and/or other data.
In some embodiments, data sent by Tag 2260 using RFID Antenna 2240 is responsive to Switch 3110 and/or Switch 3120. For example, in some embodiments, Tag 2260 will send a different identification number depending on whether Switch 3110 or Switch 3120 is activated. In some embodiments, Tag 2260 is configured to allow a transaction up to a certain value if neither Switch 3110 nor Switch 3120 is activated, and progressively higher values if Switch 3110 or Switch 3120 is activated. In some embodiments, Tag 2260 is configured to require that Switch 3110 and Switch 3120 be activated in a specific combination, order and/or with a specific temporal pattern in order to perform some operation, e.g., a financial transaction.
While the embodiment of Switchable RFID Device 2200 illustrated in
In some embodiments, Switchable RFID Device 2200 includes a Memory 3150. Memory 3150 is optionally programmable. For example, in some embodiments, Memory 3150 is programmable using data entered through instances of Switch 3110 and Switch 3120. In some embodiments, Memory 3150 is changed from a write state to a read only state, using Switch 3110. In various embodiments, Memory 3150 is configured to store data to be broadcast, encryption information, data keys, values to be used in conjunction with data entered suing Switch 3110, data for logic processing, identifying data, account data, mode data characterizing a mode of Switchable RFID Tag 2230, or the like. Memory 3150 can be volatile or non-volatile, FLASH, SDRAM, ROM, DDRAM, DRAM, or the like. Some embodiments of the invention include an automated device configured to actuate Switch 2270 in order to place Switchable RFID Tag 2230 in a programmable mode.
For example, in some embodiments, Tag 2260 is configured to output different data via a Data Input/Output 3240 depending on the state of Switch 3110 as determined by the First Logic Input 3210. Tag 2260 is optionally configured to output different data depending on whether a switch coupled to First Logic Input 3210 or a switch coupled to Second Logic Input 3220 is activated. In some embodiments, Tag 2260 is configured to send a signal via Antenna 2240 in response to a signal received and/or energy received via Antenna 2240. The sent signal is responsive to the states of Switches 3610-3612. For example, in some embodiments, Tag 2260 is configured to respond with a specific signal only when Switches 3610-3612 are activated in a specific order, combination, or temporal pattern. In some embodiments, Tag 2260 is configured to receive power via Antenna 2240, examine a state of Switches 3610-3612, and to send data via Antenna 2240 responsive to the examined state.
In some embodiments, the switches illustrated in
In some embodiments, Processing Logic 3350 is configured to process data received through a Data Input From Antenna 3360, to receive power from a Power Input From Antenna 3230, and to generate data for output through a Data Output to Antenna 3370 responsive to the states of Switch 3110, Switch 3130, etc. The generated data is optionally further responsive to data stored in Memory 3150 and/or data received from Data Input from Antenna 3360.
The data received from Memory 3150 can include codes required for Processing Logic 3350 to generate specific data for communication through Data Output to Antenna 3370. For example, in some embodiments, Tag 2260 is configured to output an RF signal only if data in Memory 3150 matches a state of Switches 3110 and 3120. In some embodiments, the state of switches is used to determine which of several different alternative RF signals to transmit. For example, if Switch 3110 is activated then a first signal is transmitted, if Switch 3120 is activated then a second signal is transmitted, and if no switches are depressed than no signal is transmitted or an third signal is transmitted. The first and second signals are optionally associated with different financial accounts and/or different functions.
Some embodiments of the invention include a multiswitch credit card including one or more instances of Tag 2260. This multiswitch credit card optionally is configured to be associated with more than one financial account and switches may be used to indicate which of the more than one financial account should be used for a transaction. In one example, the multiswitch credit card includes an instance of Tag 2260 configured for engaging in a financial transaction responsive to Switch 3110 and also configured to operate an electronic lock responsive to Switch 3120. Multiswitch credit card: Includes one or more switches; Includes RFID device-optionally passive; Single switch can be used to tum on and off RFID; Multiple switches can be used to enter an access code, such as PIN or password; the PIN or password may be encoded in an order of switch state change or a temporal relationship between switch state change, e.g., a temporal pattern; Multiple switches can be used to enter an ID number of an RFID reader. Multiple switches may be embodied in telephone device, such as a cellular phone; Multiple switches may be used to enter an access code based on combinations of switches as well as single switch activation. Single switch activation optionally includes. use of a temporal pattern of switch to generate a code. Switches could be used to indicate amount approval. Switches could be used to select an account. For example, activating a first switch may result in a transaction being debited from a first account and activating a second switch may result in a transaction being debited from a second account.
Cellular phone: Cellular phone configured to use two or more communication modes: one mode for cellular operation and one mode, e.g., RFID, for short range financial transactions or lock operation. These modes may use different frequency ranges. Keys (switches) within cellular phone turn on and off short-range transmissions within the short range mode. Keys within cellular phone configured to enter access code for use in short range mode. Short range mode is optionally passive RFID. For example, the presence of an RFID tag, within the cellular phone, may allow operation of a lock. The cellular phone is optionally configured to receive a plurality of RFID tags. These RFID tags are optionally responsive to switches (e.g., keys) on the cellular phone.
Some embodiments of the invention optionally include programming of Tag 2260 to make associations with the one or more financial account. This programming can include entering data within Memory 3150. Alternatively, Tag 2260 is configured to include a plurality of exchangeable Memory 3150. In these embodiments, Tag 2260 is programmed to operate with different financial accounts and/or functions by inserting different instances of Memory 3150 within Switchable RFID Tag 2230. The multiswitch credit card is, thus, optionally a multi account credit card.
Some embodiments of Switchable RFID Device 2200 are configured to include a plurality of Tag 2260. Each member of the plurality of Tag 2260 may be responsive to one or more switches. In some embodiments, Switchable RFID Device 2200 is configured to receive one or more replaceable instances of Tag 2260. In these embodiments, Switchable RFID Device 2200 may be programmed by replacing an instance of Tag 2260. Multiple instances of Tag 2260 optionally share one instance of RFID Antenna 2240 and/or one instance of Memory 3150.
RF Powered Remote 3500 is optionally used as part of a locking mechanism, such as in a vehicle lock or door lock. RF Powered Remote 3500 is optionally configured to control electronic equipment, such as a computing device, a video recording device, projector, a game, a stereo, or a television. RF Powered Remote 3500 is optionally configured to control a garage door opener.
As illustrated in
In some embodiments, First Switch 3520 and/or Second Switch 3530 are configured to control the collection of power from the RF signal. In some embodiments, First Switch 3520 and/or Second Switch 3530 are configured to prevent the power from flowing through an integrated circuit within the RF Powered Remote 3500. In some embodiments, the First Switch 3520 and/or Second Switch 3530 are configured to decouple an instance of RFID Antenna 2240 within RF Powered Remote 3500. In some embodiments, the First Switch 3520 and/or Second Switch 3530 are configured to prevent data transmission from RF Powered Remote 3500. In some embodiments, First Switch 3520 and/or Second Switch 3530 are configured to control logic within an instance of Tag 2260 within RF Powered Remote 3500. In various embodiments, First Switch 3520 and/or Second Switch 3530 are normally on or normally off. In some embodiments, more than one switch is configured to control logic within the same integrated circuit.
The embodiments of RF Powered Remote 3500 illustrated in
Depending on the state of First Switch 3520 and/or Switch 3530, Tag 2260 may cause the return signal to be transmitted using a Return Signal Generator 3560. Return Signal Generator 3560 is optionally included in Tag 2260. Return Signal Generator 3560 is optionally shared by a plurality of Tag 2260 within RF Powered Remote 3500. In some embodiments, Return Signal Generator 3560 includes an instance of RFID Antenna 2240.
First Switch 3520 and Second Switch 3530 each control Tag 2260, such that the return signal is responsive to the states of these, and optionally further, switches. For example, in some embodiments, if First Switch 3520 is on, then Tag 2260 will include a first data in the return signal, and if Second Switch 3530 is on, then Tag 2260 will include a second (typically different) data in the return signal.
The RF Transmitter 3510 and Controlled Device 3540 are optionally separate. For example, the RF transmitter may be included in an automobile and the controlled device may be a garage door.
In some embodiments, First Switch 3520 is activated by insertion of RF Powered Remote 3500 in part of a locking system.
In some embodiments, First Switch 3520 is coupled to a button configured for turning the volume of an electronic device up and/or Second Switch 3530 is coupled to a different button configured for changing a channel.
In some embodiments, RF Powered Remote 3500 is configured to unlock a car.
In various embodiments, RF Powered Remote 3500 includes a wireless keypad, a wireless computer mouse, a wireless keyboard, a wireless microphone, a key, a telephone, an identity document, or the like.
In some embodiments, RF Powered Remote 3500 is included in a hermetically sealed and/or waterproof housing. Because the RF powered remote is remotely powered, there is no necessity for a battery compartment or power plug.
First Switch 3520 and Second Switch 3530 may include a push-button switch, a membrane switch, a sliding switch, a magnetic switch, or any of the many other switches known in the art to make and break electrical connections. First Switch 3520 is optionally part of a roller, wheel or dial that makes and breaks an electrical connection as it is turned. First Switch 3520 and Second Switch 3530 are optionally embodiments of Switch 2270.
In some embodiments, a single instance of RF Transmitter 3510 is configured to power a plurality of Tag 2260. Each of this plurality of Tag 2260 is optionally configured to control a separate electronic device or operate different functions in a single electronic device. The plurality Tags 2260 optionally included in the same RF Powered Remote 3500.
In some illustrative embodiments, an instance of RF Transmitter 3510 is disposed within a vehicle dashboard and a plurality of Tag 2260 are disposed within a steering wheel of the vehicle or rear view mirror. One of the plurality Tag 2260 is configured to control an audio system and another of the plurality of switchable RFID tags is configured to control a climate system (e.g., air conditioner or heating). In some embodiments, the wireless response signals generated by both of these Tag 2260 is received by a RF receiver and communicated to a circuit that then controls the separate electronic devices. In alternative embodiments, each of the separate electronic devices (e.g., audio system and climate system) includes a separate RF receiver configured to receive the response signals.
Switches 3610-3612 are each configured to make or break an electrical connection, the state of which can be determined by the resistance of electric current flow or the presence of a current or voltage. In some embodiments, Switches 3610-3612 are membrane switches, such as Membrane Switch 2600. In various embodiments, Multiswitch Credit Card 3600 including Switches 3610-3612 is less than 4, 3, 2, 1.5, 1, or 0.5 mm thick. In various embodiments, Switches 3610-3612 are essentially flush with a front surface of Multiswitch Credit Card 3600.
In some embodiments, Circuit 2250 is configured to generate electrical power from the RF signal received via RFID Antenna 2240 for use by one or more instances of Tag 2260. In some embodiments, Circuit 2250 and/or RFID Antenna 2240 are shared by several instances of Tag 2260 within Multiswitch Credit Card 3600. In some embodiments, Multiswitch Credit Card 3600 is configured not to transmit an RF signal unless at least one of Switches 3610-3612 is activated. In some embodiments, Switches 3610-3612 are configured for entering an access code, such as PIN or password. The access code is optionally encoded by an order in which the states of switches are changed, by a switch combination, and/or by a temporal relationship between changes in switch state, e.g., a temporal pattern.
In some embodiments, Switches 3610-3612 are configured for approving the amount of a financial transaction. In some embodiments, Switches 3610-3612 are configured for selecting from among a plurality of financial accounts. For example, activating Switch 3610 may result in a transaction being debited from a checking account, activating Switch 3611 may result in a transaction being applied a first charge account, and activating Switch 3612 may result in a transaction being applied to a second charge account.
In some embodiments, Multiswitch Credit Card 3600 (or other embodiments of Switchable RFID Device 2200) includes encryption logic configured to operate in response to the activation of switches. For example, the encryption logic may be configured to use data received via switches as an encryption or decryption key. The encryption logic may be configured to encrypt data received via switches prior to transmission of this data. In some embodiments, Switchable RFID Tag 2200 is configured to make use of rolling codes for security purposes. In these embodiments, synchronization of the codes is optionally be coordinated by a central server configured to communicate with point of sale stations. In some embodiments, a switch is activated using a biometric sensor. The features described herein with respect to various embodiments of Switchable RFID Device 2200, such as Multiswitch Credit Card 3600, may be included in other types of identity devices.
In various embodiments of the invention, an identity device includes both one or more electrical contact configured to make physical electrical contact with a reader and a RFID tag configured to communicate wirelessly with a reader. The physical contact is optionally used to convey communication that is different from the wireless communication. For example, the physical connection based communication may include programming of a circuit within the RFID tag (e.g., programming account number), while the wireless communication may be more limited than the physical connection based programming, (e.g., the wireless communication may be limited to reading the programmed account number). In another example, the wireless communication may be configured for a limited set of transaction types (e.g., those less than $50, or deposits), while the physical communication is configured for additional transaction types (e.g., larger value withdrawals). Further, the physical communication may be used for downloading transaction logs or other data stored on the ID card. Transaction logs are optionally stored using power received through RFID Antenna 2240.
In various embodiments, an identity device includes a plurality of switches and is configured to engage in a transaction or allow access (to an account, data, or a physical location) responsive to whether proper members of the plurality of switches are pressed. For example, in one embodiment the ID card includes 10 switches configured for a user to enter a PIN (personal identification number) or password. Only when the proper data is entered using the plurality of switches will the ID card participate in certain functions, such as an electronic payment or opening of a lock. As described further herein, different numbers of switches are possible.
In various embodiments, an identity device includes logic configured to process data entered using a plurality of switches. This logic may, for example, prevent the identity device from transmitting an RF signal unless the entered data matches previously stored data, for example, if an entered PIN matches a stored access code. The logic may be responsive to the order of switches activated, combinations of switch activation (e.g., which switches are activated at the same time), or which of the plurality of switches are activated. Timing may be achieved through the use of appropriate RC (resister-capacitor) circuits or a clock signal.
Various embodiments of the invention include a modified version of Basic Access Control. In these embodiments, the logic is configured to prevent the identity device from transmitting certain data unless the data entered using switches on the identity device matches an ID number of a RFID reader making a request. The logic may be configured to implement Basic Access Control, such as that used in electronic U.S. passports, but unlike the system used in current passports, the data entered is an ID of the reader and the data is entered at the passport (or other identity device) rather than at the reader.
In various embodiments, the identity device includes a plurality of switches configured for a user to enter data associated with a reader. For example, in some embodiments, the switches are configured to receive an ID number of a point of sale (POS) device. Logic within the identity device may then use this ID number to assure that a transaction is communicated to the correct POS device. For example, if several vending devices are positioned adjacent to each other, the ID number of one of the vending devices may be entered in the identity device using the plurality of switches and the ID card may then be enabled to engage in a transaction with that particular vending device but not the other nearby vending devices.
Passwords, PINs, or the like received by the identity device through the plurality of switches are optionally stored in volatile memory within the identity device. When the identity device ceases to receive energy through an RF signal the data stored in this volatile memory is discarded (lost). In some embodiments, this data is stored in non-volatile memory and thus retained between RF transmissions.
In some embodiments, the identity device is configured to store an account balance in static memory. Logic within the identity device is optionally configured such that the account balance can only be increased using a physical connection, while the account balance can be debited using a wireless connection. Alternatively, logic within the identity device is optionally configured such that the account balance can only be debited using a physical connection.
Some embodiments of the invention include methods of purchasing using a switchable RFID. The identity device is placed within the reading range of a wireless POS device. One of a plurality of switches within identity device is activated such that an RFID tag will respond to an RF signal from the POS device. The RFID tag responses to the RF signal from the POS by energizing itself using the RF signal and generating a response RF signal. The responsive RF signal includes an account number such as a checking or savings account number, a credit card number, identity number, or the like, responsive to the switch.
In some embodiments, of the invention, one or more instances of Switch 2270 are configured to control whether Tag 2260 (and/or associated memory) are in a programmable state or a non-programmable state. For example, when an instance of Switch 2270 is in a first state writing to non-volatile memory within Tag 2260 is allowed and when Switch 2270 is in a second state writing to the non-volatile memory is not allowed but reading of the non-volatile memory may be allowed. In some embodiments, Switch 2270 is initially in a state wherein the non-volatile memory can be written to and the switch is then irreversible changed to a state wherein the non-volatile memory can no longer be written to.
The irreversible change optionally includes breaking of a conductor. For example, in some embodiments, an RFID enabled identity device is configured such that an instance of Switch 2270 comprises a Conductor 3810 coupled to Tag 2260. As illustrated in
Some embodiments of the invention include a switchable RFID tag is configured to be remotely switched using an RF signal. In some embodiments, in an OFF state, the RFID tag will not transmit a response signal and thus is not remotely detectable using an RF signal. In an ON state, the RFID tag will transmit a response signal. The RFID tag is switched between the ON state and the OFF state through receipt of a specific command or commands, through an RF signal. In alternative embodiments, the RFID tag includes multiple ON states, optionally in combination with an OFF state.
Power Electronics 3920 are configured to receive energy through Antenna 3910 and to power Integrated Circuit 3930 using this received energy. Power Electronics 3920 typically include elements such as a diode, capacitor, transistor, or the like.
Integrated Circuit 3930 includes an Input 3935 configured to receive data from Antenna 3910 and power from Power Electronics 3920. Integrated Circuit 3930 further includes an Output 3940 configured to convey data to Antenna 3910 for transmission as an RF signal.
Integrated Circuit 3930 further includes an optional State Memory 3945 configured to store the current state of the RFID Tag, e.g., ON or OFF. In various embodiments, State Memory 3945 includes a memory location in a static random access memory, a magnetic memory, or the like. In these embodiments, the state stored within State Memory 3945 is preserved without a constant source of power. In some embodiments, State Memory 3945 includes memory configured to store data only while power is available. In this embodiment, the ON state is typically temporary and automatically reverts to the OFF state after power is no longer available.
Integrated Circuit 3930 further includes an optional Data Memory 3950 configured to store data received through Antenna 3910, and/or to be transmitted using Antenna 3910. The data stored in Data Memory 3950 may include a serial number of RFID Tag 3900, identification data, biometric data, medical information, license information, or the like.
Integrated Circuit 3930 further includes a Key Memory 3955 configured to store a key required to change the state of the RFID Tag 3900 from ON to OFF, from OFF to ON, and/or between two ON states. Key Memory 3955 is typically static memory, and optionally read only memory or write-once memory. In other embodiments, the Key Memory 3955 is memory configured for temporary storage of data.
Integrated Circuit 3930 further includes Switch Logic 3960 configured to read the state stored in State Memory 3945 and, responsive to the read state, either transmit or not transmit an RF signal using Antenna 3910. The transmitted data optionally includes data stored in Data Memory 3950. In some embodiments, Switch Logic 3960 is configured to not transmit an RF signal unless the state read from State Memory 3945 indicates that the RFID Tag is in an ON state. In some embodiments, Switch Logic 3960 is configured to read the state stored in State Memory 3945 and, responsive to the read state, transmit one of a plurality of alternative data stored in Data Memory 3950. In some embodiments, Switch Logic 3960 is configured to read the state stored in State Memory 3945 and, responsive to the read state, transmit different amounts of data stored in Data Memory 3950.
In some embodiments, Switch Logic 3960 is configured to receive data through Antenna 3910, to read a key from Key Memory 3955, to compare the received data with the read key, and to change the state stored in State Memory 3945 responsive to this comparison. For example, in some embodiments, if the read key matches the received data, the state of the RFID Tag 3900 is set to ON, or changed from one ON state to another ON state. In some embodiments, Switch Logic 3960 includes logic configured to decrypt or apply a hash function to the received data prior to the comparison. The Switch Logic 3960 can include software, hardware, and/or firmware. In some embodiments, State Memory 3945 is configured to store a rolling code.
In some embodiments, Integrated Circuit 3930 is embodied in several devices. For example, the functionality of Integrated Circuit 3930 may be distributed among several chips. In some embodiments, Key Memory 3955, Antenna 3910, Switch Logic 3960 and/or State Memory 3945 are configured to be shared by more than one instance of Integrated Circuit 3930. For Example, two or more instances of RFID Tag 3900 may be included in a single device and these two or more instances of RFID Tag 3900 may share a single instance of Key Memory 3955, Antenna 3910, Switch Logic 3960 and/or State Memory 3945.
In some embodiments, RFID Tag 3900 further includes a mechanical switch configured to control operation of RFID Tag 3900. This switch may include, for example, Switch 2270 (
In some embodiments, Integrated Circuit 3930 also includes an independent Power Supply 3965 such as a battery or capattery.
In some embodiments, the switchable RFID Tag 3900 of
In a Change State Step 4050, the state of RFID Tag 3900 is changed responsive to results of the comparison made in the Compare Step 4040. In some embodiments, if there is a match between the key and the data then the state of RFID Tag 3900 is set to ON. Setting the state ON optionally includes writing a value to State Memory 3945. In some embodiments, if there is no match between the key and the data then the state is set to OFF. In some embodiments, if there is a match between the key and the data, then the state is set to one of two or more possible ON states. In one of the two or more possible ON states, RFID Tag 3900 can transmit a response RF signal but the data that can be included in the response RF signal is restricted relative to another of the two or more possible ON states. For example, in one embodiment, in one ON state RFID tag 3900 is configured to include a name in the response RF signal, but another ON state RFID tag 3900 is configured to include the name and medical information in the response RF signal.
In some embodiments, RFID Tag 3900 is automatically returned to the OFF state from the ON state, in a Revert Step 4060. For example, in one embodiment the ON state remains only so long as there is charge on a capacitor. When this charge dissipates or is used, the RFID automatically returns to a default OFF state. The automatic switch back to the OFF state can be dependent on when power is no longer received from an RF signal, on the timing characteristics of an RC (resistor-capacitor) circuit, on Switch 2270, on an RF signal received, and/or the like.
The steps shown in
In some embodiments, first data in a transmission is configured to change the state of an RFID tag to ON. Further data in the transmission is then configured to elicit a responding transmission from the RFID tag. After the transmission is concluded the RFID tag automatically reverts to the OFF state. These embodiments optionally include non-volatile memory for storage of the state.
In some embodiments, data in a transmission is configured to change the state of an RFID tag to ON. The ON state persists until the RFID tag receives data configured to change the state of the RFID tag to OFF.
Several embodiments are specifically illustrated and/or described herein. However, it will be appreciated that modifications and variations are covered by the above teachings and within the scope of the appended claims without departing from the spirit and intended scope thereof. For example, an RFID key device may include more than one RFID tag and moving of shielding may be used to determine which RFID tag can communicate with readers. The RFID tags discussed herein may include active or passive contactless circuits configured to transmit identification information. For example, in some embodiments, Tag 2260 is an active rather than a passive RFID tag. Examples discussed herein in relation to credit cards can equally be applied to other types of financial card such as a debit card, or prepaid card. For example, in some embodiments, RFID Tag 3900 is configured to change the ON/OFF state in response to a signal from a point of sale system indicating that an item has been sold. In these embodiments, RFID Tag 3900 is optionally configured to send different signals before and after a sale. A first of the different signals may be used to determine that the item has not yet been sold, and a second of the different signals may be used to determine that the item has been sold and/or may be returned. The features illustrated in
The embodiments discussed herein are illustrative of the present invention. As these embodiments of the present invention are described with reference to illustrations, various modifications or adaptations of the methods and or specific structures described may become apparent to those skilled in the art. All such modifications, adaptations, or variations that rely upon the teachings of the present invention, and through which these teachings have advanced the art, are considered to be within the spirit and scope of the present invention. Hence, these descriptions and drawings should not be considered in a limiting sense, as it is understood that the present invention is in no way limited to only the embodiments illustrated.
This application is a continuation of U.S. non-provisional patent application Ser. No. 17/728,412 filed Apr. 25, 2022; this application is a continuation of U.S. non-provisional patent application Ser. No. 17/697,923 filed Mar. 18, 2022; which is a continuation of U.S. non-provisional patent application Ser. No. 17/522,697 filed Nov. 9, 2021; which in turn is a continuation of U.S. non-provisional patent application Ser. No. 16/186,543 filed Nov. 11, 2018, which in turn is a continuation-in-part of U.S. non-provisional patent application Ser. No. 15/418,726 filed Jan. 28, 2017; which, in turn, is a continuation of U.S. non-provisional patent application Ser. No. 14/660,825 filed Mar. 17, 2015, which in turn is: a continuation in part of U.S. non-provisional patent application Ser. No. 13/481,104 filed May 25, 2012; which is in turn is a continuation of Ser. No. 12/777,474 filed May 11, 2010, which in turn is a continuation of Ser. No. 11/350,309 filed Feb. 7, 2006, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,719,425, and claims benefit of provisional patent applications: 60/678,428 filed May 6, 2005,60/685,331 filed May 27, 2005,60/700,884 filed Jul. 19, 2005,60/712,308 filed Aug. 30, 2005,60/715,641 filed Sep. 10, 2005,60/752,933 filed Dec. 21, 2005, and60/758,751 filed Jan. 13, 2006;a continuation in part of U.S. non-provisional patent application Ser. No. 13/084,433 filed Apr. 11, 2011 which in turn is a continuation of Ser. No. 11/458,620 filed Jul. 19, 2006, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,924,156 which is a continuation in part of: Ser. No. 11/382,052 filed May 7, 2006,Ser. No. 11/382,053 filed May 7, 2006,Ser. No. 11/382,054 filed May 8, 2006,Ser. No. 11/382,264 filed May 8, 2006,Ser. No. 11/382,265 filed May 8, 2006, andSer. No. 11/420,721 filed May 26, 2006,and claims benefit of provisional patent applications:60/700,884 filed Jul. 19, 2005,60/712,308 filed Aug. 30, 2005,60/715,641 filed Sep. 10, 2005,60/752,933 filed Dec. 21, 2005,60/758,751 filed Jan. 13, 2006,60/782,068 filed Mar. 13, 2006,60/744,154 filed Apr. 3, 2006, and60/746,636 filed May 6, 2006, and is a continuation in part of Ser. No. 11/382,050 filed May 7, 2006, which claims benefit of provisional patent applications: 60/678,428 May 6, 2005, and60/685,331 May 27, 2005; anda continuation in part of U.S. non-provisional patent application Ser. No. 14/468,110 filed Aug. 25, 2014, which is a continuation of Ser. No. 12/577,209 Oct. 12, 2009, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,816,826, which claims benefit of Ser. No. 11/468,026 filed Aug. 29, 2006, Ser. No. 14/468,110 claims benefit of provisional patent applications: 60/700,884 filed Jul. 19, 2005,60/712,308 filed Aug. 30, 2005,60/715,641 filed Sep. 10, 2005,60/752,933 filed Dec. 21, 2005,60/758,751 filed Jan. 13, 2006,60/782,068 filed Mar. 13, 2006,60/744,154 filed Apr. 3, 2006, and60/746,636 filed May 6, 2006, and is a continuation in part of CIP Ser. No. 11/382,052 filed May 7, 2006,CIP Ser. No. 11/382,053 filed May 7, 2006,CIP Ser. No. 11/382,054 filed May 8, 2006,CIP Ser. No. 11/382,264 filed May 8, 2006,CIP Ser. No. 11/382,265 filed May 8, 2006,CIP Ser. No. 11/420,721 filed May 26, 2006, andCIP Ser. No. 11/382,050 filed May 7, 2006 which claims benefit of provisional patent applications: 60/678,428 filed May 6, 2005, and60/685,331 filed May 27, 2005. The disclosures of the above provisional and nonprovisional patent applications are hereby incorporated herein by reference.
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| “Spanish Banks to Launch Electronic Purse Scheme”, Smart Card News, Oct. 1993. |
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| “Bank Passbook and Purse in Indonesia”, Smart Card News, Sep. 1993. |
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| “Emergency Health Card Trials to Start in Ireland”, Smart Card News, Mar. 1995. |
| In the United States Court of Federal Claims, Case 1:16-cv-01647-SGB, Document 68, Filed Aug. 17, 2018, 43 pages. |
| International Standard ISO/IEC FEDIS 14443-1: Final Draft. Identification cards—Contactless Integrated circuit{s) cards—Proximity Cards Parts 1: Physical characteristics. ISO/IEC 2000, Jan. 11, 2000. |
| ISO/IEC JTC1/SC-17. Identification cards—Contactless integrated circuit{s) cards—Proximity cards—Part 2: Radio frequency power and signal interface, Oct. 8, 2003. |
| ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 17. Identification cards m Contactless integrated circuit{s) cards—Proximity cards—Part 3: initialization and anticollision, Jul. 27, 2000. |
| ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 17, Identification cards m Contactless integrated circuit{s) cards—Proximity cards—Part 4: Transmission protocol, Dec. 4, 2000. |
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| Machine Readable Travel Documents Technical Report, PKI for Machine Readable Travel Documents offering ICC Read-Only Access. TR-PKI for MRTDs offering ICC Read-Only Access VI. 1. Oct. 4, 2004. |
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| International Standard ISO/IEC 7816, Information Technology. Identification cards. Integrated circuit{s) cards with contacts Part 6: Interindustry data elements. May 18, 2001. |
| International Standard ISO/IEC 7816, Information Technology. Identification cards. Integrated circuit{s) cards with contacts Part 8: Security related interindustry commands. May 18, 2001. |
| International Standard ISO/IEC 7816, Information Technology_ Identification cards. Integrated circuit{s) cards with contacts Part 9: Additional interindustry commands and security attributes. May 18, 2001. |
| International Standard, ISO/IEC 14443-3. Identification Cards Integrated circuit{s) cards with contacts. Part 3: initialization and anticollision. Jul. 4, 2005. |
| International Standard, ISO/IEC 14443-3. Identification Cards Integrated circuit{s) cards with contacts. Proximity cards. Part 4: Transmission Protocol.Jul. 4, 2005. |
| First Draft Aug. 15, 2005, Machine Readable Travel Documents, Aug. 15, 2005. |
| International Standard, ISO/IEC 1443-2. Identification cards. Integrated circuit{s) cards with contacts. Proximity Cards. Part 2: Radio frequency power and signal interface. Sep. 18, 2017. |
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| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 60746636 | May 2006 | US | |
| 60744154 | Apr 2006 | US | |
| 60782068 | Mar 2006 | US | |
| 60758751 | Jan 2006 | US | |
| 60752933 | Dec 2005 | US | |
| 60715641 | Sep 2005 | US | |
| 60712308 | Aug 2005 | US | |
| 60700884 | Jul 2005 | US | |
| 60685331 | May 2005 | US | |
| 60678428 | May 2005 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 17728412 | Apr 2022 | US |
| Child | 17952176 | US | |
| Parent | 17522697 | Nov 2021 | US |
| Child | 17728412 | US | |
| Parent | 16186543 | Nov 2018 | US |
| Child | 17522697 | US | |
| Parent | 14660825 | Mar 2015 | US |
| Child | 15418726 | US | |
| Parent | 12777474 | May 2010 | US |
| Child | 13481104 | US | |
| Parent | 12577209 | Oct 2009 | US |
| Child | 14468110 | US | |
| Parent | 11468026 | Aug 2006 | US |
| Child | 12577209 | US | |
| Parent | 11458620 | Jul 2006 | US |
| Child | 13084433 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 15418726 | Jan 2017 | US |
| Child | 16186543 | US | |
| Parent | 14468110 | Aug 2014 | US |
| Child | 14660825 | US | |
| Parent | 13481104 | May 2012 | US |
| Child | 14468110 | US | |
| Parent | 13084433 | Apr 2011 | US |
| Child | 13481104 | US | |
| Parent | 11420721 | May 2006 | US |
| Child | 11458620 | US | |
| Parent | 11382265 | May 2006 | US |
| Child | 11420721 | US | |
| Parent | 11382054 | May 2006 | US |
| Child | 11382265 | US | |
| Parent | 11382264 | May 2006 | US |
| Child | 11382054 | US | |
| Parent | 11382050 | May 2006 | US |
| Child | 11382264 | US | |
| Parent | 11382053 | May 2006 | US |
| Child | 11382050 | US | |
| Parent | 11382052 | May 2006 | US |
| Child | 11382053 | US |
