Patent Application
20050196478
The present invention relates to the methods of producing an active fraction from Lycium barbarum as an effective agent to reduce the death of damaged or undamaged retinal ganglion cells from traumatic injury in mammals. In another aspect, the present invention relates to methods for the protection of retinal ganglion cells following chronic injury in mammals. In yet another aspect, the compositions are used for the treatment of diseases related to cellular damage, including glaucoma and other neurodegenerative diseases.
Glaucomatous optic neuropathy is one of the leading causes of irreversible blindness in the world, the second most common cause of irreversible blindness in U.S. and the most common cause of blindness among blacks. It was estimated in 1966 that nearly 66.8 million persons have primary glaucoma in the world, and 6.7 million persons will suffer from bilateral blindness by the year 2000 (Quigley, 1996; Quigley & Pease, 1996). According to an estimation prepared by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 1997, total number of suspected cases of glaucoma was about 105 million. According to a statistics prepared by Foster and Johnson in 2001, 9.4 million people aged 40 years and older in China was estimated to have glaucomatous optic neuropathy. Of this number, 5.2 million (55%) were blind in at least one eye and 1.7 million (18.1%) were blind in both eyes. This neuropathy reduces vision gradually often without symptoms and therefore individuals having glaucoma were not identified during early stage of glaucoma and before they become blind irreversibly. Visual field loss in glaucoma can be prevented if the disease is detected and treated at early stage.
The major pathological features of glaucoma are the death of retinal ganglion cells (RGSs), cupping and atrophy of optic nerve head leading to the loss of vision. (Leske, 1983; Osborne et al, 1999; Quigley & Green, 1979). RGCs extend their axons through the optic nerve to the visual cortex via the lateral geniculate nucleus in the thalamus (midbrain) (Frost et al, 1979; So et al, 1978 and 1985; Woo et al, 1985). Similar to other neurons in the central nervous system (CNS), RGCs fail to regenerate once they are damaged. Therefore, it is very important to prevent the degeneration of RGCs in any kind of eye diseases, including glaucoma.
The death of retinal ganglion cells in glaucomatous patients is often caused by the elevation of intraocular pressure, although it is not necessary for the progression for the disease (Sarfarazi, 1997). Therefore, all current therapeutic methods for glaucomatous patients target lowering intraocular pressure (IOP). Despite their widespread use in the treatment of glaucomatous optic neuropathy, however, ocular hypotensive agents are not effective in treating a large percentage of people with glaucomatous optic neuropathy. Many people with glaucomatous optic neuropathy have a normal IOP. From 30-50% of people with open angle glaucoma do not initially have ocular hypertension, and as many as 15-50% of patients with glaucomatous optic neuropathy do not have elevated IOP. The absence of increased IOP in certain glaucomatous optic neuropathy patients suggests that there is at least one mechanism other than elevated intraocular pressure that contributes to the optic neuropathy associated with glaucomatous optic neuropathy (Levin, Current Opinion in Ophthalmology 8:9-15, 1997; Levin, Mediguide to Ophthalmology 8:1-5, 1999). Therefore, a considerable effort has been directed toward developing suitable methods for treating glaucomatous optic neuropathy in patients with normal or high IOP, as well as for treating several other optic neuropathies that are not associated with increased IOP.
All the approaches mentioned previously can delay the progressive loss of RGCs but cannot prevent the death of these neurons. While some neuroprotective agents are available, there is still a great need for additional compounds that would be more effective in preventing loss of RGCs from different eye diseases including glaucoma.
Knowledge of mechanisms responsible for natural and experimental optic neuropathy, including axonal transection, optic nerve crush and optic nerve ischemia, may facilitate development of suitable treatments for glaucomatous optic neuropathy and other optic neuropathies affecting the axons of retinal ganglion cells, including ischemic optic neuropathy, inflammatory optic neuropathy, compressive optic neuropathy, and traumatic optic neuropathy. Each of these conditions likely causes apoptosis. The mechanism responsible for initiating apoptosis in retinal ganglion cells has not been unequivocally established. However, it is speculated that decreased retrograde transport of neurotropic factors, decreased levels of endogenous ocular neurotrophins, or any one of several other mechanisms may trigger apoptosis.
A number of animal models have been established to mimic the pathogenic conditions in glaucoma, including ocular hypertension, ocular ischemia and optic nerve transection. Transection of the optic nerve has long been used as an animal model to study the survival and regeneration of RGCs (Cheung et al, 2002; Cho et al, 1999 and 2001; Lu et al, 2003; You et al, 2002). This traumatic injury to the RGCs discontinues the connection between the retina and the brain, resulting in permanent loss of vision. Understanding the mechanisms for the prevention of irreversible loss of RGCs by this model is beneficial to the development of new therapeutic intervention against different eye diseases including glaucoma.
Since an elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) is one of the risk factor in glaucoma, new animal models using monkey or rodent based on ocular hypertension have been developed (Garcia-Valenzuela et al, 1995; Laquis et al, 1998; McKinnon et al, 2002; Mittag et al, 2000; Morrison et al, 1997; Sawada and Neufeld, 1999; Ueda et al, 1998). These models include injection of hypertensive saline, cauterization of episcleral veins, laser photocoagulation on trabecular meshwork, injection of S-antigen and laser photocoagulation to the limbal and episcleral veins. In these studies, an ocular hypertensive model of photocoagulation to the limbal and episcleral veins using argon laser has been employed (Ji et al, 2004; WoldeMussie et al, 2001 and 2002).
Lycium barbarum, a small red berry, is commonly used as traditional Chinese food in home cooking because of its flavour and the general health benefits. It is also used as a herbal medicine for the therapy of a number of eye diseases (Chinese Herbal Medicine Company, 1994; Lam and But, 1999). The red color of the berries is constituted by carotenoid in which only zeaxanthin is present in human macular. Although Lycium barbarum has been widely used in China for centuries with an expected benefit to the visual system, the underlying mechanism of its effect is still not known.
The present inventors recognized the possibility of using such activity and conducted the necessary investigation into that possibility. They found that the aqueous extract isolated from Lycium barbarum could prevent degeneration of RGCs from different kinds of eye diseases.
The present invention provides a method for reducing RGC death in a subject comprising the steps of:
In a preferred embodiment, the extract of step (a) is from Lycium barbarum.
Most conveniently, the effective extract of step (a) is delivered by oral, topical or injection administration, wherein the compound is supplied as a pharmaceutical formulation comprising the effective extract in a therapeutically effective concentration and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier that may suitably be administered to the subject orally.
Another aspect of the invention is a pharmaceutical formulation for reducing RGC death in a subject by the method of the present invention, the formulation comprising an amount of the effective extract or of an active fraction from Lycium barbarum; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof; in a therapeutically effective concentration and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
It is an object of the invention to provide a method for reducing RGC death in a subject susceptible to an increased rate of RGC.
It is a further object of the invention to provide a pharmaceutical formulation for use in reducing RGC death in a subject susceptible to increased RGC death.
It is an advantage that the extract of Lycium barbarum has already been shown to be relatively safe and nontoxic for humans in other clinical indications.
Additional objects, advantages, and features of the invention will become apparent upon review of the instant specification.
The activity of extracts of this invention, including LBE2, on neuroprotection was investigated through daily oral administration to hamsters following optic nerve transection and by examining the effect of LBE2 on protecting RGCs in ocular hypertensive Spraque-Dawley rats.
The present invention was achieved as a consequence of the following investigations:
The dosages of the inventive LBE2 in the experiments described below ranged from 0.01 to 1000 mg/kg orally administered daily for Spraque-Dawley rats; and from 0.17 to 1700 mg/kg for hamsters.
Retinal ganglion cell (RGC) death associated with conditions such as glaucomatous optic neuropathy may be caused by more than one mechanism, including, but not limited to, excitotoxicity, reactive oxygen species-signaled or catalyzed reactions, or high intracellular calcium concentration. This invention showed that the extract of Lycium barbarum could effectively reduce RGC death from chronic and traumatic damage in mammals without any apparent reliance on the particular death mechanism.
Lycium barbarum is a famous Traditional Chinese herbal medicine which has functions of “nourishing the kidney and producing essence, nourishing the liver and brightening eyes”. It has been widely used as health-giving food for 2400 years. Extracts or active fractions of Lycium barbarum are particularly useful in the methods of the invention. “Lycium barbarum,” as used herein, refers to extracts of Lycium barbarum. It is also known as fructus lycii and Gou Qi Zi. A member of the botanical group Lycium is a substance that is capable of providing a similar physiological effect(s) as that provided by Gou Qi Zi in the compositions of the invention, and is preferably selected from a group comprising Fructus lycii; Lycium barbarum L.; Lycium chinense Mill.; Lycium turcomanicum Turcz; Lycium potaninii Pojank; Lycium dasystemum Pojank; Lycium europaeum (non L.); Lycium halimifolium (Mill.); Lycium lanceolatum (Veillard.); Lycium megistocarpum (Dun.); Lycium ovatum.; Lycium subglobosum.; Lycium trewianum. L. vu; Lycium europeum; Lycium halamifolium; Lycium halmifolium; Lycium vulgare.
The active agent of this invention is a hot water (i.e., above about 50° C.) extract which is substantially free of lower alcohol soluble components. The active agent is polyanionic, has a molecular weight of less than 500 kD and is insoluble in at least one of methylene dichloride, chloroform and toluene. It is preferably extracted from Lycium barbarum but may be present in other plants of Solanaceae. Based on the data set forth in the below examples, the preferred extract is a 50° C. to 100° C. water extract and most preferably, an about 70° C. extract.
The extract or active fraction of Lycium barbarum was isolated by the following procedure. First, the dried fruit of Lycium barbarum was extracted by ethanol resulting in an ethanol extract (LBE1). After separation and evaporation of the alcohol, the alcoholic extracted fruit was dried and contacted with hot water (70° C.) and the resulting extract was concentrated and dried as powder designated LBE2. The remaining residue was further extracted by boiling water (100° C.) resulting the powder LBE3. The remaining fruit residue was contacted with 5% NaOH overnight, followed by dialysis for 60 hours and desiccation; the resulting residue was designated LBE4.
The extracts of the invention are substantially free of lower (C1-5) alcohol soluble material and constitute water soluble polysaccharides. LBE2 is the most preferred extract but any extract containing the active LBE2 can used although greater amounts may be necessary to achieve the same level of activity.
The type of glaucoma for which the invention is applicable includes but is not limited to: primary open angle glaucoma, normal pressure glaucoma, pigmentary glaucoma, pesudoexfoliation glaucoma, acute angle closesure glaucoma, absolute glaucoma, chronic glaucoma, congenital glaucoma, juvenile glaucoma, narrow angle glaucoma, chronic open angle glaucoma and simplex glaucoma. “Extract” as used herein, refers to the substances obtained from the specified source plant, or parts thereof (for e.g., fruit, root, bark, leaves). Any method of extraction that yields extracts that retain the biological activity of the substances contained in the extract source can be used to produce extracts used in this invention. Preferably, the ingredients of the compositions of the present invention are extracted as an aqueous solution. The extraction is preferably performed condition of normal pressure, and preferably at elevated temperatures (preferably within a range of 50° C. to 100° C., most preferably about 70° C.). The extract is preferably in a dried powder form. Concentration to powder form is preferably achieved by evaporation. It is understood that any method or conditions known in the art to yield extracts comparable in therapeutic effectiveness to those produced by the preceding preferred extraction method can be used for the purpose of this invention.
Furthermore, the term “extract” also refer to the active ingredients isolated from the fruit or other parts of Lycium barbarum or other natural sources including but not limited to all varieties, species, hybrids or genera of the plant regardless of the exact structure of the active ingredients, from or method of preparation or method of isolation. The term “extract” is also intended to encompass salts, complexes and/or derivatives of the extract which possess the above-described biological characteristics or therapeutic indication. The term “extract” is also intended to cover synthetically or biologically produced analogs and homologs with the same or similar characteristics yielding the same or similar biological effects of the present invention.
The purified composition contemplated for use herein include purified extract fractions having the properties described herein from any plant or species, preferably Lycium barbarum, in natural or in variant form, and from any source, whether natural, synthetic, or recombinant.
As used herein, “pharmaceutical composition” means a formulation containing therapeutically effective amounts of the compound or composition containing the extract of the invention as described above together with suitable diluents, preservatives, solubilizers, emulsifiers and/or carriers. The physical form of such a composition, i.e., solid, liquid, etc., is not limited By a “therapeutically effective amount” it is meant an amount of a Lycium barbarum extract that is sufficient to prevent and preserve RGC against degeneration or retard the degree of degeneration thereof. Of course, what constitutes a therapeutically effective amount will depend on a variety of factors, including, for example, the size, age, and condition of the subject, as well as on the mode of delivery. It is well within the ability of one of ordinary skill in the art to determine effective dosages.
Preferably, the subject is a human experiencing or at risk of developing a condition that is associated with RGC death, including glaucomatous optic neuropathy, ischemic optic neuropathy, inflammatory optic neuropathy, compressive optic neuropathy, and traumatic optic neuropathy. All of the above-mentioned conditions are associated with damage to the axonal region of RGC, as opposed to the cell body.
The Lycium barbarum extract will usually reduce RGC death by at least about 16%. However, it is expected a reduction of RGC death of only 10% or 5% will extend the vision of the treated subject. In a human subject, a reduction in retinal ganglion cell death may be estimated by extrapolation from functional and structural assays.
Functional assays involve evaluating changes in visual function over time, specifically, visual acuity and visual fields. It is reasonably concluded that a reduction in the rate of RGC death following initiation of Lycium barbarum extract treatment may be correlated with a reduction in the rate of loss of visual function over time. Structural assays involve visualizing or measuring the optic nerve head or the optic nerve fiber layer with an ophthalmoscope or other device to assess optic disc atrophy, disc cupping, or loss of nerve fibers.
In one preferred embodiment, a therapeutically effective amount of the Lycium barbarum extract will be administered topically to a human subject exhibiting symptoms of or at risk for developing a disease affecting retinal ganglion cells. Other modes of administration can also be used. The method of the present invention is preferably used to treat a subject with a disorder affecting the axons of retinal cell ganglion cells, including, but not limited to glaucomatous optic neuropathy, ischemic optic neuropathy, inflammatory optic neuropathy, compressive optic neuropathy, and traumatic optic neuropathy.
The pharmaceutically acceptable form of the composition includes a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. Such pharmaceutically acceptable carriers are well known to those skilled in the art and are not limited. Additionally, such pharmaceutically acceptable carriers may be aqueous or non-aqueous solutions, suspensions, and emulsions. Examples of non-aqueous solvents are propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, vegetable oils such as olive oil, and injectable organic esters such as ethyl oleate. Aqueous carriers include water, alcoholic/aqueous solutions, emulsions or suspensions, including saline and buffered media. Parenteral vehicles include sodium chloride solution, Ringer's dextrose, dextrose and sodium chloride, lactated Ringer's or Axed oils. Intravenous vehicles include fluid and nutrient replenishers, electrolyte replenishers such as those based on Ringer's dextrose, and the like. Preservatives and other additives may also be present, such as, for example, antimicrobial, antioxidants, collating agents, inert gases and the like.
Controlled or sustained release compositions include formulation in lipophilic depots (e.g. fatty acids, waxes, oils). Also comprehended by the invention are particulate compositions coated with polymers (e.g. polyoxamers, polyoxamines, polyethylene glycol) and the extract coupled to antibodies directed against tissue-specific receptors, ligands or antigens or coupled to ligands of tissue-specific receptors. Other embodiments of the compositions of the invention incorporate particulates, protective coatings, protease inhibitors or permeation enhancers for various routes of administration, including parenteral, pulmonary, nasal and oral. Suitable excipients are, for example, water, saline, dextrose, glycerol, ethanol, or the like and combinations thereof. In addition, if desired, the composition can contain minor amounts of auxiliary substances such as wetting or emulsifying agents, pH buffering agents which enhance the effectiveness of the active ingredient.
The active extract can be formulated into the therapeutic composition as neutralized pharmaceutically acceptable salt forms. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts include the acid addition salts and which are formed with inorganic acids such as, for example, hydrochloric or phosphoric acids, or such organic acids as acetic, oxalic, tartaric, mandelic, and the like. Salts formed from the free carboxyl groups can also be derived from inorganic bases such as, for example, sodium, potassium, ammonium, calcium, or ferric hydroxides, and such organic bases as isopropylamine, trimethylamine, 2-ethylamino ethanol, histidine, procaine, and the like.
In the therapeutic methods and compositions of the invention, a therapeutically effective dosage of the active component is provided. An amount based on patient characteristics (age, weight, sex, condition, complications, other diseases, etc.) will be selected, as is well known in the art. Furthermore, as further routine studies are conducted, more specific information will emerge regarding appropriate dosage levels for treatment of various conditions in various patients, and the ordinary skilled worker, considering the therapeutic context, age and general health of the recipient, is able to ascertain proper dosing. Generally, for intravenous injection or infusion, dosage may be lower than for intraperitoneal, intramuscular, or other route of administration. The dosing schedule may vary, depending on the circulation half-life, and the formulation used. The compositions are administered in a manner compatible with the dosage formulation in the therapeutically effective amount. Precise amounts of active ingredient required to be administered depend on the judgment of the practitioner and are peculiar to each individual. However, suitable dosages may range from about 0.01 mg/kg to 1700 mg/kg, more preferably about 0.01 to 1000 mg/kg, and most preferably about 10 mg/kg, of active ingredient per kilogram body weight of individual per day and depend on the route of administration. Suitable regimes for initial administration are also variable, and may be typified by an initial administration followed by repeated doses at one or more hour intervals by a subsequent injection or other administration. Alternatively, continuous intravenous, infusion sufficient to maintain concentrations of ten nanomolar to ten micromolar in the blood are contemplated.
The data provided in the Examples below demonstrate the invention. The examples below show that extract of Lycium barbarum protects axotomized RGC against cell death. Because axonal injury to RGC is implicated in most optic neuropathies, including glaucomatous optic neuropathy, inflammatory optic neuropathy, compressive optic neuropathy, and traumatic optic neuropathy, it is reasonably concluded that the RGC of an individual experiencing or at risk for developing one of these conditions will be protected by treating the individual with extract of Lycium barbarum.
The following examples are presented in order to more fully illustrate the preferred embodiments of the invention. They should in no way be construed, however, as limiting the broad scope of the invention.
Animals
The experimental procedures conformed to the guidance of National Institutes of Health, U.S.A., for the care and use of laboratory animals. All efforts were made to minimize the number of animals used and their suffering.
The neuroprotective effect of four extracts isolated from Lycium barbarum was investigated. Adult hamsters (6-8 weeks, 60-80 g) were received optic nerve transection on their right eyes while their left eyes remained intact to serve as an internal control. All of the optic nerve were transected at 1.5 mm away from the optic disc. Immediately after injury, RGCs were labeled retrogradely by the use of a fluorescent dye called Fluorogold (FG). The RGCs in the left eyes were labeled 2 days before sacrificing the animals by the same method. By 7 days following the lesion, hamsters were euthanized under deep anesthesia (a lethal dose of sodium pentobarbitone). The retinae were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde and were divided into four quadrants: superior, inferior, nasal and temporal. The whole retinae were then mounted on slides and examined under a fluorescent microscope. Labeled RGCs were counted along the median line of each quadrant starting from the optic disc to the peripheral border of the retina at 500 μm intervals, under an eyepiece grid of 200×200 μm. The percentages of surviving RGCs after different treatments were expressed by comparing the number of surviving RGCs in the injured eyes with their contralateral eyes.
By 7 days following optic nerve transection, there were 36.3±0.92% surviving RGCs retained in the vehicle-treated control group (
Immediately following optic nerve transection, adult hamsters (6-8 weeks, 60-80 g) were fed with LBE2 daily (ranging from 0.17 to 1700 mg/kg) until euthanization (n=5 in each group). RGCs were labeled retrogradely with FG. Labeled RGCs were counted along each quadrant of retina (superior, inferior, nasal and temporal). In the control group of hamsters receiving vehicle, 31.3±0.87% of RGCs was retained 7 days following optic nerve transection (
The neuroprotective effect of different doses of LBE2 was investigated using an ocular hypertension model of Spraque-Dawley (SD) rats with 6 rats in each group. Adult SD rats (10-12 weeks, 250-280 g) were divided into different groups receiving vehicle (control) or LBE2 daily (ranging from 0.01 mg/kg to 1000 mg/kg) for 1 week. One week later, rats were received photocoagulation on their right eyes while their left eyes remained intact to serve as an internal control. Rats were continued to be fed with either vehicle or LBE2 until euthanization. Argon laser photocoagulation was applied to the limbal veins and 3 episcleral veins (2 superior and 1 inferior at the temporal area) under an operation microscope. In the first laser surgery, 120-140 laser spots (1000 μV, 0.1 s) were applied to the limbal and episcleral veins. To maintain an ocular hypertension, a second laser surgery with 60-120 spots was applied to block any vascular reconnection. The intraocular pressure (IOP) was measured to monitor the hypertensive condition by using a hand-held tonometer. IOP level was recorded before laser photocoagulation (as basal level) and 3 days after each laser photocoagulation (as post-operative IOP record).
Four days before sacrificing the animals, RGCs were retrogradely labeled with a fluorescent dye called Fluorogold (FG) and placed onto the superior colliculi of both sides of the midbrain of the rats. Rats were kept for 2 weeks after the first laser photocoagulation and euthanized with an overdose of anesthesia (ketamine and xylazine). The eyes were enucleated and fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde. The fixed eyeball was divided into two halves. The superior part included the optic disc and 2 mm optic nerve was left for further analysis. The inferior retinae were flat mounted onto gelatin-coated glass slides. FG-labeled RGCs were counted at 400× magnification. Seven adjacent areas (200×200 μm2) with each 500 μm separated (from optic disc to the peripheral) along each quadrant were taken. A total of 21 predefined fields were counted, which represented approximately 3.0 to 3.8% of the total retinal area (Laquis et al, 1998). FG-labeled RGCs showing condensed nuclei or fragmented nuclei were excluded (Nickells, 1999). Total number of living RGCs at the predefined areas in the injured eye was compared to that in the contralateral eye. The data is expressed in terms of relative percentage of FG-labeled RGCs loss in the injured eye to the contralateral intact eye, loss of FG-labeled RGCs (% contralateral, mean±SEM).
In the ocular hypertensive model, 17.0±1.1% of RGCs was lost in the injured eyes of the vehicle-treated control rats 2 weeks following the lesion (
Adult Spraque-Dawley rats (10-12 weeks, 250-280 g) were induced to have ocular hypertension by laser photocoagulation. In all groups, the right eyes of the rats were photocoagulated by argon laser while their left eyes were unoperated as the contralateral control. Argon laser photocoagulation was applied to the limbal veins and 3 episcleral veins (2 superior and 1 inferior). Rats were fed daily with either vehicle (control) or LBE2 at concentrations ranging from 0.01 mg/kg to 1000 mg/kg one week prior to the laser photocoagulation until sacrifice (n=6 in each group). The intraocular pressure (IOP) was measured by a hand-held tonometer before laser photocoagulation and 3 days after each laser operation to monitor their hypertensive condition. Before laser application, the basal IOP of both eyes was 14.6±0.4 mmHg (
To investigate the possible chronic toxicity of LBE2 on adult hamsters (6-8 weeks, 60-80 g) in the optic nerve transection model, the body weight and mortality of the hamsters were recorded before and 7 days after optic nerve transection (n=8 in each group). Data are expressed as the change in body weight before and 7 days after the lesion (
In adult Spraque-Dawley rats (10-12 weeks, 250-280 g) receiving LBE2 orally from 7 days before the induction of ocular hypertension to 14 days afterwards, the body weight and mortality of the rats were recorded to examine the possible chronic toxicity of LBE2 (n=6 in each group). The increase in body weight of the rats fed with LBE2 was similar to that of the vehicle-treated control rats (
To investigate whether the LBE2 demonstrate any toxic effect in normal young Spraque-Dawley rats (4 weeks), rats were fed with 10 g/kg of LBE2 for 2 weeks (n=8 in each group). The change of body weight of rats before and after oral administration of LBE2 and also the number of rats which died were recorded. Data were obtained from 3 independent experiments. The results (
Acute toxicity for the LBE2 treatment was investigated by using the LD50 value as the standard. Normal adult Spraque-Dawley rats (10-12 weeks, 250-280 g) were divided into groups receiving either vehicle or different dosages of LBE2 (0.01 mg/kg, 1000 mg/kg and 10000 mg/kg). By 24 hours after oral administration, the number of dead rats was counted in each group. The results (
Various changes and modifications can be made to the present invention without departing from the spirit and scope thereof. The embodiments illustrated were for further exemplification of the invention and were not intended to limit it.
The full citation of the references cited above, and incorporated herein by reference are:
Enhanced survival and regeneration of axotomized retinal ganglion cells by a mixture of herbal extracts. J Neurotrauma 19: 369-78.
This application is a non-provisional based on U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/547,061, filed Feb. 25, 2004, which is incorporated herein in its entirety by reference.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 60547061 | Feb 2004 | US |
