Patent Application
20110094102
The disclosure relates to micro-fluid ejection heads and, in a particular exemplary embodiment, to thin film heater resistors having high resistance.
Micro-fluid ejection devices such as ink jet printers continue to experience wide acceptance as economical replacements for laser printers. Micro-fluid ejection devices also are finding wide application in other fields such as in the medical, chemical, and mechanical fields. As the capabilities of micro-fluid ejection devices are increased to provide higher ejection rates, the ejection heads, which are the primary components of micro-fluid devices, continue to evolve and become more complex.
For example, higher resistance heater materials may be required in order to provide relatively large micro-fluid ejection head substrates so as to achieve faster fluid ejection speeds while using lower driving currents and lower nucleation energies. Higher resistance heater materials may also be required in order to provide ejection heads having less sensitivity to parasitic resistance thereby providing more consistent ejection droplet amounts. Accordingly, there continues to be a need for improved heater materials for micro-fluid ejection heads that can provide higher resistance, especially those that have greater bulk resistance and sheet resistance uniformity and a lower temperature coefficient of resistivity (TCR).
In one of the disclosed exemplary embodiments, a micro-fluid ejection head is provided that has relatively high resistance thin film heaters. The thin film heaters are made of silicon, metal and carbon (SiMC wherein M is a metal, such as chromium). The thin film heaters have a sheet resistance ranging from about 100 to about 600 ohms per square, and the SiMC thin film material of the heaters has a thickness ranging from about 100 to about 800 Angstroms.
In another exemplary embodiment, there is provided a method for making a micro-fluid ejection head, such as one for a micro-fluid ejection device. The method includes depositing a thin film material comprising silicon, metal and carbon (SiMC wherein M is a metal such as chromium) adjacent to a surface of a substrate to form a thin film resistive layer. The thin film resistive layer has a sheet resistance ranging from about 100 to about 600 ohms per square, a thickness ranging from about 100 to about 800 Angstroms, and a bulk resistivity ranging from about 300 to about 4000 μohm·cm. Anode and cathode conductors are defined adjacent to the thin film resistive layer to provide thin film heaters.
An advantage of the exemplary embodiments is that they may provide improved micro-fluid ejection heads having thermal ejection heaters that have lower energy requirements and less sensitivity to parasitic resistance. The heater resistors described herein may also have increased resistance which, for example, enables the resistors to be driven with smaller drive transistors, thereby reducing the substrate area required for active devices to drive the heater resistors. A reduction in the area required for active devices to drive the heaters enables the use of a smaller substrate, thereby reducing the cost of the ejection heads.
Further advantages of the exemplary embodiments may become apparent by reference to the detailed description of the exemplary embodiments when considered in conjunction with the following drawings illustrating one or more non-limiting aspects of thereof, wherein like reference characters designate like or similar elements throughout the several drawings as follows:
With reference to
The exemplary micro-fluid ejection head 14 includes a substrate 16 and a nozzle plate 18 containing nozzles 20. The cartridge 10 may be removably attached to a micro-fluid ejection device such as an ink jet printer 22 (
An enlarged cross-section view, not to scale, of a portion of the micro-fluid ejection head 14 is illustrated in
Fluid can be provided to the fluid chamber 32 through an opening 34 in the substrate 16 and through a fluid channel 36 connecting the opening 34 with the fluid chamber 32. The nozzle plate 18 can be adhesively attached to the substrate 16 as by adhesive layer 38. As depicted in
Referring again to
A plan view, not to scale of the micro-fluid ejection head 14 is illustrated in
An active area 48 of the substrate 16 (e.g., including the driver transistors 46) is illustrated in detail in a plan view of the active area 48 in
Reducing the driver transistor 46 active area width, indicated by (W), may, for example, reduce the size of the substrate 16 required for the micro-fluid ejection head 14. In an exemplary embodiment, the active area 48 of the substrate 16 may have a width dimension W ranging from about 100 to about 400 microns and an overall length dimension D ranging from about 6,300 microns to about 26,000 microns. The driver transistors 46 may be provided at a pitch P ranging from about 10 microns to about 84 microns, for example.
In one exemplary embodiment, the active area 48 of a single driver transistor 46 on substrate 16 may have an active area width (W) ranging from about 100 to less than about 400 microns and an active area 48 of less than about 15,000 μm2. The smaller active area 48 may be achieved by use of driver transistors 46 having gate lengths and channel lengths ranging from about 0.8 to less than about 3 microns.
The resistance of the driver transistor 46 is proportional to its width W. The use of smaller driver transistors 46 increases the resistance of the driver transistor 46. The resistance of the heater 30 may be increased proportionately to maintain a constant ratio between the heater resistance and the driver transistor resistance. A benefit of a higher resistance heater 30 is that the heater requires less driving current, which can allow more heaters to be simultaneously fired. Using higher resistance heaters can also reduce sensitivity to parasitic resistance, wherein such reduced sensitivity can result in less ejection variation between different combinations of heaters being fired. In combination with other features of the heater 30, the exemplary embodiments may provide an ejection head 14 having higher efficiency and an ejection head 14 capable of higher frequency operation.
One approach to providing a higher resistance heater 30 is to use a higher aspect ratio heater, that is, a heater having a length significantly greater than its width. However, such high aspect ratio design tends to trap air in the fluid chamber 32. Another approach to providing a high resistance heater 30 is to provide a heater made from a thin film material having a higher sheet resistance. One such material is TaN. However, relatively thin TaN has inadequate aluminum barrier characteristics thereby making it less suitable than other materials for use in micro-fluid ejection devices. Aluminum barrier characteristics can be particularly important when the resistive layer is extended over and deposited in a contact area for an adjacent transistor device. Without a protective layer, for example TiW, in the contact area, the thin film TaN is insufficient to prevent diffusion between aluminum deposited as the contact metal and the underlying silicon substrate.
Accordingly, a suitable heater 30 may be a thin film heater made of a thin film material derived from silicon, a metal (M), and carbon, such as one having the following formula SixMyCz. Exemplary metals that can be used in such an embodiment include, but are not limited to, chromium, hafnium, molybdenum, tantalum, titanium, tungsten, and zirconium. At least in the case where the metal (M) is chromium or tantalum, x, y, and z can be integers each ranging from about 10 to about 60 and x+y+z=100.
In the case of an embodiment utilizing SixCryCz, the heater 30 may be formed by a sputtering process wherein a silicon/chromium/carbon target is sputtered adjacent to the substrate 16 in the presence of argon gas. The silicon/chromium/carbon target may have an exemplary composition ranging from about 20 to about 70 atomic percent silicon, from about 10 to about 50 atomic percent chromium, and from about 10 to about 40 atomic percent carbon. The resulting exemplary heater 30 may have a deposited resistive layer composition ranging from about 30 to about 60 atomic percent silicon, from about 20 to about 40 percent chromium, and from about 10 to about 30 atomic percent carbon. Exemplary bulk resistivities of such heaters 30 may range from about 300 to about 4000 micro-ohms-cm.
A process that may be used to sputter a silicon-chromium-carbon resistor material is described for example in U.S. Pat. No. 4,862,143, the relevant disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. The sputtering process can be a non-reactive sputtering process. Such a non-reactive sputtering process may result in resistor films having better film uniformity (e.g., since no reactive gas is used during the sputtering). A benefit of the use of thin, high resistance silicon/metal/carbon heaters made according to an exemplary embodiment is that such heaters should have exceptionally good uniformity for both bulk and sheet resistivity. For example, exemplary SixCryCz heaters have shown very high film uniformities, such as where the amount of heater film sheet resistance variation across multiples wafers (wafer-to-wafer non-uniformity) has been less than about ±2% (wherein it has been determined that such variations across multiple wafers should ideally be less than about +12%). In the case of at least SixCryCz, such heaters should also have a relatively low TCR (e.g., the inventors believe a TCR of less than 200 ppm/° C., such as a TCR of about −60 ppm/° C., can be achieved with SixCryCz).
A more detailed illustration of a portion of an ejection head 14 showing an exemplary heater stack 64 including a heater 30 made according to the above described process is illustrated in
After depositing the thin film resistive layer 66, a conductive layer 68, made of a conductive metal such as gold, aluminum, copper, and the like, is deposited on the thin film resistive layer 66. The conductive layer 68 may have a suitable thickness known to those skilled in the art, but typically has a thickness ranging from about 0.4 to about 0.6 microns. After deposition of the conductive layer 68, the conductive layer is etched to provide anode 68A and cathode 68B contacts to the resistive layer 66 and to define the heater 30 between the anode and cathode 68A and 68B.
In another embodiment, a thin barrier layer is deposited between resistive layer and conductive layer, such as to prevent electromigration and material interaction between the resistive layer and the conductive layer. Suitable barrier layer materials can include, for example, titanium, and titanium-tungsten.
A passivation layer 70 may be deposited on the heater 30 and anode and cathode 68A and 68B. The layer 70 may be comprised of a material such as diamond-like carbon, doped diamond-like carbon, silicon oxide, silicon oxynitride, silicon nitride, silicon carbide, and a combination of silicon nitride and silicon carbide. The layer 70 may have a thickness ranging from about 1000 to about 8000 Angstroms.
After depositing the passivation layer 70, a cavitation layer 72 may be deposited and etched to cover the heater 30. A particularly suitable cavitation layer 72 is one comprising tantalum and having a thickness ranging from about from about 1000 to about 6000 Angstroms.
It is often desirable to keep the passivation layer 70 and cavitation layer 72 as thin as possible yet provide suitable protection for the heater 30 from the corrosive and mechanical damage effects of the fluid being ejected. Thin layers 70 and 72 may reduce the overall thickness dimension of the heater stack 64 and provide reduced power requirements and increased efficiency for the heater 30.
Once the cavitation layer 72 is deposited, this layer 72 and the underlying layer or layers 70 may be patterned and etched to provide protection of the heater 30. A dielectric layer, such as one comprised of silicon dioxide, can be deposited over the heater stack 64 and other surfaces of the substrate to provide insulation between subsequent metal layers that are deposited on the substrate for contact to the heater drivers and other devices.
At numerous places throughout this specification, reference has been made to a number of U.S. patents and/or patent publications. The relevant portions of all such cited documents are expressly incorporated in full into this disclosure as if fully set forth herein.
The foregoing embodiments are susceptible to considerable variation in their practice. Accordingly, the embodiments are not intended to be limited to the specific exemplifications set forth hereinabove. Rather, the foregoing embodiments are within the spirit and scope of the appended claims, including the equivalents thereof available as a matter of law.
The patentees do not intend to dedicate any disclosed embodiments to the public, and to the extent any disclosed modifications or alterations may not literally fall within the scope of the claims, they are considered to be part hereof under the doctrine of equivalents.
This is a divisional application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/683,572 filed Mar. 8, 2007, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,673,972, entitled “MICRO-FLUID EJECTION DEVICES, METHODS FOR MAKING MICRO-FLUID EJECTION HEADS, AND MICRO-FLUID EJECTION HEADS HAVING HIGH RESISTANCE THIN FILM HEATERS.”
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 60883905 | Jan 2007 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 11683572 | Mar 2007 | US |
| Child | 12690955 | US |
