Embodiments of the invention relate generally to electrical distribution systems, and more particularly to electrical distribution systems implementing micro -electromechanical system based switching (MEMS) devices.
To protect against fire and equipment damage, electrical equipment and wiring must be protected from conditions that result in current levels above their ratings. Electrical distribution systems employ protective devices to operate (open the electrical circuit) in case of such an over-current condition. A typical electrical distribution system includes protective devices that can be found in residential, commercial, & industrial applications. Electrical distribution systems form a tree-like structure with a main incoming power (trunk) feeding ever smaller and smaller distribution lines (branches). Typically, the distribution branches break the power into smaller lines that step-down the voltage with a transformer and distribute the power to the load circuits.
Due to the enormous costs associated with a power outage (downtime, productivity loss, critical system loss, for example), it may be of interest in some applications for the system to stay online at all times unless other conditions determine otherwise. Therefore, the protection devices should operate (take power offline) under such circumstances where an over-current vault may result in an undesirable outcome is present on the distribution line, in addition, when a fault (especially a short circuit fault) occurs, it is desirable for the first and only the first protection device upstream of the fault to operate; a system in which only the closest protection device upstream of the fault trips is said to be selectively coordinated. A coordinated system serves to ensure that only the necessary equipment is taken offline during a failure and thus minimises the costs or power outages. For instance, if a fault occurs at a load and the system is selective, then only the adjacent protective device should operate; leaving all other load circuits unaffected by the fault. If the system is not selective, the distribution branch protective device, or even the main power input device, might operate taking all the loads downstream offline unnecessarily.
Electrical systems presently use either a fuse or a circuit breaker to perform over-current protection. Fuses rely on heating effects (1^2*t) to operate. They are designed as weak points in the circuit and each successive fuse closer to the load must be rated for smaller and smaller currents. In a short circuit, condition all upstream fuses see the same heating energy and the weakest one, by design the closest to the fault will be the first to operate. Fuses however are one-time devices and must be replaced alter a fault occurs. Circuit breakers on the other hand can be reset. However, to protect against a short circuit fault, some types of circuit breakers employ electromagnetic trip devices. These electromagnetic trip devices rely on the current level present and not on heating effects to trip the circuit breaker. The quick reaction to large currents makes it difficult to have a selective protection scheme with circuit breakers, which may result in increased complexity of a circuit breaker for use in such applications.
Accordingly, there exists a need in the art for a systems and methods for current limiting to provide selectively coordinated protection for electrical distribution systems.
Disclosed herein is a method in an electrical distribution system, the method including determining if there is a fault condition in a branch of the electrical distribution system, the branch having a plurality of micro electromechanical system (MEMS) switches, re-closing a MEMS switch of the plurality of MEMS switches, which is furthest upstream in the branch and determining if the fault condition is still present.
Further disclosed herein is an electrical distribution system, including an input port for receiving a source of power, a main distribution bus electrically coupled to the input port, a service disconnect MEMS switch disposed between and coupled to the input port and the main distribution bus and a plurality of electrical distribution branches electrically coupled to the main distribution bus.
These and other features, aspects, and advantages of the present invention will become better understood when the following detailed description is read with reference to the accompanying drawings in which like characters represent like parts throughout the drawings, wherein:
Exemplary embodiments include systems and methods for using the current limiting function of the MEMS+HALT functionality to provide selectively coordinated protection for electrical distribution systems, which provides a system solution that ensures the most downstream protection MEMS switch closest to the fault is the only MEMS switch activated. In exemplary embodiments, a determination is made whether there is a fault condition in a branch of an electrical distribution system, the branch having a plurality of MEMS switches. In exemplary embodiments, each device is selective in its determination of the fault. Rapid changes in current and the time for which to react to a short circuit fault can make it difficult to obtain selectivity. In the event of a fault occurring with more than one protective device tripping, a re-closing methodology is implemented. In exemplary embodiments, the methodology re-closes the MEMS switch of the plurality of MEMS switches, which is furthest upstream of the branch and determining if the fault condition is still present.
As illustrated in
In a presently contemplated configuration as will be described in greater detail with reference to
Turning now to
In accordance with further aspects of the present technique, a load circuit 40 may be coupled in series with the first MEMS switch 20. The load circuit 40 may include a voltage source VBUS 44. In addition, the load circuit 40 may also include a load inductance 46 LLOAD, where the load inductance LLOAD 46 is representative of a combined load inductance and a bus inductance viewed by the load circuit 40. The load circuit 40 may also include a load resistance RLOAD 48 representative of a combined load resistance viewed by the load circuit 40. Reference numeral 50 is representative of a load circuit current ILOAD that may flow through the load circuit 40 and the first MEMS switch 20.
Further, as noted with reference to
In one embodiment, the first MEMS switch 20 may be coupled in parallel across midpoints of the balanced diode bridge 28. The midpoints of the balanced diode bridge may include a first midpoint located between the first and second diodes 30, 32 and a second midpoint located between the third and fourth diodes 34, 36. Furthermore, the first MEMS switch 20 and the balanced diode bridge 28 may be tightly packaged to facilitate minimization of parasitic inductance caused by the balanced diode bridge 28 and in particular, the connections to the MEMS switch 20. It may be noted that, in accordance with exemplary aspects of the present technique, the first MEMS switch 20 and the balanced diode bridge 28 are positioned relative to one another such that the inherent inductance between the first MEMS switch 20 and the balanced diode bridge 28 produces a di/dt voltage less than a few percent of the voltage across the drain 22 and source 24 of the MEMS switch 20 when carrying a transfer of the load current to the diode bridge 28 during the MEMS switch 20 turn-off which will be described in greater detail hereinafter. In one embodiment, the first MEMS switch 20 may be integrated with the balanced diode bridge 28 in a single package 38 or optionally, the same die with the intention of minimizing the inductance interconnecting the MEMS switch 20 and the diode bridge 28.
Additionally, the arc suppression circuitry 14 may include a pulse circuit 52 coupled in operative association with the balanced diode bridge 28. The pulse circuit 52 may be configured to detect a switch condition and initiate opening of the MEMS switch 20 responsive to the switch condition. As used herein, the term “switch condition” refers to a condition that triggers changing a present operating state of the MEMS switch 20. For example, the switch condition may result in changing a first closed state of the MEMS switch 20 to a second open state or a first open state of the MEMS switch 20 to a second closed state. A switch condition may occur in response to a number of actions including but not limited to a circuit fault or switch ON/OFF request.
The pulse circuit 52 may include a pulse switch 54 and a pulse capacitor CPULSE 56 series coupled to the pulse switch 54. Further, the pulse circuit may also include a pulse inductance LPULSE 58 and a first diode DP 60 coupled in series with the pulse switch 54. The pulse inductance LPULSE 58, the diode DP 60, the pulse switch 54 and the pulse capacitor CPULSE 56 may be coupled in series to form a first branch of live pulse circuit 52, where the components of the first branch may be configured to facilitate pulse current shaping and timing. Also, reference numeral 62 is representative of a pulse circuit current IPULSE that may flow through the pulse circuit 52.
In exemplary embodiments, the MEMS switch 20 may be rapidly switched (for example, on the order of picoseconds or nanoseconds) from a first closed state to a second open state while carrying a current albeit at a near-zero voltage. This may be achieved through the combined operation of the load circuit 40, and pulse circuit 52 including the balanced diode bridge 28 coupled in parallel across contacts of the MEMS switch 20.
Reference is stow made to
In exemplary embodiments, the soft switching system 11 may be configured to perform soft or point-on-wave (PoW) switching whereby one or more MEMS switches in the switching circuitry 12 may be closed at a time when the voltage across the switching circuitry 12 is at or very close to zero, and opened at a time when the current through the switching circuitry 12 is at or close to zero. By closing the switches at a time when the voltage across the switching circuitry 12 is at or very close to zero, pre-strike arcing can be avoided by keeping the electric field low between the contacts of the one or more MEMS switches as they close, even if multiple switches do not all close at the same time. Similarly, by opening the switches at a time when the current through the switching circuitry 12 is at or close to zero, the soft switching system 11 can be designed so that the current in the last switch to open in the switching circuitry 12 tails within the design capability of the switch. As alluded to above and in accordance with one embodiment, the control circuitry 72 may be configured to synchronize the opening and closing of the one or more MEMS switches of the switching circuitry 12 with the occurrence of a zero crossing of an alternating source voltage or an alternating load circuit current.
Turning to
Although for the purposes of description.
The exemplary MEMS switch 20 may include three contacts. In one embodiment, a first contact may be configured as a drain 22, a second contact may be configured as a source 24, and the third contact may be configured as a gate 26. In one embodiment, the control circuitry 72 may be coupled to the gate contact 26 to facilitate witching a current state of the MEMS switch 20. Also, in certain embodiments, damping circuitry (snubber circuit) 33 may be coupled in parallel with the MEMS switch 20 to delay appearance of voltage across the MEMS switch 20. As illustrated, the damping circuitry 33 may include a snubber capacitor 76 coupled in series with a snubber resistor 78, for example.
Additionally, the MEMS switch 20 may be coupled in series with a load circuit 40 as further illustrated in
As previously noted, the defection circuitry 70 may be configured to detect occurrence of a zero crossing of the alternating source voltage or the alternating load current ILOAD 50 in the load circuit 40. The alternating source voltage may be sensed via the voltage sensing circuitry 80 and the alternating load current ILOAD 50 may be sensed via the current sensing circuitry 82. The alternating source voltage and the alternating load current may be sensed continuously or at discrete periods for example.
A zero crossing of the source voltage may be detected through, for example, use of a comparator such as the illustrated zero voltage comparator 84. The voltage sensed by the voltage sensing circuitry 80 and a zero voltage reference 86 may be employed as inputs to the zero voltage comparator 84. In turn, an output signal 88 representative of a zero crossing of the source voltage of the load circuit 40 may be generated. Similarly, a zero crossing of the load current ILOAD 50 may also be detected through use of a comparator such as the illustrated zero current comparator 92. The current sensed by the current sensing circuitry 82 and a zero current reference 90 may be employed as inputs to the zero current comparator 92. In turn, an output signal 94 representative of a zero crossing of the bad current ILOAD 50 may be generated.
The control circuitry 72, may in turn utilize the output signals 88 and 94 to determine when to change for example, open or close) the current operating state of the MEMS switch 20 (or array of MEMS switches). More specifically, the control circuitry 72 may be configured to facilitate opening of the MEMS switch 20 in an arc-less manner to interrupt or open the load circuit 40 responsive to a detected zero crossing of the alternating load current ILOAD 50. Additionally, the control circuitry 72 may be configured to facilitate closing of the MEMS switch 20 in an arc-less manner to complete the load circuit 40 responsive to a detected zero crossing of the alternating source voltage.
In one embodiment, the control circuitry 72 may determine whether to switch the present operating state of the MEMS switch 20 to a second operating state based at least in part upon a state of an Enable signal 96. The Enable signal 96 may be generated as a result of a power off command in a contactor application, for example. In one embodiment, the Enable signal 96 and the output signals 88 and 94 may be used as input signals to a dual D flip-flop 98 as shown. These signals may be used to close the MEMS switch 20 at a first source voltage zero after the finable signal 96 is made active (for example, rising edge triggered), and to open the MEMS switch 20 at the first load current zero after the Enable signal 96 is deactivated (for example, falling edge triggered). With respect to the illustrated schematic diagram 19 of
As previously noted, in order to achieve a desirable current rating for a particular application, a plurality of MEMS switches may be operatively coupled in parallel (for example, to form a switch module) in lieu of a single MEMS switch. The combined capabilities of the MEMS switches may be designed to adequately carry the continuous and transient overload current levels that may be experienced by the load circuit. For example, with a 10-amp RMS motor contactor with a 6× transient overload, there should be enough switches coupled in parallel to carry 60 amps RMS for 10 seconds. Using point-on-wave switching to switch the MEMS switches within 5 microseconds of reaching current zero, there will be 160 milliamps instantaneous, flowing at contact opening. Thus, for that application, each MEMS switch should be capable of “warm-switching” 160 milliamps, and enough of them should be placed in parallel to carry 60 amps. On the other hand, a single MEMS switch should be capable of interrupting the amount or level of current that will be flowing at the moment of switching.
The over-current protection device 110 further comprises logic circuitry 125; wherein the logic circuitry 125 is responsible for controlling the normal operation as well as recognizing fault conditions (such as setting the trip-tune curve for timed over-currents, allowing programmability or adjustability, controlling the closing/re-closing of specified logic, etc.) Current/voltage sensing within the logic circuit 125 cart provide the voltage and current measurements needed implement logic for over-current protection operations, and for maintaining responsibility the energy diversion circuits utilize for cold switching operations. The MEMS protection circuitry 130 is similar in configuration and operation to the pulse circuit 52 as described above. The line power continues through to the arc MEMS protection circuitry 130 and the switching circuits 120 via line 113. As described herein, the are MEMS protection circuitry 130 and the switching circuits 120 determine opening and closing of the lone power to the load 150 as well as provide the short circuit and overload protections by opening during a fault condition. The are MEMS protection circuitry 130 and the switching circuits 120 are coupled via line 114 and work in unison through coordination from the logic circuits 125 via line 117 (see
Lastly, the switching circuitry 120 is implemented, wherein the switching circuit includes a switching module containing the MEMS device arrays. The witching module is in configuration and operation to the MEMS switch 20 as described above. In exemplary embodiments, the switching circuit 120 can further include an isolation contactor, wherein the isolation contactor is utilized to isolate input line 111 to output load 150 when the over-protection current device 110 is not activated or when the over-current protection device 110 is tripped.
The over-current protection device 110 of
In exemplary embodiments, power for the logic circuit 125 is drawn from a phase-to-phase differential and teed through a surge suppression component. A main power stage component distributes power at various voltages in order to feed the control logic, the over-current protection device charging circuits, and the MEMS switch gate voltages 140. A current and voltage sensor feeds the timed and instantaneous over-current logic, which in turn controls the MEMS switch gate voltage and the over-current protection circuit's 130 triggering circuits.
In exemplary embodiments, MEMS over-current protection devices 110 (see
In exemplary embodiments, trip time curves of the various MEMS switches in the system 200 can be adjusted. As such, the most downstream components could be made to trip at lower levels of over-current. The MEMS switches can open quickly enough that the current would not reach the threshold of the next device. In exemplary embodiments, re-closing the MEMS switches is implemented in response to certain events such as, but not limited to noise on the line, high energy faults, etc. As such, if the threshold of the next MEMS switch is reached at the same time as the MEMS switch closest to the fault, thus tripping multiple MEMS switches. Such inevitable variations, particularly with MEMS devices with close thresholds is thus addresses by the selectivity provided by the re-closing methods described herein. For example, MEMS switches 235, 240, 245 can be configured to trip at 100A, MEMS switch 230 can be configured to trip at 300A, MEMS switch 216 can be configured to trip at 900A, and the service disconnect MEMS switch 215 configured to trip at 2700A. As such, if there is a fault condition, only the MEMS switch that is closest to the fault trips. Therefore, a fault near the MEMS switches 235, 240, 245 selectively trips one or more of the closest MEMS switches 235, 240, 245. This type of system configuration is similar to conventional use in circuit breakers, in which the upstream circuit breakers are configured with slower and slower trip times. However, since circuit breakers are slow to respond and faults rise much higher than the trip point, selectivity may be difficult to attain due to the relatively slow response times and design tolerances of the circuit breakers. In exemplary embodiments, selectivity of the systems 200 is attained by setting increasingly faster speeds at which the MEMS switches open and close, the closer the MEMS switches are to the loads. Therefore, the speed at which the MEMS switches open once a trip threshold is reached achieves selectivity and predictability of the system 200. The selected speeds limit the current overshoot past the trio point.
In exemplary embodiments, all MEMS switches can be networked together via a protocol medium (e.g., Ethernet, power line communication (PLC), wireless, etc.) A network of MEMS devices can increase functionality and allow for a large decrease the trip thresholds. In exemplary implementation, trip levels on all MEMS switches can be set via the network, to lower the levels for example, because nuisance tripping does not result in much downtime. For example, given the following trip settings: MEMS switches 235, 240, 245 set to trip at 100A, MEMS switch 230 set to trip at 150A, MEMS switch 216 set to trip at 400A, and the service disconnect MEMS swatch 215 configured to trip 800A, if there is a fault at the load downstream of the MEMS switches 235, 240, 245, then the MEMS switches 215, 216, 230, 235, 240, 245 ail see the fault current. Although the speed settings of all the MEMS switches 215, 216, 230, 235, 240, 245 are set to provide selectivity, it is possible that MEMS switches 215, 216 still may trip even with enhanced selectivity provided by the MEMS switches. Such a non-selective trip may occur because the threshold settings of the MEMS switches 235, 240, 245 compared to MEMS switch 230 ere close. However, an open/close methodology can be implemented such that the MEMS network could re-close upstream MEMS switches until only the MEMS switch closest to the fault is left open. In addition, the switch furthest downstream could re-close using the rapid re-closing method described in another application to verify that a fault truly exists on the system and thus eliminate nuisance tripping. The MEMS network could then provide this information to maintenance personnel for a diagnostic of the system 200. Such a methodology also eliminates nuisance tripping because the system would re-close devices, not see a fault condition, and continue with normal operation.
In the above-described methodology 700, it is appreciated that the MEMS switches further include a methodology to determine an over-current condition, which further includes a determination whether or not a trip is a nuisance trip. For example, a nuisance trip may occur because of noise adjacent the MEMS switch or from a motor start on the system 200, which can appear to be a short-circuit. As such, a nuisance trip can be caused upstream beyond the closest MEMS switch (for example, for MEMS switches with close thresholds as discussed above).
In view of the foregoing. It will be appreciated that embodiments of the electrical distribution systems and methods described herein implement the current limiting function of the MEMS+HALT functionality to provide selectively coordinated protection for electrical distribution systems, which provides a system solution that ensures the most downstream protection MEMS switch closest to the fault is the only MEMS switch activated.
While the invention has been described with reference to exemplary embodiments, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes may be made and equivalents may be substituted for elements thereof without departing from the scope of the invention. In addition, many modifications may be made to adapt a particular situation or material to the teachings of the invention without departing from the essential scope thereof. Therefore, it is intended that the invention not be limited to the particular embodiment disclosed as the best or only mode contemplated for carrying out this invention, but that the invention will include all embodiments failing within the scope of the appended claims. Also, in the drawings and the description, there have been disclosed exemplary embodiments of the invention and, although specific terms may have been employed, they are unless otherwise stated used in a generic and descriptive sense only and not for purposes of limitation, the scope of the invention therefore not being so limited. Moreover, the use of the terms first, second, etc. do not denote any order or importance, hut rather the terms first, second, etc. are used to distinguish one element front another. Furthermore, the use of the terms a, an, etc. do not denote a limitation of quantity, but rather denote the presence of at least one of the referenced item.
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