Micro-fuel cell sensor apparatus and method

Abstract

An apparatus for measuring partial hydrogen pressure in a gas stream is described. The apparatus includes a housing with micro-fuel cell sensor disposed therein. The sensor includes a sensing element having first and second gas diffusing electrodes spaced from one another with an acidic electrolyte disposed between the electrodes. A first gas permeable membrane separates the first electrode from an external gas stream. A second gas permeable membrane separates the second electrode from atmospheric air. Electrochemical charging of the first electrode occurs when hydrogen from a gas stream diffuses through the first membrane to react with the first electrode, while the potential of the second electrode remains unchanged. The potential difference between the first and second electrodes measured as current is identified to represent the sensor output.

Description

[0002] This invention relates to a sensor for the measurement of hydrogen content in a gas stream. More particularly, it relates to a sensor for determining the hydrogen partial pressure by measuring the electric current generated by the reaction of hydrogen in a gas stream with oxygen from ambient air.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0003] Industrial uses of hydrogen require a simple and sensitive device for detecting hydrogen leaks and for measuring hydrogen concentrations. Prior art detectors have a long response time to hydrogen. For example, one such detector sold under the trade name Hydran is devoted primarily for the continuous monitoring of slowly variable hydrogen concentrations and has a response time on the order of minutes. Several attempts have been made in the past to improve the response time of hydrogen detectors without much success.

[0004] Moreover, known hydrogen detectors failed to consider characteristics influencing the sensor response time. Thus, there is a need for an efficient sensor with a fast response time for analyzing hydrogen content and determining hydrogen partial pressure in gas streams.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0005] Accordingly, the present invention is directed to a micro-fuel cell sensor apparatus and method for the measurement of hydrogen content and hydrogen partial pressure in a gas stream. The sensor is disposed in a fuel-cell housing. The sensor includes a sensing element having first and second gas diffusing electrodes spaced from one another. A fuel-cell spacer having an acidic electrolyte is disposed between the two electrodes. The first electrode is spaced from a first gas permeable membrane by a first cavity, the first membrane being disposed proximate to the housing base.

[0006] A second gas permeable membrane is disposed opposite to the first membrane and away from the housing base. Oxygen from atmospheric air is continuously supplied to the second gas diffusing electrode by way of natural diffusion through the second gas permeable membrane. The second electrode is spaced from the second membrane by a second cavity. The amount of oxygen supplied to the second electrode exceeds the amount required for stochiometric reaction with hydrogen diffused through the first membrane.

[0007] The above described sensor is disposed in a sensor body having a chamber defined therein for accommodating the sensor. An external gas stream is received in the sensor body via an opening therein. A sensor cover having a recess sealingly mates with the sensor body, the recess in the cover opening into the chamber in the sensor body.

[0008] The sensor cover further includes a connector for providing electrical connection to the sensor and also for facilitating measurement of the sensor output. The sensor cover also includes a third gas permeable membrane for supplying oxygen by way of natural diffusion from atmospheric air. Oxygen diffused into the sensor body through the third membrane enters the sensor by way of further diffusion through the second membrane. Excess oxygen may be furnished at the second electrode by an appropriate selection of second and third membranes. The first membrane is chosen to have a high permeability to hydrogen and lower permeability to gases having molecular dimensions that are higher than hydrogen.

[0009] In its assembled state, when hydrogen from a gas stream diffuses selectively through the first membrane into the first cavity facing the first gas diffusing electrode, electrochemical charging of the first electrode occurs at a potential corresponding to hydrogen concentration in the first cavity, while the potential of the second electrode remains unchanged. The potential difference created between the first and second electrodes produces a current flow measured by connecting the first and second electrodes through a load resistance. The current measured as a voltage drop across the load resistance represents the micro-fuel cell sensor output.

[0010] In one aspect, the present invention thus provides a sensor for measuring partial hydrogen pressure in a gas stream, the sensor including a housing, a sensing element comprising first and second gas diffusing electrodes spaced from one another, a fuel-cell spacer having an acidic electrolyte disposed between the first and second electrodes, a first gas permeable membrane separating the first electrode from the gas stream; and a second gas permeable membrane separating the second electrode from atmospheric air. Preferably, the first membrane has higher permeability to hydrogen and lower permeability to gases with molecular dimensions greater than that of hydrogen. The oxygen rate of permeation through the second membrane is higher than hydrogen rate of permeation through the first membrane, whereby oxygen furnished at the second electrode exceeds stochiometric oxygen necessary for the reaction with hydrogen. The first and second electrodes are preferably connected through a load resistance to measure the sensor output.

[0011] Oxygen furnished at the second electrode is controlled by an appropriate choice of the second membrane. The first and second membranes are preferably made of a polymeric material. A hydrogen partial pressure gradient is maintained between the first electrode and an external gas stream. The first and second electrodes are preferably identical.

[0012] In another embodiment, the first membrane of the micro-fuel cell sensor is disposed adjacent to the first electrode, thus varying the volume of the first cavity. It may further be possible to dispose the first membrane in close contact with the first electrode.

[0013] In another aspect, the present invention provides an apparatus for measuring partial hydrogen pressure in a gas stream. The apparatus includes a housing, a micro-fuel cell sensor disposed in the housing, a cover member, the sensor including a sensing element having first and second gas diffusing electrodes spaced from one another, a fuel-cell spacer with an acidic electrolyte interposed between the first and second electrodes, a first gas permeable membrane spaced from the first electrode, a second gas permeable membrane spaced from the second electrode to supply oxygen to the second electrode by natural diffusion of atmospheric air. The cover member includes a connector for providing an electrical connection to the sensor, a third gas permeable membrane disposed in one of the cover member and the housing for receiving atmospheric air. The apparatus further includes means for sealingly attaching the housing to an assembly carrying a gas stream.

[0014] In yet another aspect, the present invention provides a method of measuring hydrogen content in a gas stream by mounting the housing to an assembly carrying the external gas stream, permitting the gas stream to diffuse through the first membrane, thereby effecting an electrochemical charging of the first electrode, permitting oxygen to diffuse through the second membrane to furnish oxygen at the second electrode, the amount of oxygen exceeding an amount necessary for a stochiometric reaction with hydrogen present in the external gas stream, electrically connecting the first and second electrodes by a resistance, and measuring the current flow created by the potential difference between the first and second electrodes to produce a sensor output.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0015] FIG. 1 is an exploded cross-sectional view of a micro-fuel cell sensor assembly;

[0016] FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view a micro-fuel cell sensor body, with cover assembly as shown in FIG. 3, for accommodating the micro-fuel cell sensor of FIG. 1;

[0017] FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of a cover assembly of the micro-fuel cell sensor body of FIG. 2;

[0018] FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view of another embodiment of the invention wherein the first gas permeable membrane is located adjacent to the first gas diffusing electrode.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0019] In FIG. 1 there is illustrated a detailed view of a micro-fuel cell sensor assembly 10 for measuring partial hydrogen pressure in gas streams. The sensor 10 includes a fuel-cell housing 2 having a base portion 16 and a fuel-cell cover 9. An aperture 15 is defined in the base portion 16 for facilitating diffusion of hydrogen from an external gas stream into a first cavity 17. The sensing element of the sensor 10 includes a first electrode 4-1 disposed in housing 10 towards the base portion 16. A second electrode 4-2 is disposed opposite to the first electrode 4-1 with a fuel-cell spacer 5 comprising an acidic electrolyte disposed therebetween. A first membrane 14 is disposed on base portion 16 to separate the first electrode 4-1 from an external gas stream. The first membrane 14 is spaced from the first electrode 4-1 by a first cavity 17. A second membrane 12 is disposed adjacent to the fuel cell cover 9 and separates the second electrode 4-2 from atmospheric air diffusing into the sensor body through a third gas permeable membrane 34 as illustrated in FIG. 3. The second membrane 12 is spaced from the second electrode 4-2 by a second cavity 18. The second cavity 18 is continuously supplied with oxygen by natural diffusion from the atmospheric air through the second membrane 12. Excess oxygen may be furnished at the second electrode 4-2 by an appropriate choice of the second membrane 12. The second membrane 12 is chosen to supply the second electrode 4-2 with an excess amount of oxygen than otherwise required for a stochiometric reaction with diffused hydrogen. The concentration polarization of the second electrode 4-2 may thus be avoided, realizing a sensor with anodic control. Sensor leads 6-1 and 6-2 are disposed in housing 2 to contact first and second electrodes 4-1 and 4-2, respectively. Output of the sensor 10 is measured between the sensor leads 6-1 and 6-2 through a resistor 37 as illustrated in FIG. 3.

[0020] The sensor 10 as described above is adapted to be placed in a sensor body 20 as illustrated in FIG. 2. The sensor body 20 includes an upper portion 21 and a lower base portion 23 with an aperture 24 defined therein. An external gas stream is received in the sensor body 20 through orifice 25 defined between apertures 24, 26. An opening 22 in sensor body 20 accommodates sensor 10. Aperture 15 communicates with aperture 26 defined in opening 22 of sensor body 20.

[0021] FIG. 3 illustrates a cover member 30 for covering the sensor body 20 in an airtight manner. Cover member 30 includes a slot 31 having an upper end 36 and a lower end 33. The cover member 30 sealingly covers the sensor body 20 as illustrated in FIG. 2. Cover member 30 further includes a vent 35 for permitting oxygen from atmospheric air to enter the second cavity 18 of sensor 10 through slot 31. At least one fastener may be used to secure the cover member 30 to the sensor body 20 as illustrated in FIG. 2. The third gas permeable membrane 34 separates vent 35 from the atmospheric air. A perforated vent cover plate 40 overlies and protects the third membrane. A connector member 38 having a end portion 41 is disposed in an airtight manner in the upper portion 36 of slot 31. The connector 38 includes a resistor 37 which projects out into the upper portion 36 of slot 31. Sensor leads 6-1 and 6-2 connected on one side to the first electrode 4-1 and 4-2, respectively, terminate in connector 38. The output of the sensor 10 is represented by the potential difference between sensor leads 6-1 and 6-2 through resistor 37.

[0022] In its assembled state, the base portion 23 of the sensor body 20 is adapted to be tightly attached on assemblies carrying a gas stream to measure hydrogen content in the gas stream. In this state, the upper portion 21 of the sensor body faces atmospheric air. Thus, the second cavity 18 facing the second electrode 4-2 is continuously supplied with oxygen by natural diffusion from the atmospheric air. Hydrogen gas present in the gas stream enters the sensor through aperture 24, diffuses through the first membrane 14 to enter the first cavity 17 in order to contact the first electrode 4-1. The first and second electrodes may have noble metal electro-catalyst and graphite paper or carbon cloth backing. Since the first membrane 14 is chosen to have high permeability to hydrogen, but is less permeable to gases with higher molecular dimensions than hydrogen, the sensor is primed to be highly selective for hydrogen.

[0023] Selective diffusion of hydrogen gas from a gas stream through the first membrane 14 into the first cavity 17 causes electrochemical charging of the first electrode 4-1 at a potential corresponding to the hydrogen concentration in the first cavity 17 facing the first electrode 4-1, while the potential at the second electrode 4-2 remains unchanged. The potential difference created between the first and second electrodes produces a current flow by connecting the electrodes through a resistor 37. This current measured as a voltage drop across the resistor 37 represents the sensor output. In the illustrated configuration of the sensor, the first membrane 14 is a diffusion barrier for the linearity of the sensor output toward hydrogen concentration. Since the hydrogen concentration at the first electrode 4-1 is always zero, and since the sensor 10 consumes the hydrogen at a faster rate than the rate of permeation through the first membrane, as long as hydrogen is present in the gas stream, a partial pressure gradient between the outside and the inside of the sensor exists, thus permitting diffusion of hydrogen into the sensor.

[0024] Referring now to FIG. 4, a second embodiment is illustrated where elements in common with the sensor of FIG. 1 are indicated by similar reference numerals, but with a prefix “1” added. Here, the first membrane 114 is located on or directly adjacent the surface of the first electrode 14-1, thus varying the volume of the first cavity 117.

[0025] While the invention has been described in connection with what is presently considered to be the most practical and preferred embodiment, it is to be understood that the invention is not to be limited to the disclosed embodiment, but on the contrary, is intended to cover various modifications and equivalent arrangements included within the spirit and scope of the appended claims.

Claims

1. A sensor for measuring partial hydrogen pressure in a gas stream, comprising: a housing; a sensing element comprising first and second gas diffusing electrodes spaced from one another; a fuel-cell spacer having an acidic electrolyte disposed between said first and second electrodes; a first gas permeable membrane separating said first electrode from the gas stream; and a second gas permeable membrane separating said second electrode from atmospheric air.

2. The sensor of claim 1, wherein said first membrane has higher permeability to hydrogen and lower permeability to gases with molecular dimensions greater than that of hydrogen.

3. The sensor of claim 1, wherein oxygen rate of permeation through said second membrane is higher than hydrogen rate of permeation through said first membrane, whereby oxygen furnished at said second electrode exceeds stochiometric oxygen necessary for the reaction with hydrogen.

4. The sensor of claim 1, wherein said first and second electrodes are connected through a load resistance to measure the sensor output.

5. The sensor of claim 3, wherein oxygen furnished at said second electrode is controlled by an appropriate choice of said second membrane.

6. The sensor of claim 1, wherein said first and second membranes are made of a polymeric material.

7. The sensor of claim 1, wherein a hydrogen partial pressure gradient is maintained between said first electrode and an external gas stream.

8. The sensor of claim 1, wherein said first and second electrodes are identical.

9. A sensor for measuring partial hydrogen pressure in gas streams, comprising: a housing; a sensing element comprising first and second gas diffusing electrodes spaced from one another disposed in said housing; a fuel-cell spacer having an acidic electrolyte disposed between said first and second electrodes; a first gas permeable membrane disposed adjacent to said first electrode; and a second gas permeable membrane separating said second electrode from atmospheric air entering said housing to supply oxygen to said second electrode by natural diffusion of atmospheric air.

10. The sensor of claim 9, wherein said first membrane is chosen to have higher permeability to hydrogen and lower permeability to gases with molecular dimensions greater than that of hydrogen.

11. The sensor of claim 9, wherein said first and second electrodes are connected through a resistance to measure the sensor output.

12. The sensor of claim 9, wherein said first and second membranes constitute gas diffusion barriers to produce a linear sensor output.

13. The sensor of claim 9, wherein said first and second electrodes are identical.

14. An apparatus for measuring partial hydrogen pressure in a gas stream, comprising: a housing; a micro-fuel cell sensor disposed in said housing; a cover member; said sensor comprising: a sensing element comprising first and second spaced gas diffusing electrodes spaced from one another; a fuel-cell spacer having an acidic electrolyte interposed between said first and second electrodes; a first gas permeable membrane spaced from said first electrode; and a second gas permeable membrane spaced from said second electrode to supply oxygen to the second electrode by natural diffusion of atmospheric air.

15. The sensor of claim 14, wherein said cover member further comprises: a connector for providing an electrical connection to said sensor; and a third gas permeable membrane disposed in one of said cover member and said housing for receiving atmospheric air.

16. The sensor of claim 15, further comprises: means for sealingly attaching the housing to an assembly carrying a gas stream.

17. The sensor of claim 14, wherein space between said second electrode and said second membrane is supplied with oxygen by natural diffusion from atmospheric air.

18. The sensor of claim 14, wherein said first membrane is selected to have higher permeability to hydrogen and lower permeability to gases with molecular dimensions greater than that of hydrogen.

19. The sensor of claim 14, wherein said first and second gas diffusing electrodes are connected through a resistance to measure the sensor output.

20. In a sensor having a housing, a sensing element including first and second gas diffusing electrodes spaced from one another, first and second gas permeable membranes spaced from said first and second electrodes, respectively, a method for measuring hydrogen content in an external gas stream comprising the steps of: mounting the housing to an assembly carrying the external gas stream; permitting the gas stream to diffuse through said first membrane, thereby effecting an electrochemical charging of said first electrode; permitting oxygen to diffuse through said second membrane to furnish oxygen at said second electrode, oxygen furnished at said second electrode exceeding an amount necessary for a stochiometric reaction with hydrogen in the external gas stream; electrically connecting said first and second electrodes by a resistance; and measuring the current flow created by the potential difference between said first and second electrodes to produce a sensor output.

21. The method of claim 20, further comprises diffusing atmospheric air through a third gas permeable membrane disposed in one of a cover member and said housing prior to permitting diffusion through said second membrane.