Methods to partially reduce a niobium metal oxide and oxygen reduced niobium oxides

Abstract

Methods to at least partially reduce a niobium oxide are described wherein the process includes heat treating the niobium oxide in the presence of a getter material and in an atmosphere which permits the transfer of oxygen atoms from the niobium oxide to the getter material, and for a sufficient time and at a sufficient temperature to form an oxygen reduced niobium oxide. Niobium oxides and/or suboxides are also described as well as capacitors containing anodes made from the niobium oxides and suboxides.

Description

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0002] The present invention relates to niobium and oxides thereof and more particularly relates to niobium oxides and methods to at least partially reduce niobium oxide and further relates to oxygen reduced niobium.

SUMMARY OF THE PRESENT INVENTION

[0003] In accordance with the purposes of the present invention, as embodied and described herein, the present invention relates to a method to at least partially reduce a niobium oxide which includes the steps of heat treating the niobium oxide in the presence of a getter material and in an atmosphere which permits the transfer of oxygen atoms from the niobium oxide to the getter material for a sufficient time and temperature to form an oxygen reduced niobium oxide.

[0004] The present invention also relates to oxygen reduced niobium oxides which preferably have beneficial properties, especially when formed into an electrolytic capacitor anode. For instance, a capacitor made from the oxygen reduced niobium oxide of the present invention can have a capacitance of up to about 200,000 CV/g or more. Further, electrolytic capacitor anodes made from the oxygen reduced niobium oxides of the present invention can have a low DC leakage. For instance, such a capacitor can have a DC leakage of from about 0.5 nA/CV to about 5.0 nA/CV.

[0005] Accordingly, the present invention also relates to methods to increase capacitance and reduce DC leakage in capacitors made from niobium oxides, which involves partially reducing a niobium oxide by heat treating the niobium oxide in the presence of a getter material and in an atmosphere which permits the transfer of oxygen atoms from the niobium oxide to the getter material, for a sufficient time and temperature to form an oxygen reduced niobium oxide, which when formed into a capacitor anode, has reduced DC leakage and/or increased capacitance.

[0006] It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory only and are intended to provide further explanation of the present invention, as claimed.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0007] FIGS. 1-11 are SEMs of various oxygen reduced niobium oxides of the present invention at various magnifications.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PRESENT INVENTION

[0008] In an embodiment of the present invention, the present invention relates to methods to at least partially reduce a niobium oxide. In general, the method includes the steps of heat treating a starting niobium oxide in the presence of a getter material in an atmosphere which permits the transfer of oxygen atoms from the niobium oxide to the getter material for a sufficient time and at a sufficient temperature to form an oxygen reduced niobium oxide.

[0009] For purposes of the present invention, the niobium oxide can be at least one oxide of niobium metal and/or alloys thereof. A specific example of a starting niobium oxide is Nb2O5.

[0010] The niobium oxide used in the present invention can be in any shape or size. Preferably, the niobium oxide is in the form of a powder or a plurality of particles. Examples of the type of powder that can be used include, but are not limited to, flaked, angular, nodular, and mixtures or variations thereof. Preferably, the niobium oxide is in the form of a powder which more effectively leads to the oxygen reduced niobium oxide.

[0011] Examples of such preferred niobium oxide powders include those having mesh sizes of from about {fraction (60/100)} to about {fraction (100/325)} mesh and from about {fraction (60/100)} to about {fraction (200/325)} mesh. Another range of size is from −40 mesh to about −325 mesh.

[0012] The getter material for purposes of the present invention is any material capable of reducing the specific starting niobium oxide to the oxygen reduced niobium oxide. Preferably, the getter material comprises tantalum, niobium, or both. More preferably, the getter material is tantalum. The tantalum getter material for purposes of the present invention is any material containing tantalum metal which can remove or reduce at least partially the oxygen in the niobium oxide. Thus, the tantalum getter material can be an alloy or a material containing mixtures of tantalum metal with other ingredients. Preferably, the tantalum getter material is predominantly, if not exclusively, tantalum metal. The purity of the tantalum metal is not important but it is preferred that high purity tantalum metal comprise the getter material to avoid the introduction of other impurities during the heat treating process. Accordingly, the tantalum metal in the tantalum getter material preferably has a purity of at least about 98% and more preferably at least about 99%. Further, it is preferred that impurities such as oxygen are not present or are present in amounts below about 100 ppm.

[0013] The getter material can be in any shape or size. For instance, the getter material can be in the form of a tray which contains the niobium oxide to be reduced or can be in a particle or powder size. Preferably, the getter materials are in the form of a powder in order to have the most efficient surface area for reducing the niobium oxide. The getter material, thus, can be flaked, angular, nodular, and mixtures or variations thereof. Preferably, the getter material is a tantalum hydride material. A preferred form is coarse chips, e.g., {fraction (14/40)} mesh chips that can be easily separated from the powder product by screening.

[0014] Similarly, the getter material can be niobium and the like and can have the same preferred parameters and/or properties discussed above for the tantalum getter material. Other getter materials can be used alone or in combination with the tantalum or niobium getter materials. Also, other materials can form a part of the getter material.

[0015] Generally, a sufficient amount of getter material is present to at least partially reduce the niobium oxide being heat treated. Further, the amount of the getter material is dependent upon the amount of reducing desired to the niobium oxide. For instance, if a slight reduction in the niobium oxide is desired, then the getter material will be present in a stoichemetric amount. Similarly, if the niobium oxide is to be reduced substantially with respect to its oxygen presence, then the getter material is present in a 2 to 5 times stoichemetric amount. Generally, the amount of getter material present (e.g., based on the tantalum getter material being 100% tantalum) can be present based on the following ratio of getter material to the amount of niobium oxide present of from about 2 to 1 to about 10 to 1.

[0016] Furthermore, the amount of getter material can also be dependent on the type of niobium oxide being reduced. For instance, when the niobium oxide being reduced is Nb2O5, the amount of getter material is preferably 5 to 1.

[0017] The heat treating that the starting niobium oxide is subjected to can be conducted in any heat treatment device or furnace commonly used in the heat treatment of metals, such as niobium and tantalum. The heat treatment of the niobium oxide in the presence of the getter material is at a sufficient temperature and for a sufficient time to form an oxygen reduced niobium oxide. The temperature and time of the heat treatment can be dependent on a variety of factors such as the amount of reduction of the niobium oxide, the amount of the getter material, and the type of getter material as well as the type of starting niobium oxide. Generally, the heat treatment of the niobium oxide will be at a temperature of from less than or about 800° C. to about 1900° C. and more preferably from about 1000° C. to about 1400° C., and most preferably from about 1200° C. to about 1250° C. In more detail, when the niobium oxide is a niobium containing oxide, the heat treatment temperatures will be from about 1000° C. to about 1300° C., and more preferably from about 1200° C. to about 1250° C. for a time of from about 5 minutes to about 100 minutes, and more preferably from about 30 minutes to about 60 minutes. Routine testing in view of the present application will permit one skilled in the art to readily control the times and temperatures of the heat treatment in order to obtain the proper or desired reduction of the niobium oxide.

[0018] The heat treatment occurs in an atmosphere which permits the transfer of oxygen atoms from the niobium oxide to the getter material. The heat treatment preferably occurs in a hydrogen containing atmosphere where is preferably just hydrogen. Other gases can also be present with the hydrogen, such as inert gases, so long as the other gases do not react with the hydrogen. Preferably, the hydrogen atmosphere is present during the heat treatment at a pressure of from about 10 Torr to about 2000 Torr, and more preferably from about 100 Torr to about 1000 Torr, and most preferably from about 100 Torr to about 930 Torr. Mixtures of H2 and an inert gas such as Ar can be used. Also, H2 in N2 can be used to effect control of the N2 level of the niobium oxide.

[0019] During the heat treatment process, a constant heat treatment temperature can be used during the entire heat treating process or variations in temperature or temperature steps can be used. For instance, hydrogen can be initially admitted at 1000° C. followed by increasing the temperature to 1250° C. for 30 minutes followed by reducing the temperature to 1000° C. and held there until removal of the H2 gas. After the H2 or other atmosphere is removed, the furnace temperature can be dropped. Variations of these steps can be used to suit any preferences of the industry.

[0020] The oxygen reduced niobium oxides can also contain levels of nitrogen, e.g., from about 100 ppm to about 30,000 ppm N2.

[0021] The oxygen reduced niobium oxide is any niobium oxide which has a lower oxygen content in the metal oxide compared to the starting niobium oxide. Typical reduced niobium oxides comprise NbO, NbO0.7, NbO1.1, NbO2, and any combination thereof with or without other oxides present. Generally, the reduced niobium oxide of the present invention has an atomic ratio of niobium to oxygen of about 1:less than 2.5, and preferably 1:2 and more preferably 1:1.1, 1:1, or 1:0.7. Put another way, the reduced niobium oxide preferably has the formula NbxOy, wherein Nb is niobium, x is 2 or less, and y is less than 2.5x. More preferably x is 1 and y is less than 2, such as 1.1, 1.0, 0.7, and the like.

[0022] The starting niobium oxides can be prepared by calcining at 1000° C. until removal of any volatile components. The oxides can be sized by screening. Preheat treatment of the niobium oxides can be used to create controlled porosity in the oxide particles.

[0023] The reduced niobium oxides of the present invention also preferably have a microporous surface and preferably have a sponge-like structure, wherein the primary particles are preferably 1 micron or less. The SEMs further depict the type of preferred reduced niobium oxide of the present invention. As can be seen in these microphotographs, the reduced niobium oxides of the present invention can have high specific surface area, and a porous structure with approximately 50% porosity. Further, the reduced niobium oxides of the present invention can be characterized as having a preferred specific surface area of from about about 0.5 to about 10.0 m2/g, more preferably from about 0.5 to 2.0 m2/g, and even more preferably from about 1.0 to about 1.5 m2/g. The preferred apparent density of the powder of the niobium oxides is less than about 2.0 g/cc, more preferably, less than 1.5 g/cc and more preferably, from about 0.5 to about 1.5 g/cc.

[0024] The various oxygen reduced niobium oxides of the present invention can be further characterized by the electrical properties resulting from the formation of a capacitor anode using the oxygen reduced niobium oxides of the present invention. In general, the oxygen reduced niobium oxides of the present invention can be tested for electrical properties by pressing powders of the oxygen reduced niobium oxide into an anode and sintering the pressed powder at appropriate temperatures and then anodizing the anode to produce an electrolytic capacitor anode which can then be subsequently tested for electrical properties.

[0025] Accordingly, another embodiment of the present invention relates to anodes for capacitors formed from the oxygen reduced niobium oxides of the present invention. Anodes can be made from the powdered form of the reduced oxides in a similar process as used for fabricating metal anodes, i.e., pressing porous pellets with embedded lead wires or other connectors followed by optional sintering and anodizing. The lead connector can be embedded or attached at any time before anodizing. Anodes made from some of the oxygen reduced niobium oxides of the present invention can have a capacitance of from about 1,000 CV/g or lower to about 300,000 CV/g or more, and other ranges of capacitance can be from about 20,000 CV/g to about 300,000 CV/g or from about 62,000 CV/g to about 200,000 CV/g and preferably from about 60,000 to 150,000 CV/g. In forming the capacitor anodes of the present invention, a sintering temperature can be used which will permit the formation of a capacitor anode having the desired properties. The sintering temperature will be based on the oxygen reduced niobium oxide used. Preferably, the sintering temperature is from about 1200° C. to about 1750° C. and more preferably from about 1200° C. to about 1400° C. and most preferably from about 1250° C. to about 1350° C. when the oxygen reduced niobium oxide is an oxygen reduced niobium oxide.

[0026] The anodes formed from the niobium oxides of the present invention are preferably formed at a voltage of about 35 volts and preferably from about 6 to about 70 volts. When an oxygen reduced niobium oxide is used, preferably, the forming voltages are from about 6 to about 50 volts, and more preferably from about 10 to about 40 volts. Other high formation voltages can be used. Anodes of the reduced niobium oxides can be prepared by fabricating a pellet of Nb2O5 with a lead wire followed by sintering in H2 atmosphere or other suitable atmosphere in the proximity of a getter material just as with powdered oxides. In this embodiment, the anode article produced can be produced directly, e.g., forming the oxygen reduced valve metal oxide and an anode at the same time. Also, the anodes formed from the oxygen reduced niobium oxides of the present invention preferably have a DC leakage of less than about 5.0 nA/CV. In an embodiment of the present invention, the anodes formed from some of the oxygen reduced niobium oxides of the present invention have a DC leakage of from about 5.0 nA/CV to about 0.50 nA/CV.

[0027] The present invention also relates to a capacitor in accordance with the present invention having a niobium oxide film on the surface of the capacitor. Preferably, the film is a niobium pentoxide film. The means of making metal powder into capacitor anodes is known to those skilled in the art and such methods such as those set forth in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,805,074, 5,412,533, 5,211,741, and 5,245,514, and European Application Nos. 0 634 762 A1 and 0 634 761 A1, all of which are incorporated in their entirety herein by reference.

[0028] The capacitors of the present invention can be used in a variety of end uses such as automotive electronics, cellular phones, computers, such as monitors, mother boards, and the like, consumer electronics including TVs and CRTs, printers/copiers, power supplies, modems, computer notebooks, disc drives, and the like.

[0029] The present invention will be further clarified by the following examples, which are intended to be exemplary of the present invention.

Anode Fabrication
size - 0.197″ dia
3.5 Dp
powder wt = 341 mg
Anode Sintering
1300 Deg C.* 10′
1450 Deg C.* 10′
1600 Deg C.* 10′
1750 Deg C.* 10′
30 V Ef Anodization
30 V Ef @ 60 Deg C./0.1% H3PO4 Electrolyte
20 mA/g constant current
DC Leakage/Capacitance - ESR Testing:
DC Leakage Testing ---
70% Ef (21 VDC) Test Voltage
60 second charge time
10% H3PO4 @ 21 Deg C.
Capacitance - DF Testing:
18% H2SO4 @ 21 Deg C.
120 Hz
50 V Ef Reform Anodization
50 V Ef @ 60 Deg C./0.1% H3PO4 Electrolyte
20 mA/g constant current
DC Leakage/Capacitance - ESR Testing
DC leakage Testing ---
70% Ef(35 VDC) Test Voltage
60 second charge time
10% H3PO4 @ 21 Deg C.
Capacitance - DF Testing:
18% H2SO4 @ 21 Deg C.
120 Hz
75 V Ef Reform Anodization
75 V Ef @ 60 Deg C./0.1% H3PO4 Electrolyte
20 mA/g constant current
DC. Leakage/Capacitance - ESR Testing
DC leakage Testing ---
70% Ef (52.5 VDC) Test Voltage
60 second charge time
10% H3PO4 @ 21 Deg C.
Capacitance - DF Testing:
18% H2SO4 @ 21 DegC.
120 Hz

[0030] Scott Density, oxygen analysis, phosphorus analysis, and BET analysis were determined according to the procedures set forth in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,011,742; 4,960,471; and 4,964,906, all incorporated hereby in their entireties by reference herein.

EXAMPLES

Example 1

[0031] +10 mesh Ta hydride chips (99.2 gms) with approximately 50 ppm oxygen were mixed with 22 grams of Nb2O5 and placed into Ta trays. The trays were placed into a vacuum heat treatment furnace and heated to 1000° C. H2 gas was admitted to the furnace to a pressure of +3psi. The temperature was further ramped to 1240° C. and held for 30 minutes. The temperature was lowered to 1050° C. for 6 minutes until all H2 was swept from the furnace. While still holding 1050° C., the argon gas was evacuated from the furnace until a pressure of 5×10−4 torr was achieved. At this point 700 mm of argon was readmitted to the chamber and the furnace cooled to 60° C.

[0032] The material was passivated with several cyclic exposures to progressively higher partial pressures of oxygen prior to removal from the furnace as follows: The furnace was backfilled with argon to 700 mm followed by filling to one atmosphere with air. After 4 minutes the chamber was evacuated to 10−2 torr. The chamber was then backfilled to 600 mm with argon followed by air to one atmosphere and held for 4 minutes. The chamber was evacuated to 10−2 torr. The chamber was then backfilled to 400 mm argon followed by air to one atmosphere. After 4 minutes the chamber was evacuated to 10−2 torr. The chamber was them backfilled to 200 mm argon followed by air to one atmosphere and held for 4 minutes. The chamber was evacuated to 10−2 torr. The chamber was backfilled to one atmosphere with air and held for 4 minutes. The chamber was evacuated to 10−2 torr. The chamber was backfilled to one atmosphere with argon and opened to remove the sample.

[0033] The powder product was separated from the tantalum chip getter by screening through a 40 mesh screen. The product was tested with the following results.

[0034] CV/g of pellets sintered to 1300° C.×10 minutes and formed to 35

[0035] volts=81,297

[0036] nA/CV (DC leakage)=5.0

[0037] Sintered Density of pellets=2.7 g/cc

[0038] Scott density=0.9 g/cc

[0039] Chemical Analysis (ppm)

C = 70
H2 = 56
Ti = 25 Fe = 25
Mn = 10 Si = 25
Sn = 5  Ni = 5
Cr = 10 Al = 5
Mo = 25 Mg = 5
Cu = 50 B = 2
Pb = 2  all others <limits

Example 2

[0040] Samples 1 through 20 are examples following similar steps as above with powdered Nb2O5 as indicated in the Table. For most of the examples, mesh sizes of the starting input material are set forth in the Table, for example {fraction (60/100)}, means smaller than 60 mesh, but larger than 100 mesh. Similarly, the screen size of some of the Ta getter is given as {fraction (14/40)}. The getters marked as “Ta hydride chip” are +40 mesh with no upper limit on particle size.

[0041] Sample 18 used Nb as the getter material (commercially available N200 flaked Nb powder from CPM). The getter material for sample 18 was fine grained Nb powder which was not separated from the final product. X-ray diffraction showed that some of the getter material remained as Nb, but most was converted to NbO1.1 and NbO by the process as was the starting niobium oxide material Nb2O5.

[0042] Sample 15 was a pellet of Nb2O5, pressed to near solid density, and reacted with H2 in close proximity to the Ta getter material. The process converted the solid oxide pellet into a porous slug of NbO suboxide. This slug was sintered to a sheet of Nb metal to create an anode lead connection and anodized to 35 volts using similar electrical forming procedures as used for the powder slug pellets. This sample demonstrates the unique ability of this process to make a ready to anodize slug in a single step from Nb2O5 starting material.

[0043] The Table shows the high capacitance and low DC leakage capable of anodes made from the pressed and sintered powders/pellets of the present invention. Microphotographs (SEMs) of various samples were taken. These photographs show the porous structure of the reduced oxygen niobium oxide of the present invention. In particular, FIG. 1 is a photograph of the outer surface of a pellet taken at 5,000× (sample 15). FIG. 2 is a photograph of the pellet interior of the same pellet taken at 5,000×. FIGS. 3 and 4 are photographs of the outer surface of the same pellet at 1,000×. FIG. 5 is a photograph of sample 11 at 2,000× and FIGS. 6 and 7 are photographs taken of sample 4 at 5,000×. FIG. 8 is a photograph taken of sample 3 at 2,000× and FIG. 9 is a photograph of sample 6 at 2,000×. Finally, FIG. 10 is a photograph of sample 6, taken at 3,000× and FIG. 11 is a photograph of sample 9 taken at 2,000×.

TABLE
								XRD*	XRD*	XRD*	XRD*
Sam-					Temp	Time	Hydrogen	Major	Major	Minor	Minor	1300X35v	1300X35v
ple	Input Material	Gms	Input Getter	GMS	(° C.)	(min)	Pressure	1**	2**	1***	2***	CV/g	na/CV
1	40	mesh	20 (est)	Ta hydride chips	40 (est)	1240	30	3 psi					81297	5
	calcined Nb2O5
2	60/100 Nb2O5	23.4	Ta hydride chips	65.4	1250	30	3 psi	NbO11	NbO	TaO		115379	1.28
3	60/100 Nb2O5	23.4	Ta hydride chips	65.4	1250	30	3 psi	NbO11	NbO	TaO		121293	2.19
4	100/325 Nb2O5	32.3	Ta hydride chips	92.8	1250	30	3 psi					113067	1.02
5	100/325 Nb2O5	32.3	Ta hydride chips	92.8	1250	30	3 psi					145589	1.42
6	60/100 Nb2O5	26.124	Ta hydride chips	72.349	1250	90	3 psi					17793	12.86
7	60/100 Nb2O5	26.124	Ta hydride chips	72.349	1250	90	3 psi
8	200/325 Nb2O5	29.496	Ta hydride chips	83.415	1250	90	3 psi					17790	16.77
9	60/100 Nb2O5	20.888	Ta hydride chips	60.767	1200	90	3 psi	NbO11	NbO	Ta2O5		63257	5.17
10	60/100 Nb2O5	20.888	Ta hydride chips	60.767	1200	90	3 psi	NbO11	NbO	Ta2O5		69881	5.5
11	200/325 Nb2O5	23.396	Ta hydride chips	69.266	1200	90	3 psi	NbO11	NbO	Ta2O5		61716	6.65
12	200/325 Nb2O5	23.936	Ta hydride chips	69.266	1200	90	3 psi	NbO11	NbO	Ta2O5		68245	6.84
13	200/325 Nb2O5	15.5	14/40 Ta hydride	41.56	1250	30	3 psi	NbO07	NbO	TaO	NbO2	76294	4.03
14	200/325 Nb2O5	10.25	14/40 Ta hydride	68.96	1250	30	3 psi	NbO07	NbO	TaO	NbO2	29281	21.03
15	Nb2O5 pellets	3.49	14/40 Ta hydride	25.7	1250	30	3 psi					70840	0.97
16	200/325 Nb2O5	13.2	14/40 Ta hydride	85.7	1200	30	3 psi	NbO2	NbO07	TaO	NbO	5520	34.33
17	200/325 Nb2O5	14.94	14/40 Ta hydride	41.37	1200	30	3 psi					6719	38.44
18	200/325 Nb2O5	11.92	N200 Nb powder	21.07	1200	30	3 psi	Nb	NbO11	NbO		25716	4.71
19	200/325 Nb2O5	10	14/40 Ta hydride	69	1250	30	100 Torr					108478	1.95
20	200/325 Nb2O5	16	14/40 Ta hydride	41	1250	30	100 Torr					106046	1.66
*X-Ray Defraction Analysis Results
**Major 1 and 2 refer to primary components present by weight.
***Minor 1 and 2 refer to secondary components present by weight.
Samples 11 and 12 had the same input material. Samples 2 and 3 had the same input material. Samples 6 and 7 had the same input material. Samples 9 and 10 had the same input material.

[0044] Other embodiments of the present invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art from consideration of the specification and practice of the invention disclosed herein. It is intended that the specification and examples be considered as exemplary only, with a true scope and spirit of the invention being indicated by the following claims.

Claims

1. A method to at least partially reduce a niobium oxide comprising heat treating the niobium oxide in the presence of a getter material and in an atmosphere which permits the transfer of oxygen atoms from the niobium oxide to the getter material, for a sufficient time and temperature to form an oxygen reduced niobium oxide.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein the niobium oxide is a niobium pentoxide.

3. The method of claim 1, wherein the oxygen reduced niobium oxide is a niobium suboxide.

4. The method of claim 1, wherein the oxygen reduced niobium oxide has a niobium to oxygen atomic ratio of 1:less than 2.5.

5. The method of claim 1, wherein the oxygen reduced niobium oxide has oxygen levels that are less than stoichemetric for a fully oxidized niobium.

6. The method of claim 1, wherein the oxygen reduced niobium oxide has a microporous structure.

7. The method of claim 1, wherein the oxygen reduced niobium oxide has a pore volume of about 50%.

8. The method of claim 1, wherein the hydrogen atmosphere is present in an amount of about 10 Torr to about 2000 Torr.

9. The method of claim 1, wherein the getter material comprises tantalum hydride particles.

10. The method of claim 1, wherein the atmosphere is a hydrogen atmosphere.

11. The method of claim 1, wherein the getter material comprises tantalum, niobium, or both.

12. The method of claim 1, wherein the getter material is {fraction (14/40)} mesh tantalum hydride particles.

13. The method of claim 1, wherein said heat treating is at a temperature of from about 1000° C. to about 1300° C. and for about 10 to about 90 minutes.

14. The method of claim 1, wherein said getter material is tantalum.

15. A niobium oxide having an atomic ratio of niobium to oxygen of 1:less than 2.5.

16. The niobium oxide of claim 15, wherein the atomic ratio is 1:less than 2.0.

17. The niobium oxide of claim 15, wherein the atomic ratio is 1:less than 1.5.

18. The niobium oxide of claim 15, wherein the atomic ratio is 1:1.1.

19. The niobium oxide of claim 15, wherein the atomic ratio is 1:0.7.

20. The niobium oxide of claim 15, wherein the atomic ratio is 1:0.5.

21. The niobium oxide of claim 15, wherein said niobium oxide has a porous structure.

22. The niobium oxide of claim 15, wherein said niobium oxide has a porous structure having from about 0.1 to about 10 micrometer pores.

23. The niobium oxide of claim 15, wherein said niobium oxide comprises NbO, NbO0.7, NbO1.1, or combinations thereof.

24. The niobium oxide of claim 15, wherein said niobium oxide is formed into an electrolytic capacitor anode having a capacitance of up to about 300,000 CV/g.

25. The niobium oxide of claim 15, further comprising nitrogen.

26. The niobium oxide of claim 15, wherein said nitrogen is present in the amount of from about 100 ppm to about 30,000 ppm N2.

27. The niobium oxide of claim 15, wherein said niobium oxide is formed into an electrolytic capacitor anode, said anode having a capacitance of from about 1,000 to about 300,000 CV/g.

28. The niobium oxide of claim 27, wherein said capacitance is from about 60,000 to about 200,000 CV/g.

29. The niobium oxide of claim 15, wherein said anode has a DC leakage of from about 0.5 to about 5 nA/CV.

30. The niobium oxide of claim 15, wherein said niobium comprises nodular, flaked, angular, or combinations thereof.

31. A capacitor comprising the niobium oxide of claim 15.

32. A capacitor comprising the niobium oxide of claim 27.

33. The niobium oxide of claim 25, wherein said niobium oxide is sintered at a temperature of from about 1200° C. to about 1750° C.

34. The niobium oxide of claim 27, wherein said niobium oxide is sintered at a temperature of from about 1200° C. to about 1450° C.

35. The capacitor of claim 31, having a capacitance of from about 1,000 CV/g to about 300,000 CV/g.

36. The capacitor of claim 31, having a capacitance of from about 60,000 CV/g to about 200,000 CV/g.

37. The capacitor of claim 31, having a DC leakage of from about 0.5 to about 5 nA/CV.

38. The capacitor of claim 36, having a DC leakage of from about 0.5 to about 5 nA/CV.

39. A method of making a capacitor anode comprising a) fabricating a pellet of niobium oxide and heat treating the pellet in the presence of a getter material, and in an atmosphere which permits the transfer of oxygen atoms from the niobium oxide to the getter material, and for a sufficient time and temperature to form an electrode body comprising the pellet, wherein the pellet comprises an oxygen reduced niobium oxide, and b) anodizing said electrode body to form said capacitor anode.

40. The method of claim 39, wherein the atmosphere is a hydrogen atmosphere.

41. The method of claim 39, wherein the getter material comprises tantalum, niobium, or both.

42. The method of claim 39, wherein the getter material is tantalum.

43. The method of claim 39, wherein the oxygen reduced niobium oxide has an atomic ratio of niobium to oxygen of 1:less than 2.5.