Patent Grant
8557549
This application claims the priority benefit of Korean Patent Application Nos. 10-2011-0086081, filed Aug. 26, 2011 and 10-2010-0102664, filed Oct. 20, 2010. The contents of these patent applications are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.
The Sequence Listing associated with this application is provided in text format in lieu of a paper copy, and is hereby incorporated by reference into the specification. The name of the text file containing the Sequence Listing is HANO—004—01US_ST25.txt. The text file is 64 KB, was created on Oct. 20, 2011, and is being submitted electronically via EFS-Web.
The present invention relates to a method for production of cysteine or its derivatives using O-phosphoserine as an intermediate and recombinant microorganism for use in production of O-phosphoserine.
L-cysteine is an amino acid that plays an important role in sulfur metabolism of all living organisms. It is used in the biosynthesis of proteins, such as hair keratin, glutathione, biotin, methionine and other sulfur-containing metabolites as well as serving as a precursor of coenzyme A. In addition, the biosynthesis of cysteine is known to be closely associated with the biosynthesis of other amino acids including L-serine, L-glycine, and L-methionine. Industrially, L-cysteine and its derivatives find applications in a variety of fields including the pharmaceutical industry (for treatment of bronchial diseases), the cosmetics industry (in hair shampoo, compositions for permanent waves), and the food industry (antioxidants, flavorant enhancers, dough aids, etc.).
L-cysteine was once obtained industrially by acid hydrolysis of human hairs or animal feathers (Biotechnology of the Amino Acids Production edited by Ko Aida, p 217-223, 1986). However, not only does the production of cysteine from hairs or feathers ensure a yield of as low as 7˜8%, but also the use of hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid produces a lot of waste resulting in environmental pollution. Further, extraction from hairs or feathers may induce the user to have a strong adversion thereto. These problems have caused a push for the development of environmentally friendly production processes of L-cysteine. The main contemporary route involves fermentation utilizing microorganisms.
Representative among the microbial production of L-cysteine is 1) the biological conversion of D,L-ATC using a microorganism (Ryu O H, Ju J Y and Shin C S, Process Biochem., 32:201-209, 1997). This conversion process is, however, difficult to apply industrialy due to the low solubility of the precursor D,L-ATC. 2) Another method of L-cysteine production is direct fermentation using E. coli (Patent No. EP0885962B; Wada M and Takagi H, Appl. Microbiol. Biochem., 73:48-54, 2006). Excessive accumulation of L-cysteine within microorganisms incurs intracellular toxicity, exhibiting a limitation in the production of L-cysteine at a high concentration. To overcome this drawback, L-cysteine-exporting proteins are employed, but there have been no significant improvements in productivity.
Referring to the biosynthesis pathway of L-cysteine in microorganisms and plants, O-acetyl-serine (OAS) acts as an intermediate precursor providing the carbon backbone of L-cysteine (Kredich N M and Tomkins G M, J. Biol. Chem., 241: 4955-4965, 1966). The enzyme O-acetylserine sulfhydrylase (OASS), using hydrogen sulfide as a sulfur donor, catalyses the conversion of O-acetylserine to cysteine. Alternatively, SO4 may be reduced to thiosulfate for use as a sulfur donor in cysteine production (Nakamura T, Kon Y, Iwahashi H and Eguchi Y, J. Bacteriol., 156: 656-662, 1983). Therefore, cystein may be produced using microorganisms accumulating OAS and OASS using various sulfur donors (U.S. Pat. No. 6,579,705). The cysteine biosynthesis pathway via OAS uses the two enzymes of serine acetyltransferase (CysE), which catalyzes the conversion of OAS from serine, and cysteine synthase (CysK), which catalyzes the conversion of OAS to cysteine. Among them, serine acetyltransferase (CysE) is highly sensitive to feedback inhibition by the final product cysteine (Wada M and Takagi H, Appl. Microbiol. Biochem., 73:48-54, 2006).
Leading to the present invention, the present inventors found out the existence of O-phosphoserine sulfhydrylase (OPSS) in Aeropyrum pernix, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and Trichomonas vaginalis that takes an O-phospho-L-serine (OPS)-specific pathway, rather than the OAS-specific pathway, to synthesize L-cysteine through intensive research (Mino K and Ishikawa K, FEBS letters, 551: 133-138, 2003; Burns K E, Baumgart S, Dorrestein P C, Zhai H, McLafferty F W and Begley T P, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 127: 11602-11603, 2005; Westrop G D, Goodall G, Mottram J C and Coombs G H, J. Biol. Chem., 281: 25062-25075, 2006) and that the OPSS of M. tuberculosis, can use Na2S as a sulfur donor in converting OPS to cysteine even in the absence of the additional enzymes when five C-terminal amino acid residues are removed therefrom (Argen D, Schnell R and Schneider G, FEBS letters, 583: 330-336, 2009). In the present invention, a microorganism is mutated to accumulate OPS therein, following incubation to convert OPS into cystein in the presence of the OPSS enzyme. Nowhere has this method been previously described.
It is an object of the present invention to provide a method for producing cysteine or a derivative thereof. It is another object of the present invention to provide a recombinant microorganism for the production of O-phosphoserine.
The method of the present invention in which O-phosphoserine is produced at high yield by a recombinant microorganism and is used for conversion into cysteine, as it is, is more friendly to the environment and ensures higher efficiency in the production of cysteine than do chemical synthesis methods. The cysteine and its derivatives produced by the fermentation and bioconversion of the present invention can be widely used in the production of animal and human foods and food additives.
As used herein, the term “cysteine conversion” is intended to refer to the catalytic reaction of O-phosphoserine sulfhydrylase (OPSS) which results in the conversion of the substrate O-phosphoserine (OPS) into the product cysteine, that is, it refers to the catalytic reaction of converting OPS into cysteine.
As used herein, the term “cysteine conversion rate” refers to the percentage of the amount of the product cysteine to the amount of the starting material OPS. Under optimal reaction conditions, 1 mole of OPS is converted into 1 mole of cysteine. For example, if 100 moles of OPS is converted into 100 moles of cysteine, the cysteine conversion rate is 100%.
In accordance with an aspect thereof, the present invention provides a method for producing cysteine or a derivative thereof, comprising:
1) culturing a recombinant microorganism in which the activity of endogeneous phosphoserine phosphatase (SerB) is reduced to produce O-sphosphoserine (OPS); and 2) reacting the OPS of step 1) with a sulfide in the presence of O-phosphoserine sulfhydrylase (OPSS) or a microorganism expressing OPSS, to produce cysteine or a derivative thereof.
The SerB is a protein that has the activity of hydrolyzing OPS into L-serine. Thus, a microorganism which has reduced endogeneous SerB activity is characterized by the accumulation of OPS therein. The SerB is not limited to, may comprise any amino acid sequences, which exhibits SerB activity, and may have preferably the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or 2. However, as long as it exhibits SerB activity, any amino acid sequence is used, which preferably has a homology of 90% or higher, more preferably 96% or higher, far more preferably 98% or higher, and most preferably 99% or higher with that of SEQ ID NO: 1 or 2. The reduced SerB activity means a decrease in SerB activity, compared to that of a prior-modified strain, and encompasses the disrupting of SerB. Various techniques for reduction of SerB activity are well known in the art. Illustrative examples include the deletion of a chromosomal serB, the introduction of mutation into the chromosomal serB to reduce endogenouse SerB activity, the introduction of mutation into a regulatory region for the serB to reduce endogenouse SerB activity, the substitution of the chromosomal serB with a gene mutated to reduce the endogenouse SerB activity and the introduction of an antisense oligonucleotide complementary to a transcript of the serB to inhibit the translation of the mRNA, but methods for reducing the SerB activity are not limited to these. These techniques may be applied to the reducing the activity of other enzymes in the present invention.
The disruption of endogenous SerB results in the introduction of serine auxotrophy into the recombinant microorganism so that the medium must be supplemented with glycine or serine. Glycine may be provided in the form of purified glycine, a glycine-containing yeast extract, or tryptone. Glycine is contained at a concentration of from 0.1 to 10 g/L, and preferably at a concentration of from 0.5 to 3 g/L. As for serine, it may be provided in the form of purified serine, a serine-containing yeast extract or tryptone. Its concentration in the culture medium ranges from 0.1 to 5 g/L, and preferably from 0.1 to 1 g/L.
In one embodiment of the present invention, when cultured in a glycine- or serine-containing medium, mutant Corynebacterium glutamicum or E. coli in which the activity of endogeneous SerB was disrupted was found to produce a higher amount of OPS, compared to the wild-type (see Tables 2, 3, 6 and 7).
In addition, the recombinant microorganism of the present invention may have enhanced phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (SerA) or phosphoserine aminotransferase (SerC) activity. The SerA is a protein that has the activity of converting 3-phosphoglycerate to 3-phosphohydroxypyruvate. The SerA may have wild-type amino acids or a mutant amino acid sequence which shows resistance to feedback inhibition by serine, but is not limited to these. Preferably, the SerA may have one selected from the group consisting of amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOS: 3 to 7. So long as it exhibits wild-type SerA activity or the mutant SerA activity resistant to serine feedback inhibition, any amino acid sequence may be used, although it preferably shares a homology of 90% or higher, more preferably 96% or higher, far more preferably 98% or higher, and most preferably 99% or higher with that of one of SEQ ID NO: 3 to 7. A “mutant SerA resistant to feedback inhibition” means the mutant showing a maintained or enhanced SerA activity irrespective of the feedback inhibition by serine or glycine. The feedback-resistant mutants are well known in the art (Grant G A et al., J. Biol. Chem., 39: 5357-5361, 1999; Grant G A et al., Biochem., 39: 7316-7319, 2000; Grant G A et al., J. Biol. Chem., 276: 17844-17850, 2001; Peters-Wendisch P et al., Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 60: 437-441, 2002; EP0943687B). In one embodiment of the present invention, when a feedback-resistant serA was further introduced thereinto, Corynebacterium glutamicum or E. coli having a disrupted serB was found to produce a higher amount of OPS, as compared to the wild-type (see Tables 4 and 9).
The SerC is a protein that has the activity of converting 3-phosphohydroxypyruvate to O-phosphoserine. The SerC is not limited to, may comprise the sequences which exhibits SerC activity, and may have preferably the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 8. However, as long as it exhibits SerC activity, any amino acid sequence may be employed, but it should preferably share a homology of 90% or higher, more preferably 96% or higher, far more preferably 98% or higher, and most preferably 99% or higher with that of SEQ ID NO: 8. Furthermore, a mutation may be introduced into the serC so that the enzyme activity can be increased. In one embodiment of the present invention, when an serC was further introduced thereinto, Corynebacterium glutamicum or E. coli having a disrupted serB and a feedback-resistant serA was found to produce a higher amount of OPS, compared to the wild-type (see Table 9).
The enhancement of the enzyme activity may be achieved using various well-known methods, including, but not being limited to, increasing the copy number of a gene encoding an enzyme of interest, introducing a mutation into a regulatory region for the gene to enhance the enzyme activity, substituting the chromosomal gene with a gene mutated to enhance the enzyme activity, and introducing a mutation into the chromosomal gene to enhance the enzyme activity.
The recombinant microorganism of the present invention refers to any microorganism in which there is the reduction of SerB activity, thus producing OPS at an elevated level. If this condition is satisfied, any microorganism, whether prokaryotic or eukaryotic, falls within the scope of the present invention. Representative among them are enterobacteria or coryneform bacteria. Examples of the microorganisms useful in the present invention include Escherichia sp., Erwinia sp., Serratia sp., Providencia sp., Corynebacterium sp., and Brevibacterium sp. Preferable are Escherichia sp. and Corynebacterium sp, with more preference given for Escherichia sp. and with the highest preference being for E. coli.
In an embodiment, the recombinant strain capable of producing OPS was named E. coli CA07-0012, and deposited with the Korean Culture Center of Microorganisms, located at 361-221, Hongje 1, Seodaemun, Seoul, Korea, on Oct. 12, 2011 under accession number KCCM11212P.
In addition, in an embodiment, the recombinant strain capable of producing OPS was named E. coli CA07-0022/pCL-prmf-serA*(G336V)-serC, and deposited with the Korean Culture Center of Microorganisms, located at 361-221, Hongje 1, Seodaemun, Seoul, Korea, on Sep. 28, 2010 under accession number KCCM11103P. Herein, the term “CA07-0022/pCL-prmf-serA*(G336V)-serC” is used interchangeably with CA07-0022 serA*(G336V)/pCL-prmf-serA*(G336V)-serC.
As used herein, the term “culturing” is intended to mean growing microorganisms under artificially controlled conditions. A culturing procedure may be conducted using a suitable medium and culturing conditions well known in the art. Those skilled in the art can readily control the culturing procedure to correspond to the strains employed. For example, it may be performed in a batch type, in a continuous type, or in a fed-batch type, but is not limited thereto.
In addition, the culture medium contains a carbon source. Examples of the carbon source include saccharides and carbohydrates such as glucose, sucrose, lactose, fructose, maltose, starch and cellulose, oils and fats such as soybean oil, sunflower oil, castor oil and coconut oil, fatty acids such as palmitic acid, stearic acid and linoleic acid, alcohols such as glycerol and ethanol, and organic acids such as acetic acid. These carbon sources may be present solely or in combination in the culture medium. As a nitrogen source, an organic material such as peptone, yeast extract, meat juice, malt extract, corn steep liquor, soybean, and wheat protein, or an inorganic nitrogen compound such as urea, ammonium sulfate, ammonium chloride, ammonium phosphate, ammonium carbonate and ammonium nitrate may be contained in the culture medium. These nitrogen sources may be used solely or in combination. The medium may contain potassium dihydrogen phosphate, potassium phosphate, or corresponding sodium salts as a phosphorous source. The medium may contain metallic salts such as magnesium sulfate or iron sulfate. The culture medium may also contain amino acids, vitamins and suitable precursors. The nutrients may be added in a batch manner or a continuous manner to the medium.
A compound such as ammonium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, ammonia, phosphoric acid and sulfuric acid may be added in a suitable manner to the culture medium during culturing to adjust the pH of the culture. In addition, during culturing, an anti-foaming agent such as fatty acid polyglycol ester is used to suppress the formation of foam. Further, in order to maintain the culture medium in an aerobic condition, oxygen or oxygen-containing gas can be injected into the culture medium. For an anaerobic or microaerobic condition, nitrogen, hydrogen, or carbon dioxide is provided without aeration. The culture medium may be typically maintained at a temperature of from 27° C. to 37° C. and preferably at a temperature of from 30° C. to 35° C. As for the culture period, it may be maintained until the product of interest is obtained in a desired amount, and preferably it ranges from 10 to 100 hours.
For further collection and recovery of the OPS produced during the culturing step from the culture medium, a suitable method well known in the art may be selected depending on the type of culture, be it a batch, continuous or fed-batch culture.
In the method of the present invention, step 2) addresses the reaction of the OPS of step 1) with a sulfide in the presence of O-phosphoserine sulfhydrylase (OPSS) or a microorganism expressing OPSS, to induce the conversion of O-phosphoserine into cysteine or its derivatives.
The sulfide may be provided in a liquid or gas form as well as in a solid form typically used in the art, because of the difference in pH, pressure and/or solubility. So long as it may be converted to a thiol group (SH), any sulfur compound such as sulfide (S2−) or thiosulfate (S2O22−) may be used in the present invention. Preferably, Na2S, NaSH, H2S, (NH4)2S, NaSH and Na2S2O3, all of which can provide a thiol group for OPS, may be used. In the reaction, one thiol group is supplied to one OPS molecule to afford one molecule of cysteine or a derivative thereof. In this enzymatic conversion, a sulfide may be preferably added at a molar concentration 0.1 to 3 times and more preferably 1 to 2 times as high as that of OPS used. In light of the economy, a thiol group-providing sulfide and OPS are most preferably used at a molar ratio of 1:1. In one embodiment of the present invention, Na2S was used as the source of sulfur. Na2S was added at a molar concentration 1 to 3 times as high as that of OPS used in the conversion reaction. Preferably, it is fed at a molar concentration twice as high as that of OPS to effectively convert OPS into cysteine (Table 18).
As used herein, the term “O-phosphoserine sulfhydrylase (OPSS)” refers to an enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a thiol group (SH) to OPS (O-phosphoserine) to convert OPS into cysteine. The enzyme was first found in Aeropyrum pernix, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and Trichomonas vaginalis (Mino K and Ishikawa K, FEBS letters, 551: 133-138, 2003; Burns K E et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 127: 11602-11603, 2005). The above mentioned enzymes have the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID No: 9 and 12.
As used herein, the term “mutant” refers to a culture or an individual that shows an inheritable or non-heritable alteration in phenotype. When used in conjunction with OPSS, the term “mutant” is intended to mean an OPSS enzyme which is genetically altered such that its activity can be effectively enhanced, compared to the wild-type.
In the present invention, the OPSS mutant can be constructed by deleting, substituting or adding a part of a nucleotide sequence encoding OPSS. According to one embodiment of the present invention, an OPSS enzyme with enhanced activity was prepared by deleting five C-terminal amino acid residues of the OPSS enzyme of Mycobacterium smegmatis. The mutant enzymes have the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NO: 10 and 11.
The OPSS mutant can be obtained in E. coli, widely used for enzyme expression, using gene synthesis techniques based on codon optimization by which enzymes of interest can be obtained in high yield. Alternatively, screening methods of useful enzyme resources based on the bioinformatics of massive amounts of genetic information about microorganisms may be used to obtain the OPSS mutant. In one embodiment of the present invention, OPSS enzymes that utilize OPS as a substrate to synthesize cysteine were selected from various microbes by screening the homology of amino acid sequences. In this regard, cell pellets obtained using a medium and culture conditions that were suitable in the art were lyzed, followed by the purification of the supernatant containing the enzyme to afford the OPSS enzyme (Table 10).
In addition, a high-yield expression system was developed for obtaining the OPSS enzyme economically. A pET vector employing a T7 promoter is well known in the art. However, the present inventors developed an enzyme expression system, named the CJ1 system (Korean Patent 10-0620092 B1), instead of employing the typical system. In one embodiment of the present invention, the expression levels of OPSS between a pET system comprising a T7 promoter and the CJ1 system comprising a CJ1 promoter were compared given the same conditions. As a result, the CJ1 system showed a higher expression level of OPSS than the pET system. In addition, the overexpression of OPSS required a low temperature (18° C.) and a long period of time in the pET system, but a high temperature (37° C.) and a short period of time in the pCL-pCJ1 system. Preferably, the pCL-pCJ1 system is used to obtain OPSS (Example 20).
The enhancement of the enzyme activity may be achieved using various well-known methods. For example, it can be performed by increasing the number of copies of a gene encoding OPSS, using a strong promoter, or introducing a genetic mutation.
Optimization of the enzymatic conversion of OPSS may be achieved using various methods known in the art. For example, the optimization may be based on a full understanding of the characteristics of OPSS, such as the optimal temperature and pH, inhibition against substrates, substrate concentration, heat stability, etc. In addition, the optimization may be determined by optimal conditions for the enzymatic conversion, such as the optimal OPSS concentration, the optimal balances of the substrates used in terms of concentrations, a preference for sulfur compounds providing SH for the enzymatic conversion, a preference for certain buffers, the influence of ions generated, and cofactors and their optimal concentrations.
In one embodiment of the present invention, the OPSS enzyme obtained using the above-mentioned method was characterized and on the basis of the determined characteristics, an economically beneficial enzymatic conversion process that has a high conversion rate of cysteine from OPS, with the guarantee of enzyme stability, was developed. In the enzymatic conversion process, the reaction temperature can be set from 37° C. to 80° C. In detail, Ape-OPSS (SEQ ID NO: 12), belonging to Archea, exhibits increased enzymatic activity at 60° C. compared to 37° C., and the enzyme itself is highly stable to heat, with optimal reactivity at 60° C. On the other hand, Msm-T (SEQ ID NO: 10) exhibits optimal activity at 37° C. and is relieved the activity to heat treatment at 60° C. The OPSS enzyme was observed to have enzymatic activity over a pH range of 6.0 to 10.0. Ape-OPSS showed optimal activity at pH 7.4. With the appearance of optimal activity at a pH of from 8.0 to 9.0, Msm-T showed stability over a wider pH range, compared to Ape-OPSS (Tables 12 and 15, and
As a cofactor, 0.001-2 mM PLP (pyridoxal-5′-phosphate) or 0.001-100 mM DTT may be used in the enzymatic conversion. In one embodiment of the present invention, the cysteine conversion rate was 2.3-fold increased in the presence of 25 mM DTT or 0.2 mM PLP. As such, treatment with DTT or PLP brought about an improvement in the cysteine conversion rate of step 2). The addition of the cofactor was set to a reasonable level in consideration of the increased production cost and the increased conversion rate (Table 14).
The reaction conditions for OPSS may vary depending on the kinds and concentration of the OPS used. In one embodiment of the present invention, pure OPS (commercially available), OPS purified from the culture prepared in step 1), and the OPS-containing culture of step 1) were used under various conditions to provide the optimal conversion rates. As a result, the cysteine conversion rate varied depending on the kind and concentration of OPSS and the reaction temperature and the kind and concentration of OPS (
The method of the present invention may further comprise isolating and purifying the cysteine produced in step 2). After the enzymatic conversion, cysteine can be isolated and purified from the culture medium using a method well known in the art.
Those skilled in the art may chemically synthesize cysteine derivatives from cysteine using a well known method. Cysteine may be readily reacted with an acetylation agent to give NAC (N-acetylcysteine) and with haloacetic acid under basic conditions to give SCMC (S-carboxymetylcysteine). These cysteine derivatives are used as materials in medicines that treat coughs, bronchitis, bronchial asthma, and sore throat.
In the present invention, the OPS broth obtained through microbial fermentation is used as a substrate for synthesizing cysteine. The OPS broth obtained by microbial fermentation has economical advantages over commercially available pure OPS in that the OPS broth can be used without having to be additionally purified and the cofactor PLP necessary for the conversion can be obtained from the fermented culture.
In one embodiment of the present invention, a conversion process was developed which ensures a cysteine conversion rate of as high as 80% when 50 μg/ml Msm-T was used under reaction conditions of a 50 mM OPS broth or a 60 mM purified OPS broth, 100 mM Na2S or 120 mM Na2S, and 0.2 mM PLP. It should be appreciated to those skilled in the art that the enzymatic conversion using highly active enzymes can easily be optimized and scaled up.
In accordance with another aspect thereof, the present invention provides a recombinant microorganism which is reduced the activity of SerB for the production of OPS. In one embodiment, the recombinant microorganism shows an enhancement of serine feedback-resistant serA or serC or deletion of at least one selected from among PhnC/PhnD/PhnE alkylphosphonate ABC transporter (phnCDE operon), alkaline phosphatase (phoA) and acid phosphatase (aphA). Preferably, the recombinant microorganisms for the production of OPS are the microorganism deposited under accession No. KCCM11103P or KCCM11212P. More preferably, the recombinant microorganism for the production of OPS is the microorganism deposited under accession No. KCCM11103P.
A better understanding of the present invention may be obtained through the following examples which are set forth to illustrate, but are not to be construed to limit the present invention.
<Preparation of O-Phosphoserine Producing Corynebacterium and Production of O-Phosphoserine Using the Same>
Corynebacterium glutamicum 13032 was modified by deleting the serB gene (SEQ ID NO: 13, EC 3.1.3.3) encoding phosphoserine phosphatase, which catalyses the synthesis of L-serine from O-phosphoserine, therefrom. To this end, a fragment for inactivation of serB was constructed. In this regard, primers were designed for the preparation of the recombinant strain 13032-ΔserB of the present invention. First, the serB sequence of Corynebacterium glutamicum 13032 was obtained with reference to the data of the NIH GenBank, and primers SEQ ID NOS: 22 to 27 were synthesized on the basis of the serB sequence. For the site-specific gene disruption, a pDC vector which cannot replicate in Corynebacterium glutamicum was employed. A pDC-ΔserB plasmid in which the open reading frame of serB was internally disrupted was constructed and adopted for the preparation of a site-specific serB gene deletion in Corynebacterium glutamicum mutant strain. The internal gene distruption of the pDC-ΔserB was generated by crossover PCR using primer pairs of SEQ ID NOS: 22 and 23 and SEQ ID NOS: 24 and 25, with the genomic DNA of Corynebacterium glutamicum ATCC13032 serving as a template, and introducing the PCR product into a pDC vector. The resulting recombinant plasmid was transformed into wild-type Corynebacterium glutamicum by electroporation (van der Rest et al. 1999). The plasmid was introduced into the chromosome by primary recombination (crossing over), followed by secondary recombination (crossing over) to excise the original serB from the chromosome.
After completion of the secondary recombination, the Corynebacterium glutamicum transformants containing the deletion mutation of serB was analyzed by diagnostic PCR using a pair of gene-specific primers SEQ ID NOS: 26 and 27. The recombinant strain was named CB01-0047.
The mutant strain CB01-0047, resulting from the deletion of serB from Corynebacterium glutamicum 13032, which was anticipated to accumulate O-phosphoserine, was spread over BHIS plates and incubated overnight in a 30° C. incubator. Afterwards, the colonies appearing on the BHIS plates were inoculated in 25 mL of a titer medium shown in Table 1 using a platinum loop and then incubated at 30° C. for 48 hours with shaking at 200 rpm. The results are summarized in Table 2, below.
C. glutamicum
The CB01-0047 strain was observed to grow very slowly in the titer medium. This growth retardation was not improved even upon the addition of an L-glycine supplement. However, the growth was increased in the presence of L-serine, but a slight increase in the production of O-phosphoserine compared to the wild-type was observed. The results are summarized in Table 3, below.
The Corynebacterium glutamicum-derived genes serA*(E235K) (SEQ ID NO: 14) and serA*(197Δ) (SEQ ID NO: 15) were constructed, which encode respective mutants of 3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase, an enzyme catalyzing the synthesis of 3-phosphohydroxypyruvate from 3-phosphoglycerate. The mutants were reported to be feedback resistant (FBR) to serine (Peters-Wendisch P et al., Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 60: 437-441, 2002; EP0943687B). serA*(E235K) was obtained by sewing PCR on the genomic DNA of ATCC13032 using primers of SEQ ID NOS: 28 to 31 while serA*(197Δ) was constructed by PCR using pairs of primers of SEQ ID NOS: 28 to 32. The PCR products thus obtained were inserted into respective T vectors to construct recombinant vectors called Tblunt-serA*(E235K) and Tblunt-serA*(197Δ). Subsequently, the two vectors were treated with restriction enzymes EcoRV and XbaI to give two DNA fragments serA*(E235K) and serA*(197Δ). These fragments were inserted to respective pECCG117-Pcj7-GFP-terminator vectors which had been disgested with the same restriction enzymes. As a result, two recombinant vectors pECCG117-Pcj7-serA*(E235K), and pECCG117-Pcj7-serA*(197Δ) were obtained.
The two Corynebacterium-derived FBR-serA* plasmids constructed in Example 3 were introduced into Corynebacterium glutamicum CB01-0047. To evaluate O-phosphoserine productivity, the transformants were spread over BHIS plates and incubated overnight at 30° C. Afterwards, the colonies appearing on the BHIS plates were inoculated in 25 mL of a titer medium shown in Table 1 additionally contained 2 g/L L-serine using a platinum loop and then incubated at 30° C. for 48 hours with shaking at 200 rpm. The results are summarized in Table 4, below.
In the Corynebacterium glutamicum strains transformed with the corynebacterium-derived FBR-serA*, as shown in Table 4, The accumulations of O-phosphoserine at a concentration of from 0.1 to 0.3 g/L were observed.
<Preparation of O-Phosphoserine Producing E. coli and Production of O-Phosphoserine Using the Same>
E. coli was modified by deleting the serB gene (SEQ ID NO: 16) encoding phosphoserine phosphatase, which catalyses the synthesis of L-serine from O-phosphoserine, therefrom. The deletion mutant E. coli K12 was prepared using the one-step inactivation method (Datsenko K A and Wanner B L, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 97: 6640-6645, 2000) to delete an antibiotic-resistant maker gene. To prepare the serB deletion strain, first, PCR was performed on a pKD3 plasmid (Datsenko K A and Wanner B L, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 97: 6640-6645, 2000; GenBank No. AY048742) using a pair of primers of SEQ ID NOS: 33 and 34. The PCR product was (introduced into competent cells of pKD46 containing E. coli K12 (Datsenko K A and Wanner B L, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 97: 6640-6645, 2000; GenBank No. AY048746) by electroporation. Thereafter, strains that showed resistance to chloramphenicol were subjected to PCR to confirm the deletion of serB, and then transformed with pCP20 (Datsenko K A and Wanner B L, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 97: 6640-6645, 2000) to remove the antibiotic-resistant marker. The resulting mutant strain was named CA07-0012.
In addition, the initiation codon of serB was modified to lower phosphoserine phosphatase activity as follows. The wild-type serB gene with ATG as an initiation codon was obtained by PCR with the genomic DNA of E. coli W3110 serving as a template. A mutant serB with CTG as an initiation codon was constructed by sewing PCR. A pair of primes of SEQ ID NOS: 35 and 36 was used in the PCR for amplifying the wild-type serB while pairs of primers of SEQ ID NOS: 37 to 38 were employed for PCR amplification of the mutant serB. The PCR products was treated with HindIII and cloned into pccBAC1 (Epicentre) at the HindIII restriction site to construct pccBAC1-Pself-ATG-serB, and pccBAC1-Pself-CTG-serB respectively. The wild-type and the mutant serB vector was introduced into CA07-0012 to compare the phosphoserine phosphatase activity.
The phosphoserine phosphatase deficient mutant strain CA07-0012 that was anticipated to accumulate O-phosphoserine, was spread over LB plates and incubated overnight in a 33° C. incubator. Afterwards, the colonies appearing on the LB plates were inoculated in 25 mL of a titer medium shown in Table 5 using a platinum loop and then incubated at 33° C. for 48 hours with shaking at 200 rpm. The results are summarized in Table 6, below.
E. coli W3110
To enhance the growth and O-phosphoserine productivity thereof, CA07-0012 was cultured for 48 hours in the titer medium of Table 5 additionally contained 1 g/L L-glycine. The results are summarized in Table 7, below.
E. coli W3110
As shown in Table 7, the addition of L-glycine to the culture medium allowed the strain to increase the growth rate and the O-phosphoserine productivity.
The E. coli-derived genes serA*(G336V) (SEQ ID NO: 18), serA*(G336V, G337V) (SEQ ID NO: 19), and serA*(G336V, R338G) (SEQ ID NO: 20) encoding respective mutants of 3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase, an enzyme catalyzing the synthesis of 3-phosphohydroxypyruvate from 3-phosphoglycerate were constructed. The mutants were reported to be feedback resistant (FBR) to serine (Grant G A, Xu X L and Hu Z, Biochem., 39: 7316-7319, 2000; Grant G A, Hu Z and Xu X L, J. Biol. Chem., 276: 17844-17850, 2001). The introduction of the mutant genes into the chromosome of E. coli was carried out using the sewing PCR method. The DNA fragments containing mutations were prepared using following primers.
Primers of SEQ ID NOS: 39 and 41 were used commonly in SerA* gene. To introduce mutations into the serA gene, PCR was performed with a pair of primers of SEQ ID NOS: 42 and 43 for serA*(G336V), with a pair of primers of SEQ ID NOS: 44 and 45 for serA*(G336V, G337V), and with a pair of primers of SEQ ID NOS: 46 and 47 for serA*(G336V, R338G). The primers were synthesized on the basis of information about the K12 W3110 gene (GenBank accession number AP 003471) and its neighboring nucleotide sequences, registered in the NIH GenBank.
serA (SEQ ID NO: 17, EC 1.1.1.95), serC (SEQ ID NO: 21, EC 2.6.1.52), serA*(G336V), serA*(G336V, G337V) and serA*(G336V, R338G) were cloned as follows. serA and serC were obtained by performing PCR on the genomic DNA of E. coli W3110 while serA*(G336V), serA*(G336V, G337V), and serA*(G336V, R338G) were constructed by PCR with the DNA fragments of Example 7 serving as templates. PCR primers were SEQ ID NOS: 48 and 49 for serA and SEQ ID NOS: 50 and 51 for serC. After treatment with EcoRV and HindII, the PCR products were cloned into the recombinant vector pCL-Prmf, constructed by inserting the E. coli rmf promoter into the pCL1920 vector (GenBank No AB236930) to produce respective recombinant vectors named pCL-Prmf-serA, pCL-Prmf-serC, pCL-Prmf-serA*(G336V), pCL-Prmf-serA*(G336V, G337V), and pCL-Prmf-serA*(G336V, R338V) respectively.
In addition, plasmids in which serA, one of the three serA mutants, and/or serC form an operon, that is, pCL-Prmf-serA-(RBS)serC, pCL-Prmf-serA*(G336V)-(RBS)serC, pCL-Prmf-serA*(G336V, G337V)-(RBS)serC, and pCL-Prmf-serA*(G336V, R338V)-(RBS)serC were constructed. In this regard, an (RBS)serC fragment was obtained using primers of SEQ ID NOS: 51 and 52 and cloned at a HindIII site into pCL-Prmf-serA, pCL-Prmf-serA*(G336V), pCL-Prmf-serA*(G336V, G337V), and pCL-Prmf-serA*(G336V, R338V).
The eight plasmids constructed in Example 8 were transformed into CA07-0012 and the resulting recombinant strains were assayed for the productivity of O-phosphoserine. Each strain was spread over LB plates and incubated overnight at 33° C. Afterwards, colonies appearing on the LB plates were inoculated into 25 mL of titer media of Table 8 and cultured at 33° C. for 48 hours with shaking at 200 rpm. The results are summarized in Table 9, below.
As apparent from the data of Table 9, the E. coli CA07-0012 strain increased in the productivity of O-phosphoserine when it was transformed with serA, and the productivity of O-phosphoserine was increased to a greater extent upon the introduction of one of the three serA* mutants. The strains in which serA, or one of three serA* mutants and serC that were activated simultaneously showed higher productivity of O-phosphoserine than did those in which there was the sole activation of serA or serA*. The highest productivity of O-phosphoserine was detected in a strain in which the mutant serA* and serC were activated simultaneously.
<Development and Characterization of O-Phosphoserine (OPS) Sulfhydrylase (OPSS)>
Aeropyrum pernix, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and Trichomonas vaginalis are reported to have O-phosphoserine sulfhydrylase (OPSS), an enzyme that employs O-phospho-L-serine (OPS), instead of O-acetyl serine (OAS) in E. coli, as a substrate for the synthesis of cysteine (Mino K and Ishikawa K, FEBS letters, 551: 133-138, 2003; Burns K E, Baumgart S, Dorrestein P C, Zhai H, McLafferty F W and Begley T P, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 127: 11602-11603, 2005; Westrop G D, Goodall G, Mottram J C and Coombs G H, J. Biol. Chem., 281: 25062-25075, 2006). Based on the report, the present inventors found two types of OPS sulfhydrylase, which converts OPS into cysteine, from Aeropyrum pernix and Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv. Of them, the Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv-derived OPSS enzyme was used for screening amino acid homology. As a result, three types of OPSS were secured from Mycobacterium smegmatis str. MC2 155, Rhodococcus jostii RHA1, and Nocardia farcinica IFM 10152.
To obtain OPSS from each strain, a pET28a vector system (Novagen), which is typically used for enzyme expression, was constructed. Each templates and primers for use in cloning the five different OPS sulfhydrylase genes and the resulting recombinant plasmids are summarized in Table 10, below. Suitable combinations of the templates and the primers, as given in Table 10, were used for PCR for amplifying respective OPSS genes. The PCR products and the pET28a vector were digested with NdeI and HindIII (37° C. for 3 hours). Each of the gene fragments was ligated to the digested pET28a vector (Novagen). Base sequencing confirmed the construction of the expression vectors carrying the each OPSS genes. The enzyme expression vectors were introduced into E. coli (DE3) to produce strains capable of expressing five OPSS enzymes. Enzyme names are given in Table 10, below.
Expression of the enzymes was conducted according to the instructions of the pET system manufacturer (Novagen). Single colonies of each strain from the LB plates were inoculated into 5 mL of LB broth and incubated at 37° C. for 16 hours while shaking at 200 rpm. The cultures were transferred to 25 mL of fresh LB broth (in 250 mL flasks) and incubated to an OD600 of 0.5-0.6 (for 2-3 hours) in the same condition, immediately after which 1 mM IPTG was added to the media to induce the enzymes to be expressed during incubation at 18° C. for 18 hours while shaking at 120 rpm.
The enzymes were purified using Ni-NTA columns for His-tag, with the aid of His SpinTrap (GE Healthcare). Of the five OPSS enzymes thus isolated, four were found to be in soluble forms, with one (Rjo-OPSS) being an inclusion body, as analyzed by 14% SDS-PAGE electrophoresis.
The OPS sulfhydrylase enzymes obtained from the four microorganism strains were assayed for ability to catalyze the conversion of O-phosphoserine (OPS) to cysteine. With regard to assay conditions and methods (cysM enzyme assay), reference was made to previous reports (Mino K and Ishikawa K, FEBS letters, 551: 133-138, 2003; Burns K E, Baumgart S, Dorrestein P C, Zhai H, McLafferty F W and Begley T P, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 127: 11602-11603, 2005; Westrop G D, Goodall G, Mottram J C and Coombs G H, J. Biol. Chem., 281: 25062-25075, 2006). The amount of the substrate used is represented by a unit of mL. Assay conditions for enzyme activity are summarized in Table 11, below.
Reaction solutions excepting of the enzymes were incubated at 37° C. for 5 min, after which 50 mg of purified OPS sulfhydrylase was added to the reaction solution. At predetermined times during incubation at 37° C., 100 mL of the enzyme reactions was taken and mixed with 100 mL of 33.2% TCA to stop the enzymatic reaction. The cysteine concentrations of the enzyme reactions were quantitatively analyzed by measuring absorbance at OD560 according to the Gaitonde method. Cysteine synthesis activities of the four different OPS sulfhydrylase enzymes are summarized in Table 12, below. The cysteine synthesis titers of the OPSS enzymes are expressed as cysteine conversion rates with reaction time.
The OPS sulfhydrylase enzymes derived from Aeropyrum pernix and Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv, which were previously reported (Mino K and Ishikawa K, FEBS letters, 551: 133-138, 2003; Westrop G D, Goodall G, Mottram J C and Coombs G H, J. Biol. Chem., 281: 25062-25075, 2006), were confirmed to have the activity of using OPS as a substrate to synthesize cysteine. The cysteine synthesis activity of the novel Mycobacterium smegmatis str. MC2 155-derived OPS sulfhydrylase, which was obtained by screening amino acid homology with the Mtb-OPSS enzyme, was first found. As seen in the data of Table 12, the conversion rate from OPS into cysteine of Ape-OPSS reached near 100% in one hour. The final conversion rate of the Msm-OPSS enzyme, which was newly selected through enzyme screening on the basis of previously reported Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv-derived OPSS, was 43.7% that was 4.3 times as high as that of Mtb-OPSS. On the other hand, the novel Nocardia farcinica IFM 10152-derived OPS sulfhydrylase, obtained by the homology screening, exhibited insufficient activity of converting O-phosphoserine into cysteine.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv-derived OPSS (Mtb-OPSS), which catalyzes the conversion of OPS to cysteine with the aid of the additional enzymes mec+ and cysO, is reported to be able to use an S2− containing sulfur source in converting OPS to cysteine even in the absence of the additional enzymes when five C-terminal amino acid residues are removed therefrom (Agren D, Schnell R and Schneider G, FEBS letters, 583: 330-336, 2009). On the basis of this report, Mtb-T (SEQ ID NO: 11), which can rapidly convert OPS in the presence of S2− as a sulfur source, was obtained. Msm-T was also obtained from Msm-OPSS (SEQ ID NO: 9) that shares an amino acid homology with Mtb-OPSS. Expression vectors carrying the two enzyme mutants were constructed. In this regard, pfu PCR was performed on the genomic DNA of Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv or Mycobacterium smegmatis in the presence of a pair of primers of SEQ ID NOS: 63, 64, 65 and 66. The OPSS gene fragments thus obtained were treated with NdeI and HindIII and were cloned into the pET28a vector digested with the same restriction enzymes to construct recombinant expression vectors named pET28a-Mtb-T and pET28a-Msm-T, respectively. The recombinant expression vectors were introduced into E. coli (DE3). The expression of the two mutant OPSS enzymes was confirmed by 14% SDS PAGE. The two mutant OPSS enzymes are purified and expressed in the same conditions as in Example 10. As a result, Mtb-T (SEQ ID NO: 11) and Msm-T (SEQ ID NO: 10) were obtained.
On the basis of the report that Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv-derived OPSS mutants devoid of five C-terminal amino acid residues show increased affinity for an S2− group-containing sulfur source even in the absence of subsidiary enzymes (Agren D, Schnell R and Schneider G, FEBS letters, 583: 330-336, 2009), Mtb-T and Msm-T were obtained. They were evaluated for enzymatic activity by measuring final cysteine conversion rates. Enzymatic activity was assayed in the same condition and manner as in Example 11. The produced cysteine was quantitatively analyzed using the Gaitonde method.
As seen in Table 13, Msm-T, being devoid of the five C-terminal amino acid residues of Mycobacterium smegmatis str. MC2 155-derived OPSS allowed the conversion of cysteine from the substrate at a rate of 100% in one hour.
When its amino acid sequence was modified, the O-phosphoserine sulfhydrylase (OPSS) can more effectively catalyze the biosynthesis of L-cysteine.
To examine the effect of cofactors on the cysteine conversion of OPSS, the cysteine conversion rate of Msm-T was measured in the absence or presence of PLP (pyridoxal-5′-phosphate) and DTT (dithiothreitol). In this regard, the substrates of 50 mM OPS broth and 100 mM Na2S were reacted at 37° C. for 30 min in the presence of 25 mM DTT or 0.2 mM PLP. The cysteine thus produced was quantitatively analyzed using the Gaitonde method. As seen in Table 14, the cysteine conversion rate in the presence of both PLP and DTT was 2.3 times as large as that in the absence of both PLP and DTT. Thus, both PLP and DTT were observed to have a positive influence on the conversion.
The cysteine conversion rates of Ape-OPSS and Msm-T according to temperatures were examined. The enzymatic activity at 37° C. and 60° C. was measured 2, 5, 10, 30, and 60 min after reaction. The reaction was conducted under the condition of 100 mM HEPES (pH 7.4), 5 mM OPS, 10 mM Na2S, 0.2 mM PLP, and CysM 50 μg/mL. The amount of produced cysteine was determined using the Gaitonde method. In the condition of a buffer, as shown in
Ape-OPSS and Msm-T were analyzed for heat stability. Each of the enzymes was diluted to a concentration of 2 mg/mL in an OPS broth and thermally treated at 37° C. and 60° C. for 10, 30, 60, 120, and 240 min, followed by reaction at 37° C. for 30 min under the condition of 5 mM OPS, 10 mM Na2S, 0.2 mM PLP, and 100 mM HEPES (pH 7.4). For this reaction, 10 μg/mL Ape-OPSS and 50 μg/mL Msm-T were employed. The amounts of the produced cysteine were measured using the Gaitonde method. Ape-OPSS was observed to retain its intact activity in spite of heat treatment at 60° C. for 4 hours while the activity of Msm-T was maintained at 37° C., but decreased by 50% upon heat treatment at 60° C. for 30 min. The results are given in Table 15, below.
An examination was made of the retention of enzymatic activity at 37° C. when Msm-T was used in an amount of 50 μg/mL, which is a practical concentration in OPS broth. In the absence of Na2S, 50 μg/mL Msm-T was treated, together with 50 mM OPS broth and 0.2 mM PLP, at 37° C. for 0.5, 1, 2, 4, and 6 hours, after which Na2S was added to induce the enzymatic reaction. After the reaction for 30 min, the activity of Msm-T was measured. The amounts of the produced cysteine were determined using the Gaitonde method. As a result, the activity of Msm-T was decreased below 50% 2 hours after reaction at 37° C. in OPS broth (Table 16).
The cysteine conversion rates of Ape-OPSS and Msm-T according to pH were measured. In 100 mM buffer, Ape-OPSS and Msm-T, each having a concentration of 50 μg/mL, were subjected to reaction at 37° C. for 10 min. In this regard, K-phosphate buffer with a pH of 6.4/7.0/7.4/8.0, Tris-HCl buffer with a pH of 7.0/7.4/8.0/8.5/8.8, and Na-carbonate buffer with a pH of 8.0/8.5/9.0/10.0 were used. The quantitative analysis of the produced cysteine was conducted using the Gaitonde method. As seen in
Effects of ions on the activity of the OPSS enzymes were examined as follows. In a reaction mixture containing 5 mM OPS, 10 mM Na2S, 0.2 mM PLP, and 100 mM HEPES (pH 7.4), the enzymes were subjected to reaction at 37° C. for 30 min in the presence of (NH4)2SO4 (1, 3, 5, 10, 20 g/L), KH2PO4 (0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8 g/L), or NH4C1 (0.2, 0.5, 1, 2 g/L). Ape-OPSS and Msm-T were used at a concentration of 10 μg/mL and 50 μg/mL, respectively. The amounts of the produced cysteine were determined using the Gaitonde method.
No changes were detected in the cysteine conversion rate when (NH4)2SO4 or KH2PO4 was added to the reaction mixture. On the other hand, as seen in Table 17, the cysteine conversion rate was decreased with an increase in NH4Cl concentration. Particularly, the maximal enzyme activity was decreased by more than 70% when 2 g/L NH4C1 was added. Therefore, NH4Cl was observed to have a negative effect on the conversion activity of OPS sulfhydrylase.
An experiment was conducted to examine the effect of sulfur sources on the cysteine synthesis activity of each enzyme. In a reaction mixture containing 5 mM OPS, 0.2 mM PLP, and 100 mM HEPES, each enzyme (50 μg/mL Ape-OPSS, 50 μg/mL Msm-T) was subjected to reaction at 37° C. for 1 hour in the presence of 10 mM Na2S, NaSH, or Na2S2O3. The amounts of the produced cysteine were measured using the Gaitonde method. Ape-OPSS was observed to prefer Na2S2O3 as a sulfur source, whereas Msm-T prefers Na2S. The results are summarized in Table 18, below.
PCR was performed using primers of SEQ ID NOS: 67 and 68, with the pET28a-Msm-T vector serving as a template. The PCR product thus obtained was treated with EcoRV and HindIII and cloned into pCL-P(CJ1) to construct a recombinant vector named pCL-P(CJ1)-Msm-T. To examine a difference in the expression level of Msm-T between the pET system and the pCL-Pcj1 system, strains for expressing the enzyme were prepared. The pET system was introduced into Rosetta (DE3) while the pCL-Pcj1 system used the K12G strain. Single colonies taken from LB plates were inoculated into 5 mL of LB broth and cultured at 37° C. for 16 hours while shaking at 200 rpm. These cultures were transferred to 25 mL of fresh LB broth containing kanamycine or spectinomycine and 0.2% glucose (in 250 mL flasks) and incubated to an OD600 of 0.5-0.6, immediately after which 1 mM IPTG was added to the media to induce the enzymes to be expressed. During incubation at 37° C. while shaking at 200 rpm, the expression levels of the enzyme were measured at various culture times (8, 16, 24 hours). The enzyme expression levels of the two systems were analyzed on 14% SDS PAGE (
The conversion rates from purified OPS to cysteine of Msm-T and Ape-OPSS were determined. In the presence of 75 μg/mL of each of the enzymes and 0.2 mM PLP, 60 mM OPS purified from OPS fermentation broth was reacted with 120 mM Na2S at 37° C. or 70° C. for 30, 60, 90, and 120 min. The reaction was conducted only at 37° C. for Msm-T, but at both 37° C. and 70° C. for Ape-OPSS. The amounts of the produced cysteine were measured using the Gaitonde method. As seen in
When an OPS fermentation broth was used as a substrate, the cysteine conversion rates of Msm-T and Ape-OPSS were measured according to the concentrations of the enzymes. In the presence of 100 mM Na2S and 0.2 mM PLP, 50 mM of OPS fermentation broth was reacted with 5 μg/mL or 50 μg/mL of each of Msm-T and Ape-OPSS at 37° C. The amounts of the produced cysteine were measured using the Gaitonde method. As seen in
To examine the effect of OPS concentration on the conversion rate of Msm-T, predetermined amounts of purified OPS were added to OPS fermentation broth to induce the conversion reaction. The enzyme was used in an amount of 50 μg. The amounts of cysteine in the reaction solution were measured using the Gaitonde method. Msm-T exhibited a conversion rate of as high as 100% when the concentration of OPS was about 30 g/L.
When the concentration of OPS exceeded 50 g/L, both the conversion rate and the conversion percentage were found to decrease. From these results, it is understood that when OPS fermentation broth is used as a substrate, there is an optimal concentration ratio between OPS and the enzyme.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
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| 10-2010-0102664 | Oct 2010 | KR | national |
| 10-2011-0086081 | Aug 2011 | KR | national |
| Entry |
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| Westrop et al., JBC, 281(35), 25062-25075, 2006. |
| Number | Date | Country | |
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| 20120190082 A1 | Jul 2012 | US |
